Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #1 Risk factors in the aetiology of hiatus hernia: a meta-analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21178776/

  Hiatus hernia (HH) is commonly associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, particularly reflux oesophagitis and Barrett’s oesophagus. HH may increase with age as a result of fibromuscular degeneration. Obesity increases intra-abdominal pressure and may increase the risk of HH. […] Seven studies provided data for meta-analysis of the effect of age and HH was associated with age above 50 years [odds ratio 2.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35-3.51, P=0.001, I2=97.3]. Four studies provided data for meta-analysis of the effect of obesity and HH was associated with BMI above 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio 1.93, 95% CI: 1.10-3.39, P=0.002, I2=80.5). Eighteen studies provided data for meta-analysis of the effect of sex and HH was more common among men (odds ratio 1.36, 95% CI: 1.10-1.68, P=0.005, I2=89.5). […] The prevalence of HH increases with age and increasing BMI and HH is more common among men.

• #1 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #1 Hiatal Hernia: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8098-hiatal-hernia

  Hiatal hernias push through a preexisting weakness in your diaphragm the opening where your esophagus passes through to connect to your stomach. […] A hernia becomes possible when there’s a weak spot in the tissues that separate your different body compartments. That weak spot creates an opening for a hernia to come through. A hiatal hernia, in particular, comes through an opening that already exists: the esophageal hiatus, where your esophagus passes through your diaphragm. This opening only has to widen a little to make a hiatal hernia possible. […] Sometimes a specific injury, surgery or even a birth defect causes the original weakness that creates a hernia. But more often, it’s cumulative damage from years of daily stress and strain. Anything that produces extra pressure in your abdominal cavity can wear on your diaphragm over time. Some of the most common forces that create abdominal pressure and contribute to hiatal hernias include: Chronic coughing or sneezing. Chronic straining to poop (constipation). Chronic obesity (BMI, or body mass index, greater than 30). Frequent vomiting. Intense exercise or heavy lifting. Pregnancy and childbirth.

• #1 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #1 Hiatus hernia | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hiatus-hernia

  A hiatus hernia is when a part of the stomach pushes up through a gap in your diaphragm, moving into the space in your chest. […] Risk factors for developing a hiatus hernia include living with obesity and heavy lifting. […] It’s not always clear what causes a hiatus hernia. It may be caused by a weakness in the opening in the diaphragm that allows a part of the stomach to slide up through the diaphragm. […] Risk factors that increase your chance of developing a hiatus hernia include: being over 50 years of age, muscle weakness affecting your abdomen or diaphragm, living with obesity, excessive straining for example frequent coughing, weightlifting or straining to pass bowel motions, being born with a large gap in your diaphragm. […] You are less likely to develop a hiatus hernia if you maintain a healthy weight and if you avoid straining your abdomen.

• #1 Hiatal hernia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001137.htm

  Hiatal hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach extends through an opening of the diaphragm into the chest. The exact cause of hiatal hernia is not known. The condition may be due to weakness of the supporting tissue. Your risk for the problem goes up with age, obesity, and smoking. Hiatal hernias are very common. The problem occurs often in people over 50 years of age. […] This condition may be linked to reflux (backflow) of gastric acid from the stomach into the esophagus. […] Children with this condition are most often born with it (congenital). In infants, it often occurs with gastroesophageal reflux. […] Controlling risk factors such as obesity may help prevent hiatal hernia.

• #1 Hiatus hernia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/hiatus-hernia/

  A hiatus hernia, or hiatal hernia, is when part of the stomach squeezes up into the chest through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm. […] Its not exactly clear what causes hiatus hernia, but it may be the result of the diaphragm becoming weak with age, or pressure on the abdomen. […] Hiatus hernia can sometimes occur in newborn babies if the stomach or diaphragm doesnt develop properly. […] Theres also a rare type of hiatus hernia that affects newborn babies, which is caused by a congenital defect of the stomach or diaphragm. Congenital means that it is present from birth. […] Complications from a hiatus hernia are rare, but they can be serious. […] Hiatus hernias that slide in and out of the chest area (sliding hiatus hernias) can cause gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). This is where stomach acid leaks into the oesophagus (gullet). This can damage the oesophagus, increasing the risk of problems.

• #1 Hiatus Hernia – Birmingham Hernia Clinic

  https://thebirminghamherniaclinic.com/hernia-types/hiatus-hernia/

  A hiatus hernia occurs when part of the stomach is pushed upwards through the opening in the diaphragm known as the hiatus and into the chest. […] In most cases the exact cause of a hiatus hernia cannot be found. We know that hiatus hernias become more common as we get older. Other associated causes are associated with increased pressure on the muscle of the diaphragm. If this increased pressure is repeated a hiatus hernia may develop. Causes of increased abdominal pressure include: Being overweight, Coughing, Vomiting, Straining to empty bowels, Straining to pass urine, Lifting heavy objects. […] Some babies are born with a hiatus hernia this is known as a congenital hernia and requires specialist paediatric surgical input.

• #1 Understanding How Injury or Trauma Causes Hiatal Hernias

  https://surgeonadamharris.com/how-injury-or-trauma-causes-hiatal-hernias/

  So, you may have heard the term hiatal hernia before, but do you actually know what it means? Well, simply put, its when a portion of your stomach protrudes into your chest cavity through a hole in your diaphragm called the hiatus. […] One of the main causes of hiatal hernia is actually injury or trauma to the area. Whether its from a fall, a car accident, or even certain medical procedures, these traumas can lead to your stomach slipping through the hiatus and causing all sorts of discomfort. […] When it comes to the causes of a hiatal hernia, injury or trauma is one possible factor to consider. While a hiatal hernia can develop without any apparent cause, it is important to understand how injury or trauma can contribute to the development of this condition. […] While there are various causes of hiatal hernia, injury or trauma is an important factor to consider. The diaphragm can be weakened or damaged due to external forces, such as a direct blow or impact to the chest or abdomen.

• #1 Hiatal Hernia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22859

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. […] Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia.

• #1 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  A decrease in the length of the esophagus (secondary or primary), along with the aforementioned conditions, is considered the most important factor but most difficult to overcome in the recurrence of hiatal hernias. […] Primary shortening is a congenital condition with factual prevalence in the population, and its significance in the development of hiatal hernias is under-investigated. […] Secondary shortening of the esophagus is a consequence of the degenerative inflammatory changes in the muscle layer of the esophagus with the replacement of its fibers by connective tissue. […] Contraction of the cruras of the diaphragm during respiratory excursions is an important physiological factor that increases significantly the load on the plastic zone of the esophageal hiatus. […] Peristaltic contractions of the esophagus, which are an integral component of its physiological function, are also considered a factor that increases the risk of repeated displacement of the stomach into the mediastinum. […] Thus, surgical treatment outcomes of hiatal hernia are affected by diverse causes and factors.

• #1 What Causes a Hiatal Hernia? | Advanced Surgical & Bariatrics of NJ

  https://www.bariatricsurgerynewjersey.com/patient-resources/frequently-asked-questions/causes-hiatal-hernia/

  A hiatal hernia can be caused by a variety of factors. However, the cause is unknown for the majority of patients. Some people may be born with a short esophagus or a large hiatus, or they may develop these conditions over time owing to weakened tissue or chronic scarring of the lower esophageal lining from acid reflux, which results in contraction or shortening of the overall esophageal length. Other causes include increased intra-abdominal pressure in the abdomen as a result of conditions like obesity, pregnancy, chronic cough, or bowel straining. Experts also predict that individuals who have gained a substantial amount of weight, as well as those over the age of 50 and smokers, are at risk of developing a hiatal hernia.

• #1 Paraesophageal Hernia (Hiatal Hernia) | Minimally Invasive and Gastrointestinal Surgery | Medical College of Wisconsin

  https://www.mcw.edu/departments/surgery/divisions/minimally-invasive-and-gastrointestinal-surgery/patient-care/gerd-and-gastrointestinal-surgery-program/paraesophageal-hernia-hiatal-hernia

  Hiatal hernias are known to contribute to GERD. […] Many patients (but not all) with paraesophageal hernias may also suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms. GERD by itself is not a reason to repair a paraesophageal hernia. […] A sliding hiatal hernia will not cause back or epigastric pain like a paraesophageal hernia can. Sliding hiatal hernias can cause GERD symptoms.

• #1 Hiatal Hernia: Symptoms, Surgery, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiatal-hernia

  The exact cause of many hiatal hernias is not known. In some people, injury or other damage may weaken muscle tissue. This makes it possible for your stomach to push through your diaphragm. […] Another cause is putting too much pressure (repeatedly) on the muscles around your stomach. This can happen when: coughing, vomiting, straining during bowel movements, lifting heavy objects. […] Some people are also born with an abnormally large hiatus which makes it easier for the stomach to move through it. Factors that can increase your risk of a hiatal hernia include: obesity, aging, smoking. […] You may not be able to avoid a hiatal hernia entirely, but you can avoid making a hernia worse by: maintaining a moderate weight, not straining during bowel movements, getting help when lifting heavy objects, avoiding tight belts and certain abdominal exercises.

• #1 Hiatal Hernia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiatal-hernia-causes-and-risk-factors-4163562

  Surgery: Abdominal surgery can increase your chances of a hiatal hernia either by directly damaging the diaphragm or altering the normal position of the stomach and esophagus. […] Congenital: Some children are born with a hiatal hernia due to abnormalities in fetal development. […] Obesity is one of the biggest risk factors for hiatal hernia. […] Heavy lifting puts stress on the diaphragmatic muscle, increasing the chances of an enlarged hole that allows the stomach to protrude above the diaphragm. […] The abdominal pressure caused by coughing can allow or cause the stomach to squeeze through the diaphragm. […] Straining may increase the chances of having a hiatal hernia due to excess pressure on the diaphragm. […] The abdominal pressure and hormonal changes of pregnancy can increase the chances of a hiatal hernia. […] Smoking weakens the muscles of the diaphragm, allowing the stomach to protrude above the diaphragm.

• #1 Hiatal Hernia: what it is, causes, symptoms and treatments

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/hiatal-hernia-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  A hiatal hernia is the ascension of the stomach through the hole in the diaphragm known as the hiatus. […] Although there is nothing concrete and exact that can be considered a direct cause of the appearance of a hiatal hernia, we can comment on 3 factors that favour its formation. These are: Obesity: In patients who are significantly overweight, there is usually excessive pressure on the diaphragm, favouring the enlargement and dilatation of the hiatus. […] Age: With age, all the structures of the human body tend to weaken, especially if the patient does not lead an active life, does not eat a balanced diet, etc., which means that the area of the diaphragm where the hiatus is located weakens and becomes enlarged, causing the hiatal hernia we are talking about in this article. […] Tobacco and alcohol consumption: As we all know, smoking and drinking are not healthy habits, and in this case both are harmful both as factors in the onset and aggravation of symptoms. The acidity of alcohol and the circulation problems caused by tobacco help in the appearance of Gastroesophageal Reflux and hiatal hernia. […] However, it does not imply that a person who smokes, is overweight and elderly will suffer a hiatal hernia or the opposite, but they are relevant factors in its appearance.

• #1 Hiatal Hernia: what it is, causes, symptoms and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/hiatal-hernia

  „Hiatal hernia occurs when the upper portion of the stomach moves up into the chest through a small opening that exists in the diaphragm (diaphragmatic hiatus).” […] „The existence of a hiatus hernia favors gastro-esophageal reflux, but it is not its only cause.” […] „There are dietary factors or lifestyles that may contribute to gastro-esophageal reflux.” […] „Chocolate, pepper or spices, mint, fats, coffee and alcoholic beverages promote the relaxation of LES and therefore, reflux.” […] „All those situations that involve an increase in intra-abdominal pressure (obesity, pregnancy, certain types of physical exercise) also favor GER.”

• #1 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Diaphragmatic hernias may be congenital or acquired. Acquired hiatal hernias are divided further into nontraumatic and traumatic hernias. The most common types of hernias are those acquired in a nontraumatic fashion. […] Sliding hiatal hernia by far is the most common type of hiatal hernia. […] In paraesophageal hernia, also called rolling-type hiatal hernia, the widened hiatus permits the fundus of the stomach to protrude into the chest, anterior and lateral to the body of the esophagus; however, the gastroesophageal junction remains below the diaphragm.

• #1 Hiatus hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hiatus-hernia?lang=us

  Hiatus hernias (alternative plural: herniae) occur when there is herniation of abdominal contents through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. […] The prevalence of hiatus hernia increases with age, with a slight female predilection. […] The most common content of a hiatus hernia is the stomach. […] Some divide them into four types: type 1: sliding hiatal hernia (~95%), type 2: paraesophageal hiatal hernia with the gastro-esophageal junction in a normal position, type 3: mixed or compound type, paraesophageal hiatal hernia with displaced gastro-esophageal junction, type 4: mixed or compound type hiatal hernia with additional herniation of viscera. […] The function of the lower esophageal sphincter and the presence of pathologic gastro-esophageal reflux are the crucial factors in producing symptoms and causing complications.

• #1 Hiatus Hernia – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-swallowing-disorders/hiatus-hernia

  Etiology of hiatus hernia is usually unknown, but a hiatus hernia is thought to be acquired through stretching of the fascial attachments between the esophagus and diaphragm at the hiatus (the opening through which the esophagus traverses the diaphragm). […] A sliding hiatus hernia is a common incidental finding on radiograph; therefore, the relationship of hernia to symptoms is unclear. Although most patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have some degree of hiatus hernia, 50% of patients with hiatus hernia have GERD.

• #1 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  Hiatal hernia is the most common type of visceral anatomy disorder, observed in people under 30 years of age in 10%, older than 50 years in 60%. […] The main cause of displacement of abdominal organs into the chest is the mechanical weakness of the esophagogastric membrane due to the congenital or involutive inferiority of the connective tissue (elastin deficiency). […] The anatomical causes for the recurrence of hiatal hernias after surgical treatment include large esophageal opening of the diaphragm, mechanical weakness of the muscular crura, and secondary or primary shortening of the esophagus. […] Large esophageal opening in the diaphragm are considered the most important factor in the recurrence of hiatal hernias. […] The mechanical weakness of the diaphragm crura (e. g., hypotrophy, fibrosis) is also considered the most important factor in grafting failure.

• #1 Hiatal Hernia: Symptoms, Surgery, Treatment & Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hiatal_hernia/article_em.htm

  Hiatal hernia is a condition in which the upper portion of the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity through an opening of the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus. This opening usually is only large enough to accommodate the esophagus. With weakening and enlargement however, the opening (or herniation) can allow upward passage (herniation) or even entrapment of the upper stomach above the diaphragm. […] Suspected causes or contributing factors: Obesity, Poor seated posture (such as slouching), Frequent coughing, Straining with constipation, Frequent bending over or heavy lifting, Heredity, Smoking, Congenital defects. […] Hiatal hernia is thought to contribute to the weakening of this sphincter muscle. […] If treated appropriately and lifestyle changes are made, you can minimize the effects of a hiatal hernia. If left untreated, complications can arise such as a strangulated hiatal hernia.

• #1 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms & treatment of hiatus hernia

  https://www.iqoro.com/hiatal-hernia/

  A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach slides up through the diaphragm. […] A hiatal hernia is a weakening of the diaphragm. […] A hiatal hernia occurs when the muscles in the diaphragm weaken, making it unable to hold the stomach in place. This causes the lower esophageal sphincter to not close tightly, and the esophagus to be pushed upwards. Stomach acid can then leak up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other uncomfortable symptoms. […] The wide range of symptoms associated with a hiatal hernia is due to the body’s diverse responses to this condition. […] The burning sensation in the throat is caused by the corrosive stomach acid, while the mucus and cough are the body’s way of protecting the mucous membranes from damage. […] A hiatal hernia causes stomach acid to leak uncontrollably into the esophagus.

• #1 Atypical and typical manifestations of the hiatal hernia – Goodwin – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery

  https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/6254/html

  Hiatal hernias may present in variety of ways, both typical and atypical. Manifestations are dependent on the type and size of the hernia. Gastrointestinal manifestations are the most common, predominately with GERD and associated syndromes. […] The presence of a hiatal hernia is closely related to reflux symptoms and associated complications. Patients with a hiatal hernia are significantly more likely to present with GERD symptoms compared to those without a hiatal hernia. […] The strong association between hiatal hernia and GERD syndromes implies that many of the atypical presentations of GERD may manifest in a hiatal hernia. […] The mere presence of a hiatal hernia can produce a number of typical and, less commonly, atypical gastrointestinal symptoms and complications, unrelated to reflux.

• #1 Hiatal Hernia: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment Options

  https://www.yashodahospitals.com/blog/hiatal-hernia-types-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm, a muscular wall that separates the chest and abdomen. This often happens at the esophageal hiatus, the opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through to connect to the stomach. […] Over time, stress and strain can enlarge this opening, often leading to gradual development of the condition over several years. […] Usually, one cant say the exact cause of the hiatal hernia. However, some of the risk factors that might lead to hiatal hernia are: Being born with a larger hiatal opening, Chronic coughing or sneezing, Injury to the area, Age greater than 50, Chronic constipation, Chronic obesity, Frequent vomiting, Pregnancy and childbirth, Intense exercise or heavy lifting. […] Chronic acid reflux is a common complication caused by hiatal hernias. In the long run, untreated chronic acid reflux may damage the esophagus due to serious and uncontrolled medication.

• #1 Hiatal Hernias and Acid Reflux

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd/hiatal-hernia

  A hiatal hernia may cause acid reflux and GERD if left untreated. […] If a hiatal hernia impacts the LES, digestive juices could rise back up into your esophagus, leading to GERD-like symptoms. If left untreated, this could eventually cause GERD. […] Yes, a hiatal hernia can cause GERD if left untreated. […] If left untreated, a hiatal hernia may cause acid reflux and GERD.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia Symptoms, Location, Causes, Diet & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hiatal_hernia_overview/article.htm

  Hiatal hernias are common, and in the majority of cases, the cause is unknown. They may be present at birth or develop later in life. […] Over time, the phrenoesophageal membrane may weaken, and a part of the stomach may herniate through the membrane. It may remain above the diaphragm permanently or move back and forth across the diaphragm. […] Theoretically, decreased abdominal muscle tone and increased pressure within the abdominal cavity could lead to the development of a hiatal hernia. Thus, people who are obese and women who are pregnant may be at an increased risk for developing a hiatal hernia although this has not been demonstrated. […] People who have repetitive vomiting or those who have constipation and strain to have a bowel movement, increase the intra-abdominal pressure when they strain, and this may weaken the phrenoesophageal membrane. […] The membrane also may weaken and lose its elasticity as a part of aging. […] Ascites is an abnormal collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which is often seen in people with liver failure, and also may be associated with the development of a hiatal hernia.

• #2 Risk factors in the aetiology of hiatus hernia: a meta-analysis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21178776/

  Hiatus hernia (HH) is commonly associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, particularly reflux oesophagitis and Barrett’s oesophagus. HH may increase with age as a result of fibromuscular degeneration. Obesity increases intra-abdominal pressure and may increase the risk of HH. […] Seven studies provided data for meta-analysis of the effect of age and HH was associated with age above 50 years [odds ratio 2.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35-3.51, P=0.001, I2=97.3]. Four studies provided data for meta-analysis of the effect of obesity and HH was associated with BMI above 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio 1.93, 95% CI: 1.10-3.39, P=0.002, I2=80.5). Eighteen studies provided data for meta-analysis of the effect of sex and HH was more common among men (odds ratio 1.36, 95% CI: 1.10-1.68, P=0.005, I2=89.5). […] The prevalence of HH increases with age and increasing BMI and HH is more common among men.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8098-hiatal-hernia

  Hiatal hernias push through a preexisting weakness in your diaphragm the opening where your esophagus passes through to connect to your stomach. […] A hernia becomes possible when there’s a weak spot in the tissues that separate your different body compartments. That weak spot creates an opening for a hernia to come through. A hiatal hernia, in particular, comes through an opening that already exists: the esophageal hiatus, where your esophagus passes through your diaphragm. This opening only has to widen a little to make a hiatal hernia possible. […] Sometimes a specific injury, surgery or even a birth defect causes the original weakness that creates a hernia. But more often, it’s cumulative damage from years of daily stress and strain. Anything that produces extra pressure in your abdominal cavity can wear on your diaphragm over time. Some of the most common forces that create abdominal pressure and contribute to hiatal hernias include: Chronic coughing or sneezing. Chronic straining to poop (constipation). Chronic obesity (BMI, or body mass index, greater than 30). Frequent vomiting. Intense exercise or heavy lifting. Pregnancy and childbirth.

• #2 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiatal-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373379

  A hiatal hernia occurs when weakened muscle tissue allows your stomach to bulge up through your diaphragm. It’s not always clear why this happens. But a hiatal hernia might be caused by: […] Age-related changes in your diaphragm. […] Injury to the area, for example, after trauma or certain types of surgery. […] Being born with a very large hiatus. […] Constant and intense pressure on the surrounding muscles. This can happen while coughing, vomiting, straining during a bowel movement, exercising or lifting heavy objects.

• #2 Hiatus Hernia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/acid-reflux-and-oesophagitis/hiatus-hernia

  Hiatus hernia is the term used to describe a condition where part of the stomach pushes up into the lower chest through a weakness in the diaphragm. […] The cause of hiatus hernia is not clear. It is thought that most develop in people over the age of 50 years. It may be that the diaphragm muscle weakens with age. This allows part of the stomach to protrude through the hole in the diaphragm. […] Factors which increase the pressure in the tummy (abdomen), and may increase the risk of developing a hiatus hernia include: Regular coughing, Repeated lifting of heavy objects, Obesity, Family history of hiatus hernias. […] There is a rare type of hiatus hernia which occurs in newborn babies, due to a congenital defect of the stomach or diaphragm. 'Congenital’ means that the condition is present from birth. This rare type is not dealt with further in this leaflet.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia: Symptoms, Surgery, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hiatal-hernia

  The exact cause of many hiatal hernias is not known. In some people, injury or other damage may weaken muscle tissue. This makes it possible for your stomach to push through your diaphragm. […] Another cause is putting too much pressure (repeatedly) on the muscles around your stomach. This can happen when: coughing, vomiting, straining during bowel movements, lifting heavy objects. […] Some people are also born with an abnormally large hiatus which makes it easier for the stomach to move through it. Factors that can increase your risk of a hiatal hernia include: obesity, aging, smoking. […] You may not be able to avoid a hiatal hernia entirely, but you can avoid making a hernia worse by: maintaining a moderate weight, not straining during bowel movements, getting help when lifting heavy objects, avoiding tight belts and certain abdominal exercises.

• #2 What Causes Hiatus Hernia? | Dr Stephen Watson

  https://lapsurgery.com.au/2025/01/what-causes-hiatus-hernia/20191/

  Several factors can contribute to the development of a hiatus hernia. These include: […] One of the primary causes is a weakness in the diaphragm muscles, which can allow the stomach to push through the hiatus. This weakness may be due to aging or congenital (present at birth). […] Excessive pressure in the abdominal cavity can push the stomach upward. Common causes of increased abdominal pressure include: Obesity: Excess body weight puts pressure on the abdomen. […] Hiatus hernias are more common in people over the age of 50. Aging can lead to the weakening of connective tissues and muscles, making it easier for the stomach to protrude through the diaphragm. […] A family history of hiatus hernia may increase the risk of developing the condition, as some individuals are genetically predisposed to having weaker diaphragm muscles.

• #2 Hiatus hernia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/hiatus-hernia/

  A hiatus hernia, or hiatal hernia, is when part of the stomach squeezes up into the chest through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm. […] Its not exactly clear what causes hiatus hernia, but it may be the result of the diaphragm becoming weak with age, or pressure on the abdomen. […] Hiatus hernia can sometimes occur in newborn babies if the stomach or diaphragm doesnt develop properly. […] Theres also a rare type of hiatus hernia that affects newborn babies, which is caused by a congenital defect of the stomach or diaphragm. Congenital means that it is present from birth. […] Complications from a hiatus hernia are rare, but they can be serious. […] Hiatus hernias that slide in and out of the chest area (sliding hiatus hernias) can cause gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). This is where stomach acid leaks into the oesophagus (gullet). This can damage the oesophagus, increasing the risk of problems.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/gastroenterology/hiatal-hernia/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of hiatal hernias isnt known, but experts do know that some people are born with an especially large hiatus (hole in the diaphragm). […] Suspected causes of hiatal hernias include: Coughing, Vomiting, Straining to move your bowels, Sudden physical movement, such as lifting, Pregnancy, Obesity. […] People who are over age 50, who are overweight, and who smoke are at the greatest risk of developing a hiatal hernia.

• #2 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  Hiatal hernia is the most common type of visceral anatomy disorder, observed in people under 30 years of age in 10%, older than 50 years in 60%. […] The main cause of displacement of abdominal organs into the chest is the mechanical weakness of the esophagogastric membrane due to the congenital or involutive inferiority of the connective tissue (elastin deficiency). […] The anatomical causes for the recurrence of hiatal hernias after surgical treatment include large esophageal opening of the diaphragm, mechanical weakness of the muscular crura, and secondary or primary shortening of the esophagus. […] Large esophageal opening in the diaphragm are considered the most important factor in the recurrence of hiatal hernias. […] The mechanical weakness of the diaphragm crura (e. g., hypotrophy, fibrosis) is also considered the most important factor in grafting failure.

• #2 Understanding How Injury or Trauma Causes Hiatal Hernias

  https://surgeonadamharris.com/how-injury-or-trauma-causes-hiatal-hernias/

  So, you may have heard the term hiatal hernia before, but do you actually know what it means? Well, simply put, its when a portion of your stomach protrudes into your chest cavity through a hole in your diaphragm called the hiatus. […] One of the main causes of hiatal hernia is actually injury or trauma to the area. Whether its from a fall, a car accident, or even certain medical procedures, these traumas can lead to your stomach slipping through the hiatus and causing all sorts of discomfort. […] When it comes to the causes of a hiatal hernia, injury or trauma is one possible factor to consider. While a hiatal hernia can develop without any apparent cause, it is important to understand how injury or trauma can contribute to the development of this condition. […] While there are various causes of hiatal hernia, injury or trauma is an important factor to consider. The diaphragm can be weakened or damaged due to external forces, such as a direct blow or impact to the chest or abdomen.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiatal-hernia-causes-and-risk-factors-4163562

  A hiatal hernia is caused by weakness of the muscles of the diaphragm that causes part of the stomach to bulge into the thorax (chest cavity). […] For instance, conditions that weaken and/or place excessive pressure on the diaphragm can increase the odds of a hernia. […] A hiatal hernia may be caused by a condition that increases the opening where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm. It may also be caused by something that physically forces the stomach upward into the thorax. […] Among some of the hiatal hernia causes are: Aging: Overall, the chances of having a hiatal hernia increase as you get older. […] Trauma: Injuries can cause expansion of the opening in the diaphragm or the abnormal displacement of the stomach and esophagus. […] GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) places enormous pressure on the diaphragm by causing frequent acid reflux.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hiatal-hernia-causes-and-risk-factors-4163562

  Surgery: Abdominal surgery can increase your chances of a hiatal hernia either by directly damaging the diaphragm or altering the normal position of the stomach and esophagus. […] Congenital: Some children are born with a hiatal hernia due to abnormalities in fetal development. […] Obesity is one of the biggest risk factors for hiatal hernia. […] Heavy lifting puts stress on the diaphragmatic muscle, increasing the chances of an enlarged hole that allows the stomach to protrude above the diaphragm. […] The abdominal pressure caused by coughing can allow or cause the stomach to squeeze through the diaphragm. […] Straining may increase the chances of having a hiatal hernia due to excess pressure on the diaphragm. […] The abdominal pressure and hormonal changes of pregnancy can increase the chances of a hiatal hernia. […] Smoking weakens the muscles of the diaphragm, allowing the stomach to protrude above the diaphragm.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/hiatal-hernia.html

  The exact cause of a hiatal hernia is not known. You may have been born with a large or weak hiatus. The following may increase your risk for a hiatal hernia: […] High body weight, pregnancy, or chronic constipation […] Age older than 50 years […] A chronic cough […] Intense exercise or lifting heavy objects often […] A medical condition such as diverticulosis or esophagitis […] Past esophagus or stomach surgery or trauma, such as from a motor vehicle accident.

• #2 Hiatal hernia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiatal_hernia

  A hiatal hernia or hiatus hernia is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest. This may result in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with symptoms such as a taste of acid in the back of the mouth or heartburn. Other symptoms may include trouble swallowing and chest pains. Complications may include iron deficiency anemia, volvulus, or bowel obstruction. […] The most common risk factors are obesity and older age. Other risk factors include major trauma, scoliosis, and certain types of surgery. […] The following are potential causes of a hiatal hernia. Increased pressure within the abdomen caused by heavy lifting or bending over, frequent or hard coughing, hard sneezing, violent vomiting, and straining during defecation (i.e., the Valsalva maneuver). Obesity and age-related changes to the diaphragm are also general risk factors.

• #2 Causes of unsuccessful surgical treatment of hiatal hernia – Bechvaya – Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

  https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/34604

  A decrease in the length of the esophagus (secondary or primary), along with the aforementioned conditions, is considered the most important factor but most difficult to overcome in the recurrence of hiatal hernias. […] Primary shortening is a congenital condition with factual prevalence in the population, and its significance in the development of hiatal hernias is under-investigated. […] Secondary shortening of the esophagus is a consequence of the degenerative inflammatory changes in the muscle layer of the esophagus with the replacement of its fibers by connective tissue. […] Contraction of the cruras of the diaphragm during respiratory excursions is an important physiological factor that increases significantly the load on the plastic zone of the esophageal hiatus. […] Peristaltic contractions of the esophagus, which are an integral component of its physiological function, are also considered a factor that increases the risk of repeated displacement of the stomach into the mediastinum. […] Thus, surgical treatment outcomes of hiatal hernia are affected by diverse causes and factors.

• #2 Paraesophageal Hernia (Hiatal Hernia) | Minimally Invasive and Gastrointestinal Surgery | Medical College of Wisconsin

  https://www.mcw.edu/departments/surgery/divisions/minimally-invasive-and-gastrointestinal-surgery/patient-care/gerd-and-gastrointestinal-surgery-program/paraesophageal-hernia-hiatal-hernia

  Hiatal hernias are known to contribute to GERD. […] Many patients (but not all) with paraesophageal hernias may also suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms. GERD by itself is not a reason to repair a paraesophageal hernia. […] A sliding hiatal hernia will not cause back or epigastric pain like a paraesophageal hernia can. Sliding hiatal hernias can cause GERD symptoms.

• #2 Hiatal Hernias and Acid Reflux

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd/hiatal-hernia

  A hiatal hernia may cause acid reflux and GERD if left untreated. […] If a hiatal hernia impacts the LES, digestive juices could rise back up into your esophagus, leading to GERD-like symptoms. If left untreated, this could eventually cause GERD. […] Yes, a hiatal hernia can cause GERD if left untreated. […] If left untreated, a hiatal hernia may cause acid reflux and GERD.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia: what it is, causes, symptoms and treatments

  https://www.operarme.com/blog/hiatal-hernia-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  A hiatal hernia is the ascension of the stomach through the hole in the diaphragm known as the hiatus. […] Although there is nothing concrete and exact that can be considered a direct cause of the appearance of a hiatal hernia, we can comment on 3 factors that favour its formation. These are: Obesity: In patients who are significantly overweight, there is usually excessive pressure on the diaphragm, favouring the enlargement and dilatation of the hiatus. […] Age: With age, all the structures of the human body tend to weaken, especially if the patient does not lead an active life, does not eat a balanced diet, etc., which means that the area of the diaphragm where the hiatus is located weakens and becomes enlarged, causing the hiatal hernia we are talking about in this article. […] Tobacco and alcohol consumption: As we all know, smoking and drinking are not healthy habits, and in this case both are harmful both as factors in the onset and aggravation of symptoms. The acidity of alcohol and the circulation problems caused by tobacco help in the appearance of Gastroesophageal Reflux and hiatal hernia. […] However, it does not imply that a person who smokes, is overweight and elderly will suffer a hiatal hernia or the opposite, but they are relevant factors in its appearance.

• #2 Hiatal hernia: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001137.htm

  Hiatal hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach extends through an opening of the diaphragm into the chest. The exact cause of hiatal hernia is not known. The condition may be due to weakness of the supporting tissue. Your risk for the problem goes up with age, obesity, and smoking. Hiatal hernias are very common. The problem occurs often in people over 50 years of age. […] This condition may be linked to reflux (backflow) of gastric acid from the stomach into the esophagus. […] Children with this condition are most often born with it (congenital). In infants, it often occurs with gastroesophageal reflux. […] Controlling risk factors such as obesity may help prevent hiatal hernia.

• #2 Hiatus hernia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hiatus-hernia?lang=us

  Hiatus hernias (alternative plural: herniae) occur when there is herniation of abdominal contents through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. […] The prevalence of hiatus hernia increases with age, with a slight female predilection. […] The most common content of a hiatus hernia is the stomach. […] Some divide them into four types: type 1: sliding hiatal hernia (~95%), type 2: paraesophageal hiatal hernia with the gastro-esophageal junction in a normal position, type 3: mixed or compound type, paraesophageal hiatal hernia with displaced gastro-esophageal junction, type 4: mixed or compound type hiatal hernia with additional herniation of viscera. […] The function of the lower esophageal sphincter and the presence of pathologic gastro-esophageal reflux are the crucial factors in producing symptoms and causing complications.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562200/

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. The hernia may prevent the upper part of the stomach from returning to its natural position below the diaphragm during swallowing. Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia. […] The incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age. Approximately 55% to 60% of individuals older than 50 have a hiatal hernia. However, only about 9% have symptoms, with the manifestations depending on the type and competence of the LES. The vast majority of these hernias are type I sliding hiatal hernias. Type II paraesophageal hernias only comprise about 5% of hiatal hernias where the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm. The condition’s prevalence is also increased in women, which may be attributed to elevated intraabdominal pressure during pregnancy. Hiatal hernias are most common in Western Europe and North America and are rare in rural Africa.

• #2 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms & treatment of hiatus hernia

  https://www.iqoro.com/hiatal-hernia/

  A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach slides up through the diaphragm. […] A hiatal hernia is a weakening of the diaphragm. […] A hiatal hernia occurs when the muscles in the diaphragm weaken, making it unable to hold the stomach in place. This causes the lower esophageal sphincter to not close tightly, and the esophagus to be pushed upwards. Stomach acid can then leak up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other uncomfortable symptoms. […] The wide range of symptoms associated with a hiatal hernia is due to the body’s diverse responses to this condition. […] The burning sensation in the throat is caused by the corrosive stomach acid, while the mucus and cough are the body’s way of protecting the mucous membranes from damage. […] A hiatal hernia causes stomach acid to leak uncontrollably into the esophagus.

• #2 Atypical and typical manifestations of the hiatal hernia – Goodwin – Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery

  https://ales.amegroups.org/article/view/6254/html

  Hiatal hernias may present in variety of ways, both typical and atypical. Manifestations are dependent on the type and size of the hernia. Gastrointestinal manifestations are the most common, predominately with GERD and associated syndromes. […] The presence of a hiatal hernia is closely related to reflux symptoms and associated complications. Patients with a hiatal hernia are significantly more likely to present with GERD symptoms compared to those without a hiatal hernia. […] The strong association between hiatal hernia and GERD syndromes implies that many of the atypical presentations of GERD may manifest in a hiatal hernia. […] The mere presence of a hiatal hernia can produce a number of typical and, less commonly, atypical gastrointestinal symptoms and complications, unrelated to reflux.

• #2 Hiatal hernia – Symptoms & treatment of hiatus hernia

  https://www.iqoro.com/hiatal-hernia/

  The corrosive stomach acid then causes discomfort in the form of heartburn, acid reflux etc. […] In the case of a hiatal hernia, the top part of the stomach slides up into the chest cavity even when we are not vomiting. This is because the diaphragm’s muscles are weakened and cannot hold the stomach in place. […] The stomach then slides uncontrollably up and down through the diaphragm and can remain in the chest cavity for a long time. […] A hiatal hernia is common and can cause problems that affect your everyday life. […] A general rule is that the longer you’ve had symptoms, the longer it may take to strengthen your hiatal hernia and improve your symptoms. This is because a hiatal hernia is caused by weakened muscles. […] The treatment time with IQoro depends partly on how long your muscles have been weakened, and how diligent you are in following your daily training routine. […] If you suspect that you have developed achalasia cardiae, you should seek medical attention as soon as possible to get an evaluation.

• #2 Hiatal Hernia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22859

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. […] Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia.

• #3 Hiatal Hernia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178393-overview

  Predisposing factors include the following: […] Muscle weakening and loss of elasticity as people age is thought to predispose to hiatus hernia, based on the increasing prevalence in older people. […] Hiatal hernias are more common in women. This may relate to the intra-abdominal forces exerted in pregnancy. […] Burkitt et al suggest that the Western, fiber-depleted diet leads to a state of chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement, which might explain the higher incidence of this condition in Western countries. […] Obesity predisposes to hiatus hernia because of increased abdominal pressure. […] Conditions such as chronic esophagitis may cause shortening of the esophagus by causing fibrosis of the longitudinal muscles and, therefore, predispose to hiatal hernia. […] The presence of abdominal ascites also is associated with hiatal hernias.

• #4 Hiatal Hernia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22859

  Hiatal hernias may be congenital or acquired. The condition’s prevalence is increased among older people. Muscle weakness due to age-related loss of flexibility and elasticity is believed to be a predisposing factor to the development of a hiatal hernia. […] Other predisposing factors have been identified, such as elevated intraabdominal pressure, which typically arises from obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trauma, age, previous surgeries, and genetics also play a role in the development of a hiatal hernia.

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