Mutacja czynnika v leiden
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Mutacja czynnika V Leiden jest genetycznym czynnikiem predysponującym do żylnej choroby zakrzepowo-zatorowej (VTE), jednak jej wpływ na śmiertelność i długość życia, zwłaszcza u heterozygot, jest minimalny. Heterozygotyczność nie zwiększa ogólnej śmiertelności ani nie skraca życia, nawet u pacjentów z historią VTE. Ryzyko wystąpienia zakrzepicy u osób z mutacją jest zróżnicowane – około 95% pacjentów nigdy nie doświadczy incydentu zakrzepowego. Homozygoty wykazują znacznie wyższe ryzyko VTE, z hazard ratio (HR) wynoszącym 18 (95% CI 4,1-41) w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej, a ryzyko nawrotów VTE w ciągu 8 lat wynosi około 30%. Mimo to mutacja nie jest silnym predyktorem nawrotowej zakrzepicy, a jej wpływ na ryzyko nawrotu po leczeniu pierwszego epizodu jest umiarkowany.

Mutacja czynnika V Leiden – Prognoza (przewidywanie wyników)

Mutacja czynnika V Leiden (Factor V Leiden) jest genetycznym zaburzeniem zwiększającym ryzyko rozwoju zakrzepicy żylnej. Przewidywanie przebiegu choroby i rokowania dla pacjentów z tą mutacją jest złożonym zagadnieniem, zależnym od wielu czynników, takich jak status homo- lub heterozygotyczny, współistniejące czynniki ryzyka oraz zastosowane leczenie.12

Oczekiwana długość życia

Istotnym aspektem prognozy dla pacjentów z mutacją czynnika V Leiden jest brak wpływu na ogólną śmiertelność i długość życia, szczególnie u heterozygot:

  • Heterozygotyczność dla wariantu czynnika V Leiden nie wiąże się ze zwiększoną śmiertelnością ani skróceniem normalnej długości życia, nawet u osób z historią żylnej choroby zakrzepowo-zatorowej (VTE)3
  • Większość osób z tą mutacją nigdy nie rozwinie zakrzepicy, co znacząco wpływa na pomyślne rokowanie4
  • Mutacja czynnika V Leiden nie wpływa na oczekiwaną długość życia u większości pacjentów, nawet w przypadku rozwoju zakrzepicy, pod warunkiem szybkiego wdrożenia leczenia4

Ryzyko rozwoju zakrzepicy

Pomimo genetycznej predyspozycji, prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia zakrzepicy u pacjentów z mutacją czynnika V Leiden jest zróżnicowane:

  • Szacuje się, że u około 95% pacjentów z mutacją czynnika V Leiden nigdy nie dojdzie do formowania zakrzepu5
  • Gdy zakrzepica wystąpi, najczęściej lokalizuje się w kończynach dolnych (zakrzepica żył głębokich, DVT) lub płucach (zatorowość płucna, PE)5
  • Wielu pacjentów z dziedziczną trombofilią zdiagnozowaną wyłącznie na podstawie badań laboratoryjnych nigdy nie doświadczy incydentu zakrzepowego6

Porównanie rokowania: heterozygoty vs homozygoty

Status zygotyczności ma istotne znaczenie dla określenia ryzyka zakrzepicy i innych powikłań:

  • Homozygoty mają wyższe ryzyko zakrzepowe w porównaniu do heterozygot i zazwyczaj rozwijają zakrzepicę w młodszym wieku7
  • Ryzyko VTE u homozygot jest raportowane jako 9-80 razy wyższe lub 9-12 razy wyższe w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej7
  • Skorygowany współczynnik ryzyka (HR) dla VTE u homozygot w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną wynosił 18 (95% CI 4,1-41)7

Ryzyko nawrotowej zakrzepicy

Nawrotowość żylnej choroby zakrzepowo-zatorowej jest ważnym elementem prognozy długoterminowej:

  • Około 30% osób z incydentem VTE rozwija nawrotową zakrzepicę w ciągu kolejnych 8 lat8
  • Najnowsze badania wykazały podobne wskaźniki nawrotów VTE zarówno u homozygot, jak i heterozygot z mutacją czynnika V Leiden9
  • Wcześniejszy przegląd systematyczny sugerował, że homozygotyczność dla wariantu czynnika V Leiden zwiększa ryzyko nawrotowej VTE 2,6-krotnie9
  • Mutacja czynnika V Leiden nie jest uważana za silny predyktor nawrotowej VTE10
  • Aktualne dowody sugerują, że mutacja ma co najwyżej umiarkowany wpływ na ryzyko nawrotu po początkowym leczeniu pierwszego epizodu żylnej choroby zakrzepowo-zatorowej11

Czynniki ryzyka wpływające na prognozę

Prognoza u pacjentów z mutacją czynnika V Leiden jest modyfikowana przez dodatkowe czynniki ryzyka:

  • Ryzyko VTE zależy nie tylko od specyficznego typu trombofilii, ale także od innych czynników12
  • Czynniki ryzyka VTE mnożą się; np. względne ryzyko VTE dla kobiet heterozygotycznych dla czynnika V Leiden wynosi 3-8, ale wzrasta do 35-50 podczas stosowania antykoncepcji zawierającej estrogeny, a następnie do kilkuset u kobiet homozygotycznych przyjmujących takie środki antykoncepcyjne12
  • Ryzyko nawrotowej VTE jest 4-5 razy wyższe u heterozygot czynnika V Leiden z hiperhomocysteinemią niż u osób tylko z allelem czynnika V Leiden13

Prognoza powikłań ciążowych

Mutacja czynnika V Leiden wpływa na przebieg ciąży, jednak rokowanie pozostaje ogólnie dobre:

  • U kobiet homozygotycznych dla wariantu czynnika V Leiden, względne ryzyko VTE podczas ciąży jest zwiększone 17-34 razy14
  • Bezwzględne ryzyko rozwoju VTE związanego z ciążą szacuje się na 2,2%-4,8% ciąż u homozygot14
  • Ryzyko jest wyższe (14%) u homozygot z dodatnim wywiadem rodzinnym i u kobiet powyżej 34. roku życia14
  • Mutacja czynnika V Leiden wiąże się z 2-3-krotnie zwiększonym względnym ryzykiem poronienia i potencjalnie innych powikłań położniczych, takich jak stan przedrzucawkowy, wewnątrzmaciczne zahamowanie wzrostu płodu i przedwczesne oddzielenie łożyska15
  • Mimo podwyższonego ryzyka powikłań, prawdopodobieństwo pomyślnego zakończenia ciąży jest wysokie, nawet u kobiet homozygotycznych15

Wyzwania w przewidywaniu rokowania

Interpretacja wyników badań i przewidywanie rokowania u pacjentów z mutacją czynnika V Leiden są trudne z kilku powodów:16

  • Częstość występowania zakrzepicy u osób z dziedziczną trombofilią jest zmienna – od braku incydentów do nawracającej VTE w młodym wieku16
  • Brak identyfikacji defektu trombofiliowego w badaniach laboratoryjnych nie dowodzi, że trombofilia nie istnieje16
  • Klinicyści mogą przeszacować ryzyko zakrzepicy i niedoszacować ryzyka antykoagulacji16

Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji

Wczesne rozpoznanie i leczenie znacząco poprawiają rokowanie u pacjentów z mutacją czynnika V Leiden, u których rozwinęła się zakrzepica:

  • Nawet w przypadku rozwoju zakrzepu, szybkie leczenie może zapobiec śmiertelnemu wynikowi17
  • Im szybciej pacjent otrzyma opiekę, tym lepsze są szanse na pomyślny wynik17
  • Wyniki u większości pacjentów z czynnikiem V Leiden są dobre, jednak wyniki u kobiet w ciąży z tym zaburzeniem mogą być poważne z powodu chorobowości związanej z rozwojem VTE i powikłań związanych z VTE w ciąży18

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  1. 12.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Factor V Leiden Mutation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534802/
    A proportion of the population with factor V Leiden will suffer from venous thrombosis. Thromboembolism, including pulmonary embolism, carries significant morbidity and mortality. However, despite the increase in the risk of VTE, there is no evidence that heterozygosity to factor V Leiden increases overall mortality. […] The outcomes in most patients with factor V Leiden are good, but the outcomes in pregnant women with the disorder are serious because of morbidity associated with VTE development and VTE-associated complications in pregnancy.
  • #2 Thrombophilia: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/thrombophilia-pro
    VTE is a multifactorial disease. The VTE risk depends not only on the specific thrombophilia but also on other factors such as: […] VTE risks multiply; for example, the relative risk of VTE for women heterozygous for factor V Leiden is 3-8; however, this increases to 35-50 when taking oestrogen-containing contraception and then to several hundred for homozygous factor V Leiden women taking such contraceptives. […] With thrombophilia testing, interpretation of results and predictions about the prognosis are difficult because: […] The incidence of thrombosis in those with heritable thrombophilia is variable – from none to recurrent VTE at an early age. […] Many individuals with heritable thrombophilia diagnosed only by laboratory investigation will not have a thrombotic event. […] Failure to identify a thrombophilic defect on laboratory testing does not prove that no thrombophilia exists. […] Clinicians may overestimate the risk of thrombosis and underestimate the risks of anticoagulation.
  • #3 Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia – GeneReviews® – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1368/
    Prognosis. Heterozygosity for the factor V Leiden variant is not associated with an increase in mortality or reduction in normal life expectancy even in the presence of a history of VTE [Pabinger et al 2012]. […] VTE. Compared to heterozygotes, homozygotes have a higher thrombotic risk and tend to develop thrombosis at a younger age. The risk for VTE in homozygotes is reported to be nine- to 80-fold [Rosendaal Reitsma 2009] or nine- to 12-fold [Gohil et al 2009, Simone et al 2013]. The reported adjusted HR for VTE in homozygous individuals compared with controls was 18 (95% CI 4.1-41) [Juul et al 2004]. […] Recurrent thrombosis. Similar rates of VTE recurrence for both factor V Leiden variant homozygotes and heterozygotes were found in a recent study [Perez Botero et al 2016], whereas an earlier systematic review found that homozygosity for the factor V Leiden variant conferred a 2.6-fold increased risk of recurrent VTE [Segal et al 2009].
  • #4 Factor V Leiden: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17896-factor-v-leiden
    Most people who have this disorder never develop blood clots or have pregnancy complications. […] Factor V Leiden doesn’t affect life expectancy in most people. Even if you develop a blood clot, prompt treatment can prevent a fatal outcome. […] The sooner you receive care, the better your chances of a good outcome.
  • #5 Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia Treatment Market Size and Share
    https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/factor-v-leiden-thrombophilia-treatment-market-A15408
    Factor V Leiden thrombophilia is a genetic disease that increases the likelihood of developing a blood clot at some point in life. Despite this, it is expected that a clot will not form in 95% of Factor V Leiden patients. When a clot does form, it usually occurs in the legs (deep venous thrombosis or DVT) or the lungs (pulmonary embolism or PE). […] Factor V Leiden thrombophilia may increase the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and pregnancy problems. […] The increase in the number of mutations in the F5 gene is expected to drive the Factor V Leiden thrombophilia treatment market during the forecast years. […] The report presents information related to key drivers, restraints, and opportunities along with detailed analysis of the Factor V Leiden thrombophilia treatment market share. […] What is Factor V Leiden thrombophilia treatment market prediction in the future?
  • #6 Thrombophilia: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/thrombophilia-pro
    VTE is a multifactorial disease. The VTE risk depends not only on the specific thrombophilia but also on other factors such as: […] VTE risks multiply; for example, the relative risk of VTE for women heterozygous for factor V Leiden is 3-8; however, this increases to 35-50 when taking oestrogen-containing contraception and then to several hundred for homozygous factor V Leiden women taking such contraceptives. […] With thrombophilia testing, interpretation of results and predictions about the prognosis are difficult because: […] The incidence of thrombosis in those with heritable thrombophilia is variable – from none to recurrent VTE at an early age. […] Many individuals with heritable thrombophilia diagnosed only by laboratory investigation will not have a thrombotic event. […] Failure to identify a thrombophilic defect on laboratory testing does not prove that no thrombophilia exists. […] Clinicians may overestimate the risk of thrombosis and underestimate the risks of anticoagulation.
  • #7 Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia – GeneReviews® – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1368/
    Prognosis. Heterozygosity for the factor V Leiden variant is not associated with an increase in mortality or reduction in normal life expectancy even in the presence of a history of VTE [Pabinger et al 2012]. […] VTE. Compared to heterozygotes, homozygotes have a higher thrombotic risk and tend to develop thrombosis at a younger age. The risk for VTE in homozygotes is reported to be nine- to 80-fold [Rosendaal Reitsma 2009] or nine- to 12-fold [Gohil et al 2009, Simone et al 2013]. The reported adjusted HR for VTE in homozygous individuals compared with controls was 18 (95% CI 4.1-41) [Juul et al 2004]. […] Recurrent thrombosis. Similar rates of VTE recurrence for both factor V Leiden variant homozygotes and heterozygotes were found in a recent study [Perez Botero et al 2016], whereas an earlier systematic review found that homozygosity for the factor V Leiden variant conferred a 2.6-fold increased risk of recurrent VTE [Segal et al 2009].
  • #8 Factor V Leiden thrombophilia | Genetics in Medicine
    https://www.nature.com/articles/gim920112
    Factor V Leiden is also associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased relative risk for pregnancy loss and possibly other obstetric complications, although the probability of a successful pregnancy outcome is high. […] The current evidence suggests that the mutation has at most a modest effect on recurrence risk after initial treatment of a first venous thromboembolism. […] Approximately 30% of individuals with an incident VTE develop recurrent thrombosis within the subsequent 8 years. […] The risk for recurrent VTE in Factor V Leiden homozygotes is not well defined but presumed to be higher than in heterozygotes. […] The available data indicate that Factor V Leiden is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased relative risk for pregnancy loss and possibly other complications such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and placental abruption. However, a Factor V Leiden mutation is at most one of multiple predisposing factors contributing to these adverse outcomes. Other genetic and environmental triggers in addition to Factor V Leiden are likely necessary for the development of pregnancy complications. Overall, the probability of a successful pregnancy outcome is high, even in homozygous women. […] The risk for recurrent VTE is 4- to 5-fold higher in Factor V Leiden heterozygotes with hyperhomocysteinemia than in individuals with a Factor V Leiden allele alone.
  • #9 Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia – GeneReviews® – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1368/
    Prognosis. Heterozygosity for the factor V Leiden variant is not associated with an increase in mortality or reduction in normal life expectancy even in the presence of a history of VTE [Pabinger et al 2012]. […] VTE. Compared to heterozygotes, homozygotes have a higher thrombotic risk and tend to develop thrombosis at a younger age. The risk for VTE in homozygotes is reported to be nine- to 80-fold [Rosendaal Reitsma 2009] or nine- to 12-fold [Gohil et al 2009, Simone et al 2013]. The reported adjusted HR for VTE in homozygous individuals compared with controls was 18 (95% CI 4.1-41) [Juul et al 2004]. […] Recurrent thrombosis. Similar rates of VTE recurrence for both factor V Leiden variant homozygotes and heterozygotes were found in a recent study [Perez Botero et al 2016], whereas an earlier systematic review found that homozygosity for the factor V Leiden variant conferred a 2.6-fold increased risk of recurrent VTE [Segal et al 2009].
  • #10 A case of pulmonary thromboembolism due to coagulation factor V Leiden in Japan ~ usefulness of next generation sequencing~ | Thrombosis Journal | Full Text
    https://thrombosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12959-017-0132-6
    This is the first report demonstrating VTE caused by the FV Leiden mutation in Japan. […] The risk of recurrent thromboembolic events is significantly higher in carriers of FV Leiden than in patients without this abnormality; however, FV Leiden is not reported to be a strong predictor of recurrent VTE. […] To the best of our knowledge, this case represents the first report of a VTE caused by FV Leiden in Japan. The present report suggests that all medical professionals in Japan should be aware of the presence of this mutation.
  • #11 Factor V Leiden thrombophilia | Genetics in Medicine
    https://www.nature.com/articles/gim920112
    Factor V Leiden is also associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased relative risk for pregnancy loss and possibly other obstetric complications, although the probability of a successful pregnancy outcome is high. […] The current evidence suggests that the mutation has at most a modest effect on recurrence risk after initial treatment of a first venous thromboembolism. […] Approximately 30% of individuals with an incident VTE develop recurrent thrombosis within the subsequent 8 years. […] The risk for recurrent VTE in Factor V Leiden homozygotes is not well defined but presumed to be higher than in heterozygotes. […] The available data indicate that Factor V Leiden is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased relative risk for pregnancy loss and possibly other complications such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and placental abruption. However, a Factor V Leiden mutation is at most one of multiple predisposing factors contributing to these adverse outcomes. Other genetic and environmental triggers in addition to Factor V Leiden are likely necessary for the development of pregnancy complications. Overall, the probability of a successful pregnancy outcome is high, even in homozygous women. […] The risk for recurrent VTE is 4- to 5-fold higher in Factor V Leiden heterozygotes with hyperhomocysteinemia than in individuals with a Factor V Leiden allele alone.
  • #12 Thrombophilia: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/thrombophilia-pro
    VTE is a multifactorial disease. The VTE risk depends not only on the specific thrombophilia but also on other factors such as: […] VTE risks multiply; for example, the relative risk of VTE for women heterozygous for factor V Leiden is 3-8; however, this increases to 35-50 when taking oestrogen-containing contraception and then to several hundred for homozygous factor V Leiden women taking such contraceptives. […] With thrombophilia testing, interpretation of results and predictions about the prognosis are difficult because: […] The incidence of thrombosis in those with heritable thrombophilia is variable – from none to recurrent VTE at an early age. […] Many individuals with heritable thrombophilia diagnosed only by laboratory investigation will not have a thrombotic event. […] Failure to identify a thrombophilic defect on laboratory testing does not prove that no thrombophilia exists. […] Clinicians may overestimate the risk of thrombosis and underestimate the risks of anticoagulation.
  • #13 Factor V Leiden thrombophilia | Genetics in Medicine
    https://www.nature.com/articles/gim920112
    Factor V Leiden is also associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased relative risk for pregnancy loss and possibly other obstetric complications, although the probability of a successful pregnancy outcome is high. […] The current evidence suggests that the mutation has at most a modest effect on recurrence risk after initial treatment of a first venous thromboembolism. […] Approximately 30% of individuals with an incident VTE develop recurrent thrombosis within the subsequent 8 years. […] The risk for recurrent VTE in Factor V Leiden homozygotes is not well defined but presumed to be higher than in heterozygotes. […] The available data indicate that Factor V Leiden is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased relative risk for pregnancy loss and possibly other complications such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and placental abruption. However, a Factor V Leiden mutation is at most one of multiple predisposing factors contributing to these adverse outcomes. Other genetic and environmental triggers in addition to Factor V Leiden are likely necessary for the development of pregnancy complications. Overall, the probability of a successful pregnancy outcome is high, even in homozygous women. […] The risk for recurrent VTE is 4- to 5-fold higher in Factor V Leiden heterozygotes with hyperhomocysteinemia than in individuals with a Factor V Leiden allele alone.
  • #14 Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia – GeneReviews® – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1368/
    Risk for VTE in pregnancy. In women homozygous for the factor V Leiden variant, the relative risk of VTE during pregnancy is increased 17- to 34-fold [Robertson et al 2006, Gerhardt et al 2016]. The absolute risk of developing pregnancy-related VTE is estimated at 2.2%-4.8% of pregnancies. The risk is higher (14%) in homozygotes with a positive family history and in those older than age 34 years [Bleker et al 2014, Gerhardt et al 2016].
  • #15 Factor V Leiden thrombophilia | Genetics in Medicine
    https://www.nature.com/articles/gim920112
    Factor V Leiden is also associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased relative risk for pregnancy loss and possibly other obstetric complications, although the probability of a successful pregnancy outcome is high. […] The current evidence suggests that the mutation has at most a modest effect on recurrence risk after initial treatment of a first venous thromboembolism. […] Approximately 30% of individuals with an incident VTE develop recurrent thrombosis within the subsequent 8 years. […] The risk for recurrent VTE in Factor V Leiden homozygotes is not well defined but presumed to be higher than in heterozygotes. […] The available data indicate that Factor V Leiden is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased relative risk for pregnancy loss and possibly other complications such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and placental abruption. However, a Factor V Leiden mutation is at most one of multiple predisposing factors contributing to these adverse outcomes. Other genetic and environmental triggers in addition to Factor V Leiden are likely necessary for the development of pregnancy complications. Overall, the probability of a successful pregnancy outcome is high, even in homozygous women. […] The risk for recurrent VTE is 4- to 5-fold higher in Factor V Leiden heterozygotes with hyperhomocysteinemia than in individuals with a Factor V Leiden allele alone.
  • #16 Thrombophilia: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/thrombophilia-pro
    VTE is a multifactorial disease. The VTE risk depends not only on the specific thrombophilia but also on other factors such as: […] VTE risks multiply; for example, the relative risk of VTE for women heterozygous for factor V Leiden is 3-8; however, this increases to 35-50 when taking oestrogen-containing contraception and then to several hundred for homozygous factor V Leiden women taking such contraceptives. […] With thrombophilia testing, interpretation of results and predictions about the prognosis are difficult because: […] The incidence of thrombosis in those with heritable thrombophilia is variable – from none to recurrent VTE at an early age. […] Many individuals with heritable thrombophilia diagnosed only by laboratory investigation will not have a thrombotic event. […] Failure to identify a thrombophilic defect on laboratory testing does not prove that no thrombophilia exists. […] Clinicians may overestimate the risk of thrombosis and underestimate the risks of anticoagulation.
  • #17 Factor V Leiden: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17896-factor-v-leiden
    Most people who have this disorder never develop blood clots or have pregnancy complications. […] Factor V Leiden doesn’t affect life expectancy in most people. Even if you develop a blood clot, prompt treatment can prevent a fatal outcome. […] The sooner you receive care, the better your chances of a good outcome.
  • #18 Factor V Leiden Mutation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534802/
    A proportion of the population with factor V Leiden will suffer from venous thrombosis. Thromboembolism, including pulmonary embolism, carries significant morbidity and mortality. However, despite the increase in the risk of VTE, there is no evidence that heterozygosity to factor V Leiden increases overall mortality. […] The outcomes in most patients with factor V Leiden are good, but the outcomes in pregnant women with the disorder are serious because of morbidity associated with VTE development and VTE-associated complications in pregnancy.