Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tympanic Membrane Perforation | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30703

  Tympanic membrane perforation is when the tympanic membrane (TM) ruptures, creating a hole between the external and middle ear. […] Tympanic membrane rupture can occur at any age, although it is mainly seen in the younger population, associated with acute otitis media. […] Overall, TM perforation has a favorable prognosis with a small risk of complications. […] While TM perforation incidence is unknown overall, given that many heal spontaneously, it is not uncommon to see a ruptured tympanic membrane in clinical practice. […] One study of nearly 1,000 patients in the United States showed that men more commonly had traumatic rupture compared to women in a ratio of 1.49:1. […] A study out of Nigeria looking at 529 patients found similar statistics to the United States with a male to female ratio of 2:1. […] Another study with 80 participants showed that the average age of patients who experience TM perforation was 26.7 +/- 14.6 years, with children making up 25% of the sample size.

• #1 Prevalence of Tympanic Membrane Perforations Among Adolescents, Adults, and Older Adults in the United States – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34874794/

  Tympanic membrane (TM) perforations can occur at any age, but limited population-level data are available. […] Overall, TM perforations have a prevalence of 2.1% (95% CI, 1.7%-2.6%), corresponding to 5.8 million Americans. […] Across the life course, older adults have the highest prevalence of TM perforations at 6.1% (95% CI, 4.7%-7.6%), corresponding to nearly 3 million Americans, as opposed to a prevalence of 0.6% (95% CI, 0.3%-0.9%) in adolescents, which equates to 0.2 million Americans. […] Males and females have a similar prevalence at 2.3% (95% CI, 1.6%-3.0%) among males and 2.0% (95% CI, 1.4%-2.6%) among females. […] These prevalence and population estimates provide the first US-based population estimates of the burden of TM perforations over the life course.

• #1 Middle Ear, Tympanic Membrane, Perforations: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858684-overview

  Incidence of tympanic membrane perforation (TMP) in the general population is unknown. One survey found that that 4% of a population of Native American children had TMP. […] Another study found that 3% of children treated with ventilation tubes had the condition. […] However, the incidence in the general population has not been studied. Even the exact number of surgical TMP repairs performed each year is unknown. Analysis of government statistics indicates that perhaps 150,000 tympanoplasties are performed per year in a population of 280 million.

• #1 Tympanic Membrane Perforation – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557887/

  Tympanic membrane perforation is when there is a tear in the tympanic membrane leading to a connection between the external auditory canal and the middle ear. […] While TM perforation incidence is unknown overall, given that many heal spontaneously, it is not uncommon to see a ruptured tympanic membrane in clinical practice. One study of nearly 1,000 patients in the United States showed that men more commonly had traumatic rupture compared to women in a ratio of 1.49:1. […] A study out of Nigeria looking at 529 patients found similar statistics to the United States with a male to female ratio of 2:1. […] Another study with 80 participants showed that the average age of patients who experience TM perforation was 26.7 +/- 14.6 years, with children making up 25% of the sample size.

• #1 Eardrum rupture: symptoms, cure and causes of perforated eardrum

  https://www.earpros.com/uk/ear-diseases/perforated-eardrum

  A perforated eardrum, also known as a tympanic membrane perforation, refers to a tear or hole in the eardrum. […] Physical trauma is one of the leading causes of eardrum perforation, accounting for approximately 40% of cases. […] The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders reports that middle ear infections are a prevalent cause of eardrum perforation, especially in children. […] A study published in the International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology found that children with chronic ear infections were at a significantly higher risk of developing perforated eardrums compared to those with acute infections. […] The risk of eardrum perforation during ear tube placement is relatively low, occurring in less than 1% of cases. […] Tympanocentesis is a diagnostic procedure performed to collect fluid from the middle ear for laboratory analysis.

• #1 Ruptured Eardrum | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/ear-nose-and-throat/ruptured-eardrum.html

  Risk factors are things that increase your risk for a perforated eardrum. Your chances of rupturing your eardrum are higher if you: Are male; Have chronic ear infections; Experience an ear injury or trauma. […] Ruptured eardrums are commonly seen in children. […] If you do experience a ruptured eardrum, make sure to keep your ear dry as it heals. Water inside your ear can lead to a middle ear infection (otitis media). […] Hearing loss from a perforated eardrum is usually temporary. In severe cases, the rupture may lead to chronic (long-term) ear infections.

• #1 Perforated Tympanic Membrane | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/117239/all/Perforated_Tympanic_Membrane

  Incidence in the general population is unknown because many perforations heal spontaneously. […] Genetic susceptibility has been reported for recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME), two etiologies that may lead to the complication of TM perforation.

• #1 Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/symptoms-causes/syc-20351879

  A ruptured eardrum (tympanic membrane perforation) is a hole or tear in the thin tissue that separates the ear canal from the middle ear (eardrum). […] A ruptured eardrum can result in hearing loss. It can also make the middle ear vulnerable to infections. […] A ruptured (perforated) eardrum prevents the proper transmission of sound waves to the middle ear and leaves the middle ear vulnerable to infectious agents, water and other foreign substances. […] Causes of a ruptured (perforated) eardrum may include: […] A ruptured (perforated) eardrum can allow bacteria to enter the ear. If a perforated eardrum doesn’t heal, a small number of people may be vulnerable to ongoing (recurrent or chronic) infections. […] If the eardrum ruptures, uncommon problems can occur, especially if it fails to self-heal after three to six months. Possible complications include: […] Follow these tips to avoid a ruptured (perforated) eardrum: […] Be aware of the signs and symptoms of middle ear infection, including earache, fever, nasal congestion and reduced hearing. […] Avoid activities that expose the ears to explosions.

• #1 Eardrum Rupture: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ruptured-eardrum

  A ruptured eardrum is also called a perforated eardrum. In rare cases, this condition can cause permanent hearing loss. […] Ear infections are a common cause of eardrum rupture, especially in children. […] Eardrum ruptures can happen much more frequently in children because of their sensitive tissue and narrow ear canals. […] Five out of 6 children have at least one ear infection by the time they’re 3 years old. […] Eardrum ruptures can be easily prevented if you protect your hearing and avoid injury or putting objects in your ear. […] There are plenty of successful diagnostic and treatment options for ruptured eardrums.

• #1 Pediatric tympanic membrane perforation (ruptured eardrum) – Children’s Health ENT

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/tympanic-membrane-perforation

  Tympanic membrane perforation (also called ruptured eardrum) is a tear or rupture of the skin that separates the ear canal from the middle ear (eardrum). […] An untreated tympanic membrane perforation or an extremely violent rupture can also lead to complications like middle ear infections (bacteria enters through the tear) or development of a cholesteatoma (a cyst in the middle ear). […] Accidents, injuries and infections can cause tympanic membrane perforation. These include: […] Ear infections – Ear infections can lead to fluid buildup in the middle ear, which causes pressure and can rupture the eardrum. […] The eardrum ruptures due to extreme stress when pressure in the middle ear and the surrounding air pressure aren’t equal, often associated with pressure changes during air travel, scuba diving or trauma from an impact.

• #1 Ruptured Eardrum | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/ear-nose-and-throat/ruptured-eardrum.html

  A ruptured eardrum is a tear in the tissue that separates your ear canal from your middle ear. […] A ruptured eardrum is when there’s a hole in your eardrum (the thin tissue between your ear canal and your middle ear). This condition is also called perforated eardrum or tympanic membrane perforation. […] Common causes of a ruptured eardrum include: A foreign object, such as a cotton swab or pencil, going inside your ear; Cholesteatoma (skin cyst in the ear); Obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction (valve that equalizes pressure in your ear does not open properly); Head trauma; Middle ear infection (otitis media); Rapid change in air or water pressure; Very loud sounds, such as from an explosion. […] A ruptured eardrum often heals on its own, but you may need treatment to fix it. […] Most small eardrum perforations will heal within three to six weeks.

• #1 Evaluation and management of middle ear trauma – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-middle-ear-trauma

  Middle ear injury, injury to adjacent inner ear structures, or both occurs in up to one-third of patients with severe head trauma and over one-half of patients with temporal bone basilar skull fractures. […] These injuries include hemotympanum, hearing loss, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula, otic capsule injury, and traumatic perilymphatic fistula. […] Otic capsule injury is four to five times more likely if temporal bone fracture occurs with facial nerve paralysis, CSF otorrhea, or both. […] Middle ear injury may also occur after direct blunt trauma to the external auditory canal or penetrating trauma.

• #1 Treatments for Ruptured Eardrum | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/ear-nose-and-throat/ruptured-eardrum/treatments.html

  Many ruptured eardrums heal on their own, but others need attentive treatment. Our specialists at Stanford Health Care recommend personalized treatment based on how the tear affects your ear. We offer world-class surgery when needed, and help you prevent more ear problems from developing. […] You’ll see providers at one of the top ear, nose, and throat (ENT) centers in the world. We have trusted expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of a ruptured eardrum. […] We are dedicated to broadening options for the diagnosis and treatment of ruptured eardrum and its complications. Our active research efforts provide eligible patients with access to promising therapies. […] Smaller eardrum perforations may heal on their own. Some holes may never heal on their own, but do not cause significant symptoms. In both cases, our specialists check on your eardrum over time. We offer several treatment options if a long-term perforation leads to complications, such as infection, or impacts your hearing.

• #1 Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351884

  Your provider or an ENT specialist can often determine if you have a ruptured (perforated) eardrum with a visual inspection using a lighted instrument (otoscope or microscope). […] Certain patterns of response can indicate a perforated eardrum. […] Most ruptured (perforated) eardrums heal without treatment within a few weeks. […] A ruptured (perforated) eardrum usually heals on its own within weeks. In some cases, healing takes months. […] If you have signs or symptoms of a perforated eardrum, you’re likely to start by seeing your provider.

• #1 Symptoms of a Ruptured Eardrum and Movements to Adopt | Les Centres Masliah

  https://www.lescentresmasliah.com/en/symptoms-of-a-ruptured-eardrum-and-movements-to-adopt/

  A ruptured eardrum is very common and may occur for many reasons. […] A perforated eardrum is a frequent side effect in cases of repeated ear infections, because the flow of pus exerts pressure on the eardrum which eventually cracks after a certain time. […] A perforated eardrum doesn’t affect hearing quality if it does not exceed 3 millimeters. If it is more serious (more than two thirds of the eardrum), hearing loss can range from 20 to 40 decibels.

• #1 Hole in the Eardrum, Perforated Eardrum, Ruptured Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane Perforation)

  https://www.fauquierent.net/eardrumhole

  A hole in the eardrum is also known as tympanic membrane perforation. Other synonymous terms are perforated eardrum ruptured eardrum. […] If the eardrum does not heal closed spontaneously with time or the hole has been present for longer than 4-6 months (and certainly if present after 1 year), a surgical procedure can be performed to close the hole either by: […] Surgery is generally not recommended (even if a persistent hole in the eardrum is present) unless one (or both) of the following conditions are present: […] In rare cases, a perforated eardrum over a period of years to decades may predispose a patient to cholesteatoma (akin to a skin cyst) which would require surgical removal.

• #1 Treatments for Ruptured Eardrum | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/ear-nose-and-throat/ruptured-eardrum/treatments.html

  Ruptured eardrums often result from or cause middle ear infections (otitis media). Your doctor may recommend antibiotic medication, given as pills or liquid ear drops. […] We offer specialized surgery to fix the tear in your eardrum. Surgery also helps prevent repeated tears and ear infections. […] Many people experience temporary hearing loss from a ruptured eardrum. Hearing can return to normal once the hole in your eardrum has closed. […] Perforated eardrums may lead to chronic ear infections, which can cause inner ear damage. This damage can cause issues with your balance.

• #1 Ruptured eardrum – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/ruptured-eardrum/

  A ruptured eardrum can affect both children and adults. The exact incidence is not known because not all tympanic membrane ruptures are perceived as such by the affected person. Presumably, however, a ruptured eardrum is relatively common, especially in children, as they suffer more frequently from middle ear infections. […] The prognosis is generally very good. In 95 percent of cases, the ruptured eardrum heals on its own within a few days to weeks. Prolonged tympanic membrane ruptures increase the risk of chronic otitis media and hearing loss in children. In these rare cases, surgery of the eardrum may be necessary.

• #2 Perforated Tympanic Membrane | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/117239/all/Perforated_Tympanic_Membrane

  Incidence in the general population is unknown because many perforations heal spontaneously. […] Genetic susceptibility has been reported for recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME), two etiologies that may lead to the complication of TM perforation.

• #2 Tympanic Membrane Perforation | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30703

  Tympanic membrane perforation is when the tympanic membrane (TM) ruptures, creating a hole between the external and middle ear. […] Tympanic membrane rupture can occur at any age, although it is mainly seen in the younger population, associated with acute otitis media. […] Overall, TM perforation has a favorable prognosis with a small risk of complications. […] While TM perforation incidence is unknown overall, given that many heal spontaneously, it is not uncommon to see a ruptured tympanic membrane in clinical practice. […] One study of nearly 1,000 patients in the United States showed that men more commonly had traumatic rupture compared to women in a ratio of 1.49:1. […] A study out of Nigeria looking at 529 patients found similar statistics to the United States with a male to female ratio of 2:1. […] Another study with 80 participants showed that the average age of patients who experience TM perforation was 26.7 +/- 14.6 years, with children making up 25% of the sample size.

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02037

  Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum) […] It is the most common type of hearing loss in children. […] Problems with the eardrum.

• #2 Ruptured Eardrum | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/ear-nose-and-throat/ruptured-eardrum.html

  A ruptured eardrum is a tear in the tissue that separates your ear canal from your middle ear. […] A ruptured eardrum is when there’s a hole in your eardrum (the thin tissue between your ear canal and your middle ear). This condition is also called perforated eardrum or tympanic membrane perforation. […] Common causes of a ruptured eardrum include: A foreign object, such as a cotton swab or pencil, going inside your ear; Cholesteatoma (skin cyst in the ear); Obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction (valve that equalizes pressure in your ear does not open properly); Head trauma; Middle ear infection (otitis media); Rapid change in air or water pressure; Very loud sounds, such as from an explosion. […] A ruptured eardrum often heals on its own, but you may need treatment to fix it. […] Most small eardrum perforations will heal within three to six weeks.

• #2 Pediatric tympanic membrane perforation (ruptured eardrum) – Children’s Health ENT

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/tympanic-membrane-perforation

  Tympanic membrane perforation (also called ruptured eardrum) is a tear or rupture of the skin that separates the ear canal from the middle ear (eardrum). […] An untreated tympanic membrane perforation or an extremely violent rupture can also lead to complications like middle ear infections (bacteria enters through the tear) or development of a cholesteatoma (a cyst in the middle ear). […] Accidents, injuries and infections can cause tympanic membrane perforation. These include: […] Ear infections – Ear infections can lead to fluid buildup in the middle ear, which causes pressure and can rupture the eardrum. […] The eardrum ruptures due to extreme stress when pressure in the middle ear and the surrounding air pressure aren’t equal, often associated with pressure changes during air travel, scuba diving or trauma from an impact.

• #2 Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/symptoms-causes/syc-20351879

  A ruptured eardrum (tympanic membrane perforation) is a hole or tear in the thin tissue that separates the ear canal from the middle ear (eardrum). […] A ruptured eardrum can result in hearing loss. It can also make the middle ear vulnerable to infections. […] A ruptured (perforated) eardrum prevents the proper transmission of sound waves to the middle ear and leaves the middle ear vulnerable to infectious agents, water and other foreign substances. […] Causes of a ruptured (perforated) eardrum may include: […] A ruptured (perforated) eardrum can allow bacteria to enter the ear. If a perforated eardrum doesn’t heal, a small number of people may be vulnerable to ongoing (recurrent or chronic) infections. […] If the eardrum ruptures, uncommon problems can occur, especially if it fails to self-heal after three to six months. Possible complications include: […] Follow these tips to avoid a ruptured (perforated) eardrum: […] Be aware of the signs and symptoms of middle ear infection, including earache, fever, nasal congestion and reduced hearing. […] Avoid activities that expose the ears to explosions.

• #2 I Think I Ruptured My Eardrum | What Can I Do About It? | Hearing Doctors

  https://hearingaiddoctors.com/patient-resources/how-do-you-know-if-you-ruptured-your-eardrum

  A perforated or ruptured eardrum, although it is rare, can lead to a permanent loss of hearing. […] Most ruptured eardrums generally heal within a couple of weeks without needing any treatment, but more severe ruptures may require surgical treatment to heal. […] The primary cause of a ruptured eardrum is an injury to the ear or the side of your head. […] Ear infections are the primary cause of eardrum ruptures, as fluids can accumulate behind your eardrum and create pressure from the buildup, leading to a rupture. […] Diagnosing an eardrum rupture typically begins with a physical examination of your ear using an otoscope. […] Since most eardrum ruptures heal on their own within a few weeks, primary treatment options generally focus on relieving the pain, preventing infections, or treating the infection that caused the rupture with antibiotics.

• #2 Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351884

  Your provider or an ENT specialist can often determine if you have a ruptured (perforated) eardrum with a visual inspection using a lighted instrument (otoscope or microscope). […] Certain patterns of response can indicate a perforated eardrum. […] Most ruptured (perforated) eardrums heal without treatment within a few weeks. […] A ruptured (perforated) eardrum usually heals on its own within weeks. In some cases, healing takes months. […] If you have signs or symptoms of a perforated eardrum, you’re likely to start by seeing your provider.

• #2 Treatments for Ruptured Eardrum | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/ear-nose-and-throat/ruptured-eardrum/treatments.html

  Ruptured eardrums often result from or cause middle ear infections (otitis media). Your doctor may recommend antibiotic medication, given as pills or liquid ear drops. […] We offer specialized surgery to fix the tear in your eardrum. Surgery also helps prevent repeated tears and ear infections. […] Many people experience temporary hearing loss from a ruptured eardrum. Hearing can return to normal once the hole in your eardrum has closed. […] Perforated eardrums may lead to chronic ear infections, which can cause inner ear damage. This damage can cause issues with your balance.

• #2 Perforated (Ruptured) Eardrum: Symptoms & Treatment | Miracle-Ear

  https://www.miracle-ear.com/hearing-health/perforated-eardrum

  When it is perforated, the eardrum cannot perform this protective action, and the ear gets more exposed to infections. […] Treatments for perforated eardrums aim to relieve pain and treat or prevent an infection. […] Tympanoplasty is, like myringoplasty, a surgical procedure aimed at repairing a perforated eardrum. […] In children, perforation of the eardrum due to otitis media is very common. […] The most frequent symptoms are sudden and acute pain, hearing loss and tinnitus. […] The pharmaceutical treatment prescribed by the pediatrician generally includes antibiotic therapy to fight infections and the administration of specific drugs to control pain and eliminate mucus. […] A ruptured eardrum can often be painful, but pain isn’t always a symptom. […] In some cases, a ruptured eardrum can cause sudden hearing loss.

• #2 Ruptured eardrum (Perforated eardrum) – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/ruptured-eardrum

  Our eardrum, or tympanic membrane, is a thin tissue separating the ear canal and the middle ear. It is a vital organ for hearing. It also acts as a protective barrier preventing water, germs, or foreign substance from entering the middle ear. When the eardrum ruptures, a tear or hole in the tympanic membrane occur, increasing the risk of hearing loss and infections. […] Hearing loss can occur temporarily until the tear heals. The degree of hearing loss depends on the size and location of the perforated eardrum. […] Otitis media or bacterial infection in the middle ear. Some people may experience recurrent or chronic middle ear infections, leading to hearing loss. […] If there is an infection, your doctor may prescribe antibiotic drops. If the perforated eardrum does not resolve, your doctor may recommend the following treatments.

• #2 I Think I Ruptured My Eardrum | What Can I Do About It? | Hearing Doctors

  https://hearingaiddoctors.com/patient-resources/how-do-you-know-if-you-ruptured-your-eardrum

  A secondary treatment process for eardrum rupture involves the treatment or prevention of complications that can arise out of the condition, which can include infections that enter into the middle ear through the hole in your eardrum, hearing problems, or other complications that could result from your eardrum failing to heal within three to six months. […] Though not all eardrum ruptures are the result of human error, there are some things you can do to protect your ears and prevent eardrum ruptures.

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