Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gynaecomastia—pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2014.139

  Gynaecomastia often resolves by itself or upon removal of the underlying cause (such as medication) […] Treatment is indicated in men with symptoms (particularly pain and tenderness in the breast) and involves the use of androgens or antiestrogens […] Surgery can be offered to selected patients when the condition does not resolve spontaneously or respond to medical treatment […] For men with hypogonadism, administration of androgens might be helpful, as might antiestrogen therapy in men with endogenous overproduction of estrogens […] Surgery to remove the enlarged breast tissue might be necessary when gynaecomastia does not resolve spontaneously or with medical therapy.

• #2 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is the most common benign disorder of the male breast tissue and affects 35% of men, being most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 69. […] If the condition does not resolve within 2 years, or if it causes embarrassment, pain or tenderness, treatment is warranted. […] Medical treatment of gynecomastia that has persisted beyond two years is often ineffective. […] Medications such as aromatase inhibitors have been found to be effective and even in rare cases of gynecomastia from disorders such as aromatase excess syndrome or Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, but surgical removal of the excess tissue can be needed to correct the condition. […] If the gynecomastia doesn’t resolve on its own in two years, then medical treatment is necessary. The options are medication or surgical intervention.

• #3 Management of gynecomastia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-gynecomastia

  Management of gynecomastia […] The management of gynecomastia depends upon its etiology, duration, severity, and the presence or absence of tenderness (algorithm 1). […] The management of gynecomastia will be reviewed here.

• #4 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  Generally, no treatment is required for physiologic gynecomastia. Pubertal gynecomastia resolves spontaneously within several weeks to 3 years in approximately 90% of patients. Breasts greater than 4 cm in diameter may not completely regress. […] Identifying and managing an underlying primary disorder often alleviates breast enlargement. If hypogonadism (primary or secondary) is the cause of gynecomastia, parenteral or transdermal testosterone replacement therapy is instituted. However, testosterone does have the potential to exacerbate gynecomastia through the aromatization of the exogenous hormone into estradiol. […] For patients with idiopathic gynecomastia or with residual gynecomastia after treatment of the primary cause, medical or surgical treatment may be considered. […] A major factor that should influence the initial choice of therapy for gynecomastia is the conditions duration. It is unlikely that any medical therapy will result in significant regression in the late fibrotic stage (a duration of 12 months or longer) of gynecomastia. As a result, medical therapies, if used, should be tried early in the condition’s course.

• #5 Gynecomastia | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia may benefit from treatment. […] If the breast enlargement lasts, it may be best to follow up at 6 to 12 month intervals to see if it improves on its own. […] In 90 percent of teenage boys, gynecomastia goes away without treatment in 2 to 3 years. […] For the 10 percent who continue to have breast enlargement, surgical treatment may be considered if it does not go away on its own. […] Sometimes underlying conditions need to be treated.

• #6 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] If you take medicine that may be the cause of gynecomastia, ask your health care team about your choices. Your doctor may have you stop the medicine or try a different one. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. They include: Tamoxifen (Soltamox), Raloxifene (Evista), Aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole (Arimidex). […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: Two gynecomastia surgery options are: Liposuction. This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland tissue itself. Mastectomy. This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue. With smaller amounts of gland tissue, mastectomy can be done using small incisions. This lessens the recovery time. Sometimes liposuction and mastectomy are combined.

• #7 Surgical Treatment of Bilateral Gynecomastia

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicyhb/external-policies/surgical-treatment-of-bilateral-gynecomastia/

  Surgical Treatment of Bilateral Gynecomastia – CAM 70113HB […] Surgical removal of the breast tissue, using either surgical excision or liposuction, may be considered if conservative therapies are not effective or possible. […] Treatment of gynecomastia involves consideration of the underlying cause. For example, treatment of the underlying hormonal disorder, cessation of drug therapy, or weight loss may all be effective therapies. […] Surgical removal of the breast tissue, using surgical excision or liposuction, may be considered if the conservative therapies above are not effective or possible and the gynecomastia does not resolve spontaneously or with aging. […] Surgical treatment of gynecomastia is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY for either of the following conditions: Klinefelter’s Syndrome or either pubertal (adolescent) onset gynecomastia that has persisted for at least two years OR post pubertal-onset gynecomastia that has persisted for one year, when ALL of the following criteria are met: Male is over 18 years of age with significant breast tissue present as documented in the historical medical record. […] Surgical treatment of gynecomastia for ANY other indication is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] The therapy being considered is surgical treatment: removal of the breast tissue by surgical excision or liposuction. […] The purpose of surgical therapy for bilateral gynecomastia is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies, such as conservative treatment.

• #8 Gynecomastia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery, & Self Care

  https://www.medicinenet.com/gynecomastia/article.htm

  What is the treatment for gynecomastia? […] Gynecomastia, especially in pubertal males, often goes away on its own within about six months, so observation is preferred over specific treatment in many cases. Stopping medications and treatment of existing medical problems or health conditions that cause enlarged breasts in men also are mainstays of gynecomastia treatment. […] Medical treatments are available to treat the condition, but data on their effectiveness are limited. No drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of gynecomastia; however, medications that have been used to treat the condition include: […] Testosterone replacement has been effective in older men with low levels of testosterone, but it is not effective for men who have normal levels of the male hormone.

• #9 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  Gynecomastia is defined as benign proliferation of glandular breast tissue in men. […] It is self-limited, but can be treated to minimize emotional distress and physical discomfort. […] Discontinuing use of contributing medications and treating underlying disease are the mainstay of treatment. […] Medications, such as estrogen receptor modulators, and surgery have a role in treating gynecomastia in select patients. […] Treatment should be pursued early and should be directed by the patient. […] For patients with nonphysiologic gynecomastia, treatment is directed toward improving the underlying illness or discontinuing use of the contributing. […] Early treatment will maximize benefit in men with significant physical symptoms or emotional distress. […] Medications are more effective if used as early as possible after symptoms are first noted, whereas surgery can be performed at any time with similar results.

• #10 Gynecomastia – evaluation and current treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071351/

  If gynecomastia persists and is associated with pain and/or psychological distress and the patient wishes to pursue treatment, pharmacologic and surgical options are available. […] The efficacy of pharmacotherapy is supported by low quality evidence SERMs, e.g. tamoxifen or raloxifene, and more recently aromatase inhibitors, e.g. anastrozole. […] Surgical correction in benign gynecomastia is done primarily for cosmetic indications.

• #11 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: […] Gynecomastia may be a side effect of certain medications, including: […] Some people don’t want or need treatment for gynecomastia. But if you do, your healthcare provider may recommend a few different strategies depending on your situation: […] If an underlying condition is the cause, like a tumor or hypogonadism, treatment for the condition may also treat gynecomastia. […] Some people choose to get surgery for gynecomastia (male breast reduction) to remove excess breast tissue. This is an elective cosmetic surgery. […] For newborns and adolescents, gynecomastia is usually temporary it goes away once your hormones rebalance. For people who have chronically low testosterone levels, gynecomastia may not go away without treatment.

• #12 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia can respond well to medical treatment although it is usually only effective when done within the first two years after the start of male breast enlargement. […] Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, and clomifene may be beneficial in the treatment of gynecomastia but are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in gynecomastia. […] Tamoxifen may be used to treat gynecomastia in adults and of the medical treatments used, tamoxifen is the most effective. […] If chronic gynecomastia does not respond to medical treatment, surgical removal of glandular breast tissue is usually required. […] Surgical treatment should be considered if the gynecomastia persists for more than 12 months, causes distress (i.e. physical discomfort or psychological distress), and is in the fibrotic stage. […] Surgical approaches to the treatment of gynecomastia include subcutaneous mastectomy, liposuction-assisted mastectomy, laser-assisted liposuction, and laser-lipolysis without liposuction.

• #13 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  Generally, no treatment is required for physiologic gynecomastia. Pubertal gynecomastia resolves spontaneously within several weeks to 3 years in approximately 90% of patients. Breasts greater than 4 cm in diameter may not completely regress. […] Identifying and managing an underlying primary disorder often alleviates breast enlargement. If hypogonadism (primary or secondary) is the cause of gynecomastia, parenteral or transdermal testosterone replacement therapy is instituted. However, testosterone does have the potential to exacerbate gynecomastia through the aromatization of the exogenous hormone into estradiol. […] For patients with idiopathic gynecomastia or with residual gynecomastia after treatment of the primary cause, medical or surgical treatment may be considered. […] A major factor that should influence the initial choice of therapy for gynecomastia is the conditions duration. It is unlikely that any medical therapy will result in significant regression in the late fibrotic stage (a duration of 12 months or longer) of gynecomastia. As a result, medical therapies, if used, should be tried early in the condition’s course.

• #14 Gynecomastia – evaluation and current treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071351/

  If gynecomastia persists and is associated with pain and/or psychological distress and the patient wishes to pursue treatment, pharmacologic and surgical options are available. […] The efficacy of pharmacotherapy is supported by low quality evidence SERMs, e.g. tamoxifen or raloxifene, and more recently aromatase inhibitors, e.g. anastrozole. […] Surgical correction in benign gynecomastia is done primarily for cosmetic indications.

• #15 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia can respond well to medical treatment although it is usually only effective when done within the first two years after the start of male breast enlargement. […] Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, and clomifene may be beneficial in the treatment of gynecomastia but are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in gynecomastia. […] Tamoxifen may be used to treat gynecomastia in adults and of the medical treatments used, tamoxifen is the most effective. […] If chronic gynecomastia does not respond to medical treatment, surgical removal of glandular breast tissue is usually required. […] Surgical treatment should be considered if the gynecomastia persists for more than 12 months, causes distress (i.e. physical discomfort or psychological distress), and is in the fibrotic stage. […] Surgical approaches to the treatment of gynecomastia include subcutaneous mastectomy, liposuction-assisted mastectomy, laser-assisted liposuction, and laser-lipolysis without liposuction.

• #16 Gynecomastia Medication: Androgens, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-medication

  Clomiphene, an antiestrogen, can be administered on a trial basis at a dose of 50-100 mg per day for up to 6 months. Approximately 50% of patients achieve partial reduction in breast size, and approximately 20% of patients note complete resolution. Adverse effects, while rare, include visual problems, rash, and nausea. […] Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, is effective for recent-onset and tender gynecomastia when used in doses of 10-20 mg twice daily. Up to 80% of patients report partial to complete resolution. Tamoxifen is typically used for 3 months before referral to a surgeon. Nausea and epigastric discomfort are the main adverse effects. […] Other, less frequently used drugs include danazol. Danazol, a synthetic derivative of testosterone, inhibits pituitary secretion of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which decreases estrogen synthesis from the testicles. The dose used for gynecomastia is 200mg twice daily. Complete resolution of breast enlargement has been reported in 23% of cases. Adverse effects include weight gain, acne, muscle cramps, fluid retention, nausea, and abnormal liver function test results.

• #17 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  With the administration of clomiphene, an antiestrogen, approximately 50% of patients achieve partial reduction in breast size, and approximately 20% of patients note complete resolution. Adverse effects, while rare, include visual problems, rash, and nausea. […] Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, is effective for recent-onset and tender gynecomastia. Up to 80% of patients report partial to complete resolution. Nausea and epigastric discomfort are the main adverse effects. […] Reduction mammoplasty is considered for patients with macromastia or long-standing gynecomastia or in persons in whom medical therapy has failed. It is also considered for cosmetic reasons (and for accompanying psychosocial reasons). […] More extensive plastic surgery may be required in patients with marked gynecomastia or who have developed excessive sagging of the breast tissue due to weight loss. If surgery is necessary for patients with pseudogynecomastia, liposuction may be warranted.

• #18 Gynaecomastia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/gynaecomastia

  Reassurance may be sufficient if gynaecomastia is asymptomatic and no sinister cause has been discovered. […] Of the medical treatments used, tamoxifen is the most effective, but European guidelines only recommend it for possible use in painful gynaecomastia of recent origin, as it may reduce pain. Less than 10% who use it will have full resolution of their gynaecomastia. It is effective because of its anti-oestrogen effect. […] Testosterone should only be offered to men with proven testosterone deficiency. […] Other medications which have been used, with limited evidence of benefit, are danazol, raloxifene and clomifene. Aromatase inhibitors are also not recommended. […] If no underlying cause is discovered or gynaecomastia is long-standing with development of fibrosis then surgical removal of breast tissue is the only effective therapy. Surgery involves subcutaneous mastectomy or liposuction-associated mastectomy. Surgery can be associated with nipple inversion, nipple necrosis, painful scar tissue and possible sensory changes. It is considered an option only where medical treatment has failed or side-effects are unacceptable, there is malignancy, if gynaecomastia is long-standing, where symptoms are severe or if the condition is causing considerable distress, irrespective of size. Surgical complications can be minimised by the use of minimally invasive surgery and cosmetic techniques. Many ICBs in England do not fund surgery for gynaecomastia; some have an exemption where it has a medical cause such as being caused by treatment for prostate cancer.

• #19 Gynecomastia Medication: Androgens, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-medication

  Clomiphene, an antiestrogen, can be administered on a trial basis at a dose of 50-100 mg per day for up to 6 months. Approximately 50% of patients achieve partial reduction in breast size, and approximately 20% of patients note complete resolution. Adverse effects, while rare, include visual problems, rash, and nausea. […] Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, is effective for recent-onset and tender gynecomastia when used in doses of 10-20 mg twice daily. Up to 80% of patients report partial to complete resolution. Tamoxifen is typically used for 3 months before referral to a surgeon. Nausea and epigastric discomfort are the main adverse effects. […] Other, less frequently used drugs include danazol. Danazol, a synthetic derivative of testosterone, inhibits pituitary secretion of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which decreases estrogen synthesis from the testicles. The dose used for gynecomastia is 200mg twice daily. Complete resolution of breast enlargement has been reported in 23% of cases. Adverse effects include weight gain, acne, muscle cramps, fluid retention, nausea, and abnormal liver function test results.

• #20 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] If you take medicine that may be the cause of gynecomastia, ask your health care team about your choices. Your doctor may have you stop the medicine or try a different one. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. They include: Tamoxifen (Soltamox), Raloxifene (Evista), Aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole (Arimidex). […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: Two gynecomastia surgery options are: Liposuction. This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland tissue itself. Mastectomy. This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue. With smaller amounts of gland tissue, mastectomy can be done using small incisions. This lessens the recovery time. Sometimes liposuction and mastectomy are combined.

• #21 Gynecomastia: Surgery, treatment, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/266129

  Gynecomastia typically resolves without treatment between 6 months to 23 years. However, if there is an underlying condition, it may need treatment. […] Treatment is rare but can include breast reduction surgery or hormone therapy to block estrogen. […] Tamoxifen is a drug that blocks the action of the female hormone estrogen in the body. It is typically a treatment for breast cancer, but it can also reduce breast pain and breast enlargement symptoms in males. […] Aromatase inhibitors are typical treatments for breast and ovarian cancer in post-menopausal people, but they could also prevent or treat gynecomastia. […] Testosterone replacement can treat gynecomastia in older males with low testosterone levels. […] In some cases, people may require treatment. This could involve liposuction or surgery. The treatments are typically safe and unrelated to long-term health risks. […] Treatments are available for gynecomastia, such as liposuction. However, they are usually unnecessary in most people.

• #22 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] If you take medicine that may be the cause of gynecomastia, ask your health care team about your choices. Your doctor may have you stop the medicine or try a different one. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. They include: Tamoxifen (Soltamox), Raloxifene (Evista), Aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole (Arimidex). […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: Two gynecomastia surgery options are: Liposuction. This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland tissue itself. Mastectomy. This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue. With smaller amounts of gland tissue, mastectomy can be done using small incisions. This lessens the recovery time. Sometimes liposuction and mastectomy are combined.

• #23 Gynecomastia – evaluation and current treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071351/

  If gynecomastia persists and is associated with pain and/or psychological distress and the patient wishes to pursue treatment, pharmacologic and surgical options are available. […] The efficacy of pharmacotherapy is supported by low quality evidence SERMs, e.g. tamoxifen or raloxifene, and more recently aromatase inhibitors, e.g. anastrozole. […] Surgical correction in benign gynecomastia is done primarily for cosmetic indications.

• #24 Management of Gynaecomastia: An Update

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/560809_5

  Aromatase inhibitors should alleviate gynaecomastia by preventing the peripheral aromatisation of circulating androgens to oestrogens. […] Low-dose radiotherapy is commonly used for prophylaxis/treatment of gynaecomastia in patients with prostatic cancer receiving anti-androgens/oestrogens. […] Several studies have shown the success of prophylactic breast radiotherapy. […] Low-dose radiotherapy can also be efficacious for the treatment of established gynaecomastia and/or breast pain post-anti-androgenic chemotherapy. […] Radiotherapy is generally effective and well-tolerated and adverse events resolve and are short lived.

• #25 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  Generally, no treatment is required for physiologic gynecomastia. Pubertal gynecomastia resolves spontaneously within several weeks to 3 years in approximately 90% of patients. Breasts greater than 4 cm in diameter may not completely regress. […] Identifying and managing an underlying primary disorder often alleviates breast enlargement. If hypogonadism (primary or secondary) is the cause of gynecomastia, parenteral or transdermal testosterone replacement therapy is instituted. However, testosterone does have the potential to exacerbate gynecomastia through the aromatization of the exogenous hormone into estradiol. […] For patients with idiopathic gynecomastia or with residual gynecomastia after treatment of the primary cause, medical or surgical treatment may be considered. […] A major factor that should influence the initial choice of therapy for gynecomastia is the conditions duration. It is unlikely that any medical therapy will result in significant regression in the late fibrotic stage (a duration of 12 months or longer) of gynecomastia. As a result, medical therapies, if used, should be tried early in the condition’s course.

• #26 Can You Get Gynecomastia Treatment Without Surgery?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gynecomastia-treatment-without-surgery

  Testosterone therapy. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in the form of injections, skin gels, or patches can boost your testosterone levels. […] Treating an underlying health condition like hyperthyroidism or malnutrition may improve symptoms of gynecomastia. […] Gynecomastia is often caused by a hormonal imbalance between testosterone and estrogen. […] Treatment for gynecomastia involves targeting the underlying cause. Often, improving exercise and diet habits can help.

• #27 Low Testosterone and Male Breasts (Gynecomastia)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/low-testosterone/male-breasts-gynecomastia

  Low testosterone levels in men can sometimes lead to a condition called gynecomastia, or the development of larger breasts. […] Both low testosterone and gynecomastia are often treatable. Its important to first understand the underlying causes for each condition. […] A variety of treatments are available for both gynecomastia and low T. […] Gynecomastia may be treated with medications such as raloxifene (Evista) and tamoxifen (Soltamox). […] There are surgical options, too. […] A mastectomy is the surgical removal of breast gland tissue. […] In addition to treating gynecomastia, you may want to treat low T. […] Men who receive testosterone replacement therapy usually have noticeable results. […] In men who have low T, treatment with testosterone replacement therapy can resolve gynecomastia. […] Low T and gynecomastia are common conditions among men, especially as they age. Many treatment options are available. […] Unlike some conditions that have no real treatment options, low T and gynecomastia can often be treated, and your quality of life can improve.

• #28 Gynecomastia Medication: Androgens, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-medication

  Clomiphene, an antiestrogen, can be administered on a trial basis at a dose of 50-100 mg per day for up to 6 months. Approximately 50% of patients achieve partial reduction in breast size, and approximately 20% of patients note complete resolution. Adverse effects, while rare, include visual problems, rash, and nausea. […] Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist, is effective for recent-onset and tender gynecomastia when used in doses of 10-20 mg twice daily. Up to 80% of patients report partial to complete resolution. Tamoxifen is typically used for 3 months before referral to a surgeon. Nausea and epigastric discomfort are the main adverse effects. […] Other, less frequently used drugs include danazol. Danazol, a synthetic derivative of testosterone, inhibits pituitary secretion of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which decreases estrogen synthesis from the testicles. The dose used for gynecomastia is 200mg twice daily. Complete resolution of breast enlargement has been reported in 23% of cases. Adverse effects include weight gain, acne, muscle cramps, fluid retention, nausea, and abnormal liver function test results.

• #29 Gynaecomastia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/gynaecomastia

  Reassurance may be sufficient if gynaecomastia is asymptomatic and no sinister cause has been discovered. […] Of the medical treatments used, tamoxifen is the most effective, but European guidelines only recommend it for possible use in painful gynaecomastia of recent origin, as it may reduce pain. Less than 10% who use it will have full resolution of their gynaecomastia. It is effective because of its anti-oestrogen effect. […] Testosterone should only be offered to men with proven testosterone deficiency. […] Other medications which have been used, with limited evidence of benefit, are danazol, raloxifene and clomifene. Aromatase inhibitors are also not recommended. […] If no underlying cause is discovered or gynaecomastia is long-standing with development of fibrosis then surgical removal of breast tissue is the only effective therapy. Surgery involves subcutaneous mastectomy or liposuction-associated mastectomy. Surgery can be associated with nipple inversion, nipple necrosis, painful scar tissue and possible sensory changes. It is considered an option only where medical treatment has failed or side-effects are unacceptable, there is malignancy, if gynaecomastia is long-standing, where symptoms are severe or if the condition is causing considerable distress, irrespective of size. Surgical complications can be minimised by the use of minimally invasive surgery and cosmetic techniques. Many ICBs in England do not fund surgery for gynaecomastia; some have an exemption where it has a medical cause such as being caused by treatment for prostate cancer.

• #30 Can You Get Gynecomastia Treatment Without Surgery?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gynecomastia-treatment-without-surgery

  Gynecomastia (sometimes colloquially called man boobs) happens when an individual grows breasts without the typical balance of hormones meant to grow functional mammary glands and the associated fat surrounding increased breast gland tissue. […] Nonsurgical treatment usually focuses on targeting the root cause, such as lifestyle changes, medications, and hormone therapy. […] The most effective treatment for you depends on the underlying cause of your gynecomastia. […] No supplements, including Ayurveda herbs, have been scientifically proven to treat gynecomastia. […] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also hasnt approved any medications for the treatment of gynecomastia. […] Treatment for gynecomastia usually consists of targeting the underlying condition. […] Some nonsurgical treatments a doctor may recommend include: Off-label medications. Your doctor may prescribe the breast cancer drugs raloxifene or tamoxifen as off-label treatments for gynecomastia.

• #31 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] Because pubertal gynecomastia usually goes away on its own, treatment is not usually recommended initially. Instead, the provider will watch for changes in size for several months. In most cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves during that time. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] Treatment is not usually recommended in adult males whose gynecomastia is likely to be caused by an underlying health problem or by drugs. In these males, treating the underlying condition or stopping the problematic drug usually allows the gynecomastia to resolve. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] More extensive cosmetic surgery, including partial surgical removal of the breast skin, is required for males with more severe breast enlargement or those who have excessive sagging of the breast tissue that might occur after weight loss.

• #32 Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment – Endotext – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279105/

  Gynecomastia is a relatively common disorder. […] Once gynecomastia has been diagnosed, treatment of the underlying cause is warranted. […] If the gynecomastia is severe and of recent onset, medical therapy can be attempted, and if ineffective, glandular tissue can be removed surgically. […] If no pathologic etiology is detected, then appropriate treatment is close observation. […] If the gynecomastia has been present for more than six months, regression is unlikely because of the presence of less reversible fibrotic tissues. […] If the gynecomastia is severe, does not resolve, of recent onset (less than 6 months) and does not have a treatable underlying cause, some medical therapies may be attempted. […] There are 3 classes of medical treatment for gynecomastia: androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, danazol), anti-estrogens (clomiphene citrate, tamoxifen), and aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole and anastrozole.

• #33 Gynecomastia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Surgery, & Self Care

  https://www.medicinenet.com/gynecomastia/article.htm

  Clomiphene can be used to treat gynecomastia. It can be taken for up to six months. […] The selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen has been shown to reduce breast volume in gynecomastia, but it was not able to eliminate all of the breast tissue. This type of therapy often is used for severe or painful gynecomastia in adolescents. […] Medications are more effective in reducing gynecomastia in the early stages since scarring often occurs after about 12 months. After the tissue has become scarred, medications are not likely to be effective, and surgical removal is the only possible treatment. […] Reduction mammoplasty (breast reduction surgery) has been used in severe cases of the condition, long-term gynecomastia, and in cases in which drug therapies have not been effective to help restore a normal breast appearance.

• #34 Gynecomastia – evaluation and current treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071351/

  In most patients, surgical correction usually leads to immediate cosmetic and symptomatic improvement and is considered the best approach. […] In men who are being treated with antiandrogen therapies, pharmacological intervention with tamoxifen is the most effective approach, followed by radiotherapy. […] Serum estrogen receptor modulators, particularly tamoxifen, or radiotherapy may help prevent or reduce gynecomastia in men taking antiandrogen therapies. […] No high quality evidence exists to support a role for pharmacological agents or radiotherapy in this setting. […] Surgical correction is considered the gold standard treatment. […] Surgery is the gold standard therapy for symptomatic gynecomastia in most patients. […] Gynecomastia is a benign condition and usually self-limited.

• #35 Management of Gynaecomastia: An Update

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/560809_5

  When gynaecomastia has been present for more than 2 years, medical therapy is not usually effective and surgery may be the only available option. Surgeons aim to reduce the breast size to normal contours, to eliminate painful tissue and to restore the patient’s chest to an acceptable cosmetic shape. […] Liposuction can correct abnormal and excessive collections of adipose tissue and is regarded by many investigators as one of the most effective treatments for gynaecomastia as it is associated with few adverse sequelae. […] Liposuction to remove excess fatty tissue has been used as an adjunct to surgery to remove glandular tissue. This combined approach enables a smooth chest profile to be obtained and has been associated with a low incidence of post-operative complications and high levels of patient satisfaction.

• #36 Surgical Treatment of Bilateral Gynecomastia

  https://www.southcarolinablues.com/web/public/brands/medicalpolicy/external-policies/surgical-treatment-of-bilateral-gynecomastia/

  Surgical Treatment of Bilateral Gynecomastia – CAM 70113 […] Surgical removal of the breast tissue, using either surgical excision or liposuction, may be considered if conservative therapies are not effective or possible. […] Surgical removal of the breast tissue, using surgical excision or liposuction, may be considered if the conservative therapies above are not effective or possible and the gynecomastia does not resolve spontaneously or with aging. […] Surgical treatment of gynecomastia is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY for either of the following conditions: Klinefelter’s Syndrome or either pubertal (adolescent) onset gynecomastia that has persisted for at least two years OR post pubertal-onset gynecomastia that has persisted for one year, when ALL of the following criteria are met: Male is over 18 years of age with significant breast tissue present as documented in the historical medical record. […] Surgical treatment of gynecomastia for ANY other indication is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY. […] The use of liposuction to perform mastectomy for gynecomastia is considered part of the primary procedure and is not separately reimbursed. […] The purpose of surgical therapy for bilateral gynecomastia is to provide a treatment option that is an alternative to or an improvement on existing therapies, such as conservative treatment. […] The therapy being considered is surgical treatment: removal of the breast tissue by surgical excision or liposuction. […] Evaluation of the general outcomes of interest requires a long follow-up period beyond the immediate postoperative period if surgery is performed. […] To demonstrate improvement in health outcomes, controlled trials are needed that report clinically important outcomes such as improvement in functional status. No such trials were identified through a literature search. […] The ASPS also indicated that surgical treatment of gynecomastia may be appropriate when distention and tightness cause pain and discomfort.

• #37 Gynaecomastia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, & Treatment

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/gynaecomastia/

  Gynecomastia is male breast enlargement due to glandular growth and fat, caused by hormonal imbalances. […] Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and medication to surgery for persistent cases. […] Treatment options include weight loss, reassurance, medical pharmacotherapy, and surgical correction. […] Mild cases typically focus on reassurance, diet, and exercise, while more severe cases may require medical or surgical treatment. […] Medical treatment for gynecomastia is considered in cases that are severe, persistent, or of recent onset (less than 6 months). […] Surgery is useful in the management of patients with long-standing symptomatic gynaecomastia or when medical therapy is not successful. […] Surgery aims to reduce the size of the breast with minimal scars possible. […] Indications for Surgery include symptomatic patients, breast changes, ineffective medical therapy, and interference with the patient’s activities of daily living.

• #38 How to Get Rid of Gynecomastia | Sieber Plastic Surgery

  https://www.sieberplasticsurgery.com/articles/how-to-get-rid-of-gynecomastia/

  Gynecomastia surgery (also known as male breast reduction surgery) is a plastic surgery that restores mens breasts to a flatter, more natural appearance. This procedure can get rid of hardened breast tissue beneath the nipples and reduce excess chest fat. […] If you’re hoping to avoid surgery for gynecomastia, here are several things you can try to get rid of gynecomastia naturally: Change your diet, and aim for weight loss. If you have excess fat on your body overall, you may also have excess fat tissue on your breasts. In this case, losing weight can help reduce the size of your breasts. […] For many men, however, waiting and seeing will not work, nor will other nonsurgical approaches. In this way, a surgical technique known as excision will be necessary for removing the lumps caused by this condition.

• #39 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351799

  Gynecomastia often goes away over time without treatment. But if gynecomastia is caused by a medical condition, that condition may need treatment. […] If you take medicine that may be the cause of gynecomastia, ask your health care team about your choices. Your doctor may have you stop the medicine or try a different one. […] Treatment may be needed if gynecomastia doesn’t get better on its own. Treatment also can help if the condition causes pain, tenderness or embarrassment. […] Medicines used to treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some adults with gynecomastia. They include: Tamoxifen (Soltamox), Raloxifene (Evista), Aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole (Arimidex). […] You may still have enlarged breasts after waiting for gynecomastia to go away on its own or after taking medicine for it. If your appearance or other symptoms bother you, surgery may be a treatment choice: Two gynecomastia surgery options are: Liposuction. This surgery removes breast fat but not the breast gland tissue itself. Mastectomy. This type of surgery removes the breast gland tissue. With smaller amounts of gland tissue, mastectomy can be done using small incisions. This lessens the recovery time. Sometimes liposuction and mastectomy are combined.

• #40 Gynecomastia Surgery

  https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/gynecomastia-surgery/procedure

  Gynecomastia surgery, also known as male breast reduction, is the surgical correction of overdeveloped or enlarged breasts in men. […] A gynecomastia procedure includes the following steps: […] In cases where gynecomastia is primarily the result of excess fatty tissue, liposuction techniques alone may be used. […] Excision techniques are recommended where glandular breast tissue or excess skin must be removed to correct gynecomastia. […] Sometimes gynecomastia is treated with both liposuction and excision. […] Gynecomastia is a condition characterized by an increase in the amount of breast tissue in boys or men. An increase in benign glandular tissue generally causes this growth in breast tissue. Even strict dieting and intense exercise will not reduce the size of the breasts.

• #41 Breast treatment for men – EPPSTEIN Klinik Stuttgart

  https://www.eppstein-klinik.de/en/behandlungen/breast-treatment-for-men/

  When treating pseudogynaecomastia (lipomastia), the excess fatty tissue must be removed. This is done using liposuction, which suctions out the fatty tissue via a small incision on the side of the pectoral muscle. […] Both procedures are performed as outpatient procedures, which means you can go home right after your surgery. […] Stitches from subcutaneous mastectomy are removed after approx. 2 weeks. […] There are no stitches with liposuction. The final result from the procedure will be visible once you have completely healed after around 3 months. […] Surgery to remove excess breast tissue (gynaecomastia) is performed using an incision at the edge of the nipple, and is almost invisible after a few months. […] In general, the effects of gynaecomastia/pseudogynaecomastia surgery are permanent.

• #42 Gynecomastia Surgery

  https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/gynecomastia-surgery/procedure

  Gynecomastia surgery, also known as male breast reduction, is the surgical correction of overdeveloped or enlarged breasts in men. […] A gynecomastia procedure includes the following steps: […] In cases where gynecomastia is primarily the result of excess fatty tissue, liposuction techniques alone may be used. […] Excision techniques are recommended where glandular breast tissue or excess skin must be removed to correct gynecomastia. […] Sometimes gynecomastia is treated with both liposuction and excision. […] Gynecomastia is a condition characterized by an increase in the amount of breast tissue in boys or men. An increase in benign glandular tissue generally causes this growth in breast tissue. Even strict dieting and intense exercise will not reduce the size of the breasts.

• #43 Male Breast Reduction Guide | Gynecomastia Surgery Guide | ABCS

  https://www.americanboardcosmeticsurgery.org/procedure-learning-center/body/gynecomastia-surgery-guide/

  Today, cosmetic surgeons are able to treat a growing number of gynecomastia patients using liposuction. […] The procedure for treating gynecomastia with liposuction is typically performed using local anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia, and involves a small incision on each side of the chest. […] More severe cases of gynecomastia may require surgical tissue excision to achieve optimal results. […] Male breast reduction with tissue excision is typically performed as an outpatient procedure using general anesthesia or local anesthesia with sedation. […] After gynecomastia surgery, you should notice an immediate improvement in the shape and appearance of your chest. […] Male breast reduction results are meant to be permanent the excess fat, glandular tissue and skin removed are gone for good. […] If you are suffering from gynecomastia, male breast reduction could be the right solution to correct this condition and help you feel more confident in your appearance.

• #44 Management of Gynaecomastia: An Update

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/560809_5

  When gynaecomastia has been present for more than 2 years, medical therapy is not usually effective and surgery may be the only available option. Surgeons aim to reduce the breast size to normal contours, to eliminate painful tissue and to restore the patient’s chest to an acceptable cosmetic shape. […] Liposuction can correct abnormal and excessive collections of adipose tissue and is regarded by many investigators as one of the most effective treatments for gynaecomastia as it is associated with few adverse sequelae. […] Liposuction to remove excess fatty tissue has been used as an adjunct to surgery to remove glandular tissue. This combined approach enables a smooth chest profile to be obtained and has been associated with a low incidence of post-operative complications and high levels of patient satisfaction.

• #45 Low Testosterone and Male Breasts (Gynecomastia)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/low-testosterone/male-breasts-gynecomastia

  Low testosterone levels in men can sometimes lead to a condition called gynecomastia, or the development of larger breasts. […] Both low testosterone and gynecomastia are often treatable. Its important to first understand the underlying causes for each condition. […] A variety of treatments are available for both gynecomastia and low T. […] Gynecomastia may be treated with medications such as raloxifene (Evista) and tamoxifen (Soltamox). […] There are surgical options, too. […] A mastectomy is the surgical removal of breast gland tissue. […] In addition to treating gynecomastia, you may want to treat low T. […] Men who receive testosterone replacement therapy usually have noticeable results. […] In men who have low T, treatment with testosterone replacement therapy can resolve gynecomastia. […] Low T and gynecomastia are common conditions among men, especially as they age. Many treatment options are available. […] Unlike some conditions that have no real treatment options, low T and gynecomastia can often be treated, and your quality of life can improve.

• #46 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  A Chinese study indicated that endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy, without skin excision, could be an effective treatment for gynecomastia. […] Complications of surgery include sloughing of tissue due to a compromised blood supply, contour irregularity, hematoma or seroma formation, and permanent numbness in the nipple-areolar area.

• #47 Management of Gynaecomastia: An Update

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/560809_5

  It is worth mentioning finally, two recently employed techniques for the treatment of gynaecomastia. One is endoscope-assisted subcutaneous mastectomy, which although more time-consuming offers a shorter incision, resulting in better cosmesis and increased patient satisfaction. […] Androgens, anti-oestrogens, aromatase inhibitors and danazol have all been used to treat gynaecomastia. […] Danazol is a weak androgen that inhibits pituitary secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In a randomised, double-blind study, danazol was found to significantly reduce breast tenderness and size compared with placebo. […] Both tamoxifen and clomiphene citrate have been used for their anti-oestrogenic effects. Tamoxifen, in two randomised double-blind studies involving a total of 16 patients with idiopathic gynaecomastia led to a statistically significant reduction in breast pain and size, without significant side effects at a dosage of 10 mg twice a day.

• #48 Laser lipolysis in gynaecomastia

  https://institutomedicolaser.com/gynaecomastia-laser-lipolysis/

  Laser lipolysis is a minimally invasive and traumatic treatment that restores the masculine appearance of the chest. […] Laser lipolysis is indicated both for treatment of the glandular and fat tissue, typical of gynaecomastia, as well as to remove accumulated fat from the breasts caused by excessive weight. […] Laser lipolysis results for gynaecomastia treatment are permanent and successful: It removes 85% of the glandular tissue and excess fat from the breasts. The skin remains firm and totally adjusted to the new outline of the pectorals, with no flaccidity. Scarring is minimal, practically invisible. […] Results are definitive as far as volume is concerned, just one month after the Laser lipolysis treatment. The skin may take a little longer to complete its contraction, since collagen and elastin regeneration is not an immediate process.

• #49 Scarless Gynecomastia with BodyTite Reno NV | JANIGA MDs

  https://www.janigamds.com/surgical-procedures/for-men-2/scarless-gynecomastia-with-bodytite/

  Gynecomastia is common among men of all ages. Gynecomastia is the medical term used to describe extra breast tissue in the male breast that makes the areola and nipple protrude rather than lay flat. Some patients refer to this as “man boobs”, and it can really affect confidence in men especially when having to take off your shirt. […] BodyTite for Scarless Gynecomastia Treatment […] While traditional gynecomastia surgery involves incisions, stitches, and downtime, scarless gynecomastia treatment does not! Using a special technique with BodyTite, men can enjoy a flatter, firmer chest without surgery. […] Following scarless gynecomastia treatment with BodyTite, you will be wrapped with a mild compression garment to help with swelling for the first few days. You may experience mild discomfort for up to five days. Many men can return to work within a day or two, depending on the nature of their profession.

• #50 Gynecomastia Surgery (Male Breast Reduction): What to Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24022-gynecomastia-surgery

  A type of breast surgery, this procedure treats a condition called gynecomastia (enlarged male breast tissue). Gynecomastia can result from obesity and certain drugs or hormone changes that usually happen during adolescent development. But it can also affect older people as hormone levels shift. In severe cases, the excess breast tissue causes your breasts to sag and your areola (the dark skin that surrounds your nipple) to stretch. […] This is an elective cosmetic surgery procedure. People choose this procedure to improve how they look and increase their self-esteem. Decreasing the size of their breast tissue can help them feel more comfortable in clothing. Some people choose the procedure to reduce pain and discomfort that can result from excess breast tissue. […] Gynecomastia surgery is usually an outpatient procedure, which means you go home the same day. You’ll need to arrange for someone to drive you home after surgery. Your provider will tell you how to care for yourself and how to take care of your incisions when you go home.

• #51 Gynaecomastia, Male breast reduction surgery | Nuffield Health

  https://www.nuffieldhealth.com/treatments/gynaecomastia-surgery-male-breast-reduction

  Gynaecomastia surgery is a cosmetic treatment to reduce the size of male breasts. […] If you’re unhappy with the appearance of your chest, you may be suitable for a male breast reduction. […] Breast reduction surgery takes 60-90 minutes and is usually performed under general anaesthetic as a day case. […] You will need to take a week off work to fully recover. […] Your breasts may be bruised and swollen. […] You may be asked to wear a supporting garment for 4-6 weeks to support your breasts and compress your chest. […] Avoid exposing the treated area to direct sunlight for 6 months.

• #52 Breast reduction (male) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/cosmetic-procedures/cosmetic-surgery/breast-reduction-male/

  Some men have one or both breasts that are abnormally large. […] Known as gynaecomastia, this condition can be caused by a hormone imbalance or from being very overweight, which can increase levels of oestrogen and cause breast tissue to grow. […] Breast reduction surgery is an option for men with gynaecomastia. […] However, surgery is not suitable for men who have large breasts simply from being overweight. […] In rare cases, the NHS may provide male breast reduction if: you’ve had gynaecomastia for a long time, it has not responded to other treatments, it’s causing considerable pain or distress. […] Before you go ahead, be sure about why you want breast reduction surgery. […] Breast reduction surgery is usually done under general anaesthetic. […] The operation involves: making a cut around the nipple, removing excess fatty tissue with a scalpel (surgical knife) or using liposuction to suck it out (a combination of both techniques may be used), repositioning the nipples if a lot of tissue needs to be removed.

• #53 Gynecomastia Surgery (Male Breast Reduction): What to Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24022-gynecomastia-surgery

  Many people who have this surgery feel more confident and comfortable with how they look. They may enjoy being able to button a shirt without gaps. Or they may feel more satisfied with their appearance in a t-shirt or swimsuit. […] The weight of excess breast tissue can also cause discomfort or pain. After gynecomastia surgery, you may be able to jump, run and do activities that you found uncomfortable before. […] Gynecomastia surgery (male breast reduction) is an effective treatment for enlarged male breast tissue. This procedure can help you feel more confident and boost your self-esteem. It can also reduce discomfort or pain that can result from excess breast tissue, especially while doing activities that require jumping and running.

• #54 Male Breast Reduction Guide | Gynecomastia Surgery Guide | ABCS

  https://www.americanboardcosmeticsurgery.org/procedure-learning-center/body/gynecomastia-surgery-guide/

  You don’t have to let gynecomastia keep you from feeling your most confident. With the help of a skilled, qualified cosmetic surgeon, you can restore a naturally masculine appearance to your chest. Today’s advanced techniques allow for a short surgery, quick recovery, and virtually invisible scars. […] A male breast reduction is the most effective known treatment for gynecomastia, or enlarged male breasts. This cosmetic surgery procedure removes excess fat and glandular tissue to restore a flatter, firmer and more masculine contour to the chest. […] Currently, male breast reduction is the only consistently effective treatment for gynecomastia that has long lasting, if not permanent, results. […] With the help of a qualified cosmetic surgeon, the procedure offers dramatic, near immediate improvements with minimal scarring.

• #55 Gynecomastia Surgery (Male Breast Reduction): What to Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24022-gynecomastia-surgery

  Many people who have this surgery feel more confident and comfortable with how they look. They may enjoy being able to button a shirt without gaps. Or they may feel more satisfied with their appearance in a t-shirt or swimsuit. […] The weight of excess breast tissue can also cause discomfort or pain. After gynecomastia surgery, you may be able to jump, run and do activities that you found uncomfortable before. […] Gynecomastia surgery (male breast reduction) is an effective treatment for enlarged male breast tissue. This procedure can help you feel more confident and boost your self-esteem. It can also reduce discomfort or pain that can result from excess breast tissue, especially while doing activities that require jumping and running.

• #56 Gynecomastia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Breast Surgery

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/120858-treatment

  A Chinese study indicated that endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy, without skin excision, could be an effective treatment for gynecomastia. […] Complications of surgery include sloughing of tissue due to a compromised blood supply, contour irregularity, hematoma or seroma formation, and permanent numbness in the nipple-areolar area.

• #57 Breast reduction (male) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/cosmetic-procedures/cosmetic-surgery/breast-reduction-male/

  It can take several weeks to fully recover from breast reduction surgery. […] You’ll need to wear an elasticated compression garment day and night for 1 to 2 weeks after the operation. […] Avoid stretching, strenuous exercise and heavy lifting for about 3 weeks after the operation. […] Breast reduction surgery can occasionally result in problems, including: thick, obvious scarring, unevenly shaped breasts or nipples, wound healing problems, loss of nipple sensation, bleeding inside the breast tissue (haematoma) this usually happens within the first 24 hours after the operation, developing lumps, bruising or swelling. […] Your surgeon should explain how likely these risks and complications are, and how they will be treated if you have them. […] Contact the clinic where you had the operation as soon as possible if you have severe pain or any unexpected symptoms, such as a burning feeling, unusual swelling or changes in the colour of your skin.

• #58 Gynaecomastia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, & Treatment

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/gynaecomastia/

  The decision-making process for gynaecomastia should focus on technique (liposuction vs resection vs combination), single vs two-stage, and timing. […] Surgical excision for gynaecomastia can lead to several complications, including NAC (nipple-areolar complex) loss, deformity, over- or under-resection, scarring, and recurrence.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00066-020-01598-9

  To provide an overview on the available treatments to prevent and reduce gynecomastia and/or breast pain caused by antiandrogen therapy for prostate cancer. […] Two randomized trials demonstrated that prophylactic radiation therapy (RT) using 110Gy or 26Gy significantly reduced the rate of gynecomastia but not breast pain, as compared to observation. […] Another randomized trial showed that prophylactic daily TMX is more effective than TMX given at the onset of gynecomastia. […] Prophylactic RT as well as daily TMX can significantly reduce the incidence of gynecomastia and/or breast pain. TMX appears to be an effective alternative to RT also as a therapeutic treatment in the presence of gynecomastia but its side effects and off-label use must be considered. […] ADT-related gynecomastia and/or breast pain can be treated by antiproliferative low-dose RT to the breasts. Alternatively, gynecomastia and/or breast pain can be treated by drug intervention using either tamoxifen (TMX) which blocks the estrogen receptor, or theoretically by anastrozole which inhibits the peripheral aromatization of androgens into estrogens.

• #60 Management of Gynaecomastia: An Update

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/560809_5

  Aromatase inhibitors should alleviate gynaecomastia by preventing the peripheral aromatisation of circulating androgens to oestrogens. […] Low-dose radiotherapy is commonly used for prophylaxis/treatment of gynaecomastia in patients with prostatic cancer receiving anti-androgens/oestrogens. […] Several studies have shown the success of prophylactic breast radiotherapy. […] Low-dose radiotherapy can also be efficacious for the treatment of established gynaecomastia and/or breast pain post-anti-androgenic chemotherapy. […] Radiotherapy is generally effective and well-tolerated and adverse events resolve and are short lived.

• #61

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00066-020-01598-9

  To provide an overview on the available treatments to prevent and reduce gynecomastia and/or breast pain caused by antiandrogen therapy for prostate cancer. […] Two randomized trials demonstrated that prophylactic radiation therapy (RT) using 110Gy or 26Gy significantly reduced the rate of gynecomastia but not breast pain, as compared to observation. […] Another randomized trial showed that prophylactic daily TMX is more effective than TMX given at the onset of gynecomastia. […] Prophylactic RT as well as daily TMX can significantly reduce the incidence of gynecomastia and/or breast pain. TMX appears to be an effective alternative to RT also as a therapeutic treatment in the presence of gynecomastia but its side effects and off-label use must be considered. […] ADT-related gynecomastia and/or breast pain can be treated by antiproliferative low-dose RT to the breasts. Alternatively, gynecomastia and/or breast pain can be treated by drug intervention using either tamoxifen (TMX) which blocks the estrogen receptor, or theoretically by anastrozole which inhibits the peripheral aromatization of androgens into estrogens.

• #62 Breast swelling (gynaecomastia) | Prostate cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/practical-emotional-support/hormone-symptoms/breast-swelling-gynaecomastia

  Gynaecomastia is swelling or enlargement of the breast in men. […] You might have radiotherapy, a drug called tamoxifen or surgery to remove the breast tissue. Talk to your doctor about what is best for you. […] Treatment might include: radiotherapy, tablets such as tamoxifen, surgery. […] Radiotherapy uses high energy x-rays to reduce the swelling. It’s the main treatment for preventing and treating breast swelling. […] Tamoxifen works by blocking oestrogen. This slows down breast tissue swelling. Research suggests that in men taking bicalutamide it can: prevent breast swelling, reduce swelling and pain. […] You can have any excess breast tissue removed. The surgeon makes a cut (incision) around the nipple to leave it in place and minimise any scarring. […] There is some research that suggests combining surgery with sucking out the fat may work better.

• #63

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00066-020-01598-9

  The incidence of gynecomastia and/or breast pain after treatment with nonsteroidal antiandrogens or more recently also with enzalutamide is high and effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatments are important. […] Daily 20mg TMX is also a well-established approach and appears to be more effective than RT for prophylaxis and therapeutic treatment for gynecomastia and/or breast pain. […] For therapeutic treatment of existing gynecomastia and/or breast pain again, TMX is more effective than RT; however, treatment-associated side effects and their duration also have to be considered in decision making and discussed with patients.

• #64 Gynaecomastia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/gynaecomastia

  In prostatic carcinoma the development of gynaecomastia is a common reason for poor treatment adherence. Prophylactic breast irradiation prior to starting treatment with androgen deprivation therapy has been used with good results. However, tamoxifen has been shown to be more effective both for prophylaxis and treatment.

• #65 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  If you have gynecomastia due to obesity (pseudogynecomastia), weight loss may decrease it. And exercise can contribute to weight loss. […] If you have gynecomastia due to a hormonal imbalance, exercise likely won’t make a difference. This is because an imbalance of estrogen and testosterone is responsible for an increase in your breast tissue, and exercise can’t override that. […] Unfortunately, you can’t prevent many of the hormone changes that cause gynecomastia. If needed, you may reduce your risk of gynecomastia by switching medications or seeking treatment for a substance use disorder. […] If gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or you have other new symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider. They can check to see if an underlying medical condition is the cause and discuss potential treatment options. […] Your provider is there to help you, not judge you. They can pinpoint the cause of the size increase and provide guidance on when it’ll likely go away or if treatment may help.

• #66 Gynecomastia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0401/p716.html

  A number of medications have been used to treat gynecomastia. […] Tamoxifen has been recommended as a preventive agent for gynecomastia in these patients. […] Surgery can be performed at any time to reduce breast tissue, and a number of techniques have been used. […] If pseudogynecomastia is suspected, no workup is needed, and the patient can be reassured that weight loss will lead to resolution of pseudogynecomastia and also be most beneficial for overall health.

• #67 Non-surgical Gynecomastia Treatment – Dr. Osman Şenel

  https://www.drosmansenel.com/en/non-surgical-gynecomastia-treatment/

  Nowadays, when it comes to gynecomastia, many people prefer non-surgical gynecomastia treatment due to reasons such as high pace of life, recovery time brought by the surgery process, and unwillingness to break away from social life. In addition to the advantages of non-surgical treatment, non-surgical gynecomastia surgery, which makes it easier for the person to leave the gynecomastia problem behind, is also frequently preferred because it is a scarless procedure. […] In our clinic, we perform non-surgical gynecomastia treatment with the Cool Dual method using the CoolSculpting device. Cool Sculpting is an effective slimming and body shaping method, also known as non-surgical liposuction due to its high effectiveness. The Cool Sculpting treatment, which permanently destroys approximately 30% of the fat in the treatment area, is a procedure that we use effectively in the treatment of non-surgical gynecomastia and provide high patient satisfaction.

• #68 Non-surgical Gynecomastia Treatment – Dr. Osman Şenel

  https://www.drosmansenel.com/en/non-surgical-gynecomastia-treatment/

  In the non-surgical gynecomastia treatment we apply with Cool Dual technology, the Cool Dual method makes life easier for people with a high pace of life. Special Cool Sculpting caps are placed on both breasts with gynecomastia at the same time and the process begins, thanks to the Cool Dual method, which enables the operation with two machines at the same time. Thus, a non-surgical gynecomastia treatment that would normally take 70 minutes can be completed in 35 minutes thanks to the Cool Dual method. […] In the non-surgical gynecomastia treatment with Cool Sculpting treatment, 30% of the fat tissue is permanently destroyed in the treatment area. CoolSculpting treatment, which ensures the destruction of fats by freezing at low degrees and then their removal from the body naturally, like cold lipolysis. It is an effective body shaping process with much higher efficiency compared to other treatments.

• #69 Gynecomastia Treatment in NYC and Long Island

  https://cosmeticlaserskinsurgery.com/gynecomastia/

  In most cases, surgical options are the best way to address gynecomastia. The best surgical procedure which leaves almost no visible scars is liposuction. […] Kybella injections which destroy fat by putting holes in membranes of the fat cells are an effective option for those who want to avoid undergoing a surgical procedure such as liposuction. More than one injection session spaced 2 months apart may be needed for the treatment of gynecomastia with Kybella injections. Lastly, surgical excision of the glands can be a treatment modality.

• #70 Can You Resolve Gynecomastia Without Surgery?

  https://www.aestheticsurgerycenter.com/blog/can-you-resolve-gynecomastia-without-surgery

  However, while these methods can be beneficial, they are not always effective for men with moderate to severe gynecomastia. In such cases, excess breast tissue may remain despite changes in diet, exercise, or hormone therapy, leading to frustration and limited results. […] The recommended treatment for gynecomastia ultimately depends on its severity and cause. Surgery remains the most reliable and immediate solution, offering permanent removal of excess breast tissue and restoring a more masculine chest appearance.

• #71 Is There a Non-Surgical Way to Get Rid of Gynecomastia? – DR ELLEN MD

  https://drellen.com/is-there-a-non-surgical-way-to-get-rid-of-gynecomastia/

  Male breast enlargement, known as Gynecomastia, is a condition in which men develop excess chest tissue that is more breast-like in nature. This condition is usually treated with surgery to reduce the mass of the tissue in the breasts. Although there are some non-surgical options for gynecomastia treatment, they do not always correct the problem. On the other hand, surgery for Gynecomastia offers an immediate solution and can eliminate the breast tissue, improving the chest’s masculine look. […] For some men, these non-invasive treatment options may work to reduce the appearance of the breast. However, many men who suffer from moderate to severe Gynecomastia may find these options unsuccessful for correcting the excess tissue. […] If you are suffering from having a feminine chest and wish to fully remove excess breast tissue, you will need to have breast reduction surgery. This surgery provides permanent results and is highly effective at contouring and making the chest appear more masculine.

• #72 Can You Get Gynecomastia Treatment Without Surgery?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gynecomastia-treatment-without-surgery

  Gynecomastia (sometimes colloquially called man boobs) happens when an individual grows breasts without the typical balance of hormones meant to grow functional mammary glands and the associated fat surrounding increased breast gland tissue. […] Nonsurgical treatment usually focuses on targeting the root cause, such as lifestyle changes, medications, and hormone therapy. […] The most effective treatment for you depends on the underlying cause of your gynecomastia. […] No supplements, including Ayurveda herbs, have been scientifically proven to treat gynecomastia. […] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also hasnt approved any medications for the treatment of gynecomastia. […] Treatment for gynecomastia usually consists of targeting the underlying condition. […] Some nonsurgical treatments a doctor may recommend include: Off-label medications. Your doctor may prescribe the breast cancer drugs raloxifene or tamoxifen as off-label treatments for gynecomastia.

• #73 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] Because pubertal gynecomastia usually goes away on its own, treatment is not usually recommended initially. Instead, the provider will watch for changes in size for several months. In most cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves during that time. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] Treatment is not usually recommended in adult males whose gynecomastia is likely to be caused by an underlying health problem or by drugs. In these males, treating the underlying condition or stopping the problematic drug usually allows the gynecomastia to resolve. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] More extensive cosmetic surgery, including partial surgical removal of the breast skin, is required for males with more severe breast enlargement or those who have excessive sagging of the breast tissue that might occur after weight loss.

• #74 Gynecomastia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia is most often caused by hormonal changes during puberty, but it can also be a result of or exacerbated by genetics, obesity, or certain medications and drugs. […] In most cases, no treatment is needed for gynecomastia because the breast gland diminishes during puberty. However, if gynecomastia continues for more than two years without any improvement, we will work closely with Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine and Endocrinology to explore other causes, such as hormonal imbalances. […] Non-surgical care for gynecomastia includes emotional support, compression shirts and, in some cases, medication. […] We consider surgery for gynecomastia when no further involution is expected based on your child’s age and development, or when excessively large or abnormal breast growth causes pain or interferes with your child’s quality of life.

• #75 What’s Gynecomastia? How Supportive Therapy May Help

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/gynecomastia-prominent-male-breasts-430620

  Gynecomastia supportive therapy may help. […] In cases in which the condition is persistent or causing discomfort, a healthcare provider may prescribe a brief (three to six months) course of an estrogen-blocking drug called tamoxifen or Evista (raloxifene). This is most often tried during puberty. […] Surgery is a common treatment for gynecomastia. However, surgery is generally not recommended for adolescents until puberty is completed to be sure the breast tissue has stopped growing. […] If you experience symptoms of depression, embarrassment, or any other negative feelings, it is important to remember that you’re not alone. Gynecomastia is fairly common, and it can get better over time. […] If your condition persists and causes you discomfort, there are treatments—lifestyle changes, medication, and surgical procedures—that can help reduce the size of your breasts.

• #76 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] Because pubertal gynecomastia usually goes away on its own, treatment is not usually recommended initially. Instead, the provider will watch for changes in size for several months. In most cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves during that time. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] Treatment is not usually recommended in adult males whose gynecomastia is likely to be caused by an underlying health problem or by drugs. In these males, treating the underlying condition or stopping the problematic drug usually allows the gynecomastia to resolve. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] More extensive cosmetic surgery, including partial surgical removal of the breast skin, is required for males with more severe breast enlargement or those who have excessive sagging of the breast tissue that might occur after weight loss.

• #77 Gynaecomastia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/gynaecomastia

  In prostatic carcinoma the development of gynaecomastia is a common reason for poor treatment adherence. Prophylactic breast irradiation prior to starting treatment with androgen deprivation therapy has been used with good results. However, tamoxifen has been shown to be more effective both for prophylaxis and treatment.

• #78 Patient education: Gynecomastia (breast enlargement in males) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gynecomastia-breast-enlargement-in-males-beyond-the-basics

  GYNECOMASTIA TREATMENT […] The best treatment for gynecomastia depends upon its cause, duration, and severity and whether it causes pain or discomfort. […] Because pubertal gynecomastia usually goes away on its own, treatment is not usually recommended initially. Instead, the provider will watch for changes in size for several months. In most cases, pubertal gynecomastia resolves during that time. […] For males with severe gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment, a short course of a drug called tamoxifen (sample brand name: Nolvadex) or raloxifene (brand name: Evista) may be recommended. These drugs block the effects of estrogen in the body and can reduce the size of the breasts somewhat. However, neither of these drugs is approved in the United States for the treatment of gynecomastia. Drugs may be prescribed without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, although the risks and benefits have not been studied completely. […] Treatment is not usually recommended in adult males whose gynecomastia is likely to be caused by an underlying health problem or by drugs. In these males, treating the underlying condition or stopping the problematic drug usually allows the gynecomastia to resolve. […] For males with idiopathic gynecomastia that causes discomfort and lasts more than three months, a short course (three to six months) of tamoxifen or raloxifene may be recommended. […] Gynecomastia is a common complication of hormonal treatment for prostate cancer (androgen deprivation therapy or antiandrogen monotherapy). However, there are treatment options available to prevent the development of gynecomastia, including tamoxifen and radiation therapy. […] Tamoxifen can be taken along with the hormonal anti-prostate cancer treatment (androgen deprivation or antiandrogen monotherapy). Tamoxifen must be taken every day for the duration of antiandrogen treatment. […] Treating the breasts with radiation before antiandrogen treatment begins can prevent gynecomastia in some males. […] Although tamoxifen and raloxifene are effective for males who have had enlarged breasts for a few months, the drug is not effective in males whose breast tissue is not tender or who have had the condition for more than one year. For these males, surgery is an option to reduce the size of the breasts. […] The extent of surgery depends upon the severity of the breast enlargement and whether there is also excess fatty tissue. Many males are treated with a combination of surgical removal of the glandular tissue and liposuction. […] More extensive cosmetic surgery, including partial surgical removal of the breast skin, is required for males with more severe breast enlargement or those who have excessive sagging of the breast tissue that might occur after weight loss.

• #79

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00066-020-01598-9

  To provide an overview on the available treatments to prevent and reduce gynecomastia and/or breast pain caused by antiandrogen therapy for prostate cancer. […] Two randomized trials demonstrated that prophylactic radiation therapy (RT) using 110Gy or 26Gy significantly reduced the rate of gynecomastia but not breast pain, as compared to observation. […] Another randomized trial showed that prophylactic daily TMX is more effective than TMX given at the onset of gynecomastia. […] Prophylactic RT as well as daily TMX can significantly reduce the incidence of gynecomastia and/or breast pain. TMX appears to be an effective alternative to RT also as a therapeutic treatment in the presence of gynecomastia but its side effects and off-label use must be considered. […] ADT-related gynecomastia and/or breast pain can be treated by antiproliferative low-dose RT to the breasts. Alternatively, gynecomastia and/or breast pain can be treated by drug intervention using either tamoxifen (TMX) which blocks the estrogen receptor, or theoretically by anastrozole which inhibits the peripheral aromatization of androgens into estrogens.

• #80 Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gynecomastia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351793

  Gynecomastia may go away on its own. If it doesn’t, medicine or surgery may help. […] Gynecomastia can happen when the amount of testosterone in the body drops compared with estrogen. The decrease can be caused by conditions that lower testosterone or block its effects. Or it can be caused by conditions that raise the estrogen level. […] The following medicines can cause gynecomastia: Anti-androgens used to treat conditions such as an enlarged prostate and prostate cancer. Examples of these medicines include flutamide, finasteride (Proscar, Propecia) and spironolactone (Aldactone, Carospir). […] Gynecomastia surgery. American Society of Plastic Surgeons. […] Most often, gynecomastia isn’t a serious problem. But it can be tough to cope with the condition. People with gynecomastia sometimes have pain in their breasts. And they may feel embarrassed.

• #81 Benefits of Gynecomastia Treatment in NYC

  https://www.parkavenuesmartlipo.com/blog/what-are-the-benefits-of-gynecomastia-treatment/

  Gynecomastia Treatment […] Though gynecomastia or male breast enlargement isnt harmful to physical health, the condition can impact a mans everyday life, from deciding what to wear to shunning social activities or situations to avoid embarrassment. Fortunately, gynecomastia treatment in NYC provides a safe and effective solution for the condition, restoring a more masculine chest and thereby, your confidence. […] Treatment options include lifestyle modifications like exercise and a healthy diet and breast reduction surgery. […] Skilled plastic surgeons can remove the excess fat and glandular tissue and create a flatter and well-shaped chest, restoring your confidence and self-esteem. […] Male breast reduction involves liposuction to remove the excess fat and breast tissue. […] Gynecomastia is treated with both liposuction and excision when there is significant glandular breast tissue or excess skin to remove. […] The goal is to remove the excess breast tissue and reshape the chest to achieve a more masculine appearance. […] If you are considering gynecomastia treatment in NYC, make sure to approach an AAAASF-accredited plastic surgery facility with surgeons who have extensive experience in the field. […] Discover how gynecomastia treatment in NYC can help you achieve the chest youve always wanted.

• #82 Gynecomastia Surgery (Male Breast Reduction): What to Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24022-gynecomastia-surgery

  Many people who have this surgery feel more confident and comfortable with how they look. They may enjoy being able to button a shirt without gaps. Or they may feel more satisfied with their appearance in a t-shirt or swimsuit. […] The weight of excess breast tissue can also cause discomfort or pain. After gynecomastia surgery, you may be able to jump, run and do activities that you found uncomfortable before. […] Gynecomastia surgery (male breast reduction) is an effective treatment for enlarged male breast tissue. This procedure can help you feel more confident and boost your self-esteem. It can also reduce discomfort or pain that can result from excess breast tissue, especially while doing activities that require jumping and running.

• #83 Male Breast Reduction (Gynecomastia) Chicago IL

  https://www.aestheticinstitutechicago.com/breast/male-breast-reduction-gynecomastia/

  Gynecomastia is characterized by the development of enlarged male breasts. […] Once longstanding, most males seek treatment for gynecomastia to avoid embarrassment and restore normal male chest contours. […] Male breast reduction is an operation performed to treat gynecomastia via the surgical removal of excess glandular and/or fat tissue in the breasts. […] Many patients experience a number of psychological benefits from male breast reduction, as well. […] To determine if you are a good candidate for male breast reduction surgery, Dr. Braithwaite or Dr. Cobbins will review your health history and perform an examination during your consultation. […] Both Dr. Braithwaite and Dr. Cobbins have extensive experience with male breast reduction surgery. […] Patients can expect mild swelling and bruising in the days following their procedure. […] The average cost of male breast reduction is about $6,000. […] Dr. Braithwaite and Dr. Cobbins take great care to minimize scarring from male breast reduction. […] To help maintain results, it is important to adhere to a healthy lifestyle and minimize significant weight fluctuations over time.

• #84 Gynaecomastia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, & Treatment

  https://www.theplasticsfella.com/gynaecomastia/

  Gynecomastia is male breast enlargement due to glandular growth and fat, caused by hormonal imbalances. […] Treatment ranges from lifestyle changes and medication to surgery for persistent cases. […] Treatment options include weight loss, reassurance, medical pharmacotherapy, and surgical correction. […] Mild cases typically focus on reassurance, diet, and exercise, while more severe cases may require medical or surgical treatment. […] Medical treatment for gynecomastia is considered in cases that are severe, persistent, or of recent onset (less than 6 months). […] Surgery is useful in the management of patients with long-standing symptomatic gynaecomastia or when medical therapy is not successful. […] Surgery aims to reduce the size of the breast with minimal scars possible. […] Indications for Surgery include symptomatic patients, breast changes, ineffective medical therapy, and interference with the patient’s activities of daily living.

• #85 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  If you have gynecomastia due to obesity (pseudogynecomastia), weight loss may decrease it. And exercise can contribute to weight loss. […] If you have gynecomastia due to a hormonal imbalance, exercise likely won’t make a difference. This is because an imbalance of estrogen and testosterone is responsible for an increase in your breast tissue, and exercise can’t override that. […] Unfortunately, you can’t prevent many of the hormone changes that cause gynecomastia. If needed, you may reduce your risk of gynecomastia by switching medications or seeking treatment for a substance use disorder. […] If gynecomastia is causing you distress and/or you have other new symptoms, talk to your healthcare provider. They can check to see if an underlying medical condition is the cause and discuss potential treatment options. […] Your provider is there to help you, not judge you. They can pinpoint the cause of the size increase and provide guidance on when it’ll likely go away or if treatment may help.

• #86 Management of gynecomastia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-gynecomastia

  Management of gynecomastia […] The management of gynecomastia depends upon its etiology, duration, severity, and the presence or absence of tenderness (algorithm 1). […] The management of gynecomastia will be reviewed here.

• #87 A retrospective cohort study of tamoxifen versus surgical treatment for ER-positive gynecomastia | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12902-023-01310-9

  The present study results show that TAM and surgery treatments can effectively treat gynecomastia, but an individualized treatment regimen is recommended for these patients based on their clinical features. TAM is more beneficial than TAM for patients who cannot tolerate surgery, have a low estrogen level, and are clinical grade 12. Surgery treatment is better than TAM for patients of clinical grade 3. Different surgery options may lead to different complications. The patients with a greater glandular tissue thickness and a higher estrogen level were shown to have a higher risk of recurrence.

• #88 Gynecomastia – evaluation and current treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3071351/

  In most patients, surgical correction usually leads to immediate cosmetic and symptomatic improvement and is considered the best approach. […] In men who are being treated with antiandrogen therapies, pharmacological intervention with tamoxifen is the most effective approach, followed by radiotherapy. […] Serum estrogen receptor modulators, particularly tamoxifen, or radiotherapy may help prevent or reduce gynecomastia in men taking antiandrogen therapies. […] No high quality evidence exists to support a role for pharmacological agents or radiotherapy in this setting. […] Surgical correction is considered the gold standard treatment. […] Surgery is the gold standard therapy for symptomatic gynecomastia in most patients. […] Gynecomastia is a benign condition and usually self-limited.

• #89 Gynaecomastia—pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment | Nature Reviews Endocrinology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2014.139

  Gynaecomastia often resolves by itself or upon removal of the underlying cause (such as medication) […] Treatment is indicated in men with symptoms (particularly pain and tenderness in the breast) and involves the use of androgens or antiestrogens […] Surgery can be offered to selected patients when the condition does not resolve spontaneously or respond to medical treatment […] For men with hypogonadism, administration of androgens might be helpful, as might antiestrogen therapy in men with endogenous overproduction of estrogens […] Surgery to remove the enlarged breast tissue might be necessary when gynaecomastia does not resolve spontaneously or with medical therapy.

• #90 Gynecomastia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia can respond well to medical treatment although it is usually only effective when done within the first two years after the start of male breast enlargement. […] Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, and clomifene may be beneficial in the treatment of gynecomastia but are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in gynecomastia. […] Tamoxifen may be used to treat gynecomastia in adults and of the medical treatments used, tamoxifen is the most effective. […] If chronic gynecomastia does not respond to medical treatment, surgical removal of glandular breast tissue is usually required. […] Surgical treatment should be considered if the gynecomastia persists for more than 12 months, causes distress (i.e. physical discomfort or psychological distress), and is in the fibrotic stage. […] Surgical approaches to the treatment of gynecomastia include subcutaneous mastectomy, liposuction-assisted mastectomy, laser-assisted liposuction, and laser-lipolysis without liposuction.

• #91 Can You Get Gynecomastia Treatment Without Surgery?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gynecomastia-treatment-without-surgery

  Gynecomastia (sometimes colloquially called man boobs) happens when an individual grows breasts without the typical balance of hormones meant to grow functional mammary glands and the associated fat surrounding increased breast gland tissue. […] Nonsurgical treatment usually focuses on targeting the root cause, such as lifestyle changes, medications, and hormone therapy. […] The most effective treatment for you depends on the underlying cause of your gynecomastia. […] No supplements, including Ayurveda herbs, have been scientifically proven to treat gynecomastia. […] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also hasnt approved any medications for the treatment of gynecomastia. […] Treatment for gynecomastia usually consists of targeting the underlying condition. […] Some nonsurgical treatments a doctor may recommend include: Off-label medications. Your doctor may prescribe the breast cancer drugs raloxifene or tamoxifen as off-label treatments for gynecomastia.

• #92 Gynecomastia: What It Is, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16227-enlarged-male-breast-tissue-gynecomastia

  Gynecomastia may be a symptom or result of the following health conditions: […] Gynecomastia may be a side effect of certain medications, including: […] Some people don’t want or need treatment for gynecomastia. But if you do, your healthcare provider may recommend a few different strategies depending on your situation: […] If an underlying condition is the cause, like a tumor or hypogonadism, treatment for the condition may also treat gynecomastia. […] Some people choose to get surgery for gynecomastia (male breast reduction) to remove excess breast tissue. This is an elective cosmetic surgery. […] For newborns and adolescents, gynecomastia is usually temporary it goes away once your hormones rebalance. For people who have chronically low testosterone levels, gynecomastia may not go away without treatment.

• #93 What’s Gynecomastia? How Supportive Therapy May Help

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/gynecomastia-prominent-male-breasts-430620

  Gynecomastia supportive therapy may help. […] In cases in which the condition is persistent or causing discomfort, a healthcare provider may prescribe a brief (three to six months) course of an estrogen-blocking drug called tamoxifen or Evista (raloxifene). This is most often tried during puberty. […] Surgery is a common treatment for gynecomastia. However, surgery is generally not recommended for adolescents until puberty is completed to be sure the breast tissue has stopped growing. […] If you experience symptoms of depression, embarrassment, or any other negative feelings, it is important to remember that you’re not alone. Gynecomastia is fairly common, and it can get better over time. […] If your condition persists and causes you discomfort, there are treatments—lifestyle changes, medication, and surgical procedures—that can help reduce the size of your breasts.

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