Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Macular Hole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559200/

  An idiopathic macular hole is usually unilateral to present. Bilateral involvement varies widely from 2% to 28% though no definitive systemic association was reported. Females are more commonly involved (F:M=3:1, range 1.2:1 to 7:1) in their sixth or seventh decade of life. Though the mean age is above sixty years, a myopic and traumatic macular hole can present at any age. The prevalence of macular holes can vary from 3.3 per 1000 population (Baltimore eye study) to 0.2 per 1000 population in Australia. The incidence of the macular holes was 7.8 persons per 100000 population per year in a study conducted in the U.S.A. In another study, the cumulative incidence of the macular holes was noted to be 41.1 cases per 100000 person-years. Different systemic risk factors were studied regarding association with macular hole, but it was unrewarding.

• #2 Macular Hole: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1224320-overview

  The overall prevalence is approximately 3.3 cases in 1000 in those persons older than 55 years. Peak incidence of idiopathic macular hole development is in the seventh decade of life, and women typically are affected more than men. Reasons for this, at best, are speculative at this point. Some epidemiologic risk factors, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and a history of hysterectomy, have been reported by other studies. However, none of these have been proven to have any significant association with macular hole formation. […] The prevalence rate of macular hole in India is a reported 0.17%, with a mean age of 67 years. […] The Beijing Eye Study found the rate of macular holes to be 1.6 out of 1000 elderly Chinese, with a strong female predilection. […] Best estimates for the incidence of development of an idiopathic full-thickness macular hole in the fellow eye are approximately 12%. […] In rare instances (0-10%), a full-thickness macular hole may spontaneously close with resultant good vision. […] Women typically are affected more than men. […] Peak incidence is in the seventh decade of life.

• #3 Full-Thickness Macular Hole

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/261-FTMH.htm

  FTMHs are a relatively uncommon problem of the retina with a reported prevalence of 0.2 per 1000 persons in the Blue Mountains Study and to up to 3.3 per 1000 persons in the Baltimore Eye Study.(1) Incidence is 8 per 100,000 persons per year.(2) There is bilateral involvement in 5-20% of cases, but FTMHs rarely present simultaneously.(1-3) FTMHs occur most in the 6th and 7th decades of life and have a female:male incidence of 2:1.(2, 3) It is unknown why females are more likely to have a FTMH in this age-related, idiopathic disease. […] Bilateral involvement in 5-20%. […] 6th and 7th decades of life. […] Female to male incidence of 2:1.

• #4 Macular Hole: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1224320-overview

  The overall prevalence is approximately 3.3 cases in 1000 in those persons older than 55 years. Peak incidence of idiopathic macular hole development is in the seventh decade of life, and women typically are affected more than men. Reasons for this, at best, are speculative at this point. Some epidemiologic risk factors, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and a history of hysterectomy, have been reported by other studies. However, none of these have been proven to have any significant association with macular hole formation. […] The prevalence rate of macular hole in India is a reported 0.17%, with a mean age of 67 years. […] The Beijing Eye Study found the rate of macular holes to be 1.6 out of 1000 elderly Chinese, with a strong female predilection. […] Best estimates for the incidence of development of an idiopathic full-thickness macular hole in the fellow eye are approximately 12%. […] In rare instances (0-10%), a full-thickness macular hole may spontaneously close with resultant good vision. […] Women typically are affected more than men. […] Peak incidence is in the seventh decade of life.

• #5 Macular Hole | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/macular-hole-5/

  Epidemiology and risk factors for idiopathic full-thickness macular holes […] Prevalence […] The prevalence of MH reported in the literature varies greatly. It was 3.3 per 1000 in the Baltimore Eye Study; 0.2 per 1000 in the Blue Mountains Study; 0.9 per 1000 in the Beijing study, and 1.7 per 1000 in a study in Southern India. In the Beaver Dam study, the prevalence was 2.9 per 1000 as cited by McCannel et al. The incidence of MH was studied in a county in Minnesota (USA) and was found to occur in 7.8 persons per 100 000 per year, with a female-to-male ratio of 3.3 : 1. MH was bilateral in 11.7% of patients. […] Incidence in the fellow eye […] The data on the incidence of bilateral MH vary considerably from 5% to 16%. In a retrospective study of 84 cases followed-up for 39 months on average, Akiba and colleagues found that 16.6% of patients had an MH in the fellow eye, and that the proportion rose to 36.8% when that eye presented with a foveal cyst or a central yellow spot. However, no MH occurred in the fellow eye when the vitreous was detached. In a retrospective study by Lewis et al., the incidence was 13% in 4 years; it was 15.6% at 5 years in a prospective study of 144 patients, by Ezra and colleagues; and 7.6% at 6 years in another prospective study of 122 patients. In 2004, Chan et al. proposed the concept of Stage zero (0) MH to designate fellow eyes with a normal macular profile on OCT but a posterior hyaloid still attached to the foveal center. In their prospective study of 94 fellow eyes, MH only occurred in 4.5% of cases without visible vitreofoveal adhesion and in 42% of cases with a Stage 0 MH. However Chan et al.’s study was limited by the use of OCT, which at this time did not allow sufficiently accurate assessment of vitreofoveal adhesion. In 2011, Takahashi et al. selected 42 fellow eyes of 176 patients with MH, examined with OCT, and presented with persistent vitreofoveal adhesion and early Stage 1 intrafoveal lesions. MH occurred in 11.9% of these eyes during the 5-year follow-up. […] Risk factors […] The age of 65 and female gender are the only two relevant systemic risk factors yet identified. Several authors found that these factors were present in 67-72% of MH cases.

• #6 Population Based Incidence of Macular Holes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2867090/

  To determine the incidence of full thickness macular holes in Olmsted County, Minnesota. […] A population based retrospective chart review was performed for all diagnoses of macular hole between 1992-2002 among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Yearly incidence rates for each given age and sex group were determined by dividing the number of cases within that group by the estimated total Olmsted County resident population of the group for that given year. […] Idiopathic macular holes occur at an age and sex adjusted incidence in 7.8 persons and 8.69 eyes per 100,000 population per year in Olmsted County, Minnesota. […] The overall age-adjusted rate of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota between 1992 and 2002 who had a macular hole in either or both eyes was 8.5 persons per 100,000 population per year.

• #7 Population Based Incidence of Macular Holes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2867090/

  The age-adjusted incidence of idiopathic macular holes in Olmsted County, Minnesota between 1992 and 2002 was found to 8.69 eyes per 100,000 population per year. […] The female to male ratio for idiopathic macular holes was 3.3:1. […] This study of idiopathic macular holes determined an incidence rate of 7.8 persons and 8.69 eyes per 100,000 population per year in Olmsted County Minnesota, a community largely comprised of Caucasians of northern European heritage.

• #8 Population Based Incidence of Macular Holes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2867090/

  To determine the incidence of full thickness macular holes in Olmsted County, Minnesota. […] A population based retrospective chart review was performed for all diagnoses of macular hole between 1992-2002 among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Yearly incidence rates for each given age and sex group were determined by dividing the number of cases within that group by the estimated total Olmsted County resident population of the group for that given year. […] Idiopathic macular holes occur at an age and sex adjusted incidence in 7.8 persons and 8.69 eyes per 100,000 population per year in Olmsted County, Minnesota. […] The overall age-adjusted rate of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota between 1992 and 2002 who had a macular hole in either or both eyes was 8.5 persons per 100,000 population per year.

• #9 Macular Hole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559200/

  An idiopathic macular hole is usually unilateral to present. Bilateral involvement varies widely from 2% to 28% though no definitive systemic association was reported. Females are more commonly involved (F:M=3:1, range 1.2:1 to 7:1) in their sixth or seventh decade of life. Though the mean age is above sixty years, a myopic and traumatic macular hole can present at any age. The prevalence of macular holes can vary from 3.3 per 1000 population (Baltimore eye study) to 0.2 per 1000 population in Australia. The incidence of the macular holes was 7.8 persons per 100000 population per year in a study conducted in the U.S.A. In another study, the cumulative incidence of the macular holes was noted to be 41.1 cases per 100000 person-years. Different systemic risk factors were studied regarding association with macular hole, but it was unrewarding.

• #10 Macular Hole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559200/

  An idiopathic macular hole is usually unilateral to present. Bilateral involvement varies widely from 2% to 28% though no definitive systemic association was reported. Females are more commonly involved (F:M=3:1, range 1.2:1 to 7:1) in their sixth or seventh decade of life. Though the mean age is above sixty years, a myopic and traumatic macular hole can present at any age. The prevalence of macular holes can vary from 3.3 per 1000 population (Baltimore eye study) to 0.2 per 1000 population in Australia. The incidence of the macular holes was 7.8 persons per 100000 population per year in a study conducted in the U.S.A. In another study, the cumulative incidence of the macular holes was noted to be 41.1 cases per 100000 person-years. Different systemic risk factors were studied regarding association with macular hole, but it was unrewarding.

• #11 Population Based Incidence of Macular Holes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2867090/

  The age-adjusted incidence of idiopathic macular holes in Olmsted County, Minnesota between 1992 and 2002 was found to 8.69 eyes per 100,000 population per year. […] The female to male ratio for idiopathic macular holes was 3.3:1. […] This study of idiopathic macular holes determined an incidence rate of 7.8 persons and 8.69 eyes per 100,000 population per year in Olmsted County Minnesota, a community largely comprised of Caucasians of northern European heritage.

• #12 Macular Hole: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1224320-overview

  The overall prevalence is approximately 3.3 cases in 1000 in those persons older than 55 years. Peak incidence of idiopathic macular hole development is in the seventh decade of life, and women typically are affected more than men. Reasons for this, at best, are speculative at this point. Some epidemiologic risk factors, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and a history of hysterectomy, have been reported by other studies. However, none of these have been proven to have any significant association with macular hole formation. […] The prevalence rate of macular hole in India is a reported 0.17%, with a mean age of 67 years. […] The Beijing Eye Study found the rate of macular holes to be 1.6 out of 1000 elderly Chinese, with a strong female predilection. […] Best estimates for the incidence of development of an idiopathic full-thickness macular hole in the fellow eye are approximately 12%. […] In rare instances (0-10%), a full-thickness macular hole may spontaneously close with resultant good vision. […] Women typically are affected more than men. […] Peak incidence is in the seventh decade of life.

• #13 Population Based Incidence of Macular Holes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2867090/

  The age-adjusted incidence of idiopathic macular holes in Olmsted County, Minnesota between 1992 and 2002 was found to 8.69 eyes per 100,000 population per year. […] The female to male ratio for idiopathic macular holes was 3.3:1. […] This study of idiopathic macular holes determined an incidence rate of 7.8 persons and 8.69 eyes per 100,000 population per year in Olmsted County Minnesota, a community largely comprised of Caucasians of northern European heritage.

• #14 ESCRS – MACULAR HOLE STUDY

  https://www.escrs.org/eurotimes/macular-hole-study

  Previous epidemiologic data in this area, from single institution and single region studies, have revealed our current understanding of macular hole incidence and risk factors. […] The consistency of our findings on macular holes with those of smaller studies lends reliability to use of these claims data for future investigation of questions relating to macular holes and to look for exposures that might modify risk. […] Dr Ali stated that previous studies attempting to understand the underlying aetiology for the increased incidence of macular holes in perimenopausal women have focused on a role of oestrogens, and how oestrogen might affect vitreoretinal dynamics. […] Now our group is planning to use the information from the managed care network database to investigate whether exposure to hormone replacement therapy may modify the risk of macular holes in older women, she said.

• #15 Risk factors for the development of idiopathic macular hole: a nationwide population-based cohort study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25791-1

  The present study addressed the lapses of these previous studies by including the largest number of participants and assessing various covariates comprehensively and would provide solid epidemiological evidence on the risk of MH in the available literature. […] The incidence of idiopathic MH according to individuals age showed an inverted U pattern, with peak MH incidence in the age group of 65 to 69 years. […] Female sex was a significant risk factor for idiopathic MH development, with an HR of 1.70 compared to males. […] The history of postmenopausal HRT was not associated with the risk of idiopathic MH development, which does not support the estrogen theory. […] Additionally, those who were obese (BMI25 kg/m2) had a significantly lower risk of developing idiopathic MH. […] The highest income quartile level was associated with an increased risk of MH undergoing vitrectomy.

• #16 Macular Hole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559200/

  An idiopathic macular hole is usually unilateral to present. Bilateral involvement varies widely from 2% to 28% though no definitive systemic association was reported. Females are more commonly involved (F:M=3:1, range 1.2:1 to 7:1) in their sixth or seventh decade of life. Though the mean age is above sixty years, a myopic and traumatic macular hole can present at any age. The prevalence of macular holes can vary from 3.3 per 1000 population (Baltimore eye study) to 0.2 per 1000 population in Australia. The incidence of the macular holes was 7.8 persons per 100000 population per year in a study conducted in the U.S.A. In another study, the cumulative incidence of the macular holes was noted to be 41.1 cases per 100000 person-years. Different systemic risk factors were studied regarding association with macular hole, but it was unrewarding.

• #17 Macular Hole: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1224320-overview

  The overall prevalence is approximately 3.3 cases in 1000 in those persons older than 55 years. Peak incidence of idiopathic macular hole development is in the seventh decade of life, and women typically are affected more than men. Reasons for this, at best, are speculative at this point. Some epidemiologic risk factors, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and a history of hysterectomy, have been reported by other studies. However, none of these have been proven to have any significant association with macular hole formation. […] The prevalence rate of macular hole in India is a reported 0.17%, with a mean age of 67 years. […] The Beijing Eye Study found the rate of macular holes to be 1.6 out of 1000 elderly Chinese, with a strong female predilection. […] Best estimates for the incidence of development of an idiopathic full-thickness macular hole in the fellow eye are approximately 12%. […] In rare instances (0-10%), a full-thickness macular hole may spontaneously close with resultant good vision. […] Women typically are affected more than men. […] Peak incidence is in the seventh decade of life.

• #18 Full-Thickness Macular Hole

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/261-FTMH.htm

  FTMHs are a relatively uncommon problem of the retina with a reported prevalence of 0.2 per 1000 persons in the Blue Mountains Study and to up to 3.3 per 1000 persons in the Baltimore Eye Study.(1) Incidence is 8 per 100,000 persons per year.(2) There is bilateral involvement in 5-20% of cases, but FTMHs rarely present simultaneously.(1-3) FTMHs occur most in the 6th and 7th decades of life and have a female:male incidence of 2:1.(2, 3) It is unknown why females are more likely to have a FTMH in this age-related, idiopathic disease. […] Bilateral involvement in 5-20%. […] 6th and 7th decades of life. […] Female to male incidence of 2:1.

• #19 Risk factors for the development of idiopathic macular hole: a nationwide population-based cohort study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25791-1

  The present study addressed the lapses of these previous studies by including the largest number of participants and assessing various covariates comprehensively and would provide solid epidemiological evidence on the risk of MH in the available literature. […] The incidence of idiopathic MH according to individuals age showed an inverted U pattern, with peak MH incidence in the age group of 65 to 69 years. […] Female sex was a significant risk factor for idiopathic MH development, with an HR of 1.70 compared to males. […] The history of postmenopausal HRT was not associated with the risk of idiopathic MH development, which does not support the estrogen theory. […] Additionally, those who were obese (BMI25 kg/m2) had a significantly lower risk of developing idiopathic MH. […] The highest income quartile level was associated with an increased risk of MH undergoing vitrectomy.

• #20 Macular Hole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559200/

  An idiopathic macular hole is usually unilateral to present. Bilateral involvement varies widely from 2% to 28% though no definitive systemic association was reported. Females are more commonly involved (F:M=3:1, range 1.2:1 to 7:1) in their sixth or seventh decade of life. Though the mean age is above sixty years, a myopic and traumatic macular hole can present at any age. The prevalence of macular holes can vary from 3.3 per 1000 population (Baltimore eye study) to 0.2 per 1000 population in Australia. The incidence of the macular holes was 7.8 persons per 100000 population per year in a study conducted in the U.S.A. In another study, the cumulative incidence of the macular holes was noted to be 41.1 cases per 100000 person-years. Different systemic risk factors were studied regarding association with macular hole, but it was unrewarding.

• #21 Macular Hole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559200/

  An idiopathic macular hole is usually unilateral to present. Bilateral involvement varies widely from 2% to 28% though no definitive systemic association was reported. Females are more commonly involved (F:M=3:1, range 1.2:1 to 7:1) in their sixth or seventh decade of life. Though the mean age is above sixty years, a myopic and traumatic macular hole can present at any age. The prevalence of macular holes can vary from 3.3 per 1000 population (Baltimore eye study) to 0.2 per 1000 population in Australia. The incidence of the macular holes was 7.8 persons per 100000 population per year in a study conducted in the U.S.A. In another study, the cumulative incidence of the macular holes was noted to be 41.1 cases per 100000 person-years. Different systemic risk factors were studied regarding association with macular hole, but it was unrewarding.

• #22 Macular Holes: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/macular-holes

  Most macular holes (around 90%) are unilateral. However, there is an increased risk of developing a hole in the other eye. […] The incidence is estimated at around 8 per 100,000 per year. […] Around 90% of macular holes are unilateral at diagnosis. The five-year risk for developing a full-thickness macular hole in the other eye of a person with a full-thickness macular hole in one eye is about 10% to 15%. […] Women are more commonly affected than men. Peak incidence for idiopathic macular hole formation is around 70 years, although patients with non-idiopathic holes tend to be younger. […] Although most macular holes are seen in elderly patients, they have been described in children, where they are rare and usually attributable to trauma. […] Lamellar macular holes are small, partial-thickness defects of the macula, which affect 1.1% to 3.6% of the population, with a preponderance towards people aged 50 to 70 years of age.

• #23 Macular Holes: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/macular-holes

  Most macular holes (around 90%) are unilateral. However, there is an increased risk of developing a hole in the other eye. […] The incidence is estimated at around 8 per 100,000 per year. […] Around 90% of macular holes are unilateral at diagnosis. The five-year risk for developing a full-thickness macular hole in the other eye of a person with a full-thickness macular hole in one eye is about 10% to 15%. […] Women are more commonly affected than men. Peak incidence for idiopathic macular hole formation is around 70 years, although patients with non-idiopathic holes tend to be younger. […] Although most macular holes are seen in elderly patients, they have been described in children, where they are rare and usually attributable to trauma. […] Lamellar macular holes are small, partial-thickness defects of the macula, which affect 1.1% to 3.6% of the population, with a preponderance towards people aged 50 to 70 years of age.

• #24 Macular Holes: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/macular-holes

  Most macular holes (around 90%) are unilateral. However, there is an increased risk of developing a hole in the other eye. […] The incidence is estimated at around 8 per 100,000 per year. […] Around 90% of macular holes are unilateral at diagnosis. The five-year risk for developing a full-thickness macular hole in the other eye of a person with a full-thickness macular hole in one eye is about 10% to 15%. […] Women are more commonly affected than men. Peak incidence for idiopathic macular hole formation is around 70 years, although patients with non-idiopathic holes tend to be younger. […] Although most macular holes are seen in elderly patients, they have been described in children, where they are rare and usually attributable to trauma. […] Lamellar macular holes are small, partial-thickness defects of the macula, which affect 1.1% to 3.6% of the population, with a preponderance towards people aged 50 to 70 years of age.

• #25 Macular Hole

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/4/macular-hole

  Macular hole commonly affects people over the age of 55 and most often occurs in women. The vast majority of cases develop spontaneously without an obvious cause. For this reason, there is currently no effective way to prevent their formation and development. If a macular hole develops in one eye, there is a 5% to 15% risk of one developing in the other eye. […] Macular holes are most common in people age 60 or older and seem to be more common in women. […] Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the current gold standard in the diagnosis, staging, and management of macular holes. […] No laboratory tests are needed in cases of idiopathic macular holes (those without a known cause).

• #26 Full-Thickness Macular Hole

  https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/261-FTMH.htm

  FTMHs are a relatively uncommon problem of the retina with a reported prevalence of 0.2 per 1000 persons in the Blue Mountains Study and to up to 3.3 per 1000 persons in the Baltimore Eye Study.(1) Incidence is 8 per 100,000 persons per year.(2) There is bilateral involvement in 5-20% of cases, but FTMHs rarely present simultaneously.(1-3) FTMHs occur most in the 6th and 7th decades of life and have a female:male incidence of 2:1.(2, 3) It is unknown why females are more likely to have a FTMH in this age-related, idiopathic disease. […] Bilateral involvement in 5-20%. […] 6th and 7th decades of life. […] Female to male incidence of 2:1.

• #27 Macular Holes: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/macular-holes

  The prognosis of untreated full-thickness macular holes is poor: approximately 5% will have 20/50 visual acuity or better; 55% to 58% will have visual acuity of 20/100 or better; and approximately 40% will have visual acuity of 20/200 or worse. […] There is a 12% chance (20% if other risk factors are present) of a similar hole developing in the other eye.

• #28 Macular Hole | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/macular-hole-5/

  Epidemiology and risk factors for idiopathic full-thickness macular holes […] Prevalence […] The prevalence of MH reported in the literature varies greatly. It was 3.3 per 1000 in the Baltimore Eye Study; 0.2 per 1000 in the Blue Mountains Study; 0.9 per 1000 in the Beijing study, and 1.7 per 1000 in a study in Southern India. In the Beaver Dam study, the prevalence was 2.9 per 1000 as cited by McCannel et al. The incidence of MH was studied in a county in Minnesota (USA) and was found to occur in 7.8 persons per 100 000 per year, with a female-to-male ratio of 3.3 : 1. MH was bilateral in 11.7% of patients. […] Incidence in the fellow eye […] The data on the incidence of bilateral MH vary considerably from 5% to 16%. In a retrospective study of 84 cases followed-up for 39 months on average, Akiba and colleagues found that 16.6% of patients had an MH in the fellow eye, and that the proportion rose to 36.8% when that eye presented with a foveal cyst or a central yellow spot. However, no MH occurred in the fellow eye when the vitreous was detached. In a retrospective study by Lewis et al., the incidence was 13% in 4 years; it was 15.6% at 5 years in a prospective study of 144 patients, by Ezra and colleagues; and 7.6% at 6 years in another prospective study of 122 patients. In 2004, Chan et al. proposed the concept of Stage zero (0) MH to designate fellow eyes with a normal macular profile on OCT but a posterior hyaloid still attached to the foveal center. In their prospective study of 94 fellow eyes, MH only occurred in 4.5% of cases without visible vitreofoveal adhesion and in 42% of cases with a Stage 0 MH. However Chan et al.’s study was limited by the use of OCT, which at this time did not allow sufficiently accurate assessment of vitreofoveal adhesion. In 2011, Takahashi et al. selected 42 fellow eyes of 176 patients with MH, examined with OCT, and presented with persistent vitreofoveal adhesion and early Stage 1 intrafoveal lesions. MH occurred in 11.9% of these eyes during the 5-year follow-up. […] Risk factors […] The age of 65 and female gender are the only two relevant systemic risk factors yet identified. Several authors found that these factors were present in 67-72% of MH cases.

• #29 Macular Hole | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/macular-hole-5/

  Epidemiology and risk factors for idiopathic full-thickness macular holes […] Prevalence […] The prevalence of MH reported in the literature varies greatly. It was 3.3 per 1000 in the Baltimore Eye Study; 0.2 per 1000 in the Blue Mountains Study; 0.9 per 1000 in the Beijing study, and 1.7 per 1000 in a study in Southern India. In the Beaver Dam study, the prevalence was 2.9 per 1000 as cited by McCannel et al. The incidence of MH was studied in a county in Minnesota (USA) and was found to occur in 7.8 persons per 100 000 per year, with a female-to-male ratio of 3.3 : 1. MH was bilateral in 11.7% of patients. […] Incidence in the fellow eye […] The data on the incidence of bilateral MH vary considerably from 5% to 16%. In a retrospective study of 84 cases followed-up for 39 months on average, Akiba and colleagues found that 16.6% of patients had an MH in the fellow eye, and that the proportion rose to 36.8% when that eye presented with a foveal cyst or a central yellow spot. However, no MH occurred in the fellow eye when the vitreous was detached. In a retrospective study by Lewis et al., the incidence was 13% in 4 years; it was 15.6% at 5 years in a prospective study of 144 patients, by Ezra and colleagues; and 7.6% at 6 years in another prospective study of 122 patients. In 2004, Chan et al. proposed the concept of Stage zero (0) MH to designate fellow eyes with a normal macular profile on OCT but a posterior hyaloid still attached to the foveal center. In their prospective study of 94 fellow eyes, MH only occurred in 4.5% of cases without visible vitreofoveal adhesion and in 42% of cases with a Stage 0 MH. However Chan et al.’s study was limited by the use of OCT, which at this time did not allow sufficiently accurate assessment of vitreofoveal adhesion. In 2011, Takahashi et al. selected 42 fellow eyes of 176 patients with MH, examined with OCT, and presented with persistent vitreofoveal adhesion and early Stage 1 intrafoveal lesions. MH occurred in 11.9% of these eyes during the 5-year follow-up. […] Risk factors […] The age of 65 and female gender are the only two relevant systemic risk factors yet identified. Several authors found that these factors were present in 67-72% of MH cases.

• #30 Macular Hole | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/macular-hole-5/

  Epidemiology and risk factors for idiopathic full-thickness macular holes […] Prevalence […] The prevalence of MH reported in the literature varies greatly. It was 3.3 per 1000 in the Baltimore Eye Study; 0.2 per 1000 in the Blue Mountains Study; 0.9 per 1000 in the Beijing study, and 1.7 per 1000 in a study in Southern India. In the Beaver Dam study, the prevalence was 2.9 per 1000 as cited by McCannel et al. The incidence of MH was studied in a county in Minnesota (USA) and was found to occur in 7.8 persons per 100 000 per year, with a female-to-male ratio of 3.3 : 1. MH was bilateral in 11.7% of patients. […] Incidence in the fellow eye […] The data on the incidence of bilateral MH vary considerably from 5% to 16%. In a retrospective study of 84 cases followed-up for 39 months on average, Akiba and colleagues found that 16.6% of patients had an MH in the fellow eye, and that the proportion rose to 36.8% when that eye presented with a foveal cyst or a central yellow spot. However, no MH occurred in the fellow eye when the vitreous was detached. In a retrospective study by Lewis et al., the incidence was 13% in 4 years; it was 15.6% at 5 years in a prospective study of 144 patients, by Ezra and colleagues; and 7.6% at 6 years in another prospective study of 122 patients. In 2004, Chan et al. proposed the concept of Stage zero (0) MH to designate fellow eyes with a normal macular profile on OCT but a posterior hyaloid still attached to the foveal center. In their prospective study of 94 fellow eyes, MH only occurred in 4.5% of cases without visible vitreofoveal adhesion and in 42% of cases with a Stage 0 MH. However Chan et al.’s study was limited by the use of OCT, which at this time did not allow sufficiently accurate assessment of vitreofoveal adhesion. In 2011, Takahashi et al. selected 42 fellow eyes of 176 patients with MH, examined with OCT, and presented with persistent vitreofoveal adhesion and early Stage 1 intrafoveal lesions. MH occurred in 11.9% of these eyes during the 5-year follow-up. […] Risk factors […] The age of 65 and female gender are the only two relevant systemic risk factors yet identified. Several authors found that these factors were present in 67-72% of MH cases.

• #31 Macular Hole – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559200/

  An idiopathic macular hole is usually unilateral to present. Bilateral involvement varies widely from 2% to 28% though no definitive systemic association was reported. Females are more commonly involved (F:M=3:1, range 1.2:1 to 7:1) in their sixth or seventh decade of life. Though the mean age is above sixty years, a myopic and traumatic macular hole can present at any age. The prevalence of macular holes can vary from 3.3 per 1000 population (Baltimore eye study) to 0.2 per 1000 population in Australia. The incidence of the macular holes was 7.8 persons per 100000 population per year in a study conducted in the U.S.A. In another study, the cumulative incidence of the macular holes was noted to be 41.1 cases per 100000 person-years. Different systemic risk factors were studied regarding association with macular hole, but it was unrewarding.

• #32 Macular Hole | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/macular-hole-5/

  Epidemiology and risk factors for idiopathic full-thickness macular holes […] Prevalence […] The prevalence of MH reported in the literature varies greatly. It was 3.3 per 1000 in the Baltimore Eye Study; 0.2 per 1000 in the Blue Mountains Study; 0.9 per 1000 in the Beijing study, and 1.7 per 1000 in a study in Southern India. In the Beaver Dam study, the prevalence was 2.9 per 1000 as cited by McCannel et al. The incidence of MH was studied in a county in Minnesota (USA) and was found to occur in 7.8 persons per 100 000 per year, with a female-to-male ratio of 3.3 : 1. MH was bilateral in 11.7% of patients. […] Incidence in the fellow eye […] The data on the incidence of bilateral MH vary considerably from 5% to 16%. In a retrospective study of 84 cases followed-up for 39 months on average, Akiba and colleagues found that 16.6% of patients had an MH in the fellow eye, and that the proportion rose to 36.8% when that eye presented with a foveal cyst or a central yellow spot. However, no MH occurred in the fellow eye when the vitreous was detached. In a retrospective study by Lewis et al., the incidence was 13% in 4 years; it was 15.6% at 5 years in a prospective study of 144 patients, by Ezra and colleagues; and 7.6% at 6 years in another prospective study of 122 patients. In 2004, Chan et al. proposed the concept of Stage zero (0) MH to designate fellow eyes with a normal macular profile on OCT but a posterior hyaloid still attached to the foveal center. In their prospective study of 94 fellow eyes, MH only occurred in 4.5% of cases without visible vitreofoveal adhesion and in 42% of cases with a Stage 0 MH. However Chan et al.’s study was limited by the use of OCT, which at this time did not allow sufficiently accurate assessment of vitreofoveal adhesion. In 2011, Takahashi et al. selected 42 fellow eyes of 176 patients with MH, examined with OCT, and presented with persistent vitreofoveal adhesion and early Stage 1 intrafoveal lesions. MH occurred in 11.9% of these eyes during the 5-year follow-up. […] Risk factors […] The age of 65 and female gender are the only two relevant systemic risk factors yet identified. Several authors found that these factors were present in 67-72% of MH cases.

• #33 Systemic risk factors for idiopathic macular holes: A case-control study | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye199860

  The idiopathic full-thickness macular hole (IFTMH) is an important cause of poor vision in the elderly affecting predominantly women over the age of 60 years. […] We found very few systemic risk factors that were significantly associated with IFTMH. […] In common with other studies, we found only a few systemic factors associated with IFTMH. The study did confirm, however, that IFTMH is a strongly gender-related disease. […] The particular aetiological factor which puts women at increased risk of macular holes requires further studies.

• #34 Macular Hole: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1224320-overview

  The overall prevalence is approximately 3.3 cases in 1000 in those persons older than 55 years. Peak incidence of idiopathic macular hole development is in the seventh decade of life, and women typically are affected more than men. Reasons for this, at best, are speculative at this point. Some epidemiologic risk factors, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and a history of hysterectomy, have been reported by other studies. However, none of these have been proven to have any significant association with macular hole formation. […] The prevalence rate of macular hole in India is a reported 0.17%, with a mean age of 67 years. […] The Beijing Eye Study found the rate of macular holes to be 1.6 out of 1000 elderly Chinese, with a strong female predilection. […] Best estimates for the incidence of development of an idiopathic full-thickness macular hole in the fellow eye are approximately 12%. […] In rare instances (0-10%), a full-thickness macular hole may spontaneously close with resultant good vision. […] Women typically are affected more than men. […] Peak incidence is in the seventh decade of life.

• #35 Risk factors for the development of idiopathic macular hole: a nationwide population-based cohort study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25791-1

  The present study addressed the lapses of these previous studies by including the largest number of participants and assessing various covariates comprehensively and would provide solid epidemiological evidence on the risk of MH in the available literature. […] The incidence of idiopathic MH according to individuals age showed an inverted U pattern, with peak MH incidence in the age group of 65 to 69 years. […] Female sex was a significant risk factor for idiopathic MH development, with an HR of 1.70 compared to males. […] The history of postmenopausal HRT was not associated with the risk of idiopathic MH development, which does not support the estrogen theory. […] Additionally, those who were obese (BMI25 kg/m2) had a significantly lower risk of developing idiopathic MH. […] The highest income quartile level was associated with an increased risk of MH undergoing vitrectomy.

• #36 Risk factors for the development of idiopathic macular hole: a nationwide population-based cohort study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25791-1

  The present study addressed the lapses of these previous studies by including the largest number of participants and assessing various covariates comprehensively and would provide solid epidemiological evidence on the risk of MH in the available literature. […] The incidence of idiopathic MH according to individuals age showed an inverted U pattern, with peak MH incidence in the age group of 65 to 69 years. […] Female sex was a significant risk factor for idiopathic MH development, with an HR of 1.70 compared to males. […] The history of postmenopausal HRT was not associated with the risk of idiopathic MH development, which does not support the estrogen theory. […] Additionally, those who were obese (BMI25 kg/m2) had a significantly lower risk of developing idiopathic MH. […] The highest income quartile level was associated with an increased risk of MH undergoing vitrectomy.

• #37 Macular Hole | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/macular-hole-2/

  Macular holes are uncommon, affecting approximately 3.3 per 1,000 people. The cause of macular hole varies, but the most common origin is idiopathic. In a series from 1982, 83% of macular holes were classified as idiopathic and only 15% were secondary to trauma (usually blunt trauma). The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group attempted to identify possible risk factors for idiopathic macular holes. Of 198 study patients who were identified with macular holes, 143 patients (72%) were women. The only other statistically significant risk factors for macular holes identified by this study were high plasma fibrinogen levels (2.95 g/L) and a history of glaucoma. Estrogen use was negatively associated with risk of macular hole. […] The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group did not examine two ocular characteristics that have previously been associated with macular hole formation: macular retinal pigment epithelial changes (involutional macular thinning) and macular vitreous attachment.

• #38 Macular Hole | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/macular-hole-2/

  Macular holes are uncommon, affecting approximately 3.3 per 1,000 people. The cause of macular hole varies, but the most common origin is idiopathic. In a series from 1982, 83% of macular holes were classified as idiopathic and only 15% were secondary to trauma (usually blunt trauma). The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group attempted to identify possible risk factors for idiopathic macular holes. Of 198 study patients who were identified with macular holes, 143 patients (72%) were women. The only other statistically significant risk factors for macular holes identified by this study were high plasma fibrinogen levels (2.95 g/L) and a history of glaucoma. Estrogen use was negatively associated with risk of macular hole. […] The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group did not examine two ocular characteristics that have previously been associated with macular hole formation: macular retinal pigment epithelial changes (involutional macular thinning) and macular vitreous attachment.

• #39 Real-world experience of full-thickness traumatic macular hole among young patients | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous | Full Text

  https://journalretinavitreous.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40942-024-00539-3

  144 (0.005%) patients among 2,834,616 were diagnosed with Full thickness TMH. […] Traumatic macular hole is a unilateral condition with significant visual impairment that is mainly seen in males during the third decade of life. […] The overall prevalence of TMH disease was 0.005% among all newly evaluated patients between 2010 and 2021 (an 11-year period). […] Among patients with full-thickness macular holes, between 1 and 9% may be due to trauma. […] Johnson et al. observed that 80% of patients with TMH were males with a mean age of 23 years (range: 8 to 36 years). […] The mean LogMAR VA in our patient was 1.18 (20/320) at baseline, which improved by one line to 1.06 (20/250; p=0.001) at the final follow-up, suggesting that surgical interventions produced statistically significant improvements. […] The strength of the study includes a comprehensive analysis of a large cohort of patients under 40 years of age. […] These contribute to a better understanding of TMH and may guide clinical management of such cases.

• #40 Traumatic macular hole: Clinical aspects and controversies – Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://latinamericanjo.com/traumatic-macular-hole-clinical-aspects-and-controversies/

  The incidence of the traumatic macular hole varies in the literature between 1% and 9%. Patients are generally young between the second and third decades of life and more often, male. […] The traumatic macular hole is produced mainly by blunt ocular traumatism, being originated by balls in general of a small diameter such as tennis, squash, and handball. Other less frequent causes are blows with kicks or fists. […] The spontaneous closure has been described in some series up to 40% of the cases, after 2 months or more of the injury, until 66.7% after 6 months. […] The anatomical closure of the hole occurs between 92% and 96% of cases.

• #41 Real-world experience of full-thickness traumatic macular hole among young patients | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous | Full Text

  https://journalretinavitreous.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40942-024-00539-3

  144 (0.005%) patients among 2,834,616 were diagnosed with Full thickness TMH. […] Traumatic macular hole is a unilateral condition with significant visual impairment that is mainly seen in males during the third decade of life. […] The overall prevalence of TMH disease was 0.005% among all newly evaluated patients between 2010 and 2021 (an 11-year period). […] Among patients with full-thickness macular holes, between 1 and 9% may be due to trauma. […] Johnson et al. observed that 80% of patients with TMH were males with a mean age of 23 years (range: 8 to 36 years). […] The mean LogMAR VA in our patient was 1.18 (20/320) at baseline, which improved by one line to 1.06 (20/250; p=0.001) at the final follow-up, suggesting that surgical interventions produced statistically significant improvements. […] The strength of the study includes a comprehensive analysis of a large cohort of patients under 40 years of age. […] These contribute to a better understanding of TMH and may guide clinical management of such cases.

• #42 Real-world experience of full-thickness traumatic macular hole among young patients | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous | Full Text

  https://journalretinavitreous.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40942-024-00539-3

  144 (0.005%) patients among 2,834,616 were diagnosed with Full thickness TMH. […] Traumatic macular hole is a unilateral condition with significant visual impairment that is mainly seen in males during the third decade of life. […] The overall prevalence of TMH disease was 0.005% among all newly evaluated patients between 2010 and 2021 (an 11-year period). […] Among patients with full-thickness macular holes, between 1 and 9% may be due to trauma. […] Johnson et al. observed that 80% of patients with TMH were males with a mean age of 23 years (range: 8 to 36 years). […] The mean LogMAR VA in our patient was 1.18 (20/320) at baseline, which improved by one line to 1.06 (20/250; p=0.001) at the final follow-up, suggesting that surgical interventions produced statistically significant improvements. […] The strength of the study includes a comprehensive analysis of a large cohort of patients under 40 years of age. […] These contribute to a better understanding of TMH and may guide clinical management of such cases.

• #43 Traumatic macular hole: Clinical aspects and controversies – Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://latinamericanjo.com/traumatic-macular-hole-clinical-aspects-and-controversies/

  The incidence of the traumatic macular hole varies in the literature between 1% and 9%. Patients are generally young between the second and third decades of life and more often, male. […] The traumatic macular hole is produced mainly by blunt ocular traumatism, being originated by balls in general of a small diameter such as tennis, squash, and handball. Other less frequent causes are blows with kicks or fists. […] The spontaneous closure has been described in some series up to 40% of the cases, after 2 months or more of the injury, until 66.7% after 6 months. […] The anatomical closure of the hole occurs between 92% and 96% of cases.

• #44 Real-world experience of full-thickness traumatic macular hole among young patients | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous | Full Text

  https://journalretinavitreous.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40942-024-00539-3

  144 (0.005%) patients among 2,834,616 were diagnosed with Full thickness TMH. […] Traumatic macular hole is a unilateral condition with significant visual impairment that is mainly seen in males during the third decade of life. […] The overall prevalence of TMH disease was 0.005% among all newly evaluated patients between 2010 and 2021 (an 11-year period). […] Among patients with full-thickness macular holes, between 1 and 9% may be due to trauma. […] Johnson et al. observed that 80% of patients with TMH were males with a mean age of 23 years (range: 8 to 36 years). […] The mean LogMAR VA in our patient was 1.18 (20/320) at baseline, which improved by one line to 1.06 (20/250; p=0.001) at the final follow-up, suggesting that surgical interventions produced statistically significant improvements. […] The strength of the study includes a comprehensive analysis of a large cohort of patients under 40 years of age. […] These contribute to a better understanding of TMH and may guide clinical management of such cases.

• #45 Traumatic Macular Holes In the Pediatric and Adolescent Populations | Retinal Physician

  https://retinalphysician.com/issues/2014/june/traumatic-macular-holes-in-the-pediatric-and-adolescent-populations/

  Traumatic macular holes occur relatively infrequently, with an estimated incidence of 1.4% among closed globe injuries and 0.15% of open globe injuries. Most of these injuries result from blunt trauma, such as a soccer ball to the eye, although reports exist of other causes, such as accidental Nd:YAG laser burns. […] Because of the definite relationship between traumatic macular hole development and ocular trauma, traumatic macular holes are more prevalent in the pediatric and adolescent populations. Of 11,320 cases in the United States Eye Injury Registry, approximately one-quarter of all blinding ocular injuries occurred in the 10- to 19-year-old age group. […] Traumatic macular holes occur relatively rarely compared to idiopathic macular holes. However, traumatic holes are disproportionally more common in the pediatric and adolescent population.

• #46 Traumatic Macular Holes In the Pediatric and Adolescent Populations | Retinal Physician

  https://retinalphysician.com/issues/2014/june/traumatic-macular-holes-in-the-pediatric-and-adolescent-populations/

  Traumatic macular holes occur relatively infrequently, with an estimated incidence of 1.4% among closed globe injuries and 0.15% of open globe injuries. Most of these injuries result from blunt trauma, such as a soccer ball to the eye, although reports exist of other causes, such as accidental Nd:YAG laser burns. […] Because of the definite relationship between traumatic macular hole development and ocular trauma, traumatic macular holes are more prevalent in the pediatric and adolescent populations. Of 11,320 cases in the United States Eye Injury Registry, approximately one-quarter of all blinding ocular injuries occurred in the 10- to 19-year-old age group. […] Traumatic macular holes occur relatively rarely compared to idiopathic macular holes. However, traumatic holes are disproportionally more common in the pediatric and adolescent population.

• #47 Traumatic Macular Holes In the Pediatric and Adolescent Populations | Retinal Physician

  https://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2014/june/traumatic-macular-holes-in-the-pediatric-and-adolescent-populations/

  Traumatic macular holes occur relatively infrequently, with an estimated incidence of 1.4% among closed globe injuries and 0.15% of open globe injuries. […] Because of the definite relationship between traumatic macular hole development and ocular trauma, traumatic macular holes are more prevalent in the pediatric and adolescent populations. Of 11,320 cases in the United States Eye Injury Registry, approximately one-quarter of all blinding ocular injuries occurred in the 10- to 19-year-old age group. […] Traumatic macular holes occur relatively rarely compared to idiopathic macular holes. However, traumatic holes are disproportionally more common in the pediatric and adolescent population. […] Pars plana vitrectomy with tamponade has demonstrated a high success rate in studies examining repair of traumatic macular holes in this population.

• #48 Traumatic Macular Holes In the Pediatric and Adolescent Populations | Retinal Physician

  https://retinalphysician.com/issues/2014/june/traumatic-macular-holes-in-the-pediatric-and-adolescent-populations/

  Traumatic macular holes occur relatively infrequently, with an estimated incidence of 1.4% among closed globe injuries and 0.15% of open globe injuries. Most of these injuries result from blunt trauma, such as a soccer ball to the eye, although reports exist of other causes, such as accidental Nd:YAG laser burns. […] Because of the definite relationship between traumatic macular hole development and ocular trauma, traumatic macular holes are more prevalent in the pediatric and adolescent populations. Of 11,320 cases in the United States Eye Injury Registry, approximately one-quarter of all blinding ocular injuries occurred in the 10- to 19-year-old age group. […] Traumatic macular holes occur relatively rarely compared to idiopathic macular holes. However, traumatic holes are disproportionally more common in the pediatric and adolescent population.

• #49 Macular Hole: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1224320-overview

  The overall prevalence is approximately 3.3 cases in 1000 in those persons older than 55 years. Peak incidence of idiopathic macular hole development is in the seventh decade of life, and women typically are affected more than men. Reasons for this, at best, are speculative at this point. Some epidemiologic risk factors, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and a history of hysterectomy, have been reported by other studies. However, none of these have been proven to have any significant association with macular hole formation. […] The prevalence rate of macular hole in India is a reported 0.17%, with a mean age of 67 years. […] The Beijing Eye Study found the rate of macular holes to be 1.6 out of 1000 elderly Chinese, with a strong female predilection. […] Best estimates for the incidence of development of an idiopathic full-thickness macular hole in the fellow eye are approximately 12%. […] In rare instances (0-10%), a full-thickness macular hole may spontaneously close with resultant good vision. […] Women typically are affected more than men. […] Peak incidence is in the seventh decade of life.

• #50

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00417-024-06465-2

  Spontaneous closure of idiopathic full-thickness macular holes (iFTMH) has been reported regularly. However, little is known about its probability and timeline. […] The study included 338 eyes with iFTMHs and revealed a spontaneous closure rate of 9.2% at a median of 44 days after the diagnosis. All eyes with spontaneous improvement had small iFTMHs. […] Approximately 25% of small iFTMHs (diameter < 250 m) and around 50% of iFTMHs with diameters < 150 m can close spontaneously within two months of diagnosis. Therefore, in patients with small iFTMHs and relatively good vision a watchful waiting approach with short follow-up regime may be offered to some patients after careful considerations of all circumstances.

• #51

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00417-024-06465-2

  Spontaneous closure of idiopathic full-thickness macular holes (iFTMH) has been reported regularly. However, little is known about its probability and timeline. […] The study included 338 eyes with iFTMHs and revealed a spontaneous closure rate of 9.2% at a median of 44 days after the diagnosis. All eyes with spontaneous improvement had small iFTMHs. […] Approximately 25% of small iFTMHs (diameter < 250 m) and around 50% of iFTMHs with diameters < 150 m can close spontaneously within two months of diagnosis. Therefore, in patients with small iFTMHs and relatively good vision a watchful waiting approach with short follow-up regime may be offered to some patients after careful considerations of all circumstances.

• #52 Traumatic Macular Hole (TMH) – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Traumatic_Macular_Hole_(TMH)

  The incidence of the traumatic macular hole varies between 1% and 9%.[2][3] Patients are generally young between the second and third decades of life and, more often, male [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] . […] The spontaneous closure has been described up to 40% of the cases, after 2 months or more of the trauma,[2][16][17][18][19][20] and upto 50-65% after 6-9 months.[21] […] The prognosis is fair, with vision improvement of two or more lines of vision between 69% and 93% of cases; almost 50% of patients may attain 20/40 or better.[4][5][6][7][8] However, there is a high risk of developing para/peri macular pigmentary changes due to RPE trauma that may limit visual recovery. The vision prognosis is similar with spontaneous closure or surgery.[20][25] Various phenotypic TMH presentations in OCT do not clearly correlate with the visual results.[21][15].

• #53 Traumatic macular hole: Clinical aspects and controversies – Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology

  https://latinamericanjo.com/traumatic-macular-hole-clinical-aspects-and-controversies/

  The incidence of the traumatic macular hole varies in the literature between 1% and 9%. Patients are generally young between the second and third decades of life and more often, male. […] The traumatic macular hole is produced mainly by blunt ocular traumatism, being originated by balls in general of a small diameter such as tennis, squash, and handball. Other less frequent causes are blows with kicks or fists. […] The spontaneous closure has been described in some series up to 40% of the cases, after 2 months or more of the injury, until 66.7% after 6 months. […] The anatomical closure of the hole occurs between 92% and 96% of cases.

• #54 Non-Invasive Retinal Imaging Modalities for the Identification of Prognostic Factors in Vitreoretinal Surgery for Full-Thickness Macular Holes

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/4/589

  Idiopathic FTMH affects 1 in 250 people and results in significant visual impairment, with central visual loss and metamorphopsia. […] The technological innovations and developments in retinal multimodal imaging made in recent years have increased the knowledge of FTHMs by identifying a series of potential biomarkers useful for surgical outcomes prediction. […] In this review, we will focus on non-invasive retinal imaging techniques that can be used to assess morphological and functional features in FTMH, evaluating the contribution of each imaging modality in the identification of prognostic factors of visual outcome. […] The integration of several non-invasive imaging techniques has recently gained importance in the characterization of vitreomacular interface pathologies, including FTMHs.

• #55 Non-Invasive Retinal Imaging Modalities for the Identification of Prognostic Factors in Vitreoretinal Surgery for Full-Thickness Macular Holes

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/13/4/589

  The role of different retinal imaging modalities in the evaluation of FTMHs is summarized in Table 1. […] The main issues in the OCTA study of FTMH are about the segmentation, which may produce image artifacts, with consequent difficulties in data interpretation. […] The rapid advances in retinal imaging over the recent decades have led to a better characterization of FTMHs and significant improvements in their diagnosis and management. […] A large number of non-invasive tools for retinal imaging are currently available, allowing the acquisition of useful morphological and functional information. […] In recent years several potential prognostic biomarkers in FTMHs have been identified by means of various non-invasive structural and functional retinal imaging techniques. […] Despite successful surgery, predicting the visual outcomes in FTMH is often difficult, and vitreoretinal surgeons need to identify the most reliable prognostic biomarkers.

• #56 Medical Management of Full-Thickness Macular Holes – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2022-apr/medical-management-of-full-thickness-macular-holes

  An idiopathic full-thickness macular hole (FTMH), first described by Robert N. Johnson, MD, and J. Donald M. Gass, MD, in 1988, is a defect in the central fovea generally associated with marked vision impairment. […] The IVTS classification system reflects the current understanding of macular hole pathogenesis, which gives vitreofoveal traction a principal role. […] Despite the high success rates for FTMH closure, surgery still comes with certain risks, including retinal detachment; infection; bleeding; phototoxicity and toxicity related to stains; and microtrauma to the retina during peeling maneuvers. In consideration of these risks, several groups have evaluated the potential for medical management of FTMHs. […] Medical management of FTMHs is based on the combined tractional-hydration theory.

• #57 Macular hole morphology and measurement using an automated three-dimensional image segmentation algorithm | BMJ Open Ophthalmology

  https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000404

  The resultant differences led to a reclassification using the International Vitreomacular Traction Study Group classification in a quarter of the patients. […] We have described the 3D morphology of macular hole using a novel and validated automated 3D segmentation algorithm. […] Macular hole size is known to be one of the strongest predictors of surgical success both anatomically and functionally.

• #58 Epidemiology of macular holes in the Republic of Bashkortostan (according to the Ural Eye and Medical Study) – Bikbov – Russian Medicine

  https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/100998/zh_CN

  BACKGROUND: Macular holes are among the common causes of irreversible visual impairment. At an early stage macular holes may be asymptomatic which is a pressing problem in the diagnosis of this pathology. […] AIM: This work analyzes the prevalence of non-full-thickness and full-thickness macular holes in the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan, depending on the age, gender, and nature of the respondents settlement. […] RESULTS: In the study population, macular holes were detected in 64 patients (1.1%, 71 eyes), including non-full-thickness macular holes revealed in 46 (0.8%) cases, and full-thickness macular holes found in 18 (0.3%) cases. […] CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of macular holes in the Republic of Bashkortostan was 1.1%, in line with the average global level. Non-full-thickness macular hole predominance among urban residents in the absence of a significant difference in gender characteristics and the prevalence of full-thickness macular holes is a distinguishing feature in the epidemiology of macular holes for the region under study.

• #59 ESCRS – MACULAR HOLE STUDY

  https://www.escrs.org/eurotimes/macular-hole-study

  The largest population-based study ever conducted to investigate the epidemiology of macular holes has identified risk factors that relate to age, gender, race and phakic status, reported Ferhina S Ali MD, MPH at the 2015 annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology in Denver, USA. […] During a mean follow-up of 2.6 years, 1,130 (0.05 per cent) patients developed a macular hole that required vitrectomy within 90 days of diagnosis. […] Multivariable analysis adjusting for sociodemographic factors and ocular and systemic comorbidities identified a 50 per cent increased risk of macular holes among women compared to men. […] Asians had a 50 per cent increased risk of developing a macular hole compared with non-Hispanic whites, and individuals who were pseudophakic or aphakic had a two-fold higher risk than their phakic counterparts.

• #60 ESCRS – MACULAR HOLE STUDY

  https://www.escrs.org/eurotimes/macular-hole-study

  The largest population-based study ever conducted to investigate the epidemiology of macular holes has identified risk factors that relate to age, gender, race and phakic status, reported Ferhina S Ali MD, MPH at the 2015 annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology in Denver, USA. […] During a mean follow-up of 2.6 years, 1,130 (0.05 per cent) patients developed a macular hole that required vitrectomy within 90 days of diagnosis. […] Multivariable analysis adjusting for sociodemographic factors and ocular and systemic comorbidities identified a 50 per cent increased risk of macular holes among women compared to men. […] Asians had a 50 per cent increased risk of developing a macular hole compared with non-Hispanic whites, and individuals who were pseudophakic or aphakic had a two-fold higher risk than their phakic counterparts.

• #61 ESCRS – MACULAR HOLE STUDY

  https://www.escrs.org/eurotimes/macular-hole-study

  The largest population-based study ever conducted to investigate the epidemiology of macular holes has identified risk factors that relate to age, gender, race and phakic status, reported Ferhina S Ali MD, MPH at the 2015 annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology in Denver, USA. […] During a mean follow-up of 2.6 years, 1,130 (0.05 per cent) patients developed a macular hole that required vitrectomy within 90 days of diagnosis. […] Multivariable analysis adjusting for sociodemographic factors and ocular and systemic comorbidities identified a 50 per cent increased risk of macular holes among women compared to men. […] Asians had a 50 per cent increased risk of developing a macular hole compared with non-Hispanic whites, and individuals who were pseudophakic or aphakic had a two-fold higher risk than their phakic counterparts.

• #62 ESCRS – MACULAR HOLE STUDY

  https://www.escrs.org/eurotimes/macular-hole-study

  The largest population-based study ever conducted to investigate the epidemiology of macular holes has identified risk factors that relate to age, gender, race and phakic status, reported Ferhina S Ali MD, MPH at the 2015 annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology in Denver, USA. […] During a mean follow-up of 2.6 years, 1,130 (0.05 per cent) patients developed a macular hole that required vitrectomy within 90 days of diagnosis. […] Multivariable analysis adjusting for sociodemographic factors and ocular and systemic comorbidities identified a 50 per cent increased risk of macular holes among women compared to men. […] Asians had a 50 per cent increased risk of developing a macular hole compared with non-Hispanic whites, and individuals who were pseudophakic or aphakic had a two-fold higher risk than their phakic counterparts.

• #63 Epidemiology of macular holes in the Republic of Bashkortostan (according to the Ural Eye and Medical Study) – Bikbov – Russian Medicine

  https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/100998/zh_CN

  BACKGROUND: Macular holes are among the common causes of irreversible visual impairment. At an early stage macular holes may be asymptomatic which is a pressing problem in the diagnosis of this pathology. […] AIM: This work analyzes the prevalence of non-full-thickness and full-thickness macular holes in the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan, depending on the age, gender, and nature of the respondents settlement. […] RESULTS: In the study population, macular holes were detected in 64 patients (1.1%, 71 eyes), including non-full-thickness macular holes revealed in 46 (0.8%) cases, and full-thickness macular holes found in 18 (0.3%) cases. […] CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of macular holes in the Republic of Bashkortostan was 1.1%, in line with the average global level. Non-full-thickness macular hole predominance among urban residents in the absence of a significant difference in gender characteristics and the prevalence of full-thickness macular holes is a distinguishing feature in the epidemiology of macular holes for the region under study.

• #64 Epidemiology of macular holes in the Republic of Bashkortostan (according to the Ural Eye and Medical Study) – Bikbov – Russian Medicine

  https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/100998/zh_CN

  BACKGROUND: Macular holes are among the common causes of irreversible visual impairment. At an early stage macular holes may be asymptomatic which is a pressing problem in the diagnosis of this pathology. […] AIM: This work analyzes the prevalence of non-full-thickness and full-thickness macular holes in the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan, depending on the age, gender, and nature of the respondents settlement. […] RESULTS: In the study population, macular holes were detected in 64 patients (1.1%, 71 eyes), including non-full-thickness macular holes revealed in 46 (0.8%) cases, and full-thickness macular holes found in 18 (0.3%) cases. […] CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of macular holes in the Republic of Bashkortostan was 1.1%, in line with the average global level. Non-full-thickness macular hole predominance among urban residents in the absence of a significant difference in gender characteristics and the prevalence of full-thickness macular holes is a distinguishing feature in the epidemiology of macular holes for the region under study.

• #65 ESCRS – MACULAR HOLE STUDY

  https://www.escrs.org/eurotimes/macular-hole-study

  Previous epidemiologic data in this area, from single institution and single region studies, have revealed our current understanding of macular hole incidence and risk factors. […] The consistency of our findings on macular holes with those of smaller studies lends reliability to use of these claims data for future investigation of questions relating to macular holes and to look for exposures that might modify risk. […] Dr Ali stated that previous studies attempting to understand the underlying aetiology for the increased incidence of macular holes in perimenopausal women have focused on a role of oestrogens, and how oestrogen might affect vitreoretinal dynamics. […] Now our group is planning to use the information from the managed care network database to investigate whether exposure to hormone replacement therapy may modify the risk of macular holes in older women, she said.

• #66 Risk factors for the development of idiopathic macular hole: a nationwide population-based cohort study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25791-1

  Sensitivity analyses including patients with diabetes and degenerative myopia draw results similar to the main analyses, which might be attributable to the fact that most of MH cases are idiopathic. […] In conclusion, the present nationwide population-based cohort study revealed that age, sex, BMI, and parity in women significantly influenced the risk of future idiopathic MH development.

• #67 Systemic risk factors for idiopathic macular holes: A case-control study | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye199860

  The idiopathic full-thickness macular hole (IFTMH) is an important cause of poor vision in the elderly affecting predominantly women over the age of 60 years. […] We found very few systemic risk factors that were significantly associated with IFTMH. […] In common with other studies, we found only a few systemic factors associated with IFTMH. The study did confirm, however, that IFTMH is a strongly gender-related disease. […] The particular aetiological factor which puts women at increased risk of macular holes requires further studies.

• #68 Macular hole morphology and measurement using an automated three-dimensional image segmentation algorithm | BMJ Open Ophthalmology

  https://bmjophth.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000404

  Full-thickness macular holes are a common cause of visual impairment with a prevalence of up to 0.5% in the over 60-year-old age group and are bilateral in 7%. Vitrectomy surgery is an established and successful treatment, with ocriplasmin and expansile gas also effective in a lower proportion of selected patients. Macular holes are classified partly by the presence of vitreoretinal adhesion at the fovea and optic disc, but principally by their size. Indeed, size is used to guide the choice of treatment and the optimum surgical approach, and to predict outcome. […] We have shown how 3D automated analysis of MH describes their dimensions more accurately and repeatably than human assessment. This could be used in future studies investigating hole progression and outcome to help guide optimum treatments.

• #69 Macular hole

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/macular-hole/

  We don’t know why macular holes develop. The vast majority of cases have no obvious cause. They most often affect people aged 60 to 80 and are more common in women than men. […] Relatively early treatment (within months) may give a better outcome in terms of improvement in vision. […] It has been shown to be the case that the earlier this surgery is performed after symptoms begin, the greater the possibility of successfully closing the hole. […] There’s evidence that lying face down improves the success rate for larger holes, but it may not be needed for smaller holes. […] After carefully examining your other eye, your surgeon should be able to tell you the risk of developing a macular hole in this eye.

• #70 Medical Management of Full-Thickness Macular Holes – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2022-apr/medical-management-of-full-thickness-macular-holes

  Based on the combined tractional-hydration theory of FTMH pathogenesis, several groups have reported individual cases or small case series of FTMH closure with topical therapies. […] The combined tractional-hydration theory of macular hole pathogenesis suggests that cystoid hydration of the retina plays a central role in FTMH development; in turn, dehydration of the retina is critical for FTMH closure. […] While further studies are necessary, topical therapy may be particularly worthwhile for treatment of small FTMHs with CME and no significant tractional component in patients who are unable or reluctant to undergo surgery, or in patients for whom surgery may be delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic or other reasons.

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