Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Coronary Syndrome for Nurses – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/acute-coronary-syndrome-for-nurses/

  When the oxygen supply to the heart is cut off or greatly reduced, we get into a situation called Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). […] Unstable angina, however, requires more intense intervention and is considered a medical emergency. […] AMI occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked to the point of causing ischemia and tissue damage. […] The hallmark sign is chest pain, pressure, tightness or a feeling of fullness. […] Not everyone who has an MI will experience chest pain. […] Looking at the ACLS guidelines determined by the American Heart Association, ACS in the hospital is treated in a systematic way. […] After getting a set of vitals, oxygen is recommended for O2 saturations < 94% or in cases where the patient is experiencing shortness of breath. [...] The acronym MONA is helpful to remember the key components…but be aware that MONA does not indicate the ORDER in which these things are done!

• #2 Acute Coronary Syndrome

  https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/acute-coronary-syndrome-ukr

  Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a serious problem in which there is suddenly not enough blood and oxygen reaching the heart. ACS can result in chest pain or a heart attack. […] This condition is a medical emergency. If you have any symptoms of this condition, get help right away. […] Treatment for this condition may include: Medicines, such as: Antiplatelet medicines that help prevent blood clots, such as aspirin or clopidogrel. […] Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is when there is not enough blood and oxygen being supplied to the heart. ACS can result in chest pain or a heart attack. […] Treatment includes medicines and procedures to open the blocked arteries and restore blood flow. […] Acute coronary syndrome is a medical emergency. Get help right away if you have sudden pain in your chest, arms, back, neck, jaw, or upper body. Seek help if you have unexplained nausea, vomiting, or shortness of breath.

• #3 Acute coronary syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-coronary-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352136

  Acute coronary syndrome is a term that describes a range of conditions related to sudden reduced blood flow to the heart. […] Acute coronary syndrome often causes severe chest pain or discomfort. It is a medical emergency that needs a diagnosis and care right away. The goals of treatment are to improve blood flow and treat and prevent complications. […] Acute coronary syndrome usually is caused by a buildup of fatty deposits in and on the walls of the heart’s arteries. […] The lack of oxygen can cause cells in the heart muscle to die. The damage can lead to a heart attack. When acute coronary syndrome doesn’t cause heart muscle cells to die, it is called unstable angina. […] Acute coronary syndrome is a medical emergency. Chest pain or discomfort can be a symptom of many life-threatening conditions. Get emergency help right away for a diagnosis and appropriate care. Do not drive yourself to the hospital.

• #4 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Nursing Management […] – Obtain ECG daily […] – Always make sure the patient has 2 large-bore IVs […] – Monitor cardiac enzymes […] – Initiate treatment for acute MI […] – Administer morphine for pain […] – Start aspirin and nitroglycerin (0.4 mg sublingual) […] – Provide oxygen if pulse oximetry is less than 94% at room air […] – Ensure patient seen by a cardiologist […] – Monitor vitals, daily weight, and urine output […] – Administer heparin as ordered for STEMI […] – If the patient has cardiac catheterization, check groin for hematoma and feel distal leg pulses […] […] […] Outcome Identification […] – Improve breathing […] – Chest pain relief […] – Improved tissue perfusion […] – Able to regain function as before […] […] […] Coordination of Care

• #5 Myocardial infarction: nursing assessment and care

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-assessment-and-care/

  Rapid nurse identification of myocardial infarction in medical surgical patients is key to achieving lifesaving treatment in the heart catheterization lab. […] Focused chest pain assessment, 12-lead ECG performance, emergent administration of loading medications such as aspirin, and an anti-platelet agent are imperative to the survival of heart muscle and patient lives. […] Every nurse should have a working knowledge of key MI assessments. […] Nurses should anticipate and advocate with their medical colleagues for definitive tests (serial troponin tests, 12-lead ECG, and cardiac catheterization). […] The most significant sign for definitive diagnosis of an MI is a positive troponin test with ST changes in at least two contiguous leads. […] When a patient arrives in the ED and reports chest pain, the nurse should perform an immediate assessment.

• #6 Nursing care plan for acute coronary syndrome

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-acute-coronary-syndrome/

  Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is an umbrella term used to describe a range of medical conditions caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It includes unstable angina (UA), non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). It is also known as a silent killer due to its high mortality and tendency to cause sudden death. To ensure proper care and treatment of ACS, professionals need to be aware of the different components of nursing care plan that has to be developed for ACS. […] Symptoms including chest pain, pressure and discomfort, palpitations, dyspnea, diaphoresis, nausea, dizziness, and lightheadedness should be detected. […] A complete medical history including past cardiac history, risk factors, current medications, family history, and lifestyle should be documented.

• #7 8 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack-nursing-care-plans/

  Nurses play a critical role in assessing, monitoring, and caring for patients who are experiencing a heart attack. This comprehensive care plan guide focuses on the essential nursing assessment, interventions, nursing care plans and nursing diagnoses for effectively managing patients with myocardial infarction. […] The primary goals of managing acute myocardial infarction (MI) are to limit myocardial damage, preserve cardiac function, and prevent complications. This is achieved by interventions that restore blood flow in the coronary arteries. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with myocardial infarction: Managing pain and ischemia. Monitoring for potential complications. Promoting adequate tissue perfusion. Reducing anxiety. […] Patients with MI commonly present with acute and continuous chest pain, often accompanied by symptoms like shortness of breath, indigestion, nausea, and anxiety.

• #8 Myocardial infarction: nursing assessment and care

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-assessment-and-care/

  Rapid nurse identification of myocardial infarction in medical surgical patients is key to achieving lifesaving treatment in the heart catheterization lab. […] Focused chest pain assessment, 12-lead ECG performance, emergent administration of loading medications such as aspirin, and an anti-platelet agent are imperative to the survival of heart muscle and patient lives. […] Every nurse should have a working knowledge of key MI assessments. […] Nurses should anticipate and advocate with their medical colleagues for definitive tests (serial troponin tests, 12-lead ECG, and cardiac catheterization). […] The most significant sign for definitive diagnosis of an MI is a positive troponin test with ST changes in at least two contiguous leads. […] When a patient arrives in the ED and reports chest pain, the nurse should perform an immediate assessment.

• #9 Acute Coronary Syndrome for Nurses – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/acute-coronary-syndrome-for-nurses/

  When the oxygen supply to the heart is cut off or greatly reduced, we get into a situation called Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). […] Unstable angina, however, requires more intense intervention and is considered a medical emergency. […] AMI occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked to the point of causing ischemia and tissue damage. […] The hallmark sign is chest pain, pressure, tightness or a feeling of fullness. […] Not everyone who has an MI will experience chest pain. […] Looking at the ACLS guidelines determined by the American Heart Association, ACS in the hospital is treated in a systematic way. […] After getting a set of vitals, oxygen is recommended for O2 saturations < 94% or in cases where the patient is experiencing shortness of breath. [...] The acronym MONA is helpful to remember the key components…but be aware that MONA does not indicate the ORDER in which these things are done!

• #10 Acute Coronary Syndrome: Current Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p232.html?ref=1b3p6k

  Family physicians should continue to educate patients about the risk factors, clinical presentation, and symptoms of ACS. Older persons, persons with diabetes, women, and postoperative patients should be aware that they may have atypical symptoms and presentation for ACS. At-risk patients should be regularly advised to seek medical care immediately if any atypical symptoms occur. […] At the individual level, patients should be advised to chew a nonenteric coated aspirin (162 to 325 mg) at first recognition of ACS symptoms, unless they have a history of severe aspirin sensitivity. At the community level, local areas should create and maintain emergency medical service systems that support STEMI care. Initial care should include a full assessment of clinical symptoms and coronary artery disease risk factors, as well as 12-lead electrocardiography. Electrocardiographic findings that may reflect myocardial ischemia include changes in the PR segment, QRS complex, and the ST segment.

• #11 Acute Coronary Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Anti-ischemic Therapy, Pharmacologic Antithrombotic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1910735-treatment

  Initial therapy for ACS should focus on stabilizing the patient’s condition, relieving ischemic pain, and providing antithrombotic therapy to reduce myocardial damage and prevent further ischemia. Morphine (or fentanyl) for pain control, oxygen, sublingual or intravenous (IV) nitroglycerin, soluble aspirin 162-325 mg, and clopidogrel with a 300- to 600-mg loading dose are given as initial treatment. […] High-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI ACS) should receive aggressive care, including aspirin, clopidogrel, unfractionated heparin or lowmolecular-weight heparin (LMWH), IV platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex blockers (eg, tirofiban, eptifibatide), and a beta blocker. The goal is early revascularization. […] Monitor and immediately treat arrhythmias in the first 48 hours. Pay attention to exacerbating factors, such as disturbances in electrolytes (especially potassium and magnesium), hypoxemia, drugs, or acidosis. Correct these factors accordingly.

• #12 Myocardial infarction: nursing assessment and care

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-assessment-and-care/

  The 12-lead ECG should be repeated every 10 to 15 minutes when suspicion for MI is high. […] Initial interventions when STEMI is suspected include the following (nurses should follow their organizations protocol and provider orders): Start an I.V. and place the patient on a heart monitor and pulse oximeter. […] Administer non-enteric coated aspirin 325 mg (chewed and swallowed or given rectally) unless contraindicated. […] Administer medications to correct hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. […] Administer three sublingual nitroglycerin tablets (0.4 mg): one at a time every 5 minutes. […] Administer a beta blocker if the patient shows no signs of heart failure, hemodynamic compromise, bradycardia, or severe reactive airway disease. […] Administer morphine sulfate (2 to 4 mg I.V. slow push every 5 to 15 minutes) for pain.

• #13 Acute Coronary Syndrome for Nurses – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/acute-coronary-syndrome-for-nurses/

  When the oxygen supply to the heart is cut off or greatly reduced, we get into a situation called Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). […] Unstable angina, however, requires more intense intervention and is considered a medical emergency. […] AMI occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked to the point of causing ischemia and tissue damage. […] The hallmark sign is chest pain, pressure, tightness or a feeling of fullness. […] Not everyone who has an MI will experience chest pain. […] Looking at the ACLS guidelines determined by the American Heart Association, ACS in the hospital is treated in a systematic way. […] After getting a set of vitals, oxygen is recommended for O2 saturations < 94% or in cases where the patient is experiencing shortness of breath. [...] The acronym MONA is helpful to remember the key components…but be aware that MONA does not indicate the ORDER in which these things are done!

• #14 Myocardial infarction: nursing assessment and care

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-assessment-and-care/

  The 12-lead ECG should be repeated every 10 to 15 minutes when suspicion for MI is high. […] Initial interventions when STEMI is suspected include the following (nurses should follow their organizations protocol and provider orders): Start an I.V. and place the patient on a heart monitor and pulse oximeter. […] Administer non-enteric coated aspirin 325 mg (chewed and swallowed or given rectally) unless contraindicated. […] Administer medications to correct hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. […] Administer three sublingual nitroglycerin tablets (0.4 mg): one at a time every 5 minutes. […] Administer a beta blocker if the patient shows no signs of heart failure, hemodynamic compromise, bradycardia, or severe reactive airway disease. […] Administer morphine sulfate (2 to 4 mg I.V. slow push every 5 to 15 minutes) for pain.

• #15 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section you’ll learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with myocardial infarction. […] Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and fibrinolytic therapy are reperfusion therapies that rapidly restore blood flow to the ischemic myocardium and reduce infarct size. […] Administer blood thinning agents cautiously as ordered. By preventing the growth or formation of blood clots, blood thinners lower the risk of MI and blockages in the arteries and veins. […] The analgesics most frequently used for pain treatment are intravenous opioids, such as morphine. During a MI, morphine lowers blood pressure, heart rate, and venous return and may activate local histamine-mediated mechanisms. These effects lessen the need for myocardial oxygen.

• #16 Interprofessional care : Acute Coronary Syndrome – Emergency Room

  https://frontlineer.com/interprofessional-care-acute-coronary-syndrome/

  Interprofessional care […] Acute Coronary Syndrome […] Initial interventions […] 12-lead ECG […] Upright position […] Oxygen – keep O2 sat > 93% […] IV access […] Nitroglycerin (SL) and ASA (chewable) […] Statin […] Morphine […] Ongoing monitoring […] Treat dysrhythmias […] Frequent vital sign monitoring […] Bed rest/limited activity for 12–24 hours […] UA or NSTEMI […] Dual antiplatelet therapy and heparin […] Cardiac catheterization with PCI once stable […] NSTEMI […] Reperfusion therapy […] Emergent PCI […] Treatment of choice for confirmed STEMI […] Goal: 90 minutes from door to catheter laboratory […] Balloon angioplasty + stent(s) […] Many advantages over CABG […] Thrombolytic therapy […] Only for patients with a STEMI […] Given IV within 30 minutes of arrival to the ED

• #17 Acute Coronary Syndrome: Current Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p232.html?ref=1b3p6k

  Family physicians should continue to educate patients about the risk factors, clinical presentation, and symptoms of ACS. Older persons, persons with diabetes, women, and postoperative patients should be aware that they may have atypical symptoms and presentation for ACS. At-risk patients should be regularly advised to seek medical care immediately if any atypical symptoms occur. […] At the individual level, patients should be advised to chew a nonenteric coated aspirin (162 to 325 mg) at first recognition of ACS symptoms, unless they have a history of severe aspirin sensitivity. At the community level, local areas should create and maintain emergency medical service systems that support STEMI care. Initial care should include a full assessment of clinical symptoms and coronary artery disease risk factors, as well as 12-lead electrocardiography. Electrocardiographic findings that may reflect myocardial ischemia include changes in the PR segment, QRS complex, and the ST segment.

• #18 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Nursing Management […] – Obtain ECG daily […] – Always make sure the patient has 2 large-bore IVs […] – Monitor cardiac enzymes […] – Initiate treatment for acute MI […] – Administer morphine for pain […] – Start aspirin and nitroglycerin (0.4 mg sublingual) […] – Provide oxygen if pulse oximetry is less than 94% at room air […] – Ensure patient seen by a cardiologist […] – Monitor vitals, daily weight, and urine output […] – Administer heparin as ordered for STEMI […] – If the patient has cardiac catheterization, check groin for hematoma and feel distal leg pulses […] […] […] Outcome Identification […] – Improve breathing […] – Chest pain relief […] – Improved tissue perfusion […] – Able to regain function as before […] […] […] Coordination of Care

• #19

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11108677/

  Nursing care plays a crucial role in the early detection and prevention of CHD. […] Nurses monitor vital signs, administer medications, and perform diagnostic tests, ensuring patients receive timely and appropriate interventions. […] Nurses provide ongoing support and counseling, addressing patients concerns, promoting adherence to treatment plans, and encouraging healthy lifestyle choices. […] Moreover, nursing care plays a vital role in the emotional and psychological support of patients. […] Nursing interventions and management strategies are crucial for patient care and recovery during acute coronary events, specifically ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). […] Continuous monitoring of vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation are crucial.

• #20 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Nursing Management […] – Obtain ECG daily […] – Always make sure the patient has 2 large-bore IVs […] – Monitor cardiac enzymes […] – Initiate treatment for acute MI […] – Administer morphine for pain […] – Start aspirin and nitroglycerin (0.4 mg sublingual) […] – Provide oxygen if pulse oximetry is less than 94% at room air […] – Ensure patient seen by a cardiologist […] – Monitor vitals, daily weight, and urine output […] – Administer heparin as ordered for STEMI […] – If the patient has cardiac catheterization, check groin for hematoma and feel distal leg pulses […] […] […] Outcome Identification […] – Improve breathing […] – Chest pain relief […] – Improved tissue perfusion […] – Able to regain function as before […] […] […] Coordination of Care

• #21 Diagnosis, management and nursing care in acute coronary syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cardiovascular/diagnosis-management-and-nursing-care-in-acute-coronary-syndrome-13-02-2017/

  Acute coronary syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition associated with coronary heart disease. […] Understanding the diagnostic approaches, as well as pharmacological and coronary interventions is crucial, given the prevalence of ACS. This article discusses current evidence-based guidance in the management of ACS and the critical role of nurses. […] Treatment aims to ease symptoms, improve coronary artery blood flow and prevent complications. Immediate management, combined with cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention, can improve patients outcomes and quality of life. Nurses have a key role in: […] Facilitating and administering prompt treatment to patients; […] Promoting the swift recognition of deterioration; […] Providing holistic care and psychosocial support;

• #22 Diagnosis, management and nursing care in acute coronary syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cardiovascular/diagnosis-management-and-nursing-care-in-acute-coronary-syndrome-13-02-2017/

  Encouraging patients to engage in healthy secondary-prevention behaviours. […] General priorities for patients with ACS are haemodynamic monitoring and close observation of vital signs. […] Nurses caring for patients with ACS should have ECG interpretation skills, as ECG changes or arrhythmias are signs of potential deterioration. […] Nurses should be calm and reassuring, and ensure pain and other symptoms are well controlled. They play a central role in providing psychosocial support; when possible, they should give patients a chance to speak about their experiences, address their concerns and relay these to the multidisciplinary team. […] Secondary prevention should be at the heart of nurses strategies. […] Nurses must ensure patients: […] Understand the dosages and administration routes;

• #23 Myocardial infarction: nursing assessment and care

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-assessment-and-care/

  Rapid nurse identification of myocardial infarction in medical surgical patients is key to achieving lifesaving treatment in the heart catheterization lab. […] Focused chest pain assessment, 12-lead ECG performance, emergent administration of loading medications such as aspirin, and an anti-platelet agent are imperative to the survival of heart muscle and patient lives. […] Every nurse should have a working knowledge of key MI assessments. […] Nurses should anticipate and advocate with their medical colleagues for definitive tests (serial troponin tests, 12-lead ECG, and cardiac catheterization). […] The most significant sign for definitive diagnosis of an MI is a positive troponin test with ST changes in at least two contiguous leads. […] When a patient arrives in the ED and reports chest pain, the nurse should perform an immediate assessment.

• #24 Acute Coronary Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Anti-ischemic Therapy, Pharmacologic Antithrombotic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1910735-treatment

  Initial therapy for ACS should focus on stabilizing the patient’s condition, relieving ischemic pain, and providing antithrombotic therapy to reduce myocardial damage and prevent further ischemia. Morphine (or fentanyl) for pain control, oxygen, sublingual or intravenous (IV) nitroglycerin, soluble aspirin 162-325 mg, and clopidogrel with a 300- to 600-mg loading dose are given as initial treatment. […] High-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI ACS) should receive aggressive care, including aspirin, clopidogrel, unfractionated heparin or lowmolecular-weight heparin (LMWH), IV platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex blockers (eg, tirofiban, eptifibatide), and a beta blocker. The goal is early revascularization. […] Monitor and immediately treat arrhythmias in the first 48 hours. Pay attention to exacerbating factors, such as disturbances in electrolytes (especially potassium and magnesium), hypoxemia, drugs, or acidosis. Correct these factors accordingly.

• #25 Acute Coronary Syndrome: Current Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p232.html?ref=1b3p6k

  Anticoagulation therapy should also be initiated with either PCI or fibrinolytic therapy for the treatment of STEMI. For patients undergoing PCI, unfractionated heparin should be administered to maintain a therapeutic activated clotting time level. Bivalirudin (Angiomax) is an option, even with previous use of unfractionated heparin. Fondaparinux (Arixtra) should not be used as sole anticoagulation therapy in patients undergoing PCI because of the risk of catheter thrombosis. […] Additional acute treatment options include supplemental oxygen, nitroglycerin, intravenous morphine, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins. These medications may be used for STEMI or NSTE-ACS, but with a few slight differences as outlined in Table 1.

• #26 Acute Coronary Syndrome: Current Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p232.html?ref=1b3p6k

  Anticoagulation therapy should also be initiated with either PCI or fibrinolytic therapy for the treatment of STEMI. For patients undergoing PCI, unfractionated heparin should be administered to maintain a therapeutic activated clotting time level. Bivalirudin (Angiomax) is an option, even with previous use of unfractionated heparin. Fondaparinux (Arixtra) should not be used as sole anticoagulation therapy in patients undergoing PCI because of the risk of catheter thrombosis. […] Additional acute treatment options include supplemental oxygen, nitroglycerin, intravenous morphine, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins. These medications may be used for STEMI or NSTE-ACS, but with a few slight differences as outlined in Table 1.

• #27 Acute Coronary Syndrome Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Anti-ischemic Therapy, Pharmacologic Antithrombotic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1910735-treatment

  Initial therapy for ACS should focus on stabilizing the patient’s condition, relieving ischemic pain, and providing antithrombotic therapy to reduce myocardial damage and prevent further ischemia. Morphine (or fentanyl) for pain control, oxygen, sublingual or intravenous (IV) nitroglycerin, soluble aspirin 162-325 mg, and clopidogrel with a 300- to 600-mg loading dose are given as initial treatment. […] High-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI ACS) should receive aggressive care, including aspirin, clopidogrel, unfractionated heparin or lowmolecular-weight heparin (LMWH), IV platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex blockers (eg, tirofiban, eptifibatide), and a beta blocker. The goal is early revascularization. […] Monitor and immediately treat arrhythmias in the first 48 hours. Pay attention to exacerbating factors, such as disturbances in electrolytes (especially potassium and magnesium), hypoxemia, drugs, or acidosis. Correct these factors accordingly.

• #28 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section you’ll learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with myocardial infarction. […] Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and fibrinolytic therapy are reperfusion therapies that rapidly restore blood flow to the ischemic myocardium and reduce infarct size. […] Administer blood thinning agents cautiously as ordered. By preventing the growth or formation of blood clots, blood thinners lower the risk of MI and blockages in the arteries and veins. […] The analgesics most frequently used for pain treatment are intravenous opioids, such as morphine. During a MI, morphine lowers blood pressure, heart rate, and venous return and may activate local histamine-mediated mechanisms. These effects lessen the need for myocardial oxygen.

• #29 Diagnosis, management and nursing care in acute coronary syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cardiovascular/diagnosis-management-and-nursing-care-in-acute-coronary-syndrome-13-02-2017/

  Encouraging patients to engage in healthy secondary-prevention behaviours. […] General priorities for patients with ACS are haemodynamic monitoring and close observation of vital signs. […] Nurses caring for patients with ACS should have ECG interpretation skills, as ECG changes or arrhythmias are signs of potential deterioration. […] Nurses should be calm and reassuring, and ensure pain and other symptoms are well controlled. They play a central role in providing psychosocial support; when possible, they should give patients a chance to speak about their experiences, address their concerns and relay these to the multidisciplinary team. […] Secondary prevention should be at the heart of nurses strategies. […] Nurses must ensure patients: […] Understand the dosages and administration routes;

• #30 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Nursing Management […] – Obtain ECG daily […] – Always make sure the patient has 2 large-bore IVs […] – Monitor cardiac enzymes […] – Initiate treatment for acute MI […] – Administer morphine for pain […] – Start aspirin and nitroglycerin (0.4 mg sublingual) […] – Provide oxygen if pulse oximetry is less than 94% at room air […] – Ensure patient seen by a cardiologist […] – Monitor vitals, daily weight, and urine output […] – Administer heparin as ordered for STEMI […] – If the patient has cardiac catheterization, check groin for hematoma and feel distal leg pulses […] […] […] Outcome Identification […] – Improve breathing […] – Chest pain relief […] – Improved tissue perfusion […] – Able to regain function as before […] […] […] Coordination of Care

• #31 Diagnosis, management and nursing care in acute coronary syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cardiovascular/diagnosis-management-and-nursing-care-in-acute-coronary-syndrome-13-02-2017/

  Encouraging patients to engage in healthy secondary-prevention behaviours. […] General priorities for patients with ACS are haemodynamic monitoring and close observation of vital signs. […] Nurses caring for patients with ACS should have ECG interpretation skills, as ECG changes or arrhythmias are signs of potential deterioration. […] Nurses should be calm and reassuring, and ensure pain and other symptoms are well controlled. They play a central role in providing psychosocial support; when possible, they should give patients a chance to speak about their experiences, address their concerns and relay these to the multidisciplinary team. […] Secondary prevention should be at the heart of nurses strategies. […] Nurses must ensure patients: […] Understand the dosages and administration routes;

• #32

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11108677/

  Nursing care plays a crucial role in the early detection and prevention of CHD. […] Nurses monitor vital signs, administer medications, and perform diagnostic tests, ensuring patients receive timely and appropriate interventions. […] Nurses provide ongoing support and counseling, addressing patients concerns, promoting adherence to treatment plans, and encouraging healthy lifestyle choices. […] Moreover, nursing care plays a vital role in the emotional and psychological support of patients. […] Nursing interventions and management strategies are crucial for patient care and recovery during acute coronary events, specifically ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). […] Continuous monitoring of vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation are crucial.

• #33 Diagnosis, management and nursing care in acute coronary syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cardiovascular/diagnosis-management-and-nursing-care-in-acute-coronary-syndrome-13-02-2017/

  Encouraging patients to engage in healthy secondary-prevention behaviours. […] General priorities for patients with ACS are haemodynamic monitoring and close observation of vital signs. […] Nurses caring for patients with ACS should have ECG interpretation skills, as ECG changes or arrhythmias are signs of potential deterioration. […] Nurses should be calm and reassuring, and ensure pain and other symptoms are well controlled. They play a central role in providing psychosocial support; when possible, they should give patients a chance to speak about their experiences, address their concerns and relay these to the multidisciplinary team. […] Secondary prevention should be at the heart of nurses strategies. […] Nurses must ensure patients: […] Understand the dosages and administration routes;

• #34 Diagnosis, management and nursing care in acute coronary syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cardiovascular/diagnosis-management-and-nursing-care-in-acute-coronary-syndrome-13-02-2017/

  Encouraging patients to engage in healthy secondary-prevention behaviours. […] General priorities for patients with ACS are haemodynamic monitoring and close observation of vital signs. […] Nurses caring for patients with ACS should have ECG interpretation skills, as ECG changes or arrhythmias are signs of potential deterioration. […] Nurses should be calm and reassuring, and ensure pain and other symptoms are well controlled. They play a central role in providing psychosocial support; when possible, they should give patients a chance to speak about their experiences, address their concerns and relay these to the multidisciplinary team. […] Secondary prevention should be at the heart of nurses strategies. […] Nurses must ensure patients: […] Understand the dosages and administration routes;

• #35 Nursing care plan for acute coronary syndrome

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-acute-coronary-syndrome/

  The patient will have increased understanding of risk factors related to ACS. […] Evaluate and monitor vital signs, chest pain, ECGs, laboratory findings and other diagnostic modalities on regular basis. […] Educate patient about lifestyle modifications, diet, exercise and importance of compliance with therapy. […] Provide appropriate patient education in regard to risk factors, medications, and self-care measures. […] Provide emotional support and reassurance to the patient and family. […] Monitoring vital signs is important to identify any changes in patients condition and initiate timely intervention. […] Health education helps in reducing anxiety and provides necessary information to the patient and their families. […] Emotional support and counseling provides an opportunity to address concerns, stress, and psychological implications of the diagnosis.

• #36 Nursing care plan for acute coronary syndrome

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-acute-coronary-syndrome/

  Physical examination should include vital signs and signs of cardiac compromise. […] Ineffective tissue perfusion related to reduced myocardial oxygen supply secondary to ACS. […] Ineffective health maintenance related to inadequate knowledge about self-care and lifestyle modifications. […] Risk for Infection related to characterized presence of acute respiratory failure. […] Ineffective coping related to fear of dying or having a recurrent of cardiac event. […] The patient will be able to maintain adequate oxygenation and tissue perfusion. […] The patient will be able to explain the treatment plan. […] The patient will demonstrate effective coping strategies for stress management. […] The patient will follow doctor’s advice in terms of medication and lifestyle modification.

• #37 8 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack-nursing-care-plans/

  Following a thorough assessment, it is essential to formulate a nursing diagnosis that specifically addresses the problems associated with myocardial infarction (heart attack). […] The main goals for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include pain relief, prevention of myocardial damage, respiratory function maintenance, adequate tissue perfusion, anxiety reduction, adherence to self-care, and early recognition of complications. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with myocardial infarction may include: Initiating Pain Relief and Ischemia Improving Respiratory Function, Monitor Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, Administering Medication and Pharmacologic Support, Improving Cardiac Output Monitoring Potential Complications, Improving Tissue Perfusion Initiating Cardiac Rehabilitation, Reducing Anxiety and Fear, Improving Tolerance to Activity, Initiating Health Education Teaching.

• #38 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Acute myocardial infarction is managed by an interprofessional team that is solely dedicated to heart disease. Besides the cardiologist, the team usually consists of a cardiac surgeon, an interventional cardiologist, intensivist, cardiac rehabilitation specialist, critical care or cardiology nurses, and physical therapists. Because many patients die before even reaching the hospital, the key is to educate the patient on symptoms and early arrival to the emergency department. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion […] – Eat health, low salt diet […] – Medication compliance […] – Maintain healthy body weight […] – Become physically active, enrol in cardiac rehabilitation […] – Control blood pressure, blood sugars and lipids […] – Do not smoke […] – Follow up with clinician

• #39 Myocardial infarction: nursing assessment and care

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-assessment-and-care/

  Mr. Low is taken to the heart catheterization lab where one stent is placed in the right coronary artery, which has a 90% blockage. […] Sam meets with Mr. Low to discuss discharge instructions and provide patient education, which includes following a low-fat diet, taking nitroglycerin for chest pain, exercising, managing medication, making lifestyle changes (such as smoking cessation, blood pressure control, and stress management), and scheduling regular medical checkups.

• #40 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Acute myocardial infarction is managed by an interprofessional team that is solely dedicated to heart disease. Besides the cardiologist, the team usually consists of a cardiac surgeon, an interventional cardiologist, intensivist, cardiac rehabilitation specialist, critical care or cardiology nurses, and physical therapists. Because many patients die before even reaching the hospital, the key is to educate the patient on symptoms and early arrival to the emergency department. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion […] – Eat health, low salt diet […] – Medication compliance […] – Maintain healthy body weight […] – Become physically active, enrol in cardiac rehabilitation […] – Control blood pressure, blood sugars and lipids […] – Do not smoke […] – Follow up with clinician

• #41 Acute Coronary Syndrome Practice Questions & NCLEX Reviewplay-sharp-fill

  https://simplenursing.com/acute-coronary-syndrome-nclex-practice-questions-review/

  Acute Coronary Syndrome is a very serious condition that can be life-threatening and require immediate treatment to save as much heart tissue as possible. […] As with most critical conditions, nurses play a large part in the treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome. In addition to the initial treatment and administration of medications, the role nurses play in the lifestyle recommendations of their clients should not be overlooked. Here are a few examples that nursing staff may provide education on to reduce the risk of future cardiac events: […] While traditionally the job of a pharmacist or physician, clients can never be reminded too much of the importance to remain adherent to their medications. […] Making positive changes to diet is one of the best ways to lower the risk of heart disease.

• #42 Follow-up management after an acute coronary syndrome

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/follow-up-management-after-an-acute-coronary-syndrome

  After an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the risk of ischaemia or bleeding events is high. The optimal follow-up management after an ACS is based on following key points: patient-centred care, the number of follow-up visits, rehabilitation, lifestyle management and pharmacological treatment. Secondary prevention after ACS should be offered to every patient and should start as early as possible after the index event. […] Engaging and educating the patient is a key component of ACS care and should take place throughout the patient journey, from admission to hospital discharge and cardiac rehabilitation. […] Patients discharged after ACS should be directed to care pathways appropriate to their individual risk level in order to ensure appropriate patient management. […] Healthy behaviours should be encouraged in the immediate post-event phase and should be given high priority. Programmes that encourage early lifestyle modification and secondary prevention should be implemented and justify a significant investment.

• #43 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with myocardial infarction in this nursing study guide. […] The nursing management involved in MI is critical and systematic, and efficiency is needed to implement the care for a patient with MI. […] One of the most important aspects of care of the patient with MI is the assessment. […] Based on the clinical manifestations, history, and diagnostic assessment data, major nursing diagnoses may include. […] To establish a plan of care, the focus should be on the following: […] Nursing interventions should be anchored on the goals in the nursing care plan. […] After the implementation of the interventions within the time specified, the nurse should check if: […] The most effective way to increase the probability that the patient will implement a self-care regimen after discharge is to identify the patients priorities. […] To ensure that every action documented is an action done, documentation must be secured.

• #44 8 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack-nursing-care-plans/

  Administer medications for pain relief as indicated. […] Monitor laboratory data such as cardiac enzymes, ABGs, and electrolytes. […] Administering Medication and Pharmacologic Support: The patient with suspected MI should promptly receive supplemental oxygen, aspirin, nitroglycerin, and morphine to alleviate pain and anxiety. […] Alleviating anxiety and fear is an important nursing function to reduce the sympathetic stress response. […] Assess and document heart rate and rhythm and changes in BP before, during, and after activity. […] To enhance patient adherence to a self-care regimen post-discharge, it is crucial to identify their priorities, provide comprehensive education on heart-healthy living, and support their engagement in a cardiac rehabilitation program.

• #45 Follow-up management after an acute coronary syndrome

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/follow-up-management-after-an-acute-coronary-syndrome

  The optimal follow-up management is based on the following key points: patient-centred care, the number of follow-up visits, rehabilitation, lifestyle management and pharmacological treatment. […] ACS patients should be managed with a patient-centred care approach which will improve patient outcomes and enhance their quality of life. […] Engaging and educating the patient is a key component of ACS care and should take place throughout their patient journey, from admission to hospital discharge and cardiac rehabilitation. […] Cardiac rehabilitation programs (CR) are currently gaining popularity; their emphasis is on improving long-term outcomes and quality of life for patients with a history of ACS. Secondary prevention is most effectively provided through cardiac rehabilitation. […] All ACS patients should participate in a comprehensive CR program, which should start as early as possible after the index ACS event.

• #46 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Administer supplemental oxygen as ordered. Oxygen increases the cardiac tissues oxygenation and lessens ischemic pain. It also reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function. […] Adhering to the cardiac rehab plan is especially important for patients who experienced an MI and underwent a surgical procedure. Cardiac rehab decreases the risk of mortality following MI or cardiac bypass surgery. […] Following MI, cardiac rehabilitation aids the patients recovery. Their likelihood of experiencing complications and being readmitted to the hospital is reduced. […] The majority of MI risk factors are controllable. When the patient maintains a healthy lifestyle, MI recurrence can be avoided. This includes: Regular exercise and physical activity, A heart-healthy and balanced diet, Smoking cessation, Stress and anxiety management, Limiting alcohol consumption. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for myocardial infarction, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care.

• #47 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Acute myocardial infarction is managed by an interprofessional team that is solely dedicated to heart disease. Besides the cardiologist, the team usually consists of a cardiac surgeon, an interventional cardiologist, intensivist, cardiac rehabilitation specialist, critical care or cardiology nurses, and physical therapists. Because many patients die before even reaching the hospital, the key is to educate the patient on symptoms and early arrival to the emergency department. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion […] – Eat health, low salt diet […] – Medication compliance […] – Maintain healthy body weight […] – Become physically active, enrol in cardiac rehabilitation […] – Control blood pressure, blood sugars and lipids […] – Do not smoke […] – Follow up with clinician

• #48 Follow-up management after an acute coronary syndrome

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/follow-up-management-after-an-acute-coronary-syndrome

  The optimal follow-up management is based on the following key points: patient-centred care, the number of follow-up visits, rehabilitation, lifestyle management and pharmacological treatment. […] ACS patients should be managed with a patient-centred care approach which will improve patient outcomes and enhance their quality of life. […] Engaging and educating the patient is a key component of ACS care and should take place throughout their patient journey, from admission to hospital discharge and cardiac rehabilitation. […] Cardiac rehabilitation programs (CR) are currently gaining popularity; their emphasis is on improving long-term outcomes and quality of life for patients with a history of ACS. Secondary prevention is most effectively provided through cardiac rehabilitation. […] All ACS patients should participate in a comprehensive CR program, which should start as early as possible after the index ACS event.

• #49 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/myocardial-infarction-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Administer supplemental oxygen as ordered. Oxygen increases the cardiac tissues oxygenation and lessens ischemic pain. It also reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function. […] Adhering to the cardiac rehab plan is especially important for patients who experienced an MI and underwent a surgical procedure. Cardiac rehab decreases the risk of mortality following MI or cardiac bypass surgery. […] Following MI, cardiac rehabilitation aids the patients recovery. Their likelihood of experiencing complications and being readmitted to the hospital is reduced. […] The majority of MI risk factors are controllable. When the patient maintains a healthy lifestyle, MI recurrence can be avoided. This includes: Regular exercise and physical activity, A heart-healthy and balanced diet, Smoking cessation, Stress and anxiety management, Limiting alcohol consumption. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for myocardial infarction, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care.

• #50 Follow-up management after an acute coronary syndrome

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/follow-up-management-after-an-acute-coronary-syndrome

  Lifestyle management is one of the cornerstones of comprehensive CR. Studies in secondary prevention settings indicate beneficial effects on prognoses. Implementing healthy lifestyle behaviours decreases the risk of subsequent cardiovascular events and mortality and is an excellent and essential addition to secondary prevention therapy. […] Rehabilitation is the cornerstone of secondary prevention after an ACS. Patient-centred care is essential and should be provided through therapeutic education rather than just patient information.

• #51 Nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up after acute coronary syndrome yields improved risk factors after 36 months: the randomized controlled NAILED-ACS trial | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97239-x

  We investigated whether a nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up including medical titration was superior to usual care in improving blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values 36 months after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). […] Compared to controls, the intervention group had a mean systolic BP (SBP) 4.1 mmHg lower, mean diastolic BP (DBP) 2.9 mmHg lower, and mean LDL-C 0.28 mmol/L lower. […] After 36 months of follow-up, compared to usual care, the nurse-led, telephone-based intervention led to significantly lower SBP, DBP, and LDL-C and to a larger proportion of patients meeting target values. […] The aim of the trial was to test the hypothesis that nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up and intervention, including physician-assisted medical titration, was superior to usual care as provided by the patients general practitioner (GP) in improving systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) after 36 months of follow-up.

• #52 Nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up after acute coronary syndrome yields improved risk factors after 36 months: the randomized controlled NAILED-ACS trial | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97239-x

  The proportion of patients within target levels for SBP was 62.9% in the control group, compared to 77.6% in the intervention group. […] This indicates that a reported high proportion of patients on treatment does not automatically translate to a high proportion reaching treatment target levels. […] The goal-oriented medical titration in the intervention group may have helped to lower this therapeutic inertia and aid in achieving treatment targets. […] After 36 months of follow-up, the nurse-led, telephone-based intervention led to significantly lower SBP, DBP, and LDL-C values and increased the proportion of patients reaching their targets.

• #53 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Nursing Management […] – Obtain ECG daily […] – Always make sure the patient has 2 large-bore IVs […] – Monitor cardiac enzymes […] – Initiate treatment for acute MI […] – Administer morphine for pain […] – Start aspirin and nitroglycerin (0.4 mg sublingual) […] – Provide oxygen if pulse oximetry is less than 94% at room air […] – Ensure patient seen by a cardiologist […] – Monitor vitals, daily weight, and urine output […] – Administer heparin as ordered for STEMI […] – If the patient has cardiac catheterization, check groin for hematoma and feel distal leg pulses […] […] […] Outcome Identification […] – Improve breathing […] – Chest pain relief […] – Improved tissue perfusion […] – Able to regain function as before […] […] […] Coordination of Care

• #54

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11108677/

  Nursing interventions and management strategies during acute coronary events, such as STEMI and NSTE-ACS, involve initial assessment, monitoring, medication administration, reperfusion therapy, education and counseling, management of complications, and coordination of care. […] Therefore, nurses should be aware of the typical symptoms of CHD and promptly assess any sudden changes in the patients condition, activate the emergency response team, initiate basic life support, administer emergency medications, continuously monitor and evaluate the patient, provide emotional support, and collaborate with the healthcare team.

• #55

  https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/journalthaicvtnurse/article/view/259934

  Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a non-surgical, invasive procedure for patients with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). […] Nurses play important roles in caring for patients undergoing this procedure. Therefore, it is necessary that they must be competent with knowledge and standard skills for caring for those receiving PCI for treatment. […] This article also highlights the role of nurses in caring for patients undergoing PCI. […] A presented case study will guide nursing management for those receiving PCI for treatment and continuous care. […] Greater nursing role for enhanced post-percutaneous coronary intervention management.

• #56 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Acute myocardial infarction is managed by an interprofessional team that is solely dedicated to heart disease. Besides the cardiologist, the team usually consists of a cardiac surgeon, an interventional cardiologist, intensivist, cardiac rehabilitation specialist, critical care or cardiology nurses, and physical therapists. Because many patients die before even reaching the hospital, the key is to educate the patient on symptoms and early arrival to the emergency department. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion […] – Eat health, low salt diet […] – Medication compliance […] – Maintain healthy body weight […] – Become physically active, enrol in cardiac rehabilitation […] – Control blood pressure, blood sugars and lipids […] – Do not smoke […] – Follow up with clinician

• #57 Diagnosis, management and nursing care in acute coronary syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cardiovascular/diagnosis-management-and-nursing-care-in-acute-coronary-syndrome-13-02-2017/

  Know not to discontinue treatment without medical advice. […] Nurses should address patients concerns and refer them to cardiac nurses or dietitians for specialist advice, as well as the primary care team for ongoing secondary prevention. […] Nurses play a crucial role in delivering care and psychological support at all stages of the patient journey.

• #58

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11108677/

  Nursing interventions and management strategies during acute coronary events, such as STEMI and NSTE-ACS, involve initial assessment, monitoring, medication administration, reperfusion therapy, education and counseling, management of complications, and coordination of care. […] Therefore, nurses should be aware of the typical symptoms of CHD and promptly assess any sudden changes in the patients condition, activate the emergency response team, initiate basic life support, administer emergency medications, continuously monitor and evaluate the patient, provide emotional support, and collaborate with the healthcare team.

• #59 Coronary Artery Disease: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/coronary-artery-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section you’ll learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with coronary artery disease. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Acute Pain […] Nursing Diagnosis: Anxiety […] Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Tissue Perfusion […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Unstable Blood Pressure

• #60 Myocardial Infarction: Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with myocardial infarction in this nursing study guide. […] The nursing management involved in MI is critical and systematic, and efficiency is needed to implement the care for a patient with MI. […] One of the most important aspects of care of the patient with MI is the assessment. […] Based on the clinical manifestations, history, and diagnostic assessment data, major nursing diagnoses may include. […] To establish a plan of care, the focus should be on the following: […] Nursing interventions should be anchored on the goals in the nursing care plan. […] After the implementation of the interventions within the time specified, the nurse should check if: […] The most effective way to increase the probability that the patient will implement a self-care regimen after discharge is to identify the patients priorities. […] To ensure that every action documented is an action done, documentation must be secured.

• #61 8 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack-nursing-care-plans/

  Administer medications for pain relief as indicated. […] Monitor laboratory data such as cardiac enzymes, ABGs, and electrolytes. […] Administering Medication and Pharmacologic Support: The patient with suspected MI should promptly receive supplemental oxygen, aspirin, nitroglycerin, and morphine to alleviate pain and anxiety. […] Alleviating anxiety and fear is an important nursing function to reduce the sympathetic stress response. […] Assess and document heart rate and rhythm and changes in BP before, during, and after activity. […] To enhance patient adherence to a self-care regimen post-discharge, it is crucial to identify their priorities, provide comprehensive education on heart-healthy living, and support their engagement in a cardiac rehabilitation program.

• #62 Acute Coronary Syndrome NCP 01 | PDF | Respiratory System | Respiratory Tract

  https://www.scribd.com/document/327863712/Acute-Coronary-Syndrome-NCP-01

  The document provides details on three nursing care plans for a patient experiencing (1) acute pain, (2) ineffective airway clearance, and (3) impaired gas exchange. […] The nursing interventions focus on establishing rapport, monitoring vital signs, providing comfort measures, positioning, suctioning, medication administration, and health education to address the patients’ problems and promote recovery.

• #63 Coronary Artery Disease: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/coronary-artery-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section you’ll learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with coronary artery disease. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Acute Pain […] Nursing Diagnosis: Anxiety […] Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Tissue Perfusion […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Unstable Blood Pressure

• #64 8 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack-nursing-care-plans/

  Following a thorough assessment, it is essential to formulate a nursing diagnosis that specifically addresses the problems associated with myocardial infarction (heart attack). […] The main goals for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include pain relief, prevention of myocardial damage, respiratory function maintenance, adequate tissue perfusion, anxiety reduction, adherence to self-care, and early recognition of complications. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with myocardial infarction may include: Initiating Pain Relief and Ischemia Improving Respiratory Function, Monitor Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, Administering Medication and Pharmacologic Support, Improving Cardiac Output Monitoring Potential Complications, Improving Tissue Perfusion Initiating Cardiac Rehabilitation, Reducing Anxiety and Fear, Improving Tolerance to Activity, Initiating Health Education Teaching.

• #65 Coronary Artery Disease: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/coronary-artery-disease-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. In the following section you’ll learn more about possible nursing interventions for a patient with coronary artery disease. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Acute Pain […] Nursing Diagnosis: Anxiety […] Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Tissue Perfusion […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Unstable Blood Pressure

• #66 Nursing care plan for acute coronary syndrome

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-acute-coronary-syndrome/

  Physical examination should include vital signs and signs of cardiac compromise. […] Ineffective tissue perfusion related to reduced myocardial oxygen supply secondary to ACS. […] Ineffective health maintenance related to inadequate knowledge about self-care and lifestyle modifications. […] Risk for Infection related to characterized presence of acute respiratory failure. […] Ineffective coping related to fear of dying or having a recurrent of cardiac event. […] The patient will be able to maintain adequate oxygenation and tissue perfusion. […] The patient will be able to explain the treatment plan. […] The patient will demonstrate effective coping strategies for stress management. […] The patient will follow doctor’s advice in terms of medication and lifestyle modification.

• #67 Nursing care plan for acute coronary syndrome

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-acute-coronary-syndrome/

  Physical examination should include vital signs and signs of cardiac compromise. […] Ineffective tissue perfusion related to reduced myocardial oxygen supply secondary to ACS. […] Ineffective health maintenance related to inadequate knowledge about self-care and lifestyle modifications. […] Risk for Infection related to characterized presence of acute respiratory failure. […] Ineffective coping related to fear of dying or having a recurrent of cardiac event. […] The patient will be able to maintain adequate oxygenation and tissue perfusion. […] The patient will be able to explain the treatment plan. […] The patient will demonstrate effective coping strategies for stress management. […] The patient will follow doctor’s advice in terms of medication and lifestyle modification.

• #68 8 Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/myocardial-infarction-heart-attack-nursing-care-plans/

  Administer medications for pain relief as indicated. […] Monitor laboratory data such as cardiac enzymes, ABGs, and electrolytes. […] Administering Medication and Pharmacologic Support: The patient with suspected MI should promptly receive supplemental oxygen, aspirin, nitroglycerin, and morphine to alleviate pain and anxiety. […] Alleviating anxiety and fear is an important nursing function to reduce the sympathetic stress response. […] Assess and document heart rate and rhythm and changes in BP before, during, and after activity. […] To enhance patient adherence to a self-care regimen post-discharge, it is crucial to identify their priorities, provide comprehensive education on heart-healthy living, and support their engagement in a cardiac rehabilitation program.

• #69 Nursing care plan for acute coronary syndrome

  https://nursipedia.com/nursing-care-plan-acute-coronary-syndrome/

  Physical examination should include vital signs and signs of cardiac compromise. […] Ineffective tissue perfusion related to reduced myocardial oxygen supply secondary to ACS. […] Ineffective health maintenance related to inadequate knowledge about self-care and lifestyle modifications. […] Risk for Infection related to characterized presence of acute respiratory failure. […] Ineffective coping related to fear of dying or having a recurrent of cardiac event. […] The patient will be able to maintain adequate oxygenation and tissue perfusion. […] The patient will be able to explain the treatment plan. […] The patient will demonstrate effective coping strategies for stress management. […] The patient will follow doctor’s advice in terms of medication and lifestyle modification.

• #70 Acute Myocardial Infarction (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568759/

  Acute myocardial infarction is managed by an interprofessional team that is solely dedicated to heart disease. Besides the cardiologist, the team usually consists of a cardiac surgeon, an interventional cardiologist, intensivist, cardiac rehabilitation specialist, critical care or cardiology nurses, and physical therapists. Because many patients die before even reaching the hospital, the key is to educate the patient on symptoms and early arrival to the emergency department. […] […] […] Health Teaching and Health Promotion […] – Eat health, low salt diet […] – Medication compliance […] – Maintain healthy body weight […] – Become physically active, enrol in cardiac rehabilitation […] – Control blood pressure, blood sugars and lipids […] – Do not smoke […] – Follow up with clinician

• #71 Knowledge and Care of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/suboptimal-knowledge-and-care-of-patients-with-acute-coronary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  Acute Coronary Syndrome is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing nations including Ethiopia. As frontline healthcare providers, nurses need to be prudent in handling cases of acute coronary syndrome. However, nurses knowledge and practice of acute coronary syndrome are not well-known across Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess knowledge, practice, and associated factors regarding the care of acute coronary syndrome among acute care nurses working at selected hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. […] In this study, nurses had inadequate knowledge and practice regarding the care of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Nurses educational level, presence of clinical practice guidelines, and getting training were determinant factors associated with good knowledge and practice. Therefore, organizational and nursing educational support are needed to improve this gap by providing short- and long-term training, and updated evidence-based clinical practice guidelines should be available for all acute care nurses.

• #72 Acute Coronary Syndromes Clinical Care Standard | Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care

  https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/standards/clinical-care-standards/acute-coronary-syndromes-clinical-care-standard

  Acute coronary syndromes affect thousands of Australians each year. […] Despite well-developed guidelines for managing acute coronary syndromes, not all patients receive appropriate treatment. […] While there are well-developed guidelines for managing acute coronary syndromes, not all people receive appropriate treatment and there is variation in the type of care received across Australia. […] The Acute Coronary Syndromes Clinical Care Standard aims to ensure that a patient with an ACS receives the best treatment from the onset of symptoms through to discharge from hospital. This includes recognition of an ACS, rapid assessment, early management and early initiation of a tailored rehabilitation plan, to maximise the patient’s chances of recovery, and reduce their risk of a future cardiac event.

• #73 Knowledge and Care of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/suboptimal-knowledge-and-care-of-patients-with-acute-coronary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  The study concluded a significant number of the study participants have suboptimal knowledge and practice regarding the care of ACS. This finding is bothersome, in the presence of a high prevalence of cardiac patient mortality in the country. Further; the study found, nurses educational level, presence of clinical practice guidelines in working units, and getting in-service training were determinant factors associated with nurses good knowledge and practice regarding the care of ACS. Therefore, there should be an intervention that mediates the factors affecting the knowledge and practice level of nurses regarding the care of ACS. Organizational and nursing educational support was needed to improve this gap by providing continuous training, creating awareness, and enhancing nurses abilities for the utilization of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Nurses should update their knowledge regarding the care of ACS through reading and learning from various resources like textbooks and internet-based online resources.

• #74 Acute Coronary Syndromes Clinical Care Standard | Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care

  https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/standards/clinical-care-standards/acute-coronary-syndromes-clinical-care-standard

  The Acute Coronary Syndromes Clinical Care Standard provides advice to clinicians, consumers and health services on key components of care including: Identifying Acute Coronary Syndromes, Early assessment and immediate management, Timely reperfusion, Identifying the future risk of an adverse event, Coronary angiography, Individualised care planning, Consumer information. […] The Acute Coronary Syndromes Clinical Care Standard contains six quality statements describing the care that a patient with acute coronary syndrome should be offered.

• #75 Integrating mixed reality preparation into acute coronary syndrome simulation for nursing students: a single-group pretest-posttest study | BMC Nursing | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-024-02110-9

  Timely and effective intervention within the golden hour—the critical first 90 min after the symptom onset—is crucial for initiating life-saving treatment and reducing mortality in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This highlights the need for nursing students to be proficient in ACS care, emphasizing the importance of preparatory training. […] Integrating MR preparation into ACS simulation enhanced nursing students’ knowledge, self-confidence in learning, and self-efficacy in ACS care, providing a replicable and immersive learning experience. This method is an effective addition to nursing education, preparing students through comprehensive, technology-enhanced training. […] Therefore, preparing nurses with the necessary knowledge and skills to perform accurate assessment, exercise clinical judgment, make appropriate decisions, and implement essential interventions in ACS patient care is vital in nursing education.

• #76 Course Home – Course #30994: Acute Coronary Syndrome: An Overview for Nurses – NetCE

  https://www.netce.com/courseoverview.php?courseid=2980

  Although physicians are responsible for directing and prescribing care for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), nurses play a vital role in promoting adherence to practice guidelines. […] This course is designed for nurses practicing in primary care, inpatient, outpatient, and home care settings to enhance their knowledge of the evidence-based guidelines related to the assessment, management, and secondary prevention of acute coronary syndrome. […] The purpose of this course is to reduce the widening gap between care according to guidelines and actual care delivered by providing nurses with knowledge necessary to implement the most appropriate approach to diagnosis and treatment. […] Review key recommendations for the medical and nursing management of patients with UA/NSTEMI, including initial treatment, early inpatient care, and recommended pharmacotherapy.

• #77 Knowledge and Care of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/suboptimal-knowledge-and-care-of-patients-with-acute-coronary-syndrome-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  The study concluded a significant number of the study participants have suboptimal knowledge and practice regarding the care of ACS. This finding is bothersome, in the presence of a high prevalence of cardiac patient mortality in the country. Further; the study found, nurses educational level, presence of clinical practice guidelines in working units, and getting in-service training were determinant factors associated with nurses good knowledge and practice regarding the care of ACS. Therefore, there should be an intervention that mediates the factors affecting the knowledge and practice level of nurses regarding the care of ACS. Organizational and nursing educational support was needed to improve this gap by providing continuous training, creating awareness, and enhancing nurses abilities for the utilization of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Nurses should update their knowledge regarding the care of ACS through reading and learning from various resources like textbooks and internet-based online resources.

• #78 Integrating mixed reality preparation into acute coronary syndrome simulation for nursing students: a single-group pretest-posttest study | BMC Nursing | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-024-02110-9

  In the current ACS nursing education, the simulation has shown positive results in knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy. […] Given the diverse levels of experience and knowledge among different target groups, the application and effectiveness of simulation-based education for ACS may vary. […] This preparatory phase is essential to bridge knowledge gaps and ensure that all students are adequately equipped to effectively manage such high-stakes clinical scenarios. […] By integrating mixed reality (MR) as a preparatory tool, we aimed to bridge the knowledge and skill gaps before students engage in high-stakes, high-fidelity simulations. […] This educational program showed positive effects on knowledge, self-confidence in learning, self-efficacy in learning, and performance related to ACS nursing using one-group pretest-posttest study design.

• #79 Sex Differences in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Scoping Review Across the Care Continuum | Global Heart

  https://globalheartjournal.com/articles/10.5334/gh.1410

  Optimal diagnosis and management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is essential to improve clinical outcomes and prognosis. […] There are sex differences in the presentation, management, and outcomes of ACS. […] Studies reported on pre-hospital care (8%), diagnosis (9%), treatment (45%), discharge (14%) and events (24%). […] Sex differences in ACS management are widely reported and mainly unfavorable to women, especially in the early phases of pre-hospital care and diagnosis. […] The pre-hospital phase includes the time to receive medical attention, use of pre-hospital diagnostic tests, and treatment strategies during the acute phase. […] The diagnostic phase includes the use of diagnostic tests such as biomarkers, electrocardiogram (ECG), angiography, and imaging techniques. […] The treatment phase includes in-hospital time to treatment, use of medications (i.e., antithrombotics, antihypertensives, lipid-lowering medication and other medications), revascularization, and, in STEMI patients, reperfusion.

• #80 Acute Coronary Syndrome: Current Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p232.html?ref=1b3p6k

  Family physicians should continue to educate patients about the risk factors, clinical presentation, and symptoms of ACS. Older persons, persons with diabetes, women, and postoperative patients should be aware that they may have atypical symptoms and presentation for ACS. At-risk patients should be regularly advised to seek medical care immediately if any atypical symptoms occur. […] At the individual level, patients should be advised to chew a nonenteric coated aspirin (162 to 325 mg) at first recognition of ACS symptoms, unless they have a history of severe aspirin sensitivity. At the community level, local areas should create and maintain emergency medical service systems that support STEMI care. Initial care should include a full assessment of clinical symptoms and coronary artery disease risk factors, as well as 12-lead electrocardiography. Electrocardiographic findings that may reflect myocardial ischemia include changes in the PR segment, QRS complex, and the ST segment.

• #81 Sex Differences in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Scoping Review Across the Care Continuum | Global Heart

  https://globalheartjournal.com/articles/10.5334/gh.1410

  The discharge phase includes the prescription of medications, lifestyle advice, and referral to cardiac rehabilitation. […] This study provides a global overview of the evidence from 446 articles reporting sex differences in 1,483 outcomes in the provision of care across the ACS continuum. […] Major sex differences were found across the ACS care continuum, with 45% of findings favoring men, 5% favoring women, and 50% finding no or mixed sex differences. […] This study showed a disparity in evidence distribution across the globe. […] In the pre-hospital phase, we found longer pre-hospital times in women than in men. […] The results of this study show that women are less likely to undergo cardiac revascularization than men. […] The findings also highlighted sex disparities in the referral for cardiac rehabilitation.

• #82 Sex Differences in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Scoping Review Across the Care Continuum | Global Heart

  https://globalheartjournal.com/articles/10.5334/gh.1410

  The worse prognosis following ACS in women compared with men can be explained by the older age at admission, pre-hospital delays, and disparity in the provision of PCI. […] In conclusion, this comprehensive review shows that literature on sex differences in ACS care comes mainly from high-income regions.

• #83 Sex Differences in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Scoping Review Across the Care Continuum | Global Heart

  https://globalheartjournal.com/articles/10.5334/gh.1410

  The discharge phase includes the prescription of medications, lifestyle advice, and referral to cardiac rehabilitation. […] This study provides a global overview of the evidence from 446 articles reporting sex differences in 1,483 outcomes in the provision of care across the ACS continuum. […] Major sex differences were found across the ACS care continuum, with 45% of findings favoring men, 5% favoring women, and 50% finding no or mixed sex differences. […] This study showed a disparity in evidence distribution across the globe. […] In the pre-hospital phase, we found longer pre-hospital times in women than in men. […] The results of this study show that women are less likely to undergo cardiac revascularization than men. […] The findings also highlighted sex disparities in the referral for cardiac rehabilitation.

• #84 Acute Coronary Syndrome: Current Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p232.html?ref=1b3p6k

  Anticoagulation therapy should also be initiated with either PCI or fibrinolytic therapy for the treatment of STEMI. For patients undergoing PCI, unfractionated heparin should be administered to maintain a therapeutic activated clotting time level. Bivalirudin (Angiomax) is an option, even with previous use of unfractionated heparin. Fondaparinux (Arixtra) should not be used as sole anticoagulation therapy in patients undergoing PCI because of the risk of catheter thrombosis. […] Additional acute treatment options include supplemental oxygen, nitroglycerin, intravenous morphine, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins. These medications may be used for STEMI or NSTE-ACS, but with a few slight differences as outlined in Table 1.

• #85

  https://www.saem.org/about-saem/academies-interest-groups-affiliates2/cdem/for-students/online-education/m4-curriculum/group-m4-cardiovascular/acute-coronary-syndromes

  Patients with an NSTEMI tend to be older and have more comorbidities than compared to patients with STEMI. […] Differentiating between STEMI and NSTEMI becomes very important as acute ED management changes. […] Risk stratification can help in determining the need for admission with immediate further cardiac testing or discharge home for outpatient followup. […] In the emergency department, always place the patient on a cardiac monitor, insert large bore IVs and place the patient on oxygen if indicated by a low oxygen saturation. […] Aspirin (anti-platelet) is of the utmost important for patients with acute MI. […] Once acute MI is identified, there are multiple interventions and treatments pathways. […] Both UA and NSTEMI are mostly medically managed. […] The treatment and stratification of chest pain in the emergency department is an ever-changing practice, where the ED physician is constantly balancing risk and benefit to the patient. […] One negative cardiac enzyme and a normal EKG does NOT rule-out an MI and does not sufficiently decrease patient risk for short term morbidity/mortality.

• #86 Nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up after acute coronary syndrome yields improved risk factors after 36 months: the randomized controlled NAILED-ACS trial | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97239-x

  We investigated whether a nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up including medical titration was superior to usual care in improving blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values 36 months after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). […] Compared to controls, the intervention group had a mean systolic BP (SBP) 4.1 mmHg lower, mean diastolic BP (DBP) 2.9 mmHg lower, and mean LDL-C 0.28 mmol/L lower. […] After 36 months of follow-up, compared to usual care, the nurse-led, telephone-based intervention led to significantly lower SBP, DBP, and LDL-C and to a larger proportion of patients meeting target values. […] The aim of the trial was to test the hypothesis that nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up and intervention, including physician-assisted medical titration, was superior to usual care as provided by the patients general practitioner (GP) in improving systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) after 36 months of follow-up.

• #87 Nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up after acute coronary syndrome yields improved risk factors after 36 months: the randomized controlled NAILED-ACS trial | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97239-x

  The proportion of patients within target levels for SBP was 62.9% in the control group, compared to 77.6% in the intervention group. […] This indicates that a reported high proportion of patients on treatment does not automatically translate to a high proportion reaching treatment target levels. […] The goal-oriented medical titration in the intervention group may have helped to lower this therapeutic inertia and aid in achieving treatment targets. […] After 36 months of follow-up, the nurse-led, telephone-based intervention led to significantly lower SBP, DBP, and LDL-C values and increased the proportion of patients reaching their targets.

• #88 Nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up after acute coronary syndrome yields improved risk factors after 36 months: the randomized controlled NAILED-ACS trial | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97239-x

  We investigated whether a nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up including medical titration was superior to usual care in improving blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values 36 months after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). […] Compared to controls, the intervention group had a mean systolic BP (SBP) 4.1 mmHg lower, mean diastolic BP (DBP) 2.9 mmHg lower, and mean LDL-C 0.28 mmol/L lower. […] After 36 months of follow-up, compared to usual care, the nurse-led, telephone-based intervention led to significantly lower SBP, DBP, and LDL-C and to a larger proportion of patients meeting target values. […] The aim of the trial was to test the hypothesis that nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up and intervention, including physician-assisted medical titration, was superior to usual care as provided by the patients general practitioner (GP) in improving systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) after 36 months of follow-up.

• #89 Nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up after acute coronary syndrome yields improved risk factors after 36 months: the randomized controlled NAILED-ACS trial | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97239-x

  The proportion of patients within target levels for SBP was 62.9% in the control group, compared to 77.6% in the intervention group. […] This indicates that a reported high proportion of patients on treatment does not automatically translate to a high proportion reaching treatment target levels. […] The goal-oriented medical titration in the intervention group may have helped to lower this therapeutic inertia and aid in achieving treatment targets. […] After 36 months of follow-up, the nurse-led, telephone-based intervention led to significantly lower SBP, DBP, and LDL-C values and increased the proportion of patients reaching their targets.

• #90 Diagnosis, management and nursing care in acute coronary syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cardiovascular/diagnosis-management-and-nursing-care-in-acute-coronary-syndrome-13-02-2017/

  Know not to discontinue treatment without medical advice. […] Nurses should address patients concerns and refer them to cardiac nurses or dietitians for specialist advice, as well as the primary care team for ongoing secondary prevention. […] Nurses play a crucial role in delivering care and psychological support at all stages of the patient journey.

• #91

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11108677/

  Nursing care plays a crucial role in the early detection and prevention of CHD. […] Nurses monitor vital signs, administer medications, and perform diagnostic tests, ensuring patients receive timely and appropriate interventions. […] Nurses provide ongoing support and counseling, addressing patients concerns, promoting adherence to treatment plans, and encouraging healthy lifestyle choices. […] Moreover, nursing care plays a vital role in the emotional and psychological support of patients. […] Nursing interventions and management strategies are crucial for patient care and recovery during acute coronary events, specifically ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). […] Continuous monitoring of vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation are crucial.

• #92

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2003/10000/acute_coronary_syndrome.67.aspx

  Your quick response can preserve myocardial tissue and save a life.

• #93 Diagnosis, management and nursing care in acute coronary syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cardiovascular/diagnosis-management-and-nursing-care-in-acute-coronary-syndrome-13-02-2017/

  Acute coronary syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition associated with coronary heart disease. […] Understanding the diagnostic approaches, as well as pharmacological and coronary interventions is crucial, given the prevalence of ACS. This article discusses current evidence-based guidance in the management of ACS and the critical role of nurses. […] Treatment aims to ease symptoms, improve coronary artery blood flow and prevent complications. Immediate management, combined with cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention, can improve patients outcomes and quality of life. Nurses have a key role in: […] Facilitating and administering prompt treatment to patients; […] Promoting the swift recognition of deterioration; […] Providing holistic care and psychosocial support;

• #94

  https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JRTAN/article/view/265062

  Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) refers to a life-threatening concern caused by anomalies in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. This leads to narrowing, blockage, or rupture, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle and eventually ACS and myocardial infarction. […] Therefore, nurses play a significant role in caring for patients with acute coronary syndrome starting from crisis until the rehabilitation period. The role of nurses was identified in changing patient behavior after having acute coronary syndrome and supporting the patients family participation in patient care for patients to change their self-management behaviors after acute coronary syndrome to be correct, help them to achieve a better quality of life, and suitable to reduce the risk of recurrence and re-hospitalization.

• #95 Diagnosis, management and nursing care in acute coronary syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cardiovascular/diagnosis-management-and-nursing-care-in-acute-coronary-syndrome-13-02-2017/

  Know not to discontinue treatment without medical advice. […] Nurses should address patients concerns and refer them to cardiac nurses or dietitians for specialist advice, as well as the primary care team for ongoing secondary prevention. […] Nurses play a crucial role in delivering care and psychological support at all stages of the patient journey.

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