Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Swollen lymph nodes – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353906

  Finding the cause of swollen lymph nodes involves the following: […] Your medical history. This includes how the swollen lymph nodes started and if there are other symptoms. […] A physical exam. This includes checking lymph nodes just under the skin to see where they are and how they feel, and how big, tender and warm they are. […] Blood tests. A complete blood count (CBC) and other tests can look for the cause of the swollen lymph nodes. […] Imaging studies. A chest X-ray or CT scan of the affected area might show sources of infection or find tumors. Sometimes, a mammogram might be used. […] Lymph node biopsy. A sample from a lymph node or a whole lymph node might be removed and sent to a lab for study.

• #2 Swollen lymph nodes: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324105

  Swollen lymph nodes, or swollen glands, in the neck may indicate an infection. […] Swollen lymph nodes may occur alongside other symptoms. […] In many cases, swelling reduces and then disappears within 12 weeks once the body has successfully fought the infection. […] If the swelling continues for several weeks or a person has other warning signs, a doctor may recommend a lymph node biopsy. […] To assist with reaching an accurate diagnosis, they may perform a physical examination with a focus on the affected area. […] However, they may also order medical tests to determine the cause of the swelling. […] Swollen lymph nodes usually signal an infection or inflammation in the body. However, less commonly, it can point to cancer. […] It is best to consult a doctor if swollen lymph nodes persist for longer than 2 weeks or if they occur alongside other symptoms, such as high fever, abdominal pain, or night sweats.

• #3 Lymphadenopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1015/p1313.html

  Although the finding of lymphadenopathy sometimes raises fears about serious illness, it is, in patients seen in primary care settings, usually a result of benign infectious causes. Most patients can be diagnosed on the basis of a careful history and physical examination. […] Generalized adenopathy should always prompt further clinical investigation. When a node biopsy is indicated, excisional biopsy of the most abnormal node will best enable the pathologist to determine a diagnosis. […] The physician’s task is to efficiently differentiate the few patients with serious illness from the many with self-limited disease. This article reviews the evaluation of patients with a central clinical finding of lymphadenopathy, emphasizing the identification of patients with serious illness. […] Distinguishing between localized and generalized lymphadenopathy is important in formulating a differential diagnosis.

• #4 Swollen lymph nodes: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003097.htm

  Lymph nodes are present throughout your body. They are an important part of your immune system. Lymph nodes help your body recognize and fight germs, infections, and other foreign substances. […] The term „swollen glands” refers to enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. The medical name for swollen lymph nodes is lymphadenopathy. […] Contact your health care provider if: Your lymph nodes do not get smaller after several weeks or they continue to get larger. […] Your provider will perform a physical examination and ask about your medical history and symptoms. Examples of questions that may be asked include: When the swelling began […] The following tests may be done: Blood tests, including liver function tests, kidney function tests, and CBC with differential […] Treatment depends on the cause of the swollen nodes.

• #5 Swollen Lymph Nodes in Groin: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/swollen-lymph-nodes-in-groin

  Swollen lymph nodes in the groin are often caused by infections or injuries affecting the lower body, but they can also be a sign of something more serious. A doctor can help determine the cause and best course of treatment. […] To diagnose the cause of swollen lymph nodes in the groin, your doctor will begin with your medical and sexual history. Theyll ask about your symptoms, including how long your lymph nodes have been swollen. […] Your doctor may also need to do additional testing, which may include: […] Physical exam. Your doctor will examine your swollen lymph nodes for size, consistency, pain, and warmth. Theyll also check for other lymphadenopathy and signs of infection and illness, including STIs. […] Blood tests. Certain blood tests can help diagnose an underlying condition, including infections and leukemia. The blood tests ordered will depend on what your doctor suspects is causing your swollen lymph nodes. This may include a complete blood count (CBC), blood culture, and HIV tests. […] Lymph node biopsy. If other tests dont provide a diagnosis or cancer is suspected, your doctor may recommend a biopsy. A sample from a lymph node or an entire lymph node may be removed. The doctor will usually choose to biopsy the largest lymph node.

• #6 When Do Swollen Lymph Nodes Mean Cancer?

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/when-swollen-lymph-nodes-mean-cancer

  Swollen lymph nodes, or what doctors call lymphadenopathy, are often caused by infections or a condition that affects your immune system. […] But sometimes, cancer cells may travel through your bloodstream and end up in your lymph nodes, or even start there. […] If cancer is the cause of your swollen glands, it’s usually because cancer cells have spread there from another place in your body. This is called metastasis. […] There’s no way to tell if a swollen gland is a sign of cancer just by how it feels. […] Swollen lymph nodes close to your collarbone or the lower part of your neck are more likely to be cancer. […] If your doctor thinks your swollen lymph nodes could be cancer, tests and imaging can confirm the diagnosis or point to something else. […] Cancer in your lymph nodes is often a cancer that has spread from another place in your body. Rarely, the cancer begins in your lymph nodes.

• #7 Lymph Node Exam | Stanford Medicine 25 | Stanford Medicine

  https://stanfordmedicine25.stanford.edu/the25/lymph.html

  Palpation of the lymph nodes provides information about the possible presence of a malignant or inflammatory process and the localization or generalization of that process. […] Supraclavicular fossa most significant area: often indicates a process deep in body. […] Left supraclavicular node (Virchows node) classical sign of abdominal process. […] Right superclavicular node classic sign of intrathoracic process. […] Infraclavicular fossa nodes: classically breast cancer or malignant lymphoma. […] Enlarged inguinal lymph nodes are very common. Usually, they are shotty lymph nodes which are small, often hard, lymph nodes that are usually of no clinical concern.

• #8 Unexplained Lymphadenopathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1201/p896.html

  Lymphadenopathy is benign and self-limited in most patients. Etiologies include malignancy, infection, and autoimmune disorders, as well as medications and iatrogenic causes. The history and physical examination alone usually identify the cause of lymphadenopathy. When the cause is unknown, lymphadenopathy should be classified as localized or generalized. Patients with localized lymphadenopathy should be evaluated for etiologies typically associated with the region involved according to lymphatic drainage patterns. Generalized lymphadenopathy, defined as two or more involved regions, often indicates underlying systemic disease. Risk factors for malignancy include age older than 40 years, male sex, white race, supraclavicular location of the nodes, and presence of systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss. The workup may include blood tests, imaging, and biopsy depending on clinical presentation, location of the lymphadenopathy, and underlying risk factors. Biopsy options include fine-needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, or open excisional biopsy.

• #9 Spotting the difference: Swollen lymph nodes in leukaemia VS during an infection

  https://www.leukaemiacare.org.uk/support-and-information/latest-from-leukaemia-care/blog/spotting-the-difference-swollen-lymph-nodes-in-leukaemia-vs-during-an-infection/

  Swollen lymph nodes occur as a symptom of leukaemia in approximately 20% of patients prior to their diagnosis. […] For the vast majority of cases, swollen lymph nodes indicate nothing more than the fact that your body is fighting off an infection such as tonsillitis or even a common cold. […] Certain characteristics such as the size of the lymph nodes, the way they feel or how long they last can help to differentiate swelling caused by infection from that caused by leukaemia or another type of blood cancer. Spotting the difference between harmless and harmful lymph nodes may be crucial in diagnosing leukaemia early. […] You should make an appointment with your GP if you have a swollen gland and no other signs of illness or infection. […] Any lumps on the neck, groin or armpits that are hard, very enlarged, and do not move when pushed may indicate lymphoma or another type of cancer and should be investigated by your GP.

• #10 Lymphadenitis Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/960858-workup

  Laboratory studies are as follows: Gram stain of aspirated tissue – To evaluate bacterial etiologies. Culture of aspirated tissue or biopsy specimen – To determine the causative organism and its sensitivity to antibiotics. Monospot or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) serologies – To confirm the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. Bartonella henselae serologies – To confirm the diagnosis of catscratch disease (if exposed to cats). Skin testing or purified protein derivative (PPD) – To confirm the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenopathy; alternative is interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA). CBC count – Elevated WBC count may indicate an infectious etiology. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) – Elevated ESR and CRP are nonspecific indicators of inflammation. Liver function tests – May indicate hepatic or systemic involvement; elevated transaminase levels can be seen in infectious mononucleosis.

• #11 Unexplained Lymphadenopathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1201/p896.html

  In primary care practice, the annual incidence of unexplained lymphadenopathy is 0.6%. Only 1.1% of these cases are related to malignancy, but this percentage increases with advancing age. Cancers are identified in 4% of patients 40 years and older who present with unexplained lymphadenopathy vs. 0.4% of those younger than 40 years. […] In children with acute unilateral anterior cervical lymphadenitis and systemic symptoms, empiric antibiotics that target Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci may be given. Corticosteroids should be avoided until a definitive diagnosis of lymphadenopathy is made because they could potentially mask or delay histologic diagnosis of leukemia or lymphoma. […] If malignancy is considered unlikely based on history and physical examination, localized lymphadenopathy can be observed for four weeks. Generalized lymphadenopathy should prompt routine laboratory testing and testing for autoimmune and infectious causes.

• #12 What Do Swollen Lymph Nodes Mean? – Health Images

  https://www.healthimages.com/what-do-swollen-lymph-nodes-mean/

  Having a basic understanding of this system is essential in learning how to spot abnormalities. […] Pay attention to where and for how long your nodes feel enlarged. If they are persistently swollen for more than two weeks, this can mean a more serious infection, or cancerous cells could be causing protrusion and inflammation. […] Swollen glands can be early signs of the following types of cancer: […] Swollen lymph nodes are considered local symptoms of lymphoma, meaning the cancer is located near or around the node. […] Radiology imaging tests may be necessary for further examination and possible biopsy of the node tissue. Imaging helps technologists identify and characterize nodes as well as examine whether nodes are cancerous or benign. Imaging tests for swollen nodes include: […] Your doctor may order an MRI to screen for tumors, swollen glands, and even breast cancer.

• #13 Lymphoma – Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/lymphoma

  Your doctor will perform a physical exam and may order blood tests or lymph node biopsy to help evaluate your condition. […] A procedure in which a portion of or an entire lymph node is surgically removed so it can be examined under a microscope to look for the presence of lymphoma cells. […] A chest x-ray is used to look for enlarged lymph nodes. […] A CT of the body is used to detect enlarged lymph nodes or organs and abnormalities in the abdomen, pelvis, chest, head and neck. […] A PET scan, which uses a small amount of radioactive material, can help show if an enlarged lymph node is cancerous and detect cancer cells throughout the body that may not be seen on a CT scan. […] In a bone scan, a radioactive isotope called technetium-99m is injected into a vein and travels to damaged areas of bone. […] An MRI scan is helpful in detecting lymphoma that has spread to the spinal cord or brain. […] Abdominal ultrasound may be used to examine enlarged lymph nodes, especially in the abdomen.

• #14 What Do Swollen Lymph Nodes Mean? – Health Images

  https://www.healthimages.com/what-do-swollen-lymph-nodes-mean/

  CT scans can detect enlarged nodes over the entire body. This imaging is also used in biopsies to guide tissue removal. […] For patients with inflamed nodes around their neck, abdomen, or underarms, an ultrasound can help technologists and doctors assess and differentiate abnormal nodes from healthy ones.

• #15 Peripheral Lymphadenopathy: Approach and Diagnostic Tools

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3993046/

  Tissue diagnosis is the gold standard in the evaluation of LAP. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple and safe procedure and is proved to be accurate in the diagnosis of reactive hyperplasia, infections, granulomatous lymphadenopathies, lymphomas, and metastatic malignancies. […] Ultrasonography-guided FNAC gives more precise information than does blinded FNAC because it guides the needle to the most suspicious area of the lymph node. Whenever physical examination and imaging techniques suggest malignancy, ultrasonography-guided FNAC can identify metastasis in the lymph node. […] The accuracy of diagnosing metastatic carcinoma in lymph nodes by FNAC is 82-96%. […] Several approaches have been developed to recognize which patient with peripheral LAP needs excision biopsy. […] Age more than 40 years, multiple sites of LAP, supraclavicular lymph nodes, nodal diameter greater than 2 cm, firm or hard texture, fixed nodes, lack of tenderness, and abnormal chest X-ray are factors that propel the physician into tissue sampling.

• #16 Peripheral Lymphadenopathy: Approach and Diagnostic Tools

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3993046/

  Peripheral lymph nodes, located deep in the subcutaneous tissue, clean antigens from the extracellular fluid. […] Complete history taking and physical examination are mandatory for diagnosis; however, laboratory tests, imaging diagnostic methods, and tissue samplings are the next steps. Tissue diagnosis by fine needle aspiration biopsy or excisional biopsy is the gold standard evaluation for LAP. […] We concluded that in patients with peripheral LAP, the patients age and environmental exposures along with a careful history taking and physical examination can help the physician to request step by step further work-up when required, including laboratory tests, imaging modalities, and tissue diagnosis, to reach an appropriate diagnosis. […] Several aspects in the diagnosis of LAP should be considered. In most cases, further investigation is not required as the cause is obvious on primary evaluation (such as infection). In unexplained conditions, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and tissue biopsy are recommended.

• #17 Lymphadenopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1015/p1313.html

  In primary care patients with unexplained lymphadenopathy, approximately three fourths of patients will present with localized lymphadenopathy and one fourth with generalized lymphadenopathy. […] The algorithm in Figure 2 provides a diagnostic framework for the evaluation of lymphadenopathy. The algorithm emphasizes that a careful history and physical examination are the core of the evaluation. […] In patients with unexplained localized lymphadenopathy and a reassuring clinical picture, a three- to four-week period of observation is appropriate before biopsy. Patients with localized lymphadenopathy and a worrisome clinical picture or patients with generalized lymphadenopathy will need further diagnostic evaluation that often includes biopsy. […] If a diagnosis cannot be made, the clinician should obtain a biopsy of the node. The diagnostic yield of the biopsy can be maximized by obtaining an excisional biopsy of the largest and most abnormal node.

• #18 Lymphadenopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1015/p1313.html

  Patients with unexplained localized lymphadenopathy who have constitutional symptoms or signs, risk factors for malignancy or lymphadenopathy that persists for three to four weeks should undergo a biopsy. […] In most patients, lymphadenopathy has a readily diagnosable infectious cause. A diagnosis of less obvious causes can often be made after considering the patient’s age, the duration of the lymphadenopathy and whether localizing signs or symptoms, constitutional signs or epidemiologic clues are present.

• #19 Peripheral Lymphadenopathy: Approach and Diagnostic Tools

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3993046/

  Tissue diagnosis is the gold standard in the evaluation of LAP. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple and safe procedure and is proved to be accurate in the diagnosis of reactive hyperplasia, infections, granulomatous lymphadenopathies, lymphomas, and metastatic malignancies. […] Ultrasonography-guided FNAC gives more precise information than does blinded FNAC because it guides the needle to the most suspicious area of the lymph node. Whenever physical examination and imaging techniques suggest malignancy, ultrasonography-guided FNAC can identify metastasis in the lymph node. […] The accuracy of diagnosing metastatic carcinoma in lymph nodes by FNAC is 82-96%. […] Several approaches have been developed to recognize which patient with peripheral LAP needs excision biopsy. […] Age more than 40 years, multiple sites of LAP, supraclavicular lymph nodes, nodal diameter greater than 2 cm, firm or hard texture, fixed nodes, lack of tenderness, and abnormal chest X-ray are factors that propel the physician into tissue sampling.

• #20 Lymphadenitis Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/960858-workup

  Ultrasonography may be useful for verifying lymph node involvement and taking accurate measurements of enlarged nodes. […] Lymph node biopsy (see the image below), either partial or excisional, should be considered in cases in which lymphadenitis is not obviously related to an infectious cause, lymph nodes have remained enlarged for a prolonged period (4-6 wk), lymph nodes are in a supraclavicular location, lymph nodes have firm/rubbery consistency, ulceration is present, the patient has not responded to antibiotic therapy, or the patient has systemic symptoms (eg, fever, weight loss). […] For the diagnosis of isolated mediastinal lymphadenitis due to tuberculosis mycobacteria (TB), endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) transbronchial needle aspiration has been reported to be a safe and well tolerated procedure.

• #21 Lymph Node Biopsy: Procedure & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/lymph-node-biopsy

  During a lymph node biopsy, a surgeon or radiologist removes all or part of a lymph node. Then, a pathologist tests it in a lab for signs of disease, like cancer or an infection. This procedure allows healthcare providers to diagnose diseases, determine how serious they are and then plan treatments. […] Testing lymph node tissue can expose these microscopic signs of disease. Lymph node biopsy results help healthcare providers diagnose conditions, determine their seriousness and then decide on the best treatments. […] Providers perform lymph node biopsies to diagnose cancer and see if its spread beyond the primary tumor. This information helps your provider plan treatment. It also provides insight into what outcomes you can expect from treatment (prognosis). […] Your provider may order a lymph node biopsy to determine whats causing a swollen lymph node. Lymph nodes often swell when youre sick. Most causes (like a cold) are obvious. But you may need a biopsy if the swelling doesnt go away and your provider doesnt know why. You may have a serious infection or an immune system condition like sarcoidosis.

• #22 Lymphadenopathy Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/956340-workup

  While excisional biopsy is considered the „gold standard,” it still has limitations and may yield a definitive diagnosis in only 40-60% of patients because of inadequate specimen size, improper handling, or node-sampling error (eg, Hodgkin lymphoma); sampling more accessible nodes may miss the underlying malignancy. […] Fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy have become increasingly popular but yield small samples with limited ability to be assessed through flow cytometry and chromosomal analysis; also, false negative rates of 33% or higher have been found. […] Endobronchial ultrasonographically guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a widespread technique for tissue sampling from hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes; unfortunately, less than half will result in diagnostic cytology. […] Staging is relevant only when a specific malignancy is diagnosed as the etiology of lymphadenopathy.

• #23 Unexplained Lymphadenopathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/1201/p896.html

  Radiologic evaluation with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasonography may help to characterize lymphadenopathy. […] Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy can aid in the diagnostic evaluation of lymph nodes when etiology is unknown or malignant risk factors are present. FNA cytology is a quick, accurate, minimally invasive, and safe technique to evaluate patients and aid in triage of unexplained lymphadenopathy. […] Open excisional biopsy remains a diagnostic option for patients who do not wish to undergo additional procedures.

• #24 Lymphadenopathy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphadenopathy

  Lymphadenopathy is a common and nonspecific sign. Common causes include infections (from minor causes such as the common cold and post-vaccination swelling to serious ones such as HIV/AIDS), autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Lymphadenopathy is frequently idiopathic and self-limiting. […] Lymph node enlargement is recognized as a common sign of infectious, autoimmune, or malignant disease. […] Infectious causes of lymphadenopathy may include bacterial infections such as cat scratch disease, tularemia, brucellosis, or prevotella, as well as fungal infections such as paracoccidioidomycosis. […] Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has sensitivity and specificity percentages of 81% and 100%, respectively, in the histopathology of malignant cervical lymphadenopathy. […] PET-CT has proven to be helpful in identifying occult primary carcinomas of the head and neck, especially when applied as a guiding tool prior to panendoscopy, and may induce treatment related clinical decisions in up to 60% of cases. […] Lymphadenopathy of more than 1.52 cm increases the risk of cancer or granulomatous disease as the cause rather than only inflammation or infection. Still, an increasing size and persistence over time are more indicative of cancer.

• #25 Lymph Node Biopsy: Procedure & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/lymph-node-biopsy

  Lymph node biopsy results show whether youre positive for a certain disease (you have it) or negative (you dont). […] For example, a positive result may mean you have cancer cells in your lymph nodes. Your provider may do more tests to see if the cancer started in your lymph nodes or spread there from another part of your body.

• #26 Diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A biopsy may be done on an enlarged lymph node in the neck, under the arm or in the groin. […] A lumbar puncture (also called a spinal tap) removes a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the space around the spine for examination under a microscope. The sample of CSF will show if NHL is in the brain and spinal cord (called the central nervous system, or CNS). […] Doctors sometimes examine fluid from inside the chest (called pleural fluid) or fluid from inside the abdomen (called peritoneal fluid). They collect the fluid by passing a needle through the skin into the chest or abdomen. The fluid is then looked at under a microscope to check for cancer cells. […] Cytogenetic techniques show chromosomal abnormalities, which help doctors confirm the diagnosis and identify the type or subtype of NHL. The results of cytogenetic studies also help doctors plan treatment and predict how well the treatment will work.

• #27 How Is Lymphoma Diagnosed? | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/lymphoma/diagnosis

  Using information from these tests, our hematology (blood) pathologists will work with our medical oncologists to determine the type and subtype of your lymphoma. […] Our specialized laboratories will also provide information about unusual genetic and molecular markers of your disease, which may be important for your prognosis and also used to determine whether you are eligible for clinical trials.

• #28 Diagnosis – Shenandoah Oncology

  https://shenandoahoncology.com/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis/

  If you have swollen lymph nodes or another symptom that suggests Hodgkin lymphoma, your doctor will try to find out whats causing the problem. […] You may have some of the following exams and tests: […] Physical exam: Your doctor checks for swollen lymph nodes in your neck, underarms, and groin. Your doctor also checks for a swollen spleen or liver. […] Blood tests: The lab does a complete blood count to check the number of white blood cells and other cells and substances. […] Chest x-rays: X-ray pictures may show swollen lymph nodes or other signs of disease in your chest. […] Biopsy: A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma. Your doctor may remove an entire lymph node (excisional biopsy) or only part of a lymph node (incisional biopsy). A thin needle (fine needle aspiration) usually cannot remove a large enough sample for the pathologist to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma. Removing an entire lymph node is best. […] The pathologist uses a microscope to check the tissue for Hodgkin lymphoma cells. A person with Hodgkin lymphoma usually has large, abnormal cells known as Reed-Sternberg cells. They are not found in people with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #29 Swollen lymph nodes – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swollen-lymph-nodes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353902

  Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that something is wrong in the body. […] See your healthcare professional if you’re worried or if your swollen lymph nodes: Have no known reason. […] Where the swollen lymph nodes are might give a clue to the cause of the swelling. […] The most common cause of swollen lymph nodes is an infection, usually viral, such as the common cold. […] Other possible but rare causes include certain medicines, such as the anti-seizure medicine phenytoin (Dilantin) and medicines that prevent malaria. […] Common areas for swollen lymph nodes include the neck, under the chin, in the armpits and in the groin. […] Seek immediate medical care if you have trouble swallowing or breathing. […] Depending on the cause of the swollen lymph nodes, other symptoms might include: Hard, fast-growing nodes that don’t move when pushed. These might be because of cancer of the lymph system, called lymphoma, or other cancer. […] If an infection causes swollen lymph nodes, treatment depends on the infection.

• #30 Lymphadenopathy: Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/1015/p1313.html

  Although the finding of lymphadenopathy sometimes raises fears about serious illness, it is, in patients seen in primary care settings, usually a result of benign infectious causes. Most patients can be diagnosed on the basis of a careful history and physical examination. […] Generalized adenopathy should always prompt further clinical investigation. When a node biopsy is indicated, excisional biopsy of the most abnormal node will best enable the pathologist to determine a diagnosis. […] The physician’s task is to efficiently differentiate the few patients with serious illness from the many with self-limited disease. This article reviews the evaluation of patients with a central clinical finding of lymphadenopathy, emphasizing the identification of patients with serious illness. […] Distinguishing between localized and generalized lymphadenopathy is important in formulating a differential diagnosis.

• #31 Lymphadenopathy (Swollen Lymph Glands)

  https://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-care/lymphadenopathy

  If youve ever felt swollen lumps in your neck when youve had a respiratory infection or a sore throat, youve experienced lymphadenopathyswollen lymph glands. […] If youve been diagnosed with cancer, your doctor may wish to biopsy lymph nodes near your tumor to see whether any cancer cells have migrated there. […] Two factors that are more associated with a possible cancer diagnosis: swelling that lasts longer than two weeks, and the appearance of lymphadenopathy in middle-aged and older patients. […] Some cancer-related lymphadenopathy cases start with cells that travel from a tumor to one or more lymph nodes. But cancer also may originate in the lymph nodes. […] Lymphomas are cancers that begin in lymph nodes. […] Treatment for cancer-related lymphadenopathy would involve the same therapies used to treat cancer. […] Enlarged lymph nodes caused by the presence of cancer cells may or may not be surgically removed. Laboratory analysis of biopsied lymph nodes may help your care team determine the stage of the cancer and provide information on its specific characteristics.

• #32 Lymph Node Culture: Diagnose Infections & Swollen Nodes Effectively – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/lymph-node-culture-diagnose-infections-swollen-nodes-effectively/

  A lymph node culture does not directly diagnose sarcoidosis, but it is instrumental in ruling out infections such as TB or fungal diseases that can mimic its symptoms. […] A lymph node culture can identify secondary infections, such as TB or fungal diseases, in individuals with HIV. […] A lymph node culture is a critical diagnostic tool for identifying fungal infections. […] A lymph node culture helps identify the specific bacteria responsible, enabling healthcare providers to prescribe the most effective antibiotic treatment. […] A lymph node culture is not used to directly diagnose NHL, but it is valuable in ruling out infections that mimic its symptoms. […] A lymph node culture does not directly diagnose metastatic cancer, but it helps rule out infections that could complicate the clinical picture.

• #33 Swollen Lymph Nodes (Lymphadenopathy/Adenopathy): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15219-swollen-lymph-nodes

  Swollen lymph nodes are your bodys natural reaction to illness or infection. If theyre enlarged with no obvious cause, see your healthcare provider to rule out something more serious. […] Lymphadenopathy is a symptom that could mean you have an illness or infection. Your healthcare provider may examine your swollen lymph nodes to determine whats causing the swelling. […] Most swollen lymph nodes arent a cause for concern and will go away as your infection clears up. Healthcare providers usually only worry about swollen lymph nodes when they enlarge for no apparent reason. […] See your healthcare provider if you have swollen lymph nodes that dont go away or seem to grow over time. You may have a more serious condition that needs proper diagnosis and treatment.

• #34 Lymphadenopathy – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/lymphatic-disorders/lymphadenopathy

  Lymphadenopathy is palpable enlargement of 1 lymph nodes. Diagnosis is clinical. Treatment is of the causative disorder. […] Adenopathy may be the patient’s reason for presenting or be discovered during evaluation for another complaint. […] If a specific disorder is suspected (eg, mononucleosis in a young patient with fever, sore throat, and splenomegaly), initial testing is directed at clinically indicated tests for that condition. […] If history and physical examination do not show a likely cause, further evaluation depends on the nodes involved and the other findings present. […] Patients with unexplained red flag findings and those with generalized adenopathy should have a complete blood count (CBC) and chest radiograph. […] Most clinicians believe patients with newly identified localized or generalized adenopathy and no other findings can safely be observed for 3 to 4 weeks, unless cancer is suspected.

• #35 Lymphadenopathy – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/lymphatic-disorders/lymphadenopathy

  If cancer is suspected, patients typically require computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the area as clinically indicated and, depending on the findings, should have biopsy of the node and any abnormal tissue. […] Primary treatment is directed at the cause; adenopathy itself is not treated. […] Initial testing should be done if there are red flag findings, if other manifestations or risk factors suggest a specific disorder, or when generalized adenopathy has no apparent cause. […] Patients with newly identified localized or generalized lymphadenopathy and no other diagnostic findings can be observed for 3 to 4 weeks, after which time biopsy should be considered.

• #36 Swollen lymph nodes: babies, kids & teens | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/swollen-lymph-nodes

  There are lymph nodes throughout your body. Theyre part of your immune system. They filter your blood and kill any viruses and bacteria they catch. […] Swollen lymph nodes happen most often when your body is fighting a viral or bacterial infection like the common cold, flu or glandular fever. […] Cancer is a rare cause of swollen lymph nodes in children and teenagers. […] You should take your child to the GP if they have swollen lymph nodes and: […] Treatment will depend on whats causing the swollen lymph nodes. […] If your childs swollen lymph nodes are caused by a viral infection, all you can do is treat the symptoms of the virus, like the sore throat and fever. […] If your childs lymph nodes are swollen because of a bacterial infection, your child might need antibiotics. […] In rare cases, a lymph node itself becomes infected by bacteria.

• #37 Lymphadenopathy in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/lymphadenopathy-children

  Lymphadenopathy means swelling of the lymph nodes or glands. These are the bean-shaped glands in the neck, armpits, groin, chest, and abdomen. Nearly all children will get lymphadenopathy at some time. That is because enlarged glands often occur with viral or bacterial infections like colds, the flu, or strep throat. […] Enlarged lymph nodes are often near the source of infection, so their location can help find out the cause. […] The symptoms of lymphadenopathy can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] Your childs healthcare provider will ask many questions about your childs health history and current symptoms. […] The provider will check the size and location of the nodes. The provider will also want to know how long they have been swollen and if they are painful. Your child may need to see a specialist. They may also need some diagnostic tests.

• #38

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis/

  If you see a GP because you’re concerned about symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma, they’ll ask about your health and carry out a simple physical examination. […] If you’re referred to hospital, a biopsy will usually be carried out, as this is the only way to confirm a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] A lymph node biopsy involves removing some or all of an affected lymph node, which is then studied in a laboratory. […] If a biopsy confirms a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma, further testing will be needed to check how far the lymphoma has spread. This allows a doctor to diagnose the stage of your lymphoma. […] When testing is complete, it should be possible to determine the stage of your lymphoma. „Staging” means scoring the cancer by how far it’s spread. […] „A” is put after your stage if you have no additional symptoms other than swollen lymph nodes. „B” is put after your stage if you have additional symptoms of weight loss, fever or night sweats.

• #39 Are swollen lymph nodes in your neck a symptom of lymphoma? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/swollen-lymph-nodes-and-other-symptoms-of-lymphoma.h00-159464790.html

  Lymph nodes become swollen as they trap viruses, harmful bacteria and damaged cells, then attempt to destroy them with lymphocytes, the white blood cells that fight off infection. […] But swollen lymph nodes can also be a sign of cancer, including a type of blood cancer called lymphoma. […] Anyone whos really concerned about a swollen lymph node should go see their doctor. But here are some general guidelines: […] Swollen lymph nodes usually just mean your body is working the way its supposed to. But if a swollen lymph node keeps getting bigger or doesnt resolve on its own within two weeks, get it checked out.

• #40 Lymphadenopathy (Swollen Lymph Nodes) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/lymphadenopathy/

  Lymphadenopathy refers to swelling of the lymph nodes, the bean-shaped organs in the neck, armpits, groin, chest and abdomen. […] Nearly all children will develop swollen lymph nodes at some time, since the condition often occurs with viral or bacterial infections like colds, flu and strep throat. […] Diagnosis of lymphadenopathy is often based on the presence of other conditions, such as an infection. […] At Lurie Childrens, diagnosis involves a combination of: Medical history: The doctor will ask about your childs symptoms, recent illnesses and possible exposure to any communicable diseases or animals that transmit illness. Physical examination: Your provider will examine the enlarged lymph nodes and other areas of the body, ask how long nodes have been swollen and if they are painful. Lab tests such as a complete blood count (CBC), a urine test or other blood tests can help identify infections or other conditions causing lymphadenopathy. Imaging tests: A chest X-ray, CT scan or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) may be ordered to get a better look at enlarged lymph nodes and surrounding tissues. Biopsy: A small tissue sample may be removed from the lymph node, examined under a microscope and tested for different causes of enlargement. Consultation with specialists: Your childs doctor may consult with otolaryngologists, surgeons, radiologists, infectious disease specialists, hematologist/oncologists and other specialists with experience in diagnosing and treating lymphadenopathy.

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