Migotanie przedsionków typu trzepotanie
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rokowanie u pacjentów z typowym trzepotaniem przedsionków jest korzystne, zwłaszcza po ablacji cewnikowej, gdzie odsetek nawrotów wynosi poniżej 5%. W przypadkach atypowego trzepotania skuteczność ablacji spada do około 70%, a kardiowersja osiąga skuteczność 70-90%. Pomimo postępów, nawroty i hospitalizacje pozostają częste, a choroba niesie wysokie ryzyko udaru niedokrwiennego, z względnym ryzykiem udaru wynoszącym 1,4 w porównaniu do populacji kontrolnej. Długotrwałe trzepotanie z częstością rytmu komór powyżej 100/min może prowadzić do kardiomiopatii tachyarytmicznej i niewydolności serca. Ryzyko powikłań zakrzepowo-zatorowych jest związane z zastojem krwi w lewym przedsionku, szczególnie u pacjentów z obniżoną frakcją wyrzutową lewej komory i obecnością LAAT (skrzeplin w uszku lewego przedsionka).

Prognozy dla pacjentów z migotaniem przedsionków typu trzepotanie

Rokowanie dla pacjentów z typowym trzepotaniem przedsionków jest uzależnione od wielu czynników, w tym od zastosowanego leczenia oraz współistniejących chorób. Pacjenci poddani ablacji cewnikowej charakteryzują się dobrymi wynikami leczenia, z odsetkiem nawrotów poniżej 5%.1 W przypadku kompleksowych przypadków atypowego trzepotania przedsionków, skuteczność procedury ablacji może być niższa, osiągając około 70%.2 Z kolei kardiowersja wykazuje skuteczność na poziomie 70-90%.3

Należy jednak podkreślić, że pomimo postępów w leczeniu, nawroty trzepotania przedsionków i wielokrotne hospitalizacje są bardzo częste.4 Ponieważ nie istnieje pełne wyleczenie tego schorzenia, a niesie ono za sobą wysokie ryzyko udaru, pacjenci wymagają dożywotnich wizyt kontrolnych.5

Powikłania wpływające na rokowanie

Trzepotanie przedsionków, przy odpowiednim leczeniu, rzadko zagraża życiu bezpośrednio. Jednak podobnie jak w przypadku migotania przedsionków, zwiększa ryzyko udaru mózgu.6 W badaniach wykazano, że względne ryzyko wystąpienia udaru u pacjentów z trzepotaniem przedsionków wynosi 1,4 w porównaniu do grupy kontrolnej.7 Migotanie przedsionków wiąże się z 5-krotnym wzrostem ryzyka udaru i 1,5- do 1,9-krotnym zwiększonym ryzykiem zgonu, co również należy brać pod uwagę w przypadku trzepotania przedsionków ze względu na ich częste współwystępowanie.8

Ryzyko powikłań zakrzepowo-zatorowych wynika bezpośrednio z szybkiego skurczu przedsionków, co prowadzi do zastoju lub gromadzenia się krwi w przedsionkach, szczególnie w lewym przedsionku. Zastój krwi sprzyja tworzeniu zakrzepów, które mogą przedostać się do krążenia ogólnoustrojowego i do mózgu, prowadząc do udaru niedokrwiennego.9 U pacjentów z jednocześnie zdiagnozowanym nowym szybkim migotaniem lub trzepotaniem przedsionków oraz nowo obniżoną frakcją wyrzutową lewej komory występuje wysoka częstość skrzeplin w uszku lewego przedsionka (LAAT).10

Dodatkowym poważnym powikłaniem jest kardiomiopatia tachyarytmiczna. Przedłużające się epizody trzepotania przedsionków mogą powodować nieodwracalne zmiany w przedsionkach, w tym negatywny remodeling z powiększeniem przedsionków i osłabieniem mięśnia (miopatia).11 Długotrwałe trzepotanie przedsionków z ciągle szybką częstością rytmu komór (zwykle powyżej 100 uderzeń na minutę) może wywołać kardiomiopatię tachyarytmiczną (osłabienie mięśnia komór i funkcji serca) oraz objawy zastoinowej niewydolności serca.1213 Utrzymujące się trzepotanie przedsionków może generować tachykardię i indukować kardiomiopatię, którą trudno kontrolować, powodując liczne hospitalizacje z powodu dekompensacji.14

Czynniki ryzyka wpływające na rokowanie

Ryzyko udaru nie jest jednakowe dla wszystkich osób z trzepotaniem przedsionków. Do czynników ryzyka zaliczamy: wiek, obecność strukturalnej choroby serca, nadciśnienie tętnicze, cukrzycę, przebyte udary, choroby zastawkowe serca, niewydolność serca i chorobę wieńcową.15 Decyzja o wdrożeniu długoterminowego leczenia przeciwzakrzepowego musi być zindywidualizowana po konsultacji między pacjentem a lekarzem prowadzącym.16

Badania wykazały, że nowo występująca zastoinowa niewydolność serca (CHF), udar/przemijający atak niedokrwienny (TIA) oraz choroba naczyń są predyktorami rozwoju migotania przedsionków u pacjentów z trzepotaniem przedsionków.17 Dynamiczna ocena zmian w skali CHA₂DS₂-VASc oraz zaproponowanej skali A₂C₂S₂-VASc może przewidywać rozwój migotania przedsionków i udaru niedokrwiennego.18

Stratyfikacja ryzyka w trzepotaniu przedsionków

Częstość występowania migotania przedsionków była wyższa u pacjentów z trzepotaniem przedsionków z wynikiem CHA₂DS₂-VASc ≥2 oraz wynikiem A₂C₂S₂-VASc ≥3 podczas obserwacji.19 Zmiana wyniku (delta) okazała się lepszym wskaźnikiem predykcyjnym udaru niedokrwiennego niż wynik końcowy w obu systemach punktacji podczas obserwacji.20

Pacjenci z trzepotaniem przedsionków z niskim wynikiem CHA₂DS₂-VASc powinni być ściśle monitorowani, gdy pojawi się nowa choroba współistniejąca będąca składową skali CHA₂DS₂-VASc.21 Badanie AFFORD ma na celu opracowanie dokładnej, obiektywnej reguły stratyfikacji ryzyka dla pacjentów z oddziału ratunkowego z objawowym migotaniem przedsionków, co może być również przydatne w trzepotaniu przedsionków.22

Prognozy po ablacji cewnikowej

Rokowanie dla pacjentów z typowym trzepotaniem przedsionków poddanych ablacji cewnikowej jest doskonałe, z bardzo niskim wskaźnikiem nawrotów.23 Obraz nie jest tak jednoznaczny w przypadku pacjentów z zarówno trzepotaniem, jak i migotaniem przedsionków. Niektóre doniesienia udokumentowały mniej epizodów migotania przedsionków po skutecznej ablacji trzepotania; inne tego nie potwierdziły.24 Możliwe, że migotanie przedsionków może lepiej reagować na leki przeciwarytmiczne po wyeliminowaniu trzepotania przedsionków.25

Wskaźniki głównych powikłań wahały się od 0,8% (częstoskurcz nadkomorowy, dotyczy ablacji typowego trzepotania przedsionków) do 6% (częstoskurcz komorowy związany ze strukturalną chorobą serca), w zależności od przeprowadzonej procedury ablacji. Niewydolność nerek była jedynym niezależnym predyktorem poważnych powikłań.26

Współwystępowanie trzepotania i migotania przedsionków

Migotanie i trzepotanie przedsionków często współistnieją, a znaczenie trzepotania przedsionków w inicjowaniu i podtrzymywaniu migotania przedsionków staje się coraz bardziej widoczne.27 Nie jest rzadkością występowanie częstych napadów migotania przedsionków po ablacji trzepotania przedsionków prądem o częstotliwości radiowej. Wyeliminowanie trzepotania przedsionków może, ale nie musi poprawić obciążenia migotaniem przedsionków u tych pacjentów.28

Ponadto, pacjenci z migotaniem przedsionków leczeni lekami przeciwarytmicznymi lub po ablacji cewnikowej z izolacją żył płucnych mogą przejść w trzepotanie przedsionków. W takich sytuacjach trzepotanie przedsionków można leczyć procedurą ablacji cewnikowej, eliminując tachyarytmie przedsionkowe pacjenta.29

Pacjenci z zespołem Wolffa-Parkinsona-White’a, u których rozwinie się trzepotanie przedsionków, mogą rozwinąć zagrażające życiu odpowiedzi komorowe, dlatego należy rozważyć u nich ablację cewnikową dodatkowego szlaku przewodzenia.30

Podsumowanie prognoz

Rokowanie w trzepotaniu przedsionków zależy od podstawowego stanu zdrowia pacjenta. Ablacja cewnikowa typowego trzepotania przedsionków ma doskonałe wyniki z niewielkim odsetkiem nawrotów. Jednak u pacjentów z atypowym trzepotaniem i współistniejącym migotaniem przedsionków prognozy mogą być bardziej zróżnicowane. Kluczowym aspektem wpływającym na rokowanie jest ryzyko powikłań zakrzepowo-zatorowych, które zbliża się do ryzyka obserwowanego w migotaniu przedsionków.31

Długotrwałe trzepotanie przedsionków może prowadzić do kardiomiopatii tachyarytmicznej i niewydolności serca, co pogarsza rokowanie. Stratyfikacja ryzyka za pomocą skal takich jak CHA₂DS₂-VASc i zaproponowanej A₂C₂S₂-VASc może pomóc w przewidywaniu ryzyka powikłań i personalizacji leczenia. Regularne wizyty kontrolne i odpowiednie leczenie są niezbędne do optymalizacji wyników u pacjentów z trzepotaniem przedsionków.3233

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Atrial Flutter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540985/
    The prognosis of patients with typical atrial flutter undergoing catheter ablation is good, with a recurrence rate of less than 5%. The persistence of atrial flutter can generate tachycardia and induce cardiomyopathy that is hard to control, causing multiple hospitalizations due to decompensation. […] Despite advances in treatment, recurrence and multiple admission to the hospital are very common.
  • #2 Atrial Flutter: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22885-atrial-flutter
    Because theres no cure for atrial flutter and it carries a high risk of stroke, youll need follow-up appointments all your life. Its important to keep your appointments because its common for atrial flutter to keep coming back. People with atrial flutter may have multiple hospital visits because of this. […] Cardioversion works in 70% to 90% of people. Some people have less than a 5% chance of atrial flutter happening again after a catheter ablation. Others may have less successful procedures because of their type of atrial flutter. People with complex cases of atypical atrial flutter may have only a 70% success rate with ablation.
  • #3 Atrial Flutter: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22885-atrial-flutter
    Because theres no cure for atrial flutter and it carries a high risk of stroke, youll need follow-up appointments all your life. Its important to keep your appointments because its common for atrial flutter to keep coming back. People with atrial flutter may have multiple hospital visits because of this. […] Cardioversion works in 70% to 90% of people. Some people have less than a 5% chance of atrial flutter happening again after a catheter ablation. Others may have less successful procedures because of their type of atrial flutter. People with complex cases of atypical atrial flutter may have only a 70% success rate with ablation.
  • #4 Atrial Flutter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540985/
    The prognosis of patients with typical atrial flutter undergoing catheter ablation is good, with a recurrence rate of less than 5%. The persistence of atrial flutter can generate tachycardia and induce cardiomyopathy that is hard to control, causing multiple hospitalizations due to decompensation. […] Despite advances in treatment, recurrence and multiple admission to the hospital are very common.
  • #5 Atrial Flutter: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22885-atrial-flutter
    Because theres no cure for atrial flutter and it carries a high risk of stroke, youll need follow-up appointments all your life. Its important to keep your appointments because its common for atrial flutter to keep coming back. People with atrial flutter may have multiple hospital visits because of this. […] Cardioversion works in 70% to 90% of people. Some people have less than a 5% chance of atrial flutter happening again after a catheter ablation. Others may have less successful procedures because of their type of atrial flutter. People with complex cases of atypical atrial flutter may have only a 70% success rate with ablation.
  • #6 Atrial Flutter
    https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter.php
    Atrial flutter, with appropriate treatment, is rarely life-threatening. However, similar to atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter poses an increased risk of stroke. This is a direct result of the rapid atrial contraction that leads to a stasis or pooling of blood in the atria; particularly, the left atrium. This pooled blood is more likely to form clots that can travel to the systemic circulation and the brain, leading to a cerebrovascular accident or stroke. The risk of stroke is not the same for all people with atrial flutter. Therefore, consultation with your physician is very important in determining the presence of additional risk factors for stroke that may require treatment with the blood thinner warfarin (also known as coumadin). Some of these risk factors include age, presence of structural heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, history of stroke, valvular heart disease, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. The decision to implement long-term anticoagulation (that is blood thinners) must be individualized after a discussion between you and your treating physician.
  • #7 Atrial Flutter: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151210-overview
    In patients with atrial flutter in one study, the relative risk for developing a stroke was 1.4 in comparison to control subjects. […] Patients with concurrently diagnosed new rapid atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter and new reduced left ventricular ejection fraction appear to have a high rate prevalence of left atrial appendage thrombi (LAAT). However, the presence of LAAT does not appear to be prognostic for eventual improvement.
  • #8 Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter Outcomes & Risk Determination (AFFORD): Design and rationale
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3169197/
    Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with a 5-fold increase in the risk of stroke and 1.5- to 1.9-fold increased risk of death. […] The AFFORD study’s objective is to develop and internally validate a multivariable clinical prediction rule based on established clinical and biostatistical standards that accurately estimates risk for adverse outcomes in ED patients with symptomatic AF. […] The primary outcome for the AFFORD study is measuring the incidence of adverse events at 5 and 30 days from the ED evaluation. […] The proposed project is unique in that most AF prediction rules have focused on long-term thromboembolic events, maintenance of sinus rhythm, or overall mortality. […] The AFFORD rule will include the most up-to-date diagnostic studies that have demonstrated prognostic association with AF and associated cardiovascular diseases. […] In conclusion, the AFFORD study’s objective is to develop an accurate, objective risk-stratification rule for ED patients with symptomatic AF.
  • #9 Atrial Flutter
    https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter.php
    Atrial flutter, with appropriate treatment, is rarely life-threatening. However, similar to atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter poses an increased risk of stroke. This is a direct result of the rapid atrial contraction that leads to a stasis or pooling of blood in the atria; particularly, the left atrium. This pooled blood is more likely to form clots that can travel to the systemic circulation and the brain, leading to a cerebrovascular accident or stroke. The risk of stroke is not the same for all people with atrial flutter. Therefore, consultation with your physician is very important in determining the presence of additional risk factors for stroke that may require treatment with the blood thinner warfarin (also known as coumadin). Some of these risk factors include age, presence of structural heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, history of stroke, valvular heart disease, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. The decision to implement long-term anticoagulation (that is blood thinners) must be individualized after a discussion between you and your treating physician.
  • #10 Atrial Flutter: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151210-overview
    In patients with atrial flutter in one study, the relative risk for developing a stroke was 1.4 in comparison to control subjects. […] Patients with concurrently diagnosed new rapid atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter and new reduced left ventricular ejection fraction appear to have a high rate prevalence of left atrial appendage thrombi (LAAT). However, the presence of LAAT does not appear to be prognostic for eventual improvement.
  • #11 Atrial Flutter
    https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter.php
    In addition to the risk of stroke, prolonged episodes of atrial flutter can cause irreversible changes to the atria, including negative remodeling with atrial enlargement and weakness (myopathy). In addition, prolonged episodes can make reversion and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm more difficult. Long-lasting atrial flutter with continuously rapid ventricular rates (heart rates typically greater than 100 beats per minute) may cause a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (weakening of ventricular muscle and heart function) and symptoms of congestive heart failure. Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter tend to coexist, with the significance of atrial flutter in the initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation recently becoming more apparent. It is not uncommon to find patients who have frequent paroxysms of atrial fibrillation post radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial flutter. Eradication of atrial flutter may or may not improve the burden of atrial fibrillation in these patients. In addition, patients with atrial fibrillation who are treated with antiarrhythmic medications or post catheter ablation with pulmonary vein isolation are noted to revert to atrial flutter. In these situations, atrial flutter can be approached with a catheter ablation procedure (discussed below), with eradication of the patients atrial tachyarrhythmias.
  • #12 Atrial Flutter
    https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter.php
    In addition to the risk of stroke, prolonged episodes of atrial flutter can cause irreversible changes to the atria, including negative remodeling with atrial enlargement and weakness (myopathy). In addition, prolonged episodes can make reversion and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm more difficult. Long-lasting atrial flutter with continuously rapid ventricular rates (heart rates typically greater than 100 beats per minute) may cause a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (weakening of ventricular muscle and heart function) and symptoms of congestive heart failure. Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter tend to coexist, with the significance of atrial flutter in the initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation recently becoming more apparent. It is not uncommon to find patients who have frequent paroxysms of atrial fibrillation post radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial flutter. Eradication of atrial flutter may or may not improve the burden of atrial fibrillation in these patients. In addition, patients with atrial fibrillation who are treated with antiarrhythmic medications or post catheter ablation with pulmonary vein isolation are noted to revert to atrial flutter. In these situations, atrial flutter can be approached with a catheter ablation procedure (discussed below), with eradication of the patients atrial tachyarrhythmias.
  • #13 Atrial Flutter: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151210-overview
    The prognosis for atrial flutter depends on the patient’s underlying medical condition. Any prolonged atrial arrhythmia can cause a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Intervening to control the ventricular response rate or to return the patient to sinus rhythm is important. Thrombus formation in the left atrium has been described in patients with atrial flutter (0-21%). Thromboembolic complications have also been described. […] For the most part, morbidity and mortality result from complications of rate (eg, syncope and congestive heart failure). In patients with atrial flutter, the risk of embolic occurrences approaches that seen in atrial fibrillation. Patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who develop atrial flutter can develop life-threatening ventricular responses and therefore should be considered for catheter ablation of their accessory bypass tract.
  • #14 Atrial Flutter – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540985/
    The prognosis of patients with typical atrial flutter undergoing catheter ablation is good, with a recurrence rate of less than 5%. The persistence of atrial flutter can generate tachycardia and induce cardiomyopathy that is hard to control, causing multiple hospitalizations due to decompensation. […] Despite advances in treatment, recurrence and multiple admission to the hospital are very common.
  • #15 Atrial Flutter
    https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter.php
    Atrial flutter, with appropriate treatment, is rarely life-threatening. However, similar to atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter poses an increased risk of stroke. This is a direct result of the rapid atrial contraction that leads to a stasis or pooling of blood in the atria; particularly, the left atrium. This pooled blood is more likely to form clots that can travel to the systemic circulation and the brain, leading to a cerebrovascular accident or stroke. The risk of stroke is not the same for all people with atrial flutter. Therefore, consultation with your physician is very important in determining the presence of additional risk factors for stroke that may require treatment with the blood thinner warfarin (also known as coumadin). Some of these risk factors include age, presence of structural heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, history of stroke, valvular heart disease, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. The decision to implement long-term anticoagulation (that is blood thinners) must be individualized after a discussion between you and your treating physician.
  • #16 Atrial Flutter
    https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter.php
    Atrial flutter, with appropriate treatment, is rarely life-threatening. However, similar to atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter poses an increased risk of stroke. This is a direct result of the rapid atrial contraction that leads to a stasis or pooling of blood in the atria; particularly, the left atrium. This pooled blood is more likely to form clots that can travel to the systemic circulation and the brain, leading to a cerebrovascular accident or stroke. The risk of stroke is not the same for all people with atrial flutter. Therefore, consultation with your physician is very important in determining the presence of additional risk factors for stroke that may require treatment with the blood thinner warfarin (also known as coumadin). Some of these risk factors include age, presence of structural heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, history of stroke, valvular heart disease, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. The decision to implement long-term anticoagulation (that is blood thinners) must be individualized after a discussion between you and your treating physician.
  • #17 Proposed A2C2S2-VASc score for predicting atrial fibrillation development in patients with atrial flutter | Open Heart
    https://openheart.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001478
    This study showed that new-onset CHF, stroke/TIA and vascular disease were predictors of AF development in patients with AFL. […] The dynamic score and changes in both CHA2DS2-VASC and the proposed A2C2S2-VASc score could predict the development of AF and ischaemic stroke. […] The incidence of AF development was higher in patients with AFL with follow-up CHA2DS2-VASc scores 2 and A2C2S2-VASc scores 3. […] The delta score was better than the follow-up score in both scoring systems in predicting ischaemic stroke during follow-up. […] Patients with AFL at a low level of CHA2DS2-VASc should be closely followed up when a newly developed comorbidity of a component of the CHA2DS2-VASc is noted thereafter.
  • #18 Proposed A2C2S2-VASc score for predicting atrial fibrillation development in patients with atrial flutter | Open Heart
    https://openheart.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001478
    This study showed that new-onset CHF, stroke/TIA and vascular disease were predictors of AF development in patients with AFL. […] The dynamic score and changes in both CHA2DS2-VASC and the proposed A2C2S2-VASc score could predict the development of AF and ischaemic stroke. […] The incidence of AF development was higher in patients with AFL with follow-up CHA2DS2-VASc scores 2 and A2C2S2-VASc scores 3. […] The delta score was better than the follow-up score in both scoring systems in predicting ischaemic stroke during follow-up. […] Patients with AFL at a low level of CHA2DS2-VASc should be closely followed up when a newly developed comorbidity of a component of the CHA2DS2-VASc is noted thereafter.
  • #19 Proposed A2C2S2-VASc score for predicting atrial fibrillation development in patients with atrial flutter | Open Heart
    https://openheart.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001478
    This study showed that new-onset CHF, stroke/TIA and vascular disease were predictors of AF development in patients with AFL. […] The dynamic score and changes in both CHA2DS2-VASC and the proposed A2C2S2-VASc score could predict the development of AF and ischaemic stroke. […] The incidence of AF development was higher in patients with AFL with follow-up CHA2DS2-VASc scores 2 and A2C2S2-VASc scores 3. […] The delta score was better than the follow-up score in both scoring systems in predicting ischaemic stroke during follow-up. […] Patients with AFL at a low level of CHA2DS2-VASc should be closely followed up when a newly developed comorbidity of a component of the CHA2DS2-VASc is noted thereafter.
  • #20 Proposed A2C2S2-VASc score for predicting atrial fibrillation development in patients with atrial flutter | Open Heart
    https://openheart.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001478
    This study showed that new-onset CHF, stroke/TIA and vascular disease were predictors of AF development in patients with AFL. […] The dynamic score and changes in both CHA2DS2-VASC and the proposed A2C2S2-VASc score could predict the development of AF and ischaemic stroke. […] The incidence of AF development was higher in patients with AFL with follow-up CHA2DS2-VASc scores 2 and A2C2S2-VASc scores 3. […] The delta score was better than the follow-up score in both scoring systems in predicting ischaemic stroke during follow-up. […] Patients with AFL at a low level of CHA2DS2-VASc should be closely followed up when a newly developed comorbidity of a component of the CHA2DS2-VASc is noted thereafter.
  • #21 Proposed A2C2S2-VASc score for predicting atrial fibrillation development in patients with atrial flutter | Open Heart
    https://openheart.bmj.com/content/8/1/e001478
    This study showed that new-onset CHF, stroke/TIA and vascular disease were predictors of AF development in patients with AFL. […] The dynamic score and changes in both CHA2DS2-VASC and the proposed A2C2S2-VASc score could predict the development of AF and ischaemic stroke. […] The incidence of AF development was higher in patients with AFL with follow-up CHA2DS2-VASc scores 2 and A2C2S2-VASc scores 3. […] The delta score was better than the follow-up score in both scoring systems in predicting ischaemic stroke during follow-up. […] Patients with AFL at a low level of CHA2DS2-VASc should be closely followed up when a newly developed comorbidity of a component of the CHA2DS2-VASc is noted thereafter.
  • #22 Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter Outcomes & Risk Determination (AFFORD): Design and rationale
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3169197/
    Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with a 5-fold increase in the risk of stroke and 1.5- to 1.9-fold increased risk of death. […] The AFFORD study’s objective is to develop and internally validate a multivariable clinical prediction rule based on established clinical and biostatistical standards that accurately estimates risk for adverse outcomes in ED patients with symptomatic AF. […] The primary outcome for the AFFORD study is measuring the incidence of adverse events at 5 and 30 days from the ED evaluation. […] The proposed project is unique in that most AF prediction rules have focused on long-term thromboembolic events, maintenance of sinus rhythm, or overall mortality. […] The AFFORD rule will include the most up-to-date diagnostic studies that have demonstrated prognostic association with AF and associated cardiovascular diseases. […] In conclusion, the AFFORD study’s objective is to develop an accurate, objective risk-stratification rule for ED patients with symptomatic AF.
  • #23 Atrial Flutter: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151210-overview
    The prognosis for patients with typical atrial flutter who undergo catheter ablation is excellent, with a very low recurrence rate. The picture is not as clear for patients with both atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Some reports have documented fewer episodes of atrial fibrillation after successful flutter ablation; others have not. It is possible that atrial fibrillation may be more responsive to antiarrhythmic agents after atrial flutter has been eliminated. […] Major complication rates ranged from 0.8% (supraventricular tachycardia, applicable to ablation of typical atrial flutter) to 6% (ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart disease), depending on the ablation procedure performed. Renal insufficiency was the only independent predictor of a major complication.
  • #24 Atrial Flutter: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151210-overview
    The prognosis for patients with typical atrial flutter who undergo catheter ablation is excellent, with a very low recurrence rate. The picture is not as clear for patients with both atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Some reports have documented fewer episodes of atrial fibrillation after successful flutter ablation; others have not. It is possible that atrial fibrillation may be more responsive to antiarrhythmic agents after atrial flutter has been eliminated. […] Major complication rates ranged from 0.8% (supraventricular tachycardia, applicable to ablation of typical atrial flutter) to 6% (ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart disease), depending on the ablation procedure performed. Renal insufficiency was the only independent predictor of a major complication.
  • #25 Atrial Flutter: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151210-overview
    The prognosis for patients with typical atrial flutter who undergo catheter ablation is excellent, with a very low recurrence rate. The picture is not as clear for patients with both atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Some reports have documented fewer episodes of atrial fibrillation after successful flutter ablation; others have not. It is possible that atrial fibrillation may be more responsive to antiarrhythmic agents after atrial flutter has been eliminated. […] Major complication rates ranged from 0.8% (supraventricular tachycardia, applicable to ablation of typical atrial flutter) to 6% (ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart disease), depending on the ablation procedure performed. Renal insufficiency was the only independent predictor of a major complication.
  • #26 Atrial Flutter: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151210-overview
    The prognosis for patients with typical atrial flutter who undergo catheter ablation is excellent, with a very low recurrence rate. The picture is not as clear for patients with both atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Some reports have documented fewer episodes of atrial fibrillation after successful flutter ablation; others have not. It is possible that atrial fibrillation may be more responsive to antiarrhythmic agents after atrial flutter has been eliminated. […] Major complication rates ranged from 0.8% (supraventricular tachycardia, applicable to ablation of typical atrial flutter) to 6% (ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart disease), depending on the ablation procedure performed. Renal insufficiency was the only independent predictor of a major complication.
  • #27 Atrial Flutter
    https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter.php
    In addition to the risk of stroke, prolonged episodes of atrial flutter can cause irreversible changes to the atria, including negative remodeling with atrial enlargement and weakness (myopathy). In addition, prolonged episodes can make reversion and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm more difficult. Long-lasting atrial flutter with continuously rapid ventricular rates (heart rates typically greater than 100 beats per minute) may cause a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (weakening of ventricular muscle and heart function) and symptoms of congestive heart failure. Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter tend to coexist, with the significance of atrial flutter in the initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation recently becoming more apparent. It is not uncommon to find patients who have frequent paroxysms of atrial fibrillation post radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial flutter. Eradication of atrial flutter may or may not improve the burden of atrial fibrillation in these patients. In addition, patients with atrial fibrillation who are treated with antiarrhythmic medications or post catheter ablation with pulmonary vein isolation are noted to revert to atrial flutter. In these situations, atrial flutter can be approached with a catheter ablation procedure (discussed below), with eradication of the patients atrial tachyarrhythmias.
  • #28 Atrial Flutter
    https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter.php
    In addition to the risk of stroke, prolonged episodes of atrial flutter can cause irreversible changes to the atria, including negative remodeling with atrial enlargement and weakness (myopathy). In addition, prolonged episodes can make reversion and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm more difficult. Long-lasting atrial flutter with continuously rapid ventricular rates (heart rates typically greater than 100 beats per minute) may cause a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (weakening of ventricular muscle and heart function) and symptoms of congestive heart failure. Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter tend to coexist, with the significance of atrial flutter in the initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation recently becoming more apparent. It is not uncommon to find patients who have frequent paroxysms of atrial fibrillation post radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial flutter. Eradication of atrial flutter may or may not improve the burden of atrial fibrillation in these patients. In addition, patients with atrial fibrillation who are treated with antiarrhythmic medications or post catheter ablation with pulmonary vein isolation are noted to revert to atrial flutter. In these situations, atrial flutter can be approached with a catheter ablation procedure (discussed below), with eradication of the patients atrial tachyarrhythmias.
  • #29 Atrial Flutter
    https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter.php
    In addition to the risk of stroke, prolonged episodes of atrial flutter can cause irreversible changes to the atria, including negative remodeling with atrial enlargement and weakness (myopathy). In addition, prolonged episodes can make reversion and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm more difficult. Long-lasting atrial flutter with continuously rapid ventricular rates (heart rates typically greater than 100 beats per minute) may cause a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (weakening of ventricular muscle and heart function) and symptoms of congestive heart failure. Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter tend to coexist, with the significance of atrial flutter in the initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation recently becoming more apparent. It is not uncommon to find patients who have frequent paroxysms of atrial fibrillation post radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial flutter. Eradication of atrial flutter may or may not improve the burden of atrial fibrillation in these patients. In addition, patients with atrial fibrillation who are treated with antiarrhythmic medications or post catheter ablation with pulmonary vein isolation are noted to revert to atrial flutter. In these situations, atrial flutter can be approached with a catheter ablation procedure (discussed below), with eradication of the patients atrial tachyarrhythmias.
  • #30 Atrial Flutter: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151210-overview
    The prognosis for atrial flutter depends on the patient’s underlying medical condition. Any prolonged atrial arrhythmia can cause a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Intervening to control the ventricular response rate or to return the patient to sinus rhythm is important. Thrombus formation in the left atrium has been described in patients with atrial flutter (0-21%). Thromboembolic complications have also been described. […] For the most part, morbidity and mortality result from complications of rate (eg, syncope and congestive heart failure). In patients with atrial flutter, the risk of embolic occurrences approaches that seen in atrial fibrillation. Patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who develop atrial flutter can develop life-threatening ventricular responses and therefore should be considered for catheter ablation of their accessory bypass tract.
  • #31 Atrial Flutter: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151210-overview
    The prognosis for atrial flutter depends on the patient’s underlying medical condition. Any prolonged atrial arrhythmia can cause a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Intervening to control the ventricular response rate or to return the patient to sinus rhythm is important. Thrombus formation in the left atrium has been described in patients with atrial flutter (0-21%). Thromboembolic complications have also been described. […] For the most part, morbidity and mortality result from complications of rate (eg, syncope and congestive heart failure). In patients with atrial flutter, the risk of embolic occurrences approaches that seen in atrial fibrillation. Patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who develop atrial flutter can develop life-threatening ventricular responses and therefore should be considered for catheter ablation of their accessory bypass tract.
  • #32 Atrial Flutter: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22885-atrial-flutter
    Because theres no cure for atrial flutter and it carries a high risk of stroke, youll need follow-up appointments all your life. Its important to keep your appointments because its common for atrial flutter to keep coming back. People with atrial flutter may have multiple hospital visits because of this. […] Cardioversion works in 70% to 90% of people. Some people have less than a 5% chance of atrial flutter happening again after a catheter ablation. Others may have less successful procedures because of their type of atrial flutter. People with complex cases of atypical atrial flutter may have only a 70% success rate with ablation.
  • #33 Atrial Flutter
    https://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/atrial-flutter.php
    Atrial flutter, with appropriate treatment, is rarely life-threatening. However, similar to atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter poses an increased risk of stroke. This is a direct result of the rapid atrial contraction that leads to a stasis or pooling of blood in the atria; particularly, the left atrium. This pooled blood is more likely to form clots that can travel to the systemic circulation and the brain, leading to a cerebrovascular accident or stroke. The risk of stroke is not the same for all people with atrial flutter. Therefore, consultation with your physician is very important in determining the presence of additional risk factors for stroke that may require treatment with the blood thinner warfarin (also known as coumadin). Some of these risk factors include age, presence of structural heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, history of stroke, valvular heart disease, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. The decision to implement long-term anticoagulation (that is blood thinners) must be individualized after a discussion between you and your treating physician.