Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Undescended Testicle: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/undescended-testicle

  Prevention is often not possible. Preventing preterm delivery is the best way to prevent undescended testicles. This would include obtaining good prenatal care and avoiding exposures (such as tobacco smoke, infections, or drugs) that might trigger early labor.

• #2 Undescended Testicles – Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/undescended-testicles/

  You can’t prevent or avoid an undescended testicle. […] An undescended testicle can be cured. Sometimes, it can descend on its own. Other times, your doctor may recommend medicine or surgery to treat the issue. […] An undescended testicle that is left untreated can lead to future health problems. These include an increased risk of infertility and cancer.

• #3 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) is one of the most common pediatric disorders of the male endocrine glands and the most common genital disorder identified at birth. The main reasons for treatment of cryptorchidism include increased risks of impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and/or associated inguinal hernia. […] The purpose of this guideline is to provide physicians and non-physician providers (primary care and specialists) with a consensus of principles and treatment plans for the management of cryptorchidism. […] Providers should refer infants with a history of cryptorchidism (detected at birth) who do not have spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age) to an appropriate surgical specialist for timely evaluation. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)

• #4 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should counsel boys with a history of cryptorchidism and/or monorchidism and their parents regarding potential long-term risks and provide education on infertility and cancer risk. (Clinical Principle) […] The increased incidence of malignancy in cryptorchid testes varies from 49/100,000 (0.05%) to 12/1,075 (1%). […] Formerly bilateral cryptorchid men have greatly reduced fertility compared with men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism and the general male population.

• #5 Testicular conditions

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Testicular-conditions

  Checking your child for undescended testicles should be routinely done by your doctor or child health nurse. […] Treatment for undescended testicles is best done by 1 year of age. […] If the undescended testicle is not brought down in the first year or 2 of life, it may affect a boys ability to make sperm and father children later in life. […] Undescended testicles are still operated on if they occur after the age of 2 to reduce the chances of testicular cancer. […] If a testicle does not come into the scrotum in the first 6 months, an operation called an orchidopexy is done to bring it down and fix it in place. […] Testicles that move up and down (retractile testicles) do not need treatment, but should be monitored as they are more likely to become undescended.

• #6 Undescended Testes and Retractile Testes – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-urinary-tract-and-genitals/undescended-testes-and-retractile-testes

  About 3 of every 100 boys who are born at full term (9 months) have an undescended testis at birth. However, about 30 of every 100 boys born prematurely have an undescended testis. […] If the testis has not descended by about 6 months of age in full-term infants and by 1 year of age in premature infants, surgery is needed. […] Because children who have had undescended testes are at an increased risk of developing testicular cancer, after puberty, all males should examine their testes for lumps every month. […] Retractile testes do not require surgery or other treatment.

• #7

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=rt1112

  Most of the time, the testicle descends (drops) on its own by the time the baby is 3 months old. […] If your baby’s testicle hasn’t dropped by the time he is 6 months of age, your doctor may suggest treatment. […] Surgery is usually recommended by the time the baby is 18 months old. It is safe and effective and has few risks. Most babies recover quickly. […] Treatment helps lower the chance of infertility.

• #8 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  Families should check from birth whether their baby’s testicles are in place. If one or both testicles are missing or if the family has any doubts about this, the baby should be taken to a physician, preferably a pediatric urologist. Babies with undescended testicles must be examined before the age of 1 year. Thus, it is ensured that physicians investigate whether there is another problem with the undescended testis in the early period, especially if there is a problem that causes suspicion in the gender of the baby. […] […] There are two treatment methods in the treatment of undescended testis: drug (hormonal) treatment and surgical treatment. For the testicles to continue their normal development, they must be in their normal anatomical position. First, if they are not included here, their development deteriorates, and they gradually become smaller (atrophy). […]

• #9 Causes and Treatments for Cryptorchidism | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/better-me/should-you-be-worried-about-your-infants-undescended-testicle

  Descended testicles are just one of many items on the healthy newborn boy checklist. […] For babies born with undescended testicles, the issue resolves on its own about two-thirds of the time. […] Making your recommended well child visits is vital for your infants overall health. Without these regular visits, issues like cryptorchidism may go undetected and untreated, said Dr. Friedman. […] For children 6 months or older with cryptorchidism, a surgery called orchiopexy is the recommended treatment. […] Left untreated, an undescended testicle becomes more susceptible. […] All this is said to emphasize the importance of early treatment, not to discourage later treatment, explained Dr. Friedman. Regardless of age, cryptorchidism should be treated right away to minimize long-term complications.

• #10 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) is one of the most common pediatric disorders of the male endocrine glands and the most common genital disorder identified at birth. The main reasons for treatment of cryptorchidism include increased risks of impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and/or associated inguinal hernia. […] The purpose of this guideline is to provide physicians and non-physician providers (primary care and specialists) with a consensus of principles and treatment plans for the management of cryptorchidism. […] Providers should refer infants with a history of cryptorchidism (detected at birth) who do not have spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age) to an appropriate surgical specialist for timely evaluation. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)

• #11 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the single most common genitourinary disease in male neonates. […] A surgical specialist referral is recommended if descent does not occur by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected. […] Orchiopexy is recommended between 6 and 18 months at the latest to protect the fertility potential and decrease the risk of malignant changes. […] A timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction are the most important factors for decreasing infertility and testicular cancer rates. […] Primary caregivers should consider surgical specialist referral of patients with undescended testis if no descent occurs by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected.

• #12 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] Observation is not recommended beyond one year of age because it delays treatment, lowers the rate of surgical success and probably impairs spermatogenesis. […] Therapy for an undescended testicle should begin between six months and two years of age and may consist of hormone or surgical treatment. […] The success of either form of treatment depends on the position of the testicle at diagnosis. […] Recognition of the condition, identification of associated syndromes, proper diagnostic evaluation and timely referral for urologic surgical therapy are important steps in preventing adverse consequences. […] The rationale for treatment of the undescended testicle is the prevention of potential sequelae. […] For this reason, treatment of the undescended testicle is recommended as early as six months of age and should be completed before age two. […] Orchiopexy should be performed by urologists who are well versed in the surgical procedure and the management of complications.

• #13

  https://step1.medbullets.com/evidence/11087186

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] Observation is not recommended beyond one year of age because it delays treatment, lowers the rate of surgical success and probably impairs spermatogenesis. […] By six months of age, patients with undescended testicles should be evaluated by a pediatric urologist or other qualified subspecialist who can assist with diagnosis and treatment. […] Therapy for an undescended testicle should begin between six months and two years of age and may consist of hormone or surgical treatment. […] Recent improvements in surgical technique, including laparoscopic approaches to diagnosis and treatment, hold the promise of improved outcomes.

• #14 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] Observation is not recommended beyond one year of age because it delays treatment, lowers the rate of surgical success and probably impairs spermatogenesis. […] Therapy for an undescended testicle should begin between six months and two years of age and may consist of hormone or surgical treatment. […] The success of either form of treatment depends on the position of the testicle at diagnosis. […] Recognition of the condition, identification of associated syndromes, proper diagnostic evaluation and timely referral for urologic surgical therapy are important steps in preventing adverse consequences. […] The rationale for treatment of the undescended testicle is the prevention of potential sequelae. […] For this reason, treatment of the undescended testicle is recommended as early as six months of age and should be completed before age two. […] Orchiopexy should be performed by urologists who are well versed in the surgical procedure and the management of complications.

• #15 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html?printable=afp

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] Observation is not recommended beyond one year of age because it delays treatment, lowers the rate of surgical success and probably impairs spermatogenesis. […] Therapy for an undescended testicle should begin between six months and two years of age and may consist of hormone or surgical treatment. […] The rationale for treatment of the undescended testicle is the prevention of potential sequelae. […] For this reason, treatment of the undescended testicle is recommended as early as six months of age and should be completed before age two. […] Treatment for cryptorchidism can be hormonal, surgical or a combination of the two. […] The inguinal orchiopexy is a well-established operation for the palpable undescended testicle. […] Orchiopexy should be performed by urologists who are well versed in the surgical procedure and the management of complications.

• #16 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the single most common genitourinary disease in male neonates. […] A surgical specialist referral is recommended if descent does not occur by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected. […] Orchiopexy is recommended between 6 and 18 months at the latest to protect the fertility potential and decrease the risk of malignant changes. […] A timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction are the most important factors for decreasing infertility and testicular cancer rates. […] Primary caregivers should consider surgical specialist referral of patients with undescended testis if no descent occurs by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected.

• #17 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should counsel boys with a history of cryptorchidism and/or monorchidism and their parents regarding potential long-term risks and provide education on infertility and cancer risk. (Clinical Principle) […] The increased incidence of malignancy in cryptorchid testes varies from 49/100,000 (0.05%) to 12/1,075 (1%). […] Formerly bilateral cryptorchid men have greatly reduced fertility compared with men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism and the general male population.

• #18 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #19 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  Families should check from birth whether their baby’s testicles are in place. If one or both testicles are missing or if the family has any doubts about this, the baby should be taken to a physician, preferably a pediatric urologist. Babies with undescended testicles must be examined before the age of 1 year. Thus, it is ensured that physicians investigate whether there is another problem with the undescended testis in the early period, especially if there is a problem that causes suspicion in the gender of the baby. […] […] There are two treatment methods in the treatment of undescended testis: drug (hormonal) treatment and surgical treatment. For the testicles to continue their normal development, they must be in their normal anatomical position. First, if they are not included here, their development deteriorates, and they gradually become smaller (atrophy). […]

• #20 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #21 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #22 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] Observation is not recommended beyond one year of age because it delays treatment, lowers the rate of surgical success and probably impairs spermatogenesis. […] Therapy for an undescended testicle should begin between six months and two years of age and may consist of hormone or surgical treatment. […] The success of either form of treatment depends on the position of the testicle at diagnosis. […] Recognition of the condition, identification of associated syndromes, proper diagnostic evaluation and timely referral for urologic surgical therapy are important steps in preventing adverse consequences. […] The rationale for treatment of the undescended testicle is the prevention of potential sequelae. […] For this reason, treatment of the undescended testicle is recommended as early as six months of age and should be completed before age two. […] Orchiopexy should be performed by urologists who are well versed in the surgical procedure and the management of complications.

• #23

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/treatment/

  Undescended testicles will usually move down into the scrotum naturally by the time your child is 3 to 6 months old. […] If the testicles don’t descend by 6 months, it’s very unlikely they will without treatment. […] This is because waiting longer than this may increase a boy’s risk of developing fertility problems (infertility) or testicular cancer later in life. […] Your child should not ride a bicycle or use sit-on toys for a few weeks after the operation. This is to prevent the testicles moving back up into the abdomen. […] The success rate for treating palpable testicles located near the scrotum is estimated to be higher than 90%. […] The main risk is loss (atrophy) of the testicle.

• #24

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Undescended-Testicles.aspx

  If your child’s testicle has not come down into the scrotum on its own by 6 months of age, they will likely need treatment. […] Instead, the current approach to treatment involves surgery to relocate the testicle into the scrotum. This surgical procedure is called an orchiopexy. […] Since the chances of the testicle coming down on its own is slim after 6 months old, your child should be referred for treatment once they’ve reached that age. […] Ideally, orchiopexy should be done within the first 18 months of life. […] Complications of orchiopexy are very rare. It can be performed as an outpatient procedure.

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/treatment/

  Undescended testicles will usually move down into the scrotum naturally by the time your child is 3 to 6 months old. […] If the testicles don’t descend by 6 months, it’s very unlikely they will without treatment. […] This is because waiting longer than this may increase a boy’s risk of developing fertility problems (infertility) or testicular cancer later in life. […] Your child should not ride a bicycle or use sit-on toys for a few weeks after the operation. This is to prevent the testicles moving back up into the abdomen. […] The success rate for treating palpable testicles located near the scrotum is estimated to be higher than 90%. […] The main risk is loss (atrophy) of the testicle.

• #26 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should counsel boys with a history of cryptorchidism and/or monorchidism and their parents regarding potential long-term risks and provide education on infertility and cancer risk. (Clinical Principle) […] The increased incidence of malignancy in cryptorchid testes varies from 49/100,000 (0.05%) to 12/1,075 (1%). […] Formerly bilateral cryptorchid men have greatly reduced fertility compared with men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism and the general male population.

• #27 Undescended Testicle: Causes, Treatment and Surgery

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/undescended-testicle-causes-treatment-and-surgery/

  The most effective treatment in children with undescended testicles is surgery. The operation performed to lower the testis to its normal place is called orchiopexy surgery. With the operation, the testicle is lowered to the place where it should be normal, namely the scrotum. […] Some children may be treated with hormone therapy for treatment. For this purpose, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone is given. Thanks to this hormone, in some cases, the testicles descend to their normal place. But in general, hormone therapy is not preferred much. Because the success rate is low. We do not recommend hormone therapy to our patients in order not to waste time and because the success rate is low. Our first option for our patients with undescended testicles is surgery. In this way, our success rates are quite high.

• #28 Cryptorchidism | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/services/urology/pediatric-urology/conditions-we-treat/cryptorchidism

  Most pediatric urologists recommend orchiopexy by 1 to 1.5 years of age or earlier. […] We recommend treatment of the undescended testicle before one year of age. There is evidence that early damage to the germ cells that produce sperm begins at this age. […] Other reasons to treat are psychological reasons and placement of testicle in position more amenable to physical examination to pick up testis cancer. […] The most effective treatment is surgery, which can be performed as an outpatient. […] Pharmacotherapy has the advantages of avoiding anesthesia and being minimally invasive. […] HCG (human chorionic gonadotopin) is the drug of choice. […] Patients failing hormonal therapy should undergo surgical treatment.

• #29 Current Management of Undescended Testes

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4856300/

  Undescended testes (UDTs) are a relatively common finding in newborn males, especially in those born prematurely. […] Patients with UDTs diagnosed after 6 months of age should be referred to a specialist for correction so that surgery may be performed within 1 year thereafter. This allows testes to descend spontaneously if they are to do so while facilitating early intervention to decrease the risk of subfertility and testicular malignancy for those patients in whom spontaneous descent does not occur. […] Hormonal therapy is not recommended for treatment of UDTs due to its low success rate, the incidence of secondary re-ascent, and the possible detrimental effects on spermatogenesis. […] Recommendations for the age at which orchiopexy should be performed have decreased over time. […] Therefore, referral to a surgical specialist for congenital cryptorchidism should occur at 6 months (corrected for gestational age), to facilitate correction within the next year.

• #30 The Undescended Testicle: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2037.html

  Early diagnosis and management of the undescended testicle are needed to preserve fertility and improve early detection of testicular malignancy. […] Observation is not recommended beyond one year of age because it delays treatment, lowers the rate of surgical success and probably impairs spermatogenesis. […] Therapy for an undescended testicle should begin between six months and two years of age and may consist of hormone or surgical treatment. […] The success of either form of treatment depends on the position of the testicle at diagnosis. […] Recognition of the condition, identification of associated syndromes, proper diagnostic evaluation and timely referral for urologic surgical therapy are important steps in preventing adverse consequences. […] The rationale for treatment of the undescended testicle is the prevention of potential sequelae. […] For this reason, treatment of the undescended testicle is recommended as early as six months of age and should be completed before age two. […] Orchiopexy should be performed by urologists who are well versed in the surgical procedure and the management of complications.

• #31 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  […] […] Prevention of infertility: Normally, the testicular temperature is 0.5-2C below body temperature. This is essential to produce sperm. It has been experimentally shown that serious disorders occur in the ducts where sperm are produced in the undescended testicle, which is constantly at body temperature. Structural examinations that are possible with the introduction of electron microscopy show that sperm production disorders begin to appear around the age of 2 years. For this reason, undescended testicular surgery to be performed after the first two years is for the continuation of hormone production rather than sperm production. Fertility is rare in untreated adults with bilateral undescended testicles, and only 35-45% are fertile even after surgery of the testicle (orchiopexy). Fertility is often impaired in patients with unilateral undescended testicles, and approximately 75-80% of them are fertile. […]

• #32 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  […] […] Prevention of infertility: Normally, the testicular temperature is 0.5-2C below body temperature. This is essential to produce sperm. It has been experimentally shown that serious disorders occur in the ducts where sperm are produced in the undescended testicle, which is constantly at body temperature. Structural examinations that are possible with the introduction of electron microscopy show that sperm production disorders begin to appear around the age of 2 years. For this reason, undescended testicular surgery to be performed after the first two years is for the continuation of hormone production rather than sperm production. Fertility is rare in untreated adults with bilateral undescended testicles, and only 35-45% are fertile even after surgery of the testicle (orchiopexy). Fertility is often impaired in patients with unilateral undescended testicles, and approximately 75-80% of them are fertile. […]

• #33 Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/undescended-testicle-cryptorchidism.html

  There is no way to prevent this condition because the exact cause is not known. […] Orchiopexy may reduce the risk of infertility because normal sperm production requires the cooler temperature found in the scrotum. After treatment, 50% to 65% of males with two undescended testicles are fertile, and 85% with a single undescended testicle are fertile. […] Orchiopexy increases the likelihood of early detection of a testicular cancer. The procedure also may reduce the risk of developing cancer if done at an early age.

• #34 Undescended Testes | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/undescended-testes

  If a testicle has not reached the scrotum by the time the baby is 6 months of age, it is considered an undescended testicle. […] It is important to preserve the sperm in the undescended testicle. Surgically bringing the testicle into the scrotum can increase future fertility potential. […] Bringing the testicle into the scrotal position will allow teenage boys and men to perform monthly self-testicular exams that may help identify a tumor in the rare event that one occurs. […] If the testicle is not felt in the scrotum by 6 months of age, or if the testis is very high at 3 months of age, our team in the Division of Urology will recommend surgery. The surgical procedure to bring the testicle down into the scrotum is called an orchiopexy (also known as orchidopexy).

• #35 Cryptorchidism: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438378-overview

  Guidelines from the American Urological Association, published in 2014 and confirmed in 2018, include the following: […] Referral for cryptorchidism should occur by 6 months of age. […] Hormonal therapy is not recommended. […] Successful scrotal repositioning of the testis may reduce but does not prevent the potential long-term issues of infertility and testicular cancer. […] Early reposition of the testis into the scrotum has been a mainstay of treatment to reduce the risk of infertility; however, even with successful orchidopexy at age 6-12 months, 20-25% of boys with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism have compromised fertility potential. […] Males with undescended testis are 40 times as likely to develop testicular cancer as males without undescended testis. […] Prepubertal orchiopexy reduces this risk. […] Prevention of testicular torsion […] Prevention of injury against pubic bone […] Psychological effects of an empty scrotum.

• #36 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should counsel boys with a history of cryptorchidism and/or monorchidism and their parents regarding potential long-term risks and provide education on infertility and cancer risk. (Clinical Principle) […] The increased incidence of malignancy in cryptorchid testes varies from 49/100,000 (0.05%) to 12/1,075 (1%). […] Formerly bilateral cryptorchid men have greatly reduced fertility compared with men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism and the general male population.

• #37 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  Undescended testis (UDT) is a common condition, and parents often primarily present to general practitioners. Management in a timely fashion may reduce the risk of malignancy and infertility. […] Current guidelines recommend referral at 36 months for unilateral UDT, and orchidopexy between six and 12 months. […] Surgery remains the treatment of choice. […] Hormonal treatment with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone or human chorionic gonadotropin has been investigated but has not proven efficacious in promoting testicular descent. […] The risk of testicular cancer has been approximated at 2% in UDT; although this is four to five times the risk in the general population, parents can be reassured this is still relatively low. […] Decreased fertility is largely a concern for bilateral UDT. Malignancy occurs at a higher rate but remains relatively low risk.

• #38 Cryptorchidism: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438378-overview

  Guidelines from the American Urological Association, published in 2014 and confirmed in 2018, include the following: […] Referral for cryptorchidism should occur by 6 months of age. […] Hormonal therapy is not recommended. […] Successful scrotal repositioning of the testis may reduce but does not prevent the potential long-term issues of infertility and testicular cancer. […] Early reposition of the testis into the scrotum has been a mainstay of treatment to reduce the risk of infertility; however, even with successful orchidopexy at age 6-12 months, 20-25% of boys with nonsyndromic cryptorchidism have compromised fertility potential. […] Males with undescended testis are 40 times as likely to develop testicular cancer as males without undescended testis. […] Prepubertal orchiopexy reduces this risk. […] Prevention of testicular torsion […] Prevention of injury against pubic bone […] Psychological effects of an empty scrotum.

• #39 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  Prevention of cancer formation: The increased incidence of testicular cancer in cases with undescended testicles is a controversial issue. The diversity in scientific publications causes disagreements on this issue. However, the risk of developing testicular cancer is 7-10 times higher than the normal population. Among these patients, the highest risk of developing cancer is those with intra-abdominal testicles, and approximately half of the patients who develop cancer are those with this type of testicle. Today, it is thought that this risk will decrease in children who are operated at the age of 2 years. Although undescended testis is a childhood disease, cancer that may occur later is an adult disease. While testicular cancer develops lately in the twenties, its appearance is mostly in the thirties. With the surgical intervention, the patients can be aware of such problems that may occur in their testicles in an earlier period. […]

• #40 Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/undescended-testicle-cryptorchidism.html

  There is no way to prevent this condition because the exact cause is not known. […] Orchiopexy may reduce the risk of infertility because normal sperm production requires the cooler temperature found in the scrotum. After treatment, 50% to 65% of males with two undescended testicles are fertile, and 85% with a single undescended testicle are fertile. […] Orchiopexy increases the likelihood of early detection of a testicular cancer. The procedure also may reduce the risk of developing cancer if done at an early age.

• #41 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  Prevention of torsion: Torsion (rotation of the testicles around itself) may occur in undescended testicles located in the abdomen. Testicular torsion should also be included in the possible diagnoses in children presenting with abdominal pain and found to have undescended testicles. […] […] Psychological reasons: Even if there are no other complications, it is certain that the psychological trauma of this will be great for a child in the developmental age who thinks that one of his testicles is missing. For this reason, the testicle should be surgically lowered to the scrotum before he reaches sexual consciousness. It is argued that the insertion of testicular prosthesis in children whose testicles have been removed and in cases where there is no congenital testicle is a psychological aid. […]

• #42 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  Prevention of torsion: Torsion (rotation of the testicles around itself) may occur in undescended testicles located in the abdomen. Testicular torsion should also be included in the possible diagnoses in children presenting with abdominal pain and found to have undescended testicles. […] […] Psychological reasons: Even if there are no other complications, it is certain that the psychological trauma of this will be great for a child in the developmental age who thinks that one of his testicles is missing. For this reason, the testicle should be surgically lowered to the scrotum before he reaches sexual consciousness. It is argued that the insertion of testicular prosthesis in children whose testicles have been removed and in cases where there is no congenital testicle is a psychological aid. […]

• #43 Surgery for an Undescended Testicle | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/surgery-undescended-testicle

  If your child’s testicle doesnt descend on its own, it should be treated to prevent future problems. […] An undescended testicle can leave a small tear (hernia) in the wall between the abdomen and the groin. The hernia needs to be treated to prevent future problems. […] Your child should not swim in a pool or lake water for 1 to 2 weeks after surgery, or as advised by your child’s healthcare provider. […] Light activity is fine, but your child should not participate in strenuous activities like sports for 3 to 4 weeks after surgery, or as directed by your child’s healthcare provider.

• #44 Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cryptorchidism.html

  Sometimes boys with undescended testicles develop inguinal hernias. […] Most doctors believe that boys who’ve had a single undescended testicle will have normal fertility and testicular function as adults, while those who’ve had two undescended testicles might be more likely to have reduced fertility. […] Boys who’ve had undescended testicles should have regular follow-up appointments with a urologist to make sure that no problems develop.

• #45 Undescended Testicle

  https://www.yusufkibar.com/en/undescended-testicle

  Prevention of torsion: Torsion (rotation of the testicles around itself) may occur in undescended testicles located in the abdomen. Testicular torsion should also be included in the possible diagnoses in children presenting with abdominal pain and found to have undescended testicles. […] […] Psychological reasons: Even if there are no other complications, it is certain that the psychological trauma of this will be great for a child in the developmental age who thinks that one of his testicles is missing. For this reason, the testicle should be surgically lowered to the scrotum before he reaches sexual consciousness. It is argued that the insertion of testicular prosthesis in children whose testicles have been removed and in cases where there is no congenital testicle is a psychological aid. […]

• #46 Surgery for an Undescended Testicle | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/surgery-undescended-testicle

  If your child’s testicle doesnt descend on its own, it should be treated to prevent future problems. […] An undescended testicle can leave a small tear (hernia) in the wall between the abdomen and the groin. The hernia needs to be treated to prevent future problems. […] Your child should not swim in a pool or lake water for 1 to 2 weeks after surgery, or as advised by your child’s healthcare provider. […] Light activity is fine, but your child should not participate in strenuous activities like sports for 3 to 4 weeks after surgery, or as directed by your child’s healthcare provider.

• #47

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/treatment/

  Undescended testicles will usually move down into the scrotum naturally by the time your child is 3 to 6 months old. […] If the testicles don’t descend by 6 months, it’s very unlikely they will without treatment. […] This is because waiting longer than this may increase a boy’s risk of developing fertility problems (infertility) or testicular cancer later in life. […] Your child should not ride a bicycle or use sit-on toys for a few weeks after the operation. This is to prevent the testicles moving back up into the abdomen. […] The success rate for treating palpable testicles located near the scrotum is estimated to be higher than 90%. […] The main risk is loss (atrophy) of the testicle.

• #48 Surgery for an Undescended Testicle | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/surgery-undescended-testicle

  If your child’s testicle doesnt descend on its own, it should be treated to prevent future problems. […] An undescended testicle can leave a small tear (hernia) in the wall between the abdomen and the groin. The hernia needs to be treated to prevent future problems. […] Your child should not swim in a pool or lake water for 1 to 2 weeks after surgery, or as advised by your child’s healthcare provider. […] Light activity is fine, but your child should not participate in strenuous activities like sports for 3 to 4 weeks after surgery, or as directed by your child’s healthcare provider.

• #49 Undescended testicles and treatment

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/undescended-testicle

  If a child’s testicles have not descended by the time they are three to four months of age, surgery may be needed to prevent fertility problems later in life. […] If your childs testicles have not descended by this time, surgery is advised to correct the issue. […] If left untreated, there is an increased risk of fertility problems later in life and your child will be unable to self-examine for testicular masses. […] If the testicle has not descended on its own by three or four months of age, your child may need surgery (orchidopexy). […] Orchidopexy is an operation to lower the testicles into the scrotum. […] An undescended testicle may be too warm to produce healthy sperm. This increases the risk of fertility problems later in life. […] Your child will be scheduled for routine assessment approximately three months after orchiopexy surgery. This allows enough time for the swelling and discoloration of the surgical site to resolve.

• #50 Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cryptorchidism.html

  Sometimes boys with undescended testicles develop inguinal hernias. […] Most doctors believe that boys who’ve had a single undescended testicle will have normal fertility and testicular function as adults, while those who’ve had two undescended testicles might be more likely to have reduced fertility. […] Boys who’ve had undescended testicles should have regular follow-up appointments with a urologist to make sure that no problems develop.

• #51 Undescended Testes and Retractile Testes – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-urinary-tract-and-genitals/undescended-testes-and-retractile-testes

  About 3 of every 100 boys who are born at full term (9 months) have an undescended testis at birth. However, about 30 of every 100 boys born prematurely have an undescended testis. […] If the testis has not descended by about 6 months of age in full-term infants and by 1 year of age in premature infants, surgery is needed. […] Because children who have had undescended testes are at an increased risk of developing testicular cancer, after puberty, all males should examine their testes for lumps every month. […] Retractile testes do not require surgery or other treatment.

• #52 Undescended Testes | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/undescended-testes

  If a testicle has not reached the scrotum by the time the baby is 6 months of age, it is considered an undescended testicle. […] It is important to preserve the sperm in the undescended testicle. Surgically bringing the testicle into the scrotum can increase future fertility potential. […] Bringing the testicle into the scrotal position will allow teenage boys and men to perform monthly self-testicular exams that may help identify a tumor in the rare event that one occurs. […] If the testicle is not felt in the scrotum by 6 months of age, or if the testis is very high at 3 months of age, our team in the Division of Urology will recommend surgery. The surgical procedure to bring the testicle down into the scrotum is called an orchiopexy (also known as orchidopexy).

• #53 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  The original location of the testes and the age at orchiopexy are predictive factors for infertility and malignancy later in life. […] The use of ultrasonography and other diagnostic imaging techniques is not recommended because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment. […] The fertility rate is low in patients with bilateral undescended testes, although orchiopexy is successful. […] The risk of testicular cancer in patients with undescended testis is increased compared to that in the general population. […] Self-examination after puberty is recommended to facilitate early cancer detection.

• #54 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should counsel boys with a history of cryptorchidism and/or monorchidism and their parents regarding potential long-term risks and provide education on infertility and cancer risk. (Clinical Principle) […] The increased incidence of malignancy in cryptorchid testes varies from 49/100,000 (0.05%) to 12/1,075 (1%). […] Formerly bilateral cryptorchid men have greatly reduced fertility compared with men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism and the general male population.

• #55 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should counsel boys with a history of cryptorchidism and/or monorchidism and their parents regarding potential long-term risks and provide education on infertility and cancer risk. (Clinical Principle) […] The increased incidence of malignancy in cryptorchid testes varies from 49/100,000 (0.05%) to 12/1,075 (1%). […] Formerly bilateral cryptorchid men have greatly reduced fertility compared with men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism and the general male population.

• #56 Undescended testes: What general practitioners need to know

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/january%E2%80%93february/undescended-testes

  Undescended testis (UDT) is a common condition, and parents often primarily present to general practitioners. Management in a timely fashion may reduce the risk of malignancy and infertility. […] Current guidelines recommend referral at 36 months for unilateral UDT, and orchidopexy between six and 12 months. […] Surgery remains the treatment of choice. […] Hormonal treatment with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone or human chorionic gonadotropin has been investigated but has not proven efficacious in promoting testicular descent. […] The risk of testicular cancer has been approximated at 2% in UDT; although this is four to five times the risk in the general population, parents can be reassured this is still relatively low. […] Decreased fertility is largely a concern for bilateral UDT. Malignancy occurs at a higher rate but remains relatively low risk.

• #57 Causes and Treatments for Cryptorchidism | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/better-me/should-you-be-worried-about-your-infants-undescended-testicle

  Descended testicles are just one of many items on the healthy newborn boy checklist. […] For babies born with undescended testicles, the issue resolves on its own about two-thirds of the time. […] Making your recommended well child visits is vital for your infants overall health. Without these regular visits, issues like cryptorchidism may go undetected and untreated, said Dr. Friedman. […] For children 6 months or older with cryptorchidism, a surgery called orchiopexy is the recommended treatment. […] Left untreated, an undescended testicle becomes more susceptible. […] All this is said to emphasize the importance of early treatment, not to discourage later treatment, explained Dr. Friedman. Regardless of age, cryptorchidism should be treated right away to minimize long-term complications.

• #58 Undescended testicle – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000

  The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old. […] Most often, an undescended testicle is fixed with surgery. The surgeon moves the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place. This is called orchiopexy (OR-kee-o-pek-see). It can be done through a small cut in the groin, the scrotum or both. […] Early treatment with surgery seems to lower the risk of later health problems. […] Orchiopexy is the most common surgery to fix a single undescended testicle. It has a success rate of nearly 100%. Most of the time, the risk of fertility problems goes away after surgery for a single undescended testicle. Surgery with two undescended testicles brings less of an improvement. Surgery also might lower the risk of testicular cancer, but it doesn’t get rid of the risk.

• #59 Undescended Testicle – Women’s Health – Associates for Women’s Medicine – Syracuse NY Gynecologist, Gynecology, Obstetrics, OBGYN, OB Physicians, Syracuse New York, Fayetteville, North Syracuse, LiverpoolUndescended Testicle

  https://www.afwomensmed.com/health-library/hw-view.php?DOCHWID=rt1112

  Most of the time, the testicle descends (drops) on its own by the time the baby is 3 months old. If your baby’s testicle hasn’t dropped by the time he is 6 months of age, your doctor may suggest treatment. […] Usually doctors recommend a wait-and-see approach for newborns. If the testicle hasn’t dropped on its own within 6 months, your doctor may recommend surgery (orchiopexy or orchidopexy). Surgery is usually recommended by the time the baby is 18 months old. Treatment is important because having an undescended testicle increases the risk of: […] That’s why many doctors advise treating an undescended testicle by the time a baby is 1 year old and no later than age 2. Treatment helps lower the chance of infertility. […] If you are a young man who was born with an undescended testicle, talk with your doctor about what you should do.

• #60 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  The original location of the testes and the age at orchiopexy are predictive factors for infertility and malignancy later in life. […] The use of ultrasonography and other diagnostic imaging techniques is not recommended because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment. […] The fertility rate is low in patients with bilateral undescended testes, although orchiopexy is successful. […] The risk of testicular cancer in patients with undescended testis is increased compared to that in the general population. […] Self-examination after puberty is recommended to facilitate early cancer detection.

• #61

  https://www.baus.org.uk/patients/conditions/11/testicle_missing/

  If you or your child have a testicle which is not in the normal (scrotal) position, you should contact your GP for further advice. […] Surgical re-location of the testicle (orchidopexy) is needed in most children with an undescended testicle and is best performed before the child’s first birthday. […] For these reasons, early treatment is normally recommended, as below. […] Bringing the testicle into a normal position is the procedure of choice in children, and is best performed during the first year of life; at that stage, it reduces the risk of testicular cancer developing later in life. […] Hormone treatment is ineffective in adults with an undescended testicle. […] In adults (beyond the age of puberty), removal of the testicle is normally advised.

• #62 Undescended Testis – BetterKids

  https://betterkids.com.au/conditions/undescended-testis/

  An undescended testis, also known as cryptorchidism, is a condition where one or both of a male infant’s testicles do not descend into the scrotum before birth. […] The treatment for undescended testes is an operation called orchidopexy, which moves the undescended testis into the scrotum. […] To prevent these problems, it’s important to get medical advice early and follow the monitoring or recommended treatments. Early action can help ensure your child’s long-term health and well-being. Early treatment, typically with a surgical procedure called orchidopexy, can help address these risks and improve long-term health outcomes. […] If the undescended testicle has not descended by the time your child is 6 months old, surgery is usually recommended to move the testis into the scrotum.

• #63

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/undescended-testicles/

  If the testicles haven’t descended by 6 months, they’re very unlikely to do so and treatment will usually be recommended. […] This is because boys with untreated undescended testicles can have fertility problems (infertility) in later life and an increased risk of developing testicular cancer. […] Surgery is ideally carried out before 12 months of age. If undescended testicles are treated at an early age, the risk of fertility problems and testicular cancer can be reduced.

• #64 Testicular conditions

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Testicular-conditions

  Checking your child for undescended testicles should be routinely done by your doctor or child health nurse. […] Treatment for undescended testicles is best done by 1 year of age. […] If the undescended testicle is not brought down in the first year or 2 of life, it may affect a boys ability to make sperm and father children later in life. […] Undescended testicles are still operated on if they occur after the age of 2 to reduce the chances of testicular cancer. […] If a testicle does not come into the scrotum in the first 6 months, an operation called an orchidopexy is done to bring it down and fix it in place. […] Testicles that move up and down (retractile testicles) do not need treatment, but should be monitored as they are more likely to become undescended.

• #65 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) is one of the most common pediatric disorders of the male endocrine glands and the most common genital disorder identified at birth. The main reasons for treatment of cryptorchidism include increased risks of impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and/or associated inguinal hernia. […] The purpose of this guideline is to provide physicians and non-physician providers (primary care and specialists) with a consensus of principles and treatment plans for the management of cryptorchidism. […] Providers should refer infants with a history of cryptorchidism (detected at birth) who do not have spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age) to an appropriate surgical specialist for timely evaluation. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)

• #66 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is the single most common genitourinary disease in male neonates. […] A surgical specialist referral is recommended if descent does not occur by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected. […] Orchiopexy is recommended between 6 and 18 months at the latest to protect the fertility potential and decrease the risk of malignant changes. […] A timely referral to a surgical specialist and timely surgical correction are the most important factors for decreasing infertility and testicular cancer rates. […] Primary caregivers should consider surgical specialist referral of patients with undescended testis if no descent occurs by 6 months, undescended testis is newly diagnosed after 6 months of age, or testicular torsion is suspected.

• #67 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should counsel boys with a history of cryptorchidism and/or monorchidism and their parents regarding potential long-term risks and provide education on infertility and cancer risk. (Clinical Principle) […] The increased incidence of malignancy in cryptorchid testes varies from 49/100,000 (0.05%) to 12/1,075 (1%). […] Formerly bilateral cryptorchid men have greatly reduced fertility compared with men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism and the general male population.

• #68 Undescended testicles and treatment

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/undescended-testicle

  If a child’s testicles have not descended by the time they are three to four months of age, surgery may be needed to prevent fertility problems later in life. […] If your childs testicles have not descended by this time, surgery is advised to correct the issue. […] If left untreated, there is an increased risk of fertility problems later in life and your child will be unable to self-examine for testicular masses. […] If the testicle has not descended on its own by three or four months of age, your child may need surgery (orchidopexy). […] Orchidopexy is an operation to lower the testicles into the scrotum. […] An undescended testicle may be too warm to produce healthy sperm. This increases the risk of fertility problems later in life. […] Your child will be scheduled for routine assessment approximately three months after orchiopexy surgery. This allows enough time for the swelling and discoloration of the surgical site to resolve.

• #69 Comparison of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for undescended testis

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2019.01438

  The original location of the testes and the age at orchiopexy are predictive factors for infertility and malignancy later in life. […] The use of ultrasonography and other diagnostic imaging techniques is not recommended because they cannot add diagnostic accuracy or change treatment. […] The fertility rate is low in patients with bilateral undescended testes, although orchiopexy is successful. […] The risk of testicular cancer in patients with undescended testis is increased compared to that in the general population. […] Self-examination after puberty is recommended to facilitate early cancer detection.

• #70 Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism (2018) – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/cryptorchidism-guideline

  In the absence of spontaneous testicular descent by six months (corrected for gestational age), specialists should perform surgery within the next year. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should not use hormonal therapy to induce testicular descent as evidence shows low response rates and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) […] Providers should counsel boys with a history of cryptorchidism and/or monorchidism and their parents regarding potential long-term risks and provide education on infertility and cancer risk. (Clinical Principle) […] The increased incidence of malignancy in cryptorchid testes varies from 49/100,000 (0.05%) to 12/1,075 (1%). […] Formerly bilateral cryptorchid men have greatly reduced fertility compared with men with a history of unilateral cryptorchidism and the general male population.

• #71 Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17594-undescended-testicles

  Theres no known way to prevent undescended testicles. […] If your childs testicles havent dropped by the time theyre 6 months old, talk to a healthcare provider about treatment. […] If your child needs an orchiopexy, providers recommend they get it between 12 and 24 months of age.

• #72 Undescended Testicles – Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/undescended-testicles/

  You can’t prevent or avoid an undescended testicle. […] An undescended testicle can be cured. Sometimes, it can descend on its own. Other times, your doctor may recommend medicine or surgery to treat the issue. […] An undescended testicle that is left untreated can lead to future health problems. These include an increased risk of infertility and cancer.

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