Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #2 Hiatal hernia: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311963

  A hiatal hernia occurs when internal tissue or part of an organ pushes through a weakness in the wall of the diaphragm, a muscle that keeps the organs of a persons abdomen in place. […] Hiatal hernias can be congenital or acquired. This means some people have them from birth, while others develop them during their lives. […] Scientists are still learning about what causes hiatal hernias. However, since they are most common in people over age 50, age is an important risk factor. […] One theory is that the diaphragm may weaken over time, allowing tissue to push through it. Another possible risk factor is increased pressure inside the abdomen. A range of situations can cause this, including: pregnancy, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which may cause frequent coughing, chronic constipation, which may result in straining when having bowel movements.

• #3 Hiatal hernia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001137.htm

  Hiatal hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach extends through an opening of the diaphragm into the chest. The exact cause of hiatal hernia is not known. The condition may be due to weakness of the supporting tissue. Your risk for the problem goes up with age, obesity, and smoking. […] Hiatal hernias are very common. The problem occurs often in people over 50 years of age. […] This condition may be linked to reflux (backflow) of gastric acid from the stomach into the esophagus. […] Children with this condition are most often born with it (congenital). In infants, it often occurs with gastroesophageal reflux. […] Controlling risk factors such as obesity may help prevent hiatal hernia.

• #4 Hiatus hernia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/hiatus-hernia/

  A hiatus hernia, or hiatal hernia, is when part of the stomach squeezes up into the chest through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm. […] Its not exactly clear what causes hiatus hernia, but it may be the result of the diaphragm becoming weak with age, or pressure on the abdomen. […] Hiatus hernia can sometimes occur in newborn babies if the stomach or diaphragm doesnt develop properly. […] Theres also a rare type of hiatus hernia that affects newborn babies, which is caused by a congenital defect of the stomach or diaphragm. Congenital means that it is present from birth. […] Complications from a hiatus hernia are rare, but they can be serious. […] Hiatus hernias that slide in and out of the chest area (sliding hiatus hernias) can cause gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). This is where stomach acid leaks into the oesophagus (gullet). This can damage the oesophagus, increasing the risk of problems.

• #5 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #6 Hiatal Hernia: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8098-hiatal-hernia

  Hiatal hernias push through a preexisting weakness in your diaphragm the opening where your esophagus passes through to connect to your stomach. […] A hernia becomes possible when theres a weak spot in the tissues that separate your different body compartments. That weak spot creates an opening for a hernia to come through. A hiatal hernia, in particular, comes through an opening that already exists: the esophageal hiatus, where your esophagus passes through your diaphragm. This opening only has to widen a little to make a hiatal hernia possible. […] Sometimes a specific injury, surgery or even a birth defect causes the original weakness that creates a hernia. But more often, its cumulative damage from years of daily stress and strain. Anything that produces extra pressure in your abdominal cavity can wear on your diaphragm over time. Some of the most common forces that create abdominal pressure and contribute to hiatal hernias include: Chronic coughing or sneezing. Chronic straining to poop (constipation). Chronic obesity (BMI, or body mass index, greater than 30). Frequent vomiting. Intense exercise or heavy lifting. Pregnancy and childbirth.

• #7 Hiatus hernia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/hiatus-hernia/

  A hiatus hernia, or hiatal hernia, is when part of the stomach squeezes up into the chest through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm. […] Its not exactly clear what causes hiatus hernia, but it may be the result of the diaphragm becoming weak with age, or pressure on the abdomen. […] Hiatus hernia can sometimes occur in newborn babies if the stomach or diaphragm doesnt develop properly. […] Theres also a rare type of hiatus hernia that affects newborn babies, which is caused by a congenital defect of the stomach or diaphragm. Congenital means that it is present from birth. […] Complications from a hiatus hernia are rare, but they can be serious. […] Hiatus hernias that slide in and out of the chest area (sliding hiatus hernias) can cause gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). This is where stomach acid leaks into the oesophagus (gullet). This can damage the oesophagus, increasing the risk of problems.

• #8 Are Hiatal Hernias Hereditary? – Arizona Premier Surgery

  https://arizonapremiersurgery.com/2024/07/17/are-hiatal-hernias-hereditary/

  Hiatal hernias, a condition in which part of the stomach organ pushes up through the diaphragm and into the chest cavity, causes both discomfort and digestive issues. […] Thus far, research into hiatal hernias hasn’t proven that this condition runs in families, but several studies suggest possible genetic influence. Genetics might predispose individuals to conditions that later lead to hiatal hernias. […] A person’s family history may also be an indicator of future health conditions. If one’s parents or siblings have hiatal hernias, the odds of developing the condition may be somewhat higher among other family members. So, while hiatal hernias are not directly hereditary, there may be family traits that make developing them more likely. […] The root cause of hiatal hernias is not entirely understood, but there are several unique elements that can contribute to the development of this condition.

• #9 Are Hiatal Hernias Hereditary? – Arizona Premier Surgery

  https://arizonapremiersurgery.com/2024/07/17/are-hiatal-hernias-hereditary/

  Often, several factors at a time can cause or exacerbate hiatal hernias. However, practically anyone can develop this condition, so it’s wise for everyone to be mindful of their digestive health. […] Hiatal hernias are influenced by a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Some scientific evidence supports the idea of genetic predisposition, but lifestyle factors and existing health disorders can also play an important role in hiatal hernia development.

• #10 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #11 Hernia Types: Hiatal Hernias

  https://www.herniainfo.com/us/en/blog/hiatal-hernias

  A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of your stomach bulges through the large muscle separating your abdomen and chest (diaphragm).2 Although most common in people 50 years of age and older, hiatal hernias are frequent across all ages and genders. Oftentimes people can go without treatment for non-symptomatic hiatal hernias. However, it is encouraged to seek medical advice for your specific situation, especially if you are experiencing GERD-like symptoms. […] Although the exact cause of hiatal hernias is unknown, people who smoke and/or are overweight tend to be affected more often. Pregnancy can also lead to a hiatal hernia as there is extra fluid buildup and pressure in the abdomen. Hiatal hernias may occur for a number of reasons the most common being an increase in pressure in the abdominal cavity. Additional potential causes include: […] Age […] Being born with an unusually large hiatus (large opening) in the diaphragm […] Injury/trauma to the area […] Obesity […] Chronic coughing […] Lifting heavy objects/physical strain […] Straining during bowel movement […] Repetitive vomiting.

• #12 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #13 Hiatal Hernia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22859

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia.[7] […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.[8]

• #14 Sliding Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459270/

  In sliding hiatal hernias, the GE junction migrates above the diaphragm secondary to increased laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament. […] Regarding type 2 to 4, there is not one predominant theory to explain them all, and thus most PEHs are multifactorial in etiology. PEHs most often are associated with, but not limited to the widening of the esophageal hiatus or congenital versus acquired, such as prior history of surgical dissection, trauma, persistent increases in intra-abdominal pressure, or esophageal shortening due to fibrosis or scarring from repeated exposure to noxious content.

• #15 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  Hiatal hernia is the most common type of visceral anatomy disorder, observed in people under 30 years of age in 10%, older than 50 years in 60%. […] In many cases, hiatal hernia is an acquired condition; however, this pathology is also noted in early childhood, which suggests its congenital nature. The main cause of displacement of abdominal organs into the chest is the mechanical weakness of the esophagogastric membrane due to the congenital or involutive inferiority of the connective tissue (elastin deficiency). […] The anatomical causes for the recurrence of hiatal hernias after surgical treatment include large esophageal opening of the diaphragm, mechanical weakness of the muscular crura, and secondary or primary shortening of the esophagus. […] Large esophageal opening in the diaphragm are considered the most important factor in the recurrence of hiatal hernias.

• #16 Hiatal Hernia: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8098-hiatal-hernia

  Hiatal hernias push through a preexisting weakness in your diaphragm the opening where your esophagus passes through to connect to your stomach. […] A hernia becomes possible when theres a weak spot in the tissues that separate your different body compartments. That weak spot creates an opening for a hernia to come through. A hiatal hernia, in particular, comes through an opening that already exists: the esophageal hiatus, where your esophagus passes through your diaphragm. This opening only has to widen a little to make a hiatal hernia possible. […] Sometimes a specific injury, surgery or even a birth defect causes the original weakness that creates a hernia. But more often, its cumulative damage from years of daily stress and strain. Anything that produces extra pressure in your abdominal cavity can wear on your diaphragm over time. Some of the most common forces that create abdominal pressure and contribute to hiatal hernias include: Chronic coughing or sneezing. Chronic straining to poop (constipation). Chronic obesity (BMI, or body mass index, greater than 30). Frequent vomiting. Intense exercise or heavy lifting. Pregnancy and childbirth.

• #17 Blog | What you should know about hiatal hernias | Reid Health

  https://www.reidhealth.org/blog/hiatal-hernias-causes-symptoms-treatments

  According to the Cleveland Clinic, the most common cause of a hiatal hernia is an increase in pressure in the abdominal cavity. This cavity encompasses the lower part of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder. […] Pressure can come from various sources: coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, heavy lifting, physical strain, pregnancy, obesity, or extra fluid in the abdomen. […] Other potential causes of a hiatal hernia are: Injury to the abdominal area, such as after a trauma or surgery; Age-related changes to the diaphragm; Being born with an unusually large hiatus — the opening in the diaphragm is where the esophagus and stomach join.

• #18 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #19 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #20 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #21 Hiatal Hernia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiatal-hernia-causes-and-risk-factors-4163562

  Straining: Straining may increase the chances of having a hiatal hernia due to excess pressure on the diaphragm. This includes straining for a bowel movement. […] Pregnancy: The abdominal pressure and hormonal changes of pregnancy can increase the chances of a hiatal hernia. […] Smoking: Smoking weakens the muscles of the diaphragm, allowing the stomach to protrude above the diaphragm.

• #22 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #23 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #24 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #25 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #26 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #27 Hernia Types: Hiatal Hernias

  https://www.herniainfo.com/us/en/blog/hiatal-hernias

  A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of your stomach bulges through the large muscle separating your abdomen and chest (diaphragm).2 Although most common in people 50 years of age and older, hiatal hernias are frequent across all ages and genders. Oftentimes people can go without treatment for non-symptomatic hiatal hernias. However, it is encouraged to seek medical advice for your specific situation, especially if you are experiencing GERD-like symptoms. […] Although the exact cause of hiatal hernias is unknown, people who smoke and/or are overweight tend to be affected more often. Pregnancy can also lead to a hiatal hernia as there is extra fluid buildup and pressure in the abdomen. Hiatal hernias may occur for a number of reasons the most common being an increase in pressure in the abdominal cavity. Additional potential causes include: […] Age […] Being born with an unusually large hiatus (large opening) in the diaphragm […] Injury/trauma to the area […] Obesity […] Chronic coughing […] Lifting heavy objects/physical strain […] Straining during bowel movement […] Repetitive vomiting.

• #28 Hiatal Hernia: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8098-hiatal-hernia

  Hiatal hernias push through a preexisting weakness in your diaphragm the opening where your esophagus passes through to connect to your stomach. […] A hernia becomes possible when theres a weak spot in the tissues that separate your different body compartments. That weak spot creates an opening for a hernia to come through. A hiatal hernia, in particular, comes through an opening that already exists: the esophageal hiatus, where your esophagus passes through your diaphragm. This opening only has to widen a little to make a hiatal hernia possible. […] Sometimes a specific injury, surgery or even a birth defect causes the original weakness that creates a hernia. But more often, its cumulative damage from years of daily stress and strain. Anything that produces extra pressure in your abdominal cavity can wear on your diaphragm over time. Some of the most common forces that create abdominal pressure and contribute to hiatal hernias include: Chronic coughing or sneezing. Chronic straining to poop (constipation). Chronic obesity (BMI, or body mass index, greater than 30). Frequent vomiting. Intense exercise or heavy lifting. Pregnancy and childbirth.

• #29 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #30 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #31 Hiatal Hernia Symptoms, Location, Causes, Diet & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hiatal_hernia_overview/article.htm

  Hiatal hernias are common, and in the majority of cases, the cause is unknown. They may be present at birth or develop later in life. […] Over time, the phrenoesophageal membrane may weaken, and a part of the stomach may herniate through the membrane. It may remain above the diaphragm permanently or move back and forth across the diaphragm. […] Theoretically, decreased abdominal muscle tone and increased pressure within the abdominal cavity could lead to the development of a hiatal hernia. Thus, people who are obese and women who are pregnant may be at an increased risk for developing a hiatal hernia although this has not been demonstrated. […] People who have repetitive vomiting or those who have constipation and strain to have a bowel movement, increase the intra-abdominal pressure when they strain, and this may weaken the phrenoesophageal membrane. […] The membrane also may weaken and lose its elasticity as a part of aging. […] Ascites is an abnormal collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which is often seen in people with liver failure, and also may be associated with the development of a hiatal hernia.

• #32 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #33 Understanding How Injury or Trauma Causes Hiatal Hernias

  https://surgeonadamharris.com/how-injury-or-trauma-causes-hiatal-hernias/

  So, you may have heard the term hiatal hernia before, but do you actually know what it means? Well, simply put, its when a portion of your stomach protrudes into your chest cavity through a hole in your diaphragm called the hiatus. […] One of the main causes of hiatal hernia is actually injury or trauma to the area. Whether its from a fall, a car accident, or even certain medical procedures, these traumas can lead to your stomach slipping through the hiatus and causing all sorts of discomfort. […] When it comes to the causes of a hiatal hernia, injury or trauma is one possible factor to consider. While a hiatal hernia can develop without any apparent cause, it is important to understand how injury or trauma can contribute to the development of this condition. […] While there are various causes of hiatal hernia, injury or trauma is an important factor to consider. The diaphragm can be weakened or damaged due to external forces, such as a direct blow or impact to the chest or abdomen.

• #34 Understanding How Injury or Trauma Causes Hiatal Hernias

  https://surgeonadamharris.com/how-injury-or-trauma-causes-hiatal-hernias/

  Injuries that directly affect the diaphragm can disrupt its structure and function, potentially leading to a hiatal hernia. The force from the impact can create a tear or a weakening of the diaphragm muscles, allowing the stomach to protrude through the opening. […] Additionally, trauma-induced hiatal hernia may be more prevalent in individuals involved in contact sports or those who have experienced significant trauma in the past. […] Certain factors may increase the risk of developing a hiatal hernia following an injury or trauma. For instance, older age and a weaker diaphragm due to aging can make individuals more susceptible to herniation. […] Furthermore, individuals who engage in activities or sports with a high risk of impact or injury, such as boxing or martial arts, may have an elevated risk of developing a hiatal hernia caused by trauma. […] Injury or trauma can be significant contributors to the development of hiatal hernias. Understanding the potential impact of injuries on the diaphragm is essential in recognizing the symptoms and seeking appropriate medical attention.

• #35 Hiatal Hernia – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/hiatal-hernia.html

  The exact cause of a hiatal hernia is not known. You may have been born with a large or weak hiatus. The following may increase your risk for a hiatal hernia: […] High body weight, pregnancy, or chronic constipation […] Age older than 50 years […] A chronic cough […] Intense exercise or lifting heavy objects often […] A medical condition such as diverticulosis or esophagitis […] Past esophagus or stomach surgery or trauma, such as from a motor vehicle accident.

• #36 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Diaphragmatic hernias may be congenital or acquired. Acquired hiatal hernias are divided further into nontraumatic and traumatic hernias. The most common types of hernias are those acquired in a nontraumatic fashion. […] Sliding hiatal hernia by far is the most common type of hiatal hernia. […] In paraesophageal hernia, also called rolling-type hiatal hernia, the widened hiatus permits the fundus of the stomach to protrude into the chest, anterior and lateral to the body of the esophagus; however, the gastroesophageal junction remains below the diaphragm.

• #37 Hiatal Hernia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiatal-hernia-causes-and-risk-factors-4163562

  GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) places enormous pressure on the diaphragm by causing frequent acid reflux. […] Surgery: Abdominal surgery can increase your chances of a hiatal hernia either by directly damaging the diaphragm or altering the normal position of the stomach and esophagus. […] Congenital: Some children are born with a hiatal hernia due to abnormalities in fetal development. […] Obesity: Obesity is one of the biggest risk factors for hiatal hernia. This may be due to increased pressure on the diaphragm due to heavy weight. […] Heavy lifting: It is believed that heavy lifting puts stress on the diaphragmatic muscle, increasing the chances of an enlarged hole that allows the stomach to protrude above the diaphragm. […] Coughing: The abdominal pressure caused by coughing can allow or cause the stomach to squeeze through the diaphragm.

• #38 Sliding Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459270/

  In sliding hiatal hernias, the GE junction migrates above the diaphragm secondary to increased laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament. […] Regarding type 2 to 4, there is not one predominant theory to explain them all, and thus most PEHs are multifactorial in etiology. PEHs most often are associated with, but not limited to the widening of the esophageal hiatus or congenital versus acquired, such as prior history of surgical dissection, trauma, persistent increases in intra-abdominal pressure, or esophageal shortening due to fibrosis or scarring from repeated exposure to noxious content.

• #39 Sliding Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459270/

  In sliding hiatal hernias, the GE junction migrates above the diaphragm secondary to increased laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament. […] Regarding type 2 to 4, there is not one predominant theory to explain them all, and thus most PEHs are multifactorial in etiology. PEHs most often are associated with, but not limited to the widening of the esophageal hiatus or congenital versus acquired, such as prior history of surgical dissection, trauma, persistent increases in intra-abdominal pressure, or esophageal shortening due to fibrosis or scarring from repeated exposure to noxious content.

• #40 Clinical Significance of Hiatal Hernia

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=284&vmd=Full

  Some propose that instead of hiatal hernia being the cause of reflux esophagitis, reflux esophagitis itself is the primary culprit that initiates and sustains the esophagitis-hernia complex. […] The mechanism of reflux due to GEJ incompetence can be summed down to three: 1) tLESRs, 2) hypotensive LES, and 3) anatomical defect such as hiatal hernia. […] The significance of sliding hiatal hernia is its relation with GERD in which the symptoms worsen with increasing size of the sliding hiatal hernia. […] Many studies have demonstrated that hiatal hernia is closely related to reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] The presence of hiatal hernia more than doubled the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia.

• #41 Hiatus Hernia – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/hiatus-hernia

  Etiology of hiatus hernia is usually unknown, but a hiatus hernia is thought to be acquired through stretching of the fascial attachments between the esophagus and diaphragm at the hiatus (the opening through which the esophagus traverses the diaphragm). […] Although most patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have some degree of hiatus hernia, 50% of patients with hiatus hernia have GERD.

• #42 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #43 Clinical Significance of Hiatal Hernia

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=284&vmd=Full

  Some propose that instead of hiatal hernia being the cause of reflux esophagitis, reflux esophagitis itself is the primary culprit that initiates and sustains the esophagitis-hernia complex. […] The mechanism of reflux due to GEJ incompetence can be summed down to three: 1) tLESRs, 2) hypotensive LES, and 3) anatomical defect such as hiatal hernia. […] The significance of sliding hiatal hernia is its relation with GERD in which the symptoms worsen with increasing size of the sliding hiatal hernia. […] Many studies have demonstrated that hiatal hernia is closely related to reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] The presence of hiatal hernia more than doubled the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia.

• #44 Hiatal Hernia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiatal-hernia-causes-and-risk-factors-4163562

  GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) places enormous pressure on the diaphragm by causing frequent acid reflux. […] Surgery: Abdominal surgery can increase your chances of a hiatal hernia either by directly damaging the diaphragm or altering the normal position of the stomach and esophagus. […] Congenital: Some children are born with a hiatal hernia due to abnormalities in fetal development. […] Obesity: Obesity is one of the biggest risk factors for hiatal hernia. This may be due to increased pressure on the diaphragm due to heavy weight. […] Heavy lifting: It is believed that heavy lifting puts stress on the diaphragmatic muscle, increasing the chances of an enlarged hole that allows the stomach to protrude above the diaphragm. […] Coughing: The abdominal pressure caused by coughing can allow or cause the stomach to squeeze through the diaphragm.

• #45 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #46 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #47 Hiatal Hernia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22859

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia.[7] […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.[8]

• #48 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #49 Hiatal Hernia – EC Aware

  https://www.ecaware.org/what-is-esophageal-cancer/risk-factors/hiatus-hernia/

  In some people, the hiatus or hole in the diaphragm weakens and enlarges. It is not known why this occurs. It may be due to heredity, while in others it may be caused by obesity, exercises (such as weightlifting), or straining at stool. Whatever the cause, a portion of the stomach herniates, or moves up, into the chest cavity through this enlarged hole. A hiatus hernia is now present. […] Hiatus hernias are very common, occurring in up to 60 percent of people by age 60. […] As detailed in the Risk Factors, Acid Reflux caused by hiatal hernia is one of the main cause of esophageal cancer.

• #50 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #51 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #52 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #53 Hiatal Hernia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiatal-hernia-causes-and-risk-factors-4163562

  Straining: Straining may increase the chances of having a hiatal hernia due to excess pressure on the diaphragm. This includes straining for a bowel movement. […] Pregnancy: The abdominal pressure and hormonal changes of pregnancy can increase the chances of a hiatal hernia. […] Smoking: Smoking weakens the muscles of the diaphragm, allowing the stomach to protrude above the diaphragm.

• #54 Hiatal hernia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia

  Hiatal hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach extends through an opening of the diaphragm into the chest. The exact cause of hiatal hernia is not known. The condition may be due to weakness of the supporting tissue. Your risk for the problem goes up with age, obesity, and smoking. […] This condition may be linked to reflux (backflow) of gastric acid from the stomach into the esophagus. […] Children with this condition are most often born with it (congenital). In infants, it often occurs with gastroesophageal reflux. […] Controlling risk factors such as obesity may help prevent hiatal hernia.

• #55 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #56 Clinical Significance of Hiatal Hernia

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=284&vmd=Full

  The relationship between hiatal hernias and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been greatly debated over the past decades, with the importance of hiatal hernias first being overemphasized and then later being nearly neglected. […] It is now understood that both the anatomical (hiatal hernia) and the physiological (lower esophageal sphincter) features of the gastroesophageal junction play important, but independent, roles in the pathogenesis of GERD, constituting the widely accepted „two-sphincter hypothesis.” […] Hiatal hernia is a condition in which parts of the abdominal contents, mainly the GEJ and the stomach, are proximally displaced above the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus into the mediastinum. […] Loss of elasticity of the phrenoesophageal ligament/membrane may also be caused by excessive contraction of the esophageal longitudinal muscle, increased abdominal pressure as occurs in power athletes, pregnancy, genetic predisposition, and previous surgery.

• #57 Hiatus Hernia – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/hiatus-hernia

  Etiology of hiatus hernia is usually unknown, but a hiatus hernia is thought to be acquired through stretching of the fascial attachments between the esophagus and diaphragm at the hiatus (the opening through which the esophagus traverses the diaphragm). […] Although most patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have some degree of hiatus hernia, 50% of patients with hiatus hernia have GERD.

• #58 Clinical Significance of Hiatal Hernia

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=284&vmd=Full

  Some propose that instead of hiatal hernia being the cause of reflux esophagitis, reflux esophagitis itself is the primary culprit that initiates and sustains the esophagitis-hernia complex. […] The mechanism of reflux due to GEJ incompetence can be summed down to three: 1) tLESRs, 2) hypotensive LES, and 3) anatomical defect such as hiatal hernia. […] The significance of sliding hiatal hernia is its relation with GERD in which the symptoms worsen with increasing size of the sliding hiatal hernia. […] Many studies have demonstrated that hiatal hernia is closely related to reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] The presence of hiatal hernia more than doubled the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia.

• #59 Clinical Significance of Hiatal Hernia

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=284&vmd=Full

  These above mentioned associations between hiatal hernia and reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma are largely due to the disruption of many of the antireflux mechanisms that leads to increased esophageal acid exposure. […] In patients with hiatal hernia, a hernia sac (or phrenic ampulla) that is formed by the upper margin of the LES and the diaphragmatic indentation is present. […] The presence of hiatal hernia per se is not an indication for treatment, and therapy should be given to those with symptoms attributable to this condition.

• #60 Atypical and typical manifestations of the hiatal hernia – Goodwin – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery

  https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/6254/html

  Hiatal hernias may present in variety of ways, both typical and atypical. Manifestations are dependent on the type and size of the hernia. Gastrointestinal manifestations are the most common, predominately with GERD and associated syndromes. […] The presence of a hiatal hernia is closely related to reflux symptoms and associated complications. Patients with a hiatal hernia are significantly more likely to present with GERD symptoms compared to those without a hiatal hernia. […] The associations between hiatal hernia and reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, stricture, Barretts esophagus, and esophageal malignancy are due to disruptions of different antireflux mechanisms and increased esophageal acid exposure resulting from a hiatal hernia. […] The mere presence of a hiatal hernia can produce a number of typical and, less commonly, atypical gastrointestinal symptoms and complications, unrelated to reflux.

• #61 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms & treatment of hiatus hernia

  https://www.iqoro.com/hiatal-hernia/

  The treatment time with IQoro depends partly on how long your muscles have been weakened, and how diligent you are in following your daily training routine. […] A general rule is that the longer you’ve had symptoms, the longer it may take to strengthen your hiatal hernia and improve your symptoms. This is because a hiatal hernia is caused by weakened muscles. […] In the case of a hiatal hernia, the top part of the stomach slides up into the chest cavity even when we are not vomiting. This is because the diaphragm’s muscles are weakened and cannot hold the stomach in place. […] The stomach then slides uncontrollably up and down through the diaphragm and can remain in the chest cavity for a long time. And since the lower oesophageal sphincter cannot tighten when it is above the diaphragm, stomach acid begins to leak into the oesophagus.

• #62 Clinical Significance of Hiatal Hernia

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=284&vmd=Full

  These above mentioned associations between hiatal hernia and reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma are largely due to the disruption of many of the antireflux mechanisms that leads to increased esophageal acid exposure. […] In patients with hiatal hernia, a hernia sac (or phrenic ampulla) that is formed by the upper margin of the LES and the diaphragmatic indentation is present. […] The presence of hiatal hernia per se is not an indication for treatment, and therapy should be given to those with symptoms attributable to this condition.

• #63 Atypical and typical manifestations of the hiatal hernia – Goodwin – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery

  https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/6254/html

  Hiatal hernias may present in variety of ways, both typical and atypical. Manifestations are dependent on the type and size of the hernia. Gastrointestinal manifestations are the most common, predominately with GERD and associated syndromes. […] The presence of a hiatal hernia is closely related to reflux symptoms and associated complications. Patients with a hiatal hernia are significantly more likely to present with GERD symptoms compared to those without a hiatal hernia. […] The associations between hiatal hernia and reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, stricture, Barretts esophagus, and esophageal malignancy are due to disruptions of different antireflux mechanisms and increased esophageal acid exposure resulting from a hiatal hernia. […] The mere presence of a hiatal hernia can produce a number of typical and, less commonly, atypical gastrointestinal symptoms and complications, unrelated to reflux.

• #64 Clinical Significance of Hiatal Hernia

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=284&vmd=Full

  Some propose that instead of hiatal hernia being the cause of reflux esophagitis, reflux esophagitis itself is the primary culprit that initiates and sustains the esophagitis-hernia complex. […] The mechanism of reflux due to GEJ incompetence can be summed down to three: 1) tLESRs, 2) hypotensive LES, and 3) anatomical defect such as hiatal hernia. […] The significance of sliding hiatal hernia is its relation with GERD in which the symptoms worsen with increasing size of the sliding hiatal hernia. […] Many studies have demonstrated that hiatal hernia is closely related to reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] The presence of hiatal hernia more than doubled the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia.

• #65 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #66 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #67 Clinical Significance of Hiatal Hernia

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=284&vmd=Full

  Some propose that instead of hiatal hernia being the cause of reflux esophagitis, reflux esophagitis itself is the primary culprit that initiates and sustains the esophagitis-hernia complex. […] The mechanism of reflux due to GEJ incompetence can be summed down to three: 1) tLESRs, 2) hypotensive LES, and 3) anatomical defect such as hiatal hernia. […] The significance of sliding hiatal hernia is its relation with GERD in which the symptoms worsen with increasing size of the sliding hiatal hernia. […] Many studies have demonstrated that hiatal hernia is closely related to reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] The presence of hiatal hernia more than doubled the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia.

• #68 Hiatus Hernia – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/hiatus-hernia

  Etiology of hiatus hernia is usually unknown, but a hiatus hernia is thought to be acquired through stretching of the fascial attachments between the esophagus and diaphragm at the hiatus (the opening through which the esophagus traverses the diaphragm). […] Although most patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have some degree of hiatus hernia, 50% of patients with hiatus hernia have GERD.

• #69 Clinical Significance of Hiatal Hernia

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?pn=vol&uid=284&vmd=Full

  Some propose that instead of hiatal hernia being the cause of reflux esophagitis, reflux esophagitis itself is the primary culprit that initiates and sustains the esophagitis-hernia complex. […] The mechanism of reflux due to GEJ incompetence can be summed down to three: 1) tLESRs, 2) hypotensive LES, and 3) anatomical defect such as hiatal hernia. […] The significance of sliding hiatal hernia is its relation with GERD in which the symptoms worsen with increasing size of the sliding hiatal hernia. […] Many studies have demonstrated that hiatal hernia is closely related to reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. […] The presence of hiatal hernia more than doubled the risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia.

• #70 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Diaphragmatic hernias may be congenital or acquired. Acquired hiatal hernias are divided further into nontraumatic and traumatic hernias. The most common types of hernias are those acquired in a nontraumatic fashion. […] Sliding hiatal hernia by far is the most common type of hiatal hernia. […] In paraesophageal hernia, also called rolling-type hiatal hernia, the widened hiatus permits the fundus of the stomach to protrude into the chest, anterior and lateral to the body of the esophagus; however, the gastroesophageal junction remains below the diaphragm.

• #71 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #72 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Diaphragmatic hernias may be congenital or acquired. Acquired hiatal hernias are divided further into nontraumatic and traumatic hernias. The most common types of hernias are those acquired in a nontraumatic fashion. […] Sliding hiatal hernia by far is the most common type of hiatal hernia. […] In paraesophageal hernia, also called rolling-type hiatal hernia, the widened hiatus permits the fundus of the stomach to protrude into the chest, anterior and lateral to the body of the esophagus; however, the gastroesophageal junction remains below the diaphragm.

• #73 Sliding Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459270/

  In sliding hiatal hernias, the GE junction migrates above the diaphragm secondary to increased laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament. […] Regarding type 2 to 4, there is not one predominant theory to explain them all, and thus most PEHs are multifactorial in etiology. PEHs most often are associated with, but not limited to the widening of the esophageal hiatus or congenital versus acquired, such as prior history of surgical dissection, trauma, persistent increases in intra-abdominal pressure, or esophageal shortening due to fibrosis or scarring from repeated exposure to noxious content.

• #74 Sliding Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459270/

  In sliding hiatal hernias, the GE junction migrates above the diaphragm secondary to increased laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament. […] Regarding type 2 to 4, there is not one predominant theory to explain them all, and thus most PEHs are multifactorial in etiology. PEHs most often are associated with, but not limited to the widening of the esophageal hiatus or congenital versus acquired, such as prior history of surgical dissection, trauma, persistent increases in intra-abdominal pressure, or esophageal shortening due to fibrosis or scarring from repeated exposure to noxious content.

• #75 Hiatal Hernia – Esophageal Health | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/gastro/esophageal-health/diseases-we-treat/hiatal-hernia

  A hiatal hernia is when a part of the stomach moves up into the chest area. […] It is not always clear what causes a hiatal hernia. […] For a sliding hiatal hernia, it is thought that with wear and tear of this elastic ligament from repetitive swallowing or other stressors (e.g. vomiting, gastroesophageal reflux), the ligament can no longer hold the distal esophagus in place as well and the stomach herniates upwards through the diaphragmatic opening. […] For a paraesophageal hiatal hernia, it is thought that there is an abnormal laxity of the ligaments that normally hold the stomach in place, although it is not clear whether this laxity is a cause or an effect of the hernia. […] Hiatal hernias may also be congenital or develop after esophageal or gastric surgeries.

• #76 Sliding Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459270/

  In sliding hiatal hernias, the GE junction migrates above the diaphragm secondary to increased laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament. […] Regarding type 2 to 4, there is not one predominant theory to explain them all, and thus most PEHs are multifactorial in etiology. PEHs most often are associated with, but not limited to the widening of the esophageal hiatus or congenital versus acquired, such as prior history of surgical dissection, trauma, persistent increases in intra-abdominal pressure, or esophageal shortening due to fibrosis or scarring from repeated exposure to noxious content.

• #77 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #78 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Diaphragmatic hernias may be congenital or acquired. Acquired hiatal hernias are divided further into nontraumatic and traumatic hernias. The most common types of hernias are those acquired in a nontraumatic fashion. […] Sliding hiatal hernia by far is the most common type of hiatal hernia. […] In paraesophageal hernia, also called rolling-type hiatal hernia, the widened hiatus permits the fundus of the stomach to protrude into the chest, anterior and lateral to the body of the esophagus; however, the gastroesophageal junction remains below the diaphragm.

• #79 Sliding Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459270/

  In sliding hiatal hernias, the GE junction migrates above the diaphragm secondary to increased laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament. […] Regarding type 2 to 4, there is not one predominant theory to explain them all, and thus most PEHs are multifactorial in etiology. PEHs most often are associated with, but not limited to the widening of the esophageal hiatus or congenital versus acquired, such as prior history of surgical dissection, trauma, persistent increases in intra-abdominal pressure, or esophageal shortening due to fibrosis or scarring from repeated exposure to noxious content.

• #80 Hiatal Hernia – Esophageal Health | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/gastro/esophageal-health/diseases-we-treat/hiatal-hernia

  A hiatal hernia is when a part of the stomach moves up into the chest area. […] It is not always clear what causes a hiatal hernia. […] For a sliding hiatal hernia, it is thought that with wear and tear of this elastic ligament from repetitive swallowing or other stressors (e.g. vomiting, gastroesophageal reflux), the ligament can no longer hold the distal esophagus in place as well and the stomach herniates upwards through the diaphragmatic opening. […] For a paraesophageal hiatal hernia, it is thought that there is an abnormal laxity of the ligaments that normally hold the stomach in place, although it is not clear whether this laxity is a cause or an effect of the hernia. […] Hiatal hernias may also be congenital or develop after esophageal or gastric surgeries.

• #81 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  Hiatal hernia is the most common type of visceral anatomy disorder, observed in people under 30 years of age in 10%, older than 50 years in 60%. […] In many cases, hiatal hernia is an acquired condition; however, this pathology is also noted in early childhood, which suggests its congenital nature. The main cause of displacement of abdominal organs into the chest is the mechanical weakness of the esophagogastric membrane due to the congenital or involutive inferiority of the connective tissue (elastin deficiency). […] The anatomical causes for the recurrence of hiatal hernias after surgical treatment include large esophageal opening of the diaphragm, mechanical weakness of the muscular crura, and secondary or primary shortening of the esophagus. […] Large esophageal opening in the diaphragm are considered the most important factor in the recurrence of hiatal hernias.

• #82 Sliding Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459270/

  In sliding hiatal hernias, the GE junction migrates above the diaphragm secondary to increased laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament. […] Regarding type 2 to 4, there is not one predominant theory to explain them all, and thus most PEHs are multifactorial in etiology. PEHs most often are associated with, but not limited to the widening of the esophageal hiatus or congenital versus acquired, such as prior history of surgical dissection, trauma, persistent increases in intra-abdominal pressure, or esophageal shortening due to fibrosis or scarring from repeated exposure to noxious content.

• #83 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #84 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #85 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #86 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  Hiatal hernia is the most common type of visceral anatomy disorder, observed in people under 30 years of age in 10%, older than 50 years in 60%. […] In many cases, hiatal hernia is an acquired condition; however, this pathology is also noted in early childhood, which suggests its congenital nature. The main cause of displacement of abdominal organs into the chest is the mechanical weakness of the esophagogastric membrane due to the congenital or involutive inferiority of the connective tissue (elastin deficiency). […] The anatomical causes for the recurrence of hiatal hernias after surgical treatment include large esophageal opening of the diaphragm, mechanical weakness of the muscular crura, and secondary or primary shortening of the esophagus. […] Large esophageal opening in the diaphragm are considered the most important factor in the recurrence of hiatal hernias.

• #87 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  The mechanical weakness of the diaphragm crura (e. g., hypotrophy, fibrosis) is also considered the most important factor in grafting failure. […] A decrease in the length of the esophagus (secondary or primary), along with the aforementioned conditions, is considered the most important factor but most difficult to overcome in the recurrence of hiatal hernias. […] Primary shortening is a congenital condition with factual prevalence in the population, and its significance in the development of hiatal hernias is under-investigated. Secondary shortening of the esophagus is a consequence of the degenerative inflammatory changes in the muscle layer of the esophagus with the replacement of its fibers by connective tissue. […] Contraction of the cruras of the diaphragm during respiratory excursions is an important physiological factor that increases significantly the load on the plastic zone of the esophageal hiatus.

• #88 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  The mechanical weakness of the diaphragm crura (e. g., hypotrophy, fibrosis) is also considered the most important factor in grafting failure. […] A decrease in the length of the esophagus (secondary or primary), along with the aforementioned conditions, is considered the most important factor but most difficult to overcome in the recurrence of hiatal hernias. […] Primary shortening is a congenital condition with factual prevalence in the population, and its significance in the development of hiatal hernias is under-investigated. Secondary shortening of the esophagus is a consequence of the degenerative inflammatory changes in the muscle layer of the esophagus with the replacement of its fibers by connective tissue. […] Contraction of the cruras of the diaphragm during respiratory excursions is an important physiological factor that increases significantly the load on the plastic zone of the esophageal hiatus.

• #89 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #90 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #91 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  The mechanical weakness of the diaphragm crura (e. g., hypotrophy, fibrosis) is also considered the most important factor in grafting failure. […] A decrease in the length of the esophagus (secondary or primary), along with the aforementioned conditions, is considered the most important factor but most difficult to overcome in the recurrence of hiatal hernias. […] Primary shortening is a congenital condition with factual prevalence in the population, and its significance in the development of hiatal hernias is under-investigated. Secondary shortening of the esophagus is a consequence of the degenerative inflammatory changes in the muscle layer of the esophagus with the replacement of its fibers by connective tissue. […] Contraction of the cruras of the diaphragm during respiratory excursions is an important physiological factor that increases significantly the load on the plastic zone of the esophageal hiatus.

• #92 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  The mechanical weakness of the diaphragm crura (e. g., hypotrophy, fibrosis) is also considered the most important factor in grafting failure. […] A decrease in the length of the esophagus (secondary or primary), along with the aforementioned conditions, is considered the most important factor but most difficult to overcome in the recurrence of hiatal hernias. […] Primary shortening is a congenital condition with factual prevalence in the population, and its significance in the development of hiatal hernias is under-investigated. Secondary shortening of the esophagus is a consequence of the degenerative inflammatory changes in the muscle layer of the esophagus with the replacement of its fibers by connective tissue. […] Contraction of the cruras of the diaphragm during respiratory excursions is an important physiological factor that increases significantly the load on the plastic zone of the esophageal hiatus.

• #93 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #94 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #95 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #96 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #97 Hiatus Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hiatus-hernia-pro

  Causes of hiatus hernia (aetiology)17 […] A hiatus hernia may be caused by one or more of three possible mechanisms: […] Widening of the diaphragmatic hiatus. […] Pulling up of the stomach, due to oesophageal shortening. […] Pushing up of the stomach by increased intra-abdominal pressure. […] The anti-reflux barrier is lost, and the larger the hernia, the more impaired the clearance of acid which has refluxed into the oesophagus. The hernia thereby exacerbates gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). […] […] […] Risk factors […] Obesity. […] Pregnancy. […] Ascites. […] Advanced age. […] Genetic predisposition. […] Conditions causing shortening of the oesophagus, such as chronic oesophagitis. Shortening is thought to occur by virtue of reflex contraction of oesophageal longitudinal muscle, evoked by intraluminal acid. […] Previous gastro-oesophageal surgery such as partial gastrectomy (para-oesophageal hernia). […] Trauma to the chest and abdomen. […] Skeletal deformities, such as scoliosis, kyphosis and pectus excavatum (predisposes to para-oesophageal hernia).

• #98 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #99 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #100 Hiatal Hernia: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8098-hiatal-hernia

  Hiatal hernias push through a preexisting weakness in your diaphragm the opening where your esophagus passes through to connect to your stomach. […] A hernia becomes possible when theres a weak spot in the tissues that separate your different body compartments. That weak spot creates an opening for a hernia to come through. A hiatal hernia, in particular, comes through an opening that already exists: the esophageal hiatus, where your esophagus passes through your diaphragm. This opening only has to widen a little to make a hiatal hernia possible. […] Sometimes a specific injury, surgery or even a birth defect causes the original weakness that creates a hernia. But more often, its cumulative damage from years of daily stress and strain. Anything that produces extra pressure in your abdominal cavity can wear on your diaphragm over time. Some of the most common forces that create abdominal pressure and contribute to hiatal hernias include: Chronic coughing or sneezing. Chronic straining to poop (constipation). Chronic obesity (BMI, or body mass index, greater than 30). Frequent vomiting. Intense exercise or heavy lifting. Pregnancy and childbirth.

• #101 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  The mechanical weakness of the diaphragm crura (e. g., hypotrophy, fibrosis) is also considered the most important factor in grafting failure. […] A decrease in the length of the esophagus (secondary or primary), along with the aforementioned conditions, is considered the most important factor but most difficult to overcome in the recurrence of hiatal hernias. […] Primary shortening is a congenital condition with factual prevalence in the population, and its significance in the development of hiatal hernias is under-investigated. Secondary shortening of the esophagus is a consequence of the degenerative inflammatory changes in the muscle layer of the esophagus with the replacement of its fibers by connective tissue. […] Contraction of the cruras of the diaphragm during respiratory excursions is an important physiological factor that increases significantly the load on the plastic zone of the esophageal hiatus.

• #102 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  Peristaltic contractions of the esophagus, which are an integral component of its physiological function, are also considered a factor that increases the risk of repeated displacement of the stomach into the mediastinum. […] Thus, surgical treatment outcomes of hiatal hernia are affected by diverse causes and factors.

• #103 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  The mechanical weakness of the diaphragm crura (e. g., hypotrophy, fibrosis) is also considered the most important factor in grafting failure. […] A decrease in the length of the esophagus (secondary or primary), along with the aforementioned conditions, is considered the most important factor but most difficult to overcome in the recurrence of hiatal hernias. […] Primary shortening is a congenital condition with factual prevalence in the population, and its significance in the development of hiatal hernias is under-investigated. Secondary shortening of the esophagus is a consequence of the degenerative inflammatory changes in the muscle layer of the esophagus with the replacement of its fibers by connective tissue. […] Contraction of the cruras of the diaphragm during respiratory excursions is an important physiological factor that increases significantly the load on the plastic zone of the esophageal hiatus.

• #104 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  Peristaltic contractions of the esophagus, which are an integral component of its physiological function, are also considered a factor that increases the risk of repeated displacement of the stomach into the mediastinum. […] Thus, surgical treatment outcomes of hiatal hernia are affected by diverse causes and factors.

• #105 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  Peristaltic contractions of the esophagus, which are an integral component of its physiological function, are also considered a factor that increases the risk of repeated displacement of the stomach into the mediastinum. […] Thus, surgical treatment outcomes of hiatal hernia are affected by diverse causes and factors.

• #106 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #107 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #108 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #109 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #110 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #111 Understanding How Injury or Trauma Causes Hiatal Hernias

  https://surgeonadamharris.com/how-injury-or-trauma-causes-hiatal-hernias/

  So, you may have heard the term hiatal hernia before, but do you actually know what it means? Well, simply put, its when a portion of your stomach protrudes into your chest cavity through a hole in your diaphragm called the hiatus. […] One of the main causes of hiatal hernia is actually injury or trauma to the area. Whether its from a fall, a car accident, or even certain medical procedures, these traumas can lead to your stomach slipping through the hiatus and causing all sorts of discomfort. […] When it comes to the causes of a hiatal hernia, injury or trauma is one possible factor to consider. While a hiatal hernia can develop without any apparent cause, it is important to understand how injury or trauma can contribute to the development of this condition. […] While there are various causes of hiatal hernia, injury or trauma is an important factor to consider. The diaphragm can be weakened or damaged due to external forces, such as a direct blow or impact to the chest or abdomen.

• #112 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #113 Are Hiatal Hernias Hereditary? – Arizona Premier Surgery

  https://arizonapremiersurgery.com/2024/07/17/are-hiatal-hernias-hereditary/

  Hiatal hernias, a condition in which part of the stomach organ pushes up through the diaphragm and into the chest cavity, causes both discomfort and digestive issues. […] Thus far, research into hiatal hernias hasn’t proven that this condition runs in families, but several studies suggest possible genetic influence. Genetics might predispose individuals to conditions that later lead to hiatal hernias. […] A person’s family history may also be an indicator of future health conditions. If one’s parents or siblings have hiatal hernias, the odds of developing the condition may be somewhat higher among other family members. So, while hiatal hernias are not directly hereditary, there may be family traits that make developing them more likely. […] The root cause of hiatal hernias is not entirely understood, but there are several unique elements that can contribute to the development of this condition.

• #114 Hiatal Hernia: Symptoms, Surgery, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiatal-hernia

  The exact cause of many hiatal hernias is not known. In some people, injury or other damage may weaken muscle tissue. This makes it possible for your stomach to push through your diaphragm. […] Another cause is putting too much pressure (repeatedly) on the muscles around your stomach. This can happen when: coughing, vomiting, straining during bowel movements, lifting heavy objects. […] Some people are also born with an abnormally large hiatus which makes it easier for the stomach to move through it. Factors that can increase your risk of a hiatal hernia include: obesity, aging, smoking. […] You may not be able to avoid a hiatal hernia entirely, but you can avoid making a hernia worse by: maintaining a moderate weight, not straining during bowel movements, getting help when lifting heavy objects, avoiding tight belts and certain abdominal exercises.

• #115 Hiatal hernia diet: Food list and tips

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320468

  A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach enters the chest cavity through a hole in the diaphragm. […] Researchers are not sure exactly why they develop, but hiatal hernias are common. […] Hiatal hernias are one of the leading causes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Some research has also shown that following specific diets that are high in the intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, such as the Mediterranean diet, can also help to reduce the symptoms of GERD and hiatal hernias. […] It is a good idea for people with a hiatal hernia to limit or avoid foods that are acidic, rich, oily, or contain preservatives. […] Mint has also been reported as a trigger for GERD symptoms in some people. […] Dietary changes can help manage and prevent symptoms. […] Other lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a moderate weight and quitting smoking can also help manage symptoms of a hiatal hernia.

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