Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What Is a Subdural Hemorrhage?

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurology/conditions/subdural-hemorrhage/

  The best way to prevent subdural hemorrhage is by avoiding head injury. You can do this by minimizing high-risk activities, wearing appropriate head protection during all high-impact sports, and always wearing a seatbelt while in a motor vehicle. […] After a subdural hemorrhage has fully healed, patients still need to be cautious and avoid high-risk activities. After a traumatic brain injury, they are at high risk for another hematoma.

• #2 Subdural Hematoma: Causes, Types, Symptoms, Risks & Recovery

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/subdural-hematoma-symptoms-causes-treatments

  The best way to prevent a subdural hematoma is to prevent head injuries. This can mean taking some of the following steps: […] Wearing a helmet when riding a bike or motorcycle […] Wearing appropriate head protection when participating in contact sports, such as football or boxing […] Keeping your seatbelt buckled when riding in a car […] Avoiding and removing tripping hazards in your home […] Resting after a potential concussion […] Drinking responsibly […] Talking to your health care provider about whether your prescriptions put you at higher risk of getting a subdural hematoma.

• #3 Subdural Hematoma: Causes, Types, Symptoms, Risks & Recovery

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/subdural-hematoma-symptoms-causes-treatments

  The best way to prevent a subdural hematoma is to prevent head injuries. This can mean taking some of the following steps: […] Wearing a helmet when riding a bike or motorcycle […] Wearing appropriate head protection when participating in contact sports, such as football or boxing […] Keeping your seatbelt buckled when riding in a car […] Avoiding and removing tripping hazards in your home […] Resting after a potential concussion […] Drinking responsibly […] Talking to your health care provider about whether your prescriptions put you at higher risk of getting a subdural hematoma.

• #4 Subdural hematoma – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/subdural-hematoma

  Always use safety equipment at work and play to reduce your risk for a head injury. For example, use hard hats, bicycle or motorcycle helmets, and seat belts. Older individuals should be particularly careful to avoid falls.

• #5 Subdural hematoma Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/subdural-hematoma.html

  Accidents, including head injuries, are the leading cause of death in young people. Many of these accidents are related to drugs and alcohol. Many others could be prevented with simple precautions or safety equipment. […] To help prevent head injuries: […] If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation. Never drive after drinking or using drugs. […] If your job involves working high above the ground, use approved safety equipment to prevent accidental falls. […] Have your vision checked regularly. Poor vision can increase your risk of falls and other types of accidents. […] If you are an older adult, clear your home of hazards that could cause you to trip and fall. These include throw rugs and extension cords. […] If you feel unsteady on your feet, consider using a cane or walker. […] If you play a contact sport such as football and you experience a significant head injury, allow adequate time for healing before you start playing again. After a head injury, complete healing can take up to 15 days. This is true even if symptoms go away much sooner. A repeated head injury during this fragile repair period is likely to result in more bleeding. This is called second impact syndrome. […] „Blood-thinning” medications increase your risk of bleeding within the head. Examples include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix) and prasugrel (Effient), direct-acting anticoagulants, such as apixaban (Eliquis) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin).

• #6 Subdural Hematoma – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/subdural-hematoma-a-to-z

  Accidents, including head injuries, are the leading cause of death in young people. Many of these accidents are related to drugs and alcohol. Many others could be prevented with simple precautions or safety equipment. […] To help prevent head injuries: […] If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation. Never drive after drinking or using drugs. […] If your job involves working high above the ground, use approved safety equipment to prevent accidental falls. […] Never work in a high place if you feel lightheaded or unsteady, have been drinking alcohol, or are taking medication that can make you dizzy or affect your balance. […] Have your vision checked regularly. Poor vision can increase your risk of falls and other types of accidents. […] If you are an older adult, clear your home of hazards that could cause you to trip and fall. These include throw rugs and extension cords.

• #7 Subdural hematoma – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/subdural-hematoma

  Always use safety equipment at work and play to reduce your risk for a head injury. For example, use hard hats, bicycle or motorcycle helmets, and seat belts. Older individuals should be particularly careful to avoid falls.

• #8 Subdural Hematoma – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/subdural-hematoma-a-to-z

  Accidents, including head injuries, are the leading cause of death in young people. Many of these accidents are related to drugs and alcohol. Many others could be prevented with simple precautions or safety equipment. […] To help prevent head injuries: […] If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation. Never drive after drinking or using drugs. […] If your job involves working high above the ground, use approved safety equipment to prevent accidental falls. […] Never work in a high place if you feel lightheaded or unsteady, have been drinking alcohol, or are taking medication that can make you dizzy or affect your balance. […] Have your vision checked regularly. Poor vision can increase your risk of falls and other types of accidents. […] If you are an older adult, clear your home of hazards that could cause you to trip and fall. These include throw rugs and extension cords.

• #9 Subdural hematoma Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/subdural-hematoma.html

  Accidents, including head injuries, are the leading cause of death in young people. Many of these accidents are related to drugs and alcohol. Many others could be prevented with simple precautions or safety equipment. […] To help prevent head injuries: […] If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation. Never drive after drinking or using drugs. […] If your job involves working high above the ground, use approved safety equipment to prevent accidental falls. […] Have your vision checked regularly. Poor vision can increase your risk of falls and other types of accidents. […] If you are an older adult, clear your home of hazards that could cause you to trip and fall. These include throw rugs and extension cords. […] If you feel unsteady on your feet, consider using a cane or walker. […] If you play a contact sport such as football and you experience a significant head injury, allow adequate time for healing before you start playing again. After a head injury, complete healing can take up to 15 days. This is true even if symptoms go away much sooner. A repeated head injury during this fragile repair period is likely to result in more bleeding. This is called second impact syndrome. […] „Blood-thinning” medications increase your risk of bleeding within the head. Examples include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix) and prasugrel (Effient), direct-acting anticoagulants, such as apixaban (Eliquis) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin).

• #10

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/brain-spine-institute/intracranial-hemorrhage/subdural-hemorrhage

  You can reduce your risk of a subdural hemorrhage by taking the following safety precautions, including: […] Resting after a head injury or concussion. […] Removing anything that could cause a fall in your home, especially if you are or have elderly people living with you. […] Talking with your provider about precautions when taking blood thinners. […] Using safety equipment at a job site with a high risk of head injury. […] Wearing a helmet when riding a bicycle or motorcycle.

• #11 Is prophylactic anti-convulsive treatment necessary in subdural hematomas?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10560805/

  Anti-convulsive treatment may be recommended in patients with acute SDH and a low GCS score at admission. […] Prophylactic anticonvulsive treatment was not performed on any patient because it was not recommended in the literature. […] Some authors have examined the validity of prophylactic antiepileptic drug (AED) treatments in patients with SDH. […] However, no prospective randomized studies have examined the use of prophylactic AED administration in patients with cSDH. […] Based on the low incidence of seizures after BHC and the potential side effects of AEDs, Flores et al. do not recommend routine application of AEDs. […] For the same reasons, Branco et al. recommended that AEDs be used only in high-risk patients, such as alcohol dependents and elderly patients. […] The timing of prophylactic AEDs is not specifically specified in most studies with respect to pre-or postoperative initiation.

• #12 Subdural haematoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/416

  One week of prophylactic antiepileptic therapy (e.g., phenytoin, levetiracetam) should be considered in all cases of acute and acute-on-chronic SDH, according to the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines. […] Aggressive reversal of coagulopathy should be accomplished in most patients with SDH who are taking anticoagulants.

• #13 Subdural haematoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/416

  One week of prophylactic antiepileptic therapy (e.g., phenytoin, levetiracetam) should be considered in all cases of acute and acute-on-chronic SDH, according to the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines. […] Aggressive reversal of coagulopathy should be accomplished in most patients with SDH who are taking anticoagulants.

• #14 Anticonvulsants for preventing seizures in patients with chronic subdural haematoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7388908/

  Anticonvulsant therapy is sometimes used prophylactically in patients with chronic subdural haematoma, although the benefit is unclear. […] No formal recommendations can be made about the use of prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with chronic subdural haematoma based on the literature currently available. There are no randomised controlled trials on this topic, and noncontrolled studies have conflicting results. There is an urgent need for well-designed randomised controlled trials. […] The review authors conclude that better research needs to be done on this topic and, for now, there is no clear evidence to support the regular use of antiepileptic drugs for patients with long-term subdural haematoma. […] No randomised controlled trials have been identified, and this review has no included studies. No conclusions can be reached about the use of prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with CSH from the information currently available. Clinicians must balance potential benefit against the possible risk of complications in each case. […] Randomised controlled trials of prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with CSH are required in order to gain an understanding of the effects of this treatment.

• #15 Efficacy of antiseizure prophylaxis in chronic subdural hematoma: a cohort study on routinely collected health data in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 132 Issue 1 (2019) Journals

  https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/132/1/article-p284.xml

  Antiepileptic prophylaxis does not seem to be effective in preventing seizures in patients with CSDH. […] The effectiveness of antiepileptic prophylaxis for this indication remains unclear. […] The primary objective of this study was to assess the relevance of anticonvulsant prophylaxis in reducing seizure events in patients with CSDH. […] A 2013 Cochrane systematic review of studies examining the role of antiseizure prophylaxis (ASP) in the CSDH population identified only 3 retrospective cohort studies (total number of patients = 365). […] No recommendation was given following the review because of the low quality of evidence in the literature. […] Our cohort study based on routinely collected data found no beneficial effects from the introduction of ASP on the prevention of postoperative seizures in patients with CSDH. […] These results are in line with most of the evidence found in the literature, which seems to indicate that there is no gain in either seizure prevention or clinical outcomes.

• #16 Is prophylactic anti-convulsive treatment necessary in subdural hematomas?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10560805/

  Anti-convulsive treatment may be recommended in patients with acute SDH and a low GCS score at admission. […] Prophylactic anticonvulsive treatment was not performed on any patient because it was not recommended in the literature. […] Some authors have examined the validity of prophylactic antiepileptic drug (AED) treatments in patients with SDH. […] However, no prospective randomized studies have examined the use of prophylactic AED administration in patients with cSDH. […] Based on the low incidence of seizures after BHC and the potential side effects of AEDs, Flores et al. do not recommend routine application of AEDs. […] For the same reasons, Branco et al. recommended that AEDs be used only in high-risk patients, such as alcohol dependents and elderly patients. […] The timing of prophylactic AEDs is not specifically specified in most studies with respect to pre-or postoperative initiation.

• #17 Seizures prophylaxis in Chronic Subdural Hematoma

  https://neuropkbk.neurocare.ai/seizures-prophylaxis-in-chronic-subdural-hematoma

  Anti-seizures medications (ASM) are sometimes used prophylactically in CSDH, but no current guidelines are available for ASM therapy. […] Prophylaxis NOT treatment of seizures is discussed for Chronic Subdural Hematoma. […] Prophylaxis is NOT recommended!!! […] No current guidelines are available for prophylactic treatment with ASM in CSDH for the prevention of the development of epilepsy. […] Another systematic review by Nachiappan et al showed that No significant reduction of seizures was associated with prophylactic use of the ASM in CSDH.

• #18 Subdural haematoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/416

  One week of prophylactic antiepileptic therapy (e.g., phenytoin, levetiracetam) should be considered in all cases of acute and acute-on-chronic SDH, according to the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines. […] Aggressive reversal of coagulopathy should be accomplished in most patients with SDH who are taking anticoagulants.

• #19 Expert consensus on drug treatment of chronic subdural hematoma | Chinese Neurosurgical Journal | Full Text

  https://cnjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41016-021-00263-z

  Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a chronic space-occupying lesion formed by blood accumulation between arachnoid and dura mater, which is usually formed in the third week after traumatic brain injury. […] The drug treatment can provide a safe and effective treatment for elderly patients who are weak, intolerable to surgery, or failed in surgery. […] The treatment promoting hematoma absorption can not only provide a simple and less painful treatment for patients but also can be used to prevent a postoperative recurrence. […] The recommended drugs for CSDH treatment in this consensus are atorvastatin and dexamethasone. […] Recommendation 2: For patients with CSDH who meet the indications of drug treatment, low-dose and long-term use of atorvastatin (20 mg/day) is suggested for continuous treatment for at least 8 weeks, until neurological symptoms and signs disappear and hematoma absorption is satisfactory; the drug is then discontinued.

• #20 Subdural hematoma primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Subdural_hematoma_primary_prevention

  Effective measures for the primary prevention of subdural hematoma include prevention of head trauma (wear a helmet, buckling your seat belt), effective prevention measures for patients who are at risk of falling, and monitoring INR/PTT in patient using anticoagulant drugs. […] Effective measures for the primary prevention of subdural hematoma include: […] Prevention of head trauma (wear a helmet, buckling your seat belt) […] Effective prevention measures for patients who are at risk of falling […] Monitoring INR/PTT in patient using anticoagulant drugs.

• #21

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/brain-skull-base-care/brain-hemorrhage/subdural-hemorrhage

  Sometimes accidents are unavoidable. However, you can reduce your risk of a subdural hematoma by taking the following measures: […] Talk to your provider about any precautions about taking blood thinners.

• #22 Prophylactic anticoagulation in traumatic subdural hematoma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-93981-8

  Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with acute subdural hematoma (SDH) is common in neurosurgical care. […] In the prevention of hypercoagulative disorders, such as pulmonary embolism (PE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), stroke or myocardial infarction (MI), practitioners regularly use prophylactic anticoagulation (AC) in ICU and perioperative management. […] We found no evidence of a contribution of timely prophylactic AC to PH in patients suffering from traumatic subdural hematoma. […] While its efficacy and safety in prevention of TE has been investigated elsewhere, early application did not increase the risk for postoperative PH in this cohort. […] Initial clinical status, as displayed by radiological and clinical signs of herniation, might be rather determining for PH in subdural hematoma than prophylactic anticoagulation.

• #23 Expert consensus on drug treatment of chronic subdural hematoma | Chinese Neurosurgical Journal | Full Text

  https://cnjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41016-021-00263-z

  Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a chronic space-occupying lesion formed by blood accumulation between arachnoid and dura mater, which is usually formed in the third week after traumatic brain injury. […] The drug treatment can provide a safe and effective treatment for elderly patients who are weak, intolerable to surgery, or failed in surgery. […] The treatment promoting hematoma absorption can not only provide a simple and less painful treatment for patients but also can be used to prevent a postoperative recurrence. […] The recommended drugs for CSDH treatment in this consensus are atorvastatin and dexamethasone. […] Recommendation 2: For patients with CSDH who meet the indications of drug treatment, low-dose and long-term use of atorvastatin (20 mg/day) is suggested for continuous treatment for at least 8 weeks, until neurological symptoms and signs disappear and hematoma absorption is satisfactory; the drug is then discontinued.

• #24 Expert consensus on drug treatment of chronic subdural hematoma | Chinese Neurosurgical Journal | Full Text

  https://cnjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41016-021-00263-z

  Recommendation 3: High-dose (1216 mg/day) or long-term (more than 3 months) routine use of dexamethasone is not recommended due to its large side effects; low-dose and short-term use of dexamethasone can improve the therapeutic effect of atorvastatin on CSDH. […] Recommendation 4: Once patients with CSDH are diagnosed, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs should be stopped in principle. […] The antifibrinolytic therapy of CSDH has received increasing attention. […] Therefore, more reliable high-level evidence-based medical research is needed for antifibrinolytic drug treatment.

• #25 Subdural Hematoma – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/subdural-hematoma-a-to-z

  Accidents, including head injuries, are the leading cause of death in young people. Many of these accidents are related to drugs and alcohol. Many others could be prevented with simple precautions or safety equipment. […] To help prevent head injuries: […] If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation. Never drive after drinking or using drugs. […] If your job involves working high above the ground, use approved safety equipment to prevent accidental falls. […] Never work in a high place if you feel lightheaded or unsteady, have been drinking alcohol, or are taking medication that can make you dizzy or affect your balance. […] Have your vision checked regularly. Poor vision can increase your risk of falls and other types of accidents. […] If you are an older adult, clear your home of hazards that could cause you to trip and fall. These include throw rugs and extension cords.

• #26 Subdural hematoma Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/subdural-hematoma.html

  Accidents, including head injuries, are the leading cause of death in young people. Many of these accidents are related to drugs and alcohol. Many others could be prevented with simple precautions or safety equipment. […] To help prevent head injuries: […] If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation. Never drive after drinking or using drugs. […] If your job involves working high above the ground, use approved safety equipment to prevent accidental falls. […] Have your vision checked regularly. Poor vision can increase your risk of falls and other types of accidents. […] If you are an older adult, clear your home of hazards that could cause you to trip and fall. These include throw rugs and extension cords. […] If you feel unsteady on your feet, consider using a cane or walker. […] If you play a contact sport such as football and you experience a significant head injury, allow adequate time for healing before you start playing again. After a head injury, complete healing can take up to 15 days. This is true even if symptoms go away much sooner. A repeated head injury during this fragile repair period is likely to result in more bleeding. This is called second impact syndrome. […] „Blood-thinning” medications increase your risk of bleeding within the head. Examples include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix) and prasugrel (Effient), direct-acting anticoagulants, such as apixaban (Eliquis) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin).

• #27

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/brain-spine-institute/intracranial-hemorrhage/subdural-hemorrhage

  You can reduce your risk of a subdural hemorrhage by taking the following safety precautions, including: […] Resting after a head injury or concussion. […] Removing anything that could cause a fall in your home, especially if you are or have elderly people living with you. […] Talking with your provider about precautions when taking blood thinners. […] Using safety equipment at a job site with a high risk of head injury. […] Wearing a helmet when riding a bicycle or motorcycle.

• #28 What Is a Subdural Hemorrhage?

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurology/conditions/subdural-hemorrhage/

  The best way to prevent subdural hemorrhage is by avoiding head injury. You can do this by minimizing high-risk activities, wearing appropriate head protection during all high-impact sports, and always wearing a seatbelt while in a motor vehicle. […] After a subdural hemorrhage has fully healed, patients still need to be cautious and avoid high-risk activities. After a traumatic brain injury, they are at high risk for another hematoma.

• #29 New Treatment Combination for Subdural Hematoma Reduces Risk of Recurrence | Newsroom | Weill Cornell Medicine

  https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2024/11/new-treatment-combination-for-subdural-hematoma-reduces-risk-of-recurrence

  A novel combination of surgery and embolization used to treat subdural hematomas, bleeding between the brain and its protective membrane due to trauma, reduces the risk of follow-up surgeries, according to researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine and University at Buffalo. […] By reducing the chance of the subdural hematoma from coming back, the need for hospital re-admission and another operation can be avoided, Dr. Knopman said. […] If we embolize these patients early, we may decrease the number who need to be taken to surgery later, he said. […] Since this may be the most common procedure that neurosurgeons perform in the next decade, it could potentially lower health care costs and improve overall health outcomes for the aging patient population.

• #30 New Treatment Offers a Breakthrough in Subdural Hematoma Care | UB Neurosurgery

  https://www.ubns.com/news/new-treatment-offers-a-breakthrough-in-subdural-hematoma-care-ubns/

  UB Neurosurgeons and Weill Cornell Medicine collaborated on the EMBOLISE study, led by Dr. Jared Knopman (Weill Cornell Medicine) and Dr. Jason M. Davies (UB). Their findings were published in The New England Journal of Medicine. The study, which followed 400 participants across 39 hospitals, tested a new technique called middle meningeal artery embolization. This approach works by blocking the artery that supplies blood to the dura, the brains protective membrane, which helps reduce the chances of hematomas returning. The results showed a remarkable threefold reduction in the need for additional procedures. […] This new treatment gives a promising alternative and reduces the need for craniotomies. This option can ease patient discomfort and lower healthcare costs. […] The research will continue with a focus on whether embolization has the potential to eliminate a need for patients with early-stage chronic subdural hematomas, completely changing how this condition progresses. This study now represents a significant step in transforming the care given and the well-being of individuals with this condition.

• #31 New Treatment Offers a Breakthrough in Subdural Hematoma Care | UB Neurosurgery

  https://www.ubns.com/news/new-treatment-offers-a-breakthrough-in-subdural-hematoma-care-ubns/

  UB Neurosurgeons and Weill Cornell Medicine collaborated on the EMBOLISE study, led by Dr. Jared Knopman (Weill Cornell Medicine) and Dr. Jason M. Davies (UB). Their findings were published in The New England Journal of Medicine. The study, which followed 400 participants across 39 hospitals, tested a new technique called middle meningeal artery embolization. This approach works by blocking the artery that supplies blood to the dura, the brains protective membrane, which helps reduce the chances of hematomas returning. The results showed a remarkable threefold reduction in the need for additional procedures. […] This new treatment gives a promising alternative and reduces the need for craniotomies. This option can ease patient discomfort and lower healthcare costs. […] The research will continue with a focus on whether embolization has the potential to eliminate a need for patients with early-stage chronic subdural hematomas, completely changing how this condition progresses. This study now represents a significant step in transforming the care given and the well-being of individuals with this condition.

• #32 To drill or not to drill, that is the question: nonsurgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly. A systematic review in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 49 Issue 4 (2020) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/49/4/article-pE7.xml

  Although surgical evacuation of CSDH has been widely considered as a straightforward and safe procedure, the recurrence rate is relatively high, long-term clinical outcomes for elderly patients remain poor, and surgical morbidity and mortality are not negligible. […] There is an increasing interest in nonsurgical alternatives, although no comparative studies are currently available. […] The use of DX remains questionable. As a primary treatment, it is absolutely ineffective; as an adjuvant treatment, it can cause hematoma volume reduction but with a risk of complications of more than 15% and a recurrence rate comparable to that of surgery alone. MMAE represents an interesting endovascular solution as an adjuvant treatment in CSDH recurrences. Even though few reports are available, our data showed that it is safe and effective, in particular for recurrences.

• #33

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02307412

  Without mortality, 31 patients underwent conservative treatment for traumatic supratentorial acute subdural haematoma (SDH). […] It was found that patients with a midline shift of less than 10 mm on the computed tomography (CT) scans and with a GCS score of 15 initially might be treated conservatively under close observation, reserving urgent craniotomy and evacuation of the SDH for those with deteriorating neurological conditions. […] A total hospital stay of 6 to 7 days may suffice for those who have become fully conscious. Repeat CT studies before discharge should be done and a close follow-up during the first 3 to 4 weeks is advisable.

• #34 Surgical Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in 500 Consecutive Cases: Clinical Characteristics, Surgical Outcome, Complications, and Recurrence Rate

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nmc/41/8/41_8_371/_article

  Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is one of the most common clinical entities in daily neurosurgical practice. […] Careful hemostasis and complete replacement of subdural hematoma by normal saline to prevent influx of air into the subdural space will further improve the surgical outcome for patients with CSDH.

• #35 Expert consensus on drug treatment of chronic subdural hematoma | Chinese Neurosurgical Journal | Full Text

  https://cnjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41016-021-00263-z

  Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a chronic space-occupying lesion formed by blood accumulation between arachnoid and dura mater, which is usually formed in the third week after traumatic brain injury. […] The drug treatment can provide a safe and effective treatment for elderly patients who are weak, intolerable to surgery, or failed in surgery. […] The treatment promoting hematoma absorption can not only provide a simple and less painful treatment for patients but also can be used to prevent a postoperative recurrence. […] The recommended drugs for CSDH treatment in this consensus are atorvastatin and dexamethasone. […] Recommendation 2: For patients with CSDH who meet the indications of drug treatment, low-dose and long-term use of atorvastatin (20 mg/day) is suggested for continuous treatment for at least 8 weeks, until neurological symptoms and signs disappear and hematoma absorption is satisfactory; the drug is then discontinued.

• #36 Surgical Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in 500 Consecutive Cases: Clinical Characteristics, Surgical Outcome, Complications, and Recurrence Rate

  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nmc/41/8/41_8_371/_article

  Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is one of the most common clinical entities in daily neurosurgical practice. […] Careful hemostasis and complete replacement of subdural hematoma by normal saline to prevent influx of air into the subdural space will further improve the surgical outcome for patients with CSDH.

• #37 Subdural Hematoma – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/subdural-hematoma-a-to-z

  Accidents, including head injuries, are the leading cause of death in young people. Many of these accidents are related to drugs and alcohol. Many others could be prevented with simple precautions or safety equipment. […] To help prevent head injuries: […] If you drink alcohol, drink in moderation. Never drive after drinking or using drugs. […] If your job involves working high above the ground, use approved safety equipment to prevent accidental falls. […] Never work in a high place if you feel lightheaded or unsteady, have been drinking alcohol, or are taking medication that can make you dizzy or affect your balance. […] Have your vision checked regularly. Poor vision can increase your risk of falls and other types of accidents. […] If you are an older adult, clear your home of hazards that could cause you to trip and fall. These include throw rugs and extension cords.

• #38 Subdural Haematoma: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/subdural-haematoma-pro

  Avoidance of over-anticoagulation in patients taking warfarin. […] Avoidance of falls in older people, especially if on anticoagulants. […] Treatment for alcohol dependency.

• #39

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/subdural-hemorrhage/

  Prevention is key when it comes to subdural hemorrhage, a potentially life-threatening condition. By taking proactive measures, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of experiencing this type of bleeding in the brain. One important aspect of prevention is maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and maintaining a healthy weight can help improve overall cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of conditions that may lead to subdural hemorrhage, such as high blood pressure or obesity. Another crucial step in prevention is ensuring safety in everyday activities. Taking precautions to prevent falls and head injuries is essential. This includes using proper protective gear during sports or high-risk activities, ensuring well-lit and clutter-free environments at home, and using handrails or support when necessary. Additionally, managing underlying medical conditions can play a significant role in preventing subdural hemorrhage. Conditions such as blood clotting disorders or vascular abnormalities should be diagnosed and treated promptly to minimize the risk of bleeding events. Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals are vital for early detection and management of any potential risk factors. They can provide guidance on preventive measures specific to an individual’s medical history and offer personalized recommendations for reducing the likelihood of subdural hemorrhage.

• #40 Subdural Hematoma – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/subdural-hematoma-a-to-z

  If you feel unsteady on your feet, consider using a cane or walker. […] If you play a contact sport such as football and you experience a significant head injury, allow adequate time for healing before you start playing again. After a head injury, complete healing can take up to 15 days. This is true even if symptoms go away much sooner. A repeated head injury during this fragile repair period is likely to result in more bleeding. This is called second impact syndrome. […] „Blood-thinning” medications increase your risk of bleeding within the head. Examples include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix) and prasugrel (Effient), direct-acting anticoagulants, such as apixaban (Eliquis) and rivaroxaban (Xarelto), heparin, and warfarin (Coumadin).

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