Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/gastroenteritis

  Gastroenteritis is when your stomach and intestines are irritated and inflamed. This can cause belly pain, cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The cause is typically inflammation triggered by your immune system’s response to a viral or bacterial infection. However, infections caused by fungi or parasites or irritation from chemicals can also lead to gastroenteritis. […] You may have heard the term „stomach flu.” When people say this, they usually mean gastroenteritis caused by a virus. However, it’s not actually related to the flu, or influenza, which is a different virus that affects your upper respiratory system (nose, throat, and lungs). […] The most common cause of gastroenteritis is a virus. The main types are norovirus and rotavirus. […] Gastroenteritis is not contagious, but the infections that cause it are. For example, viruses are usually spread through bodily fluids, such as spit, and poop.

• #1 Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378852

  Your doctor will likely diagnose viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) based on symptoms, a physical exam and sometimes on the presence of similar cases in your community. A rapid stool test can detect rotavirus or norovirus, but there are no quick tests for other viruses that cause gastroenteritis. […] In some cases, your doctor may have you submit a stool sample to rule out a possible bacterial or parasitic infection.

• #1 Viral Gastroenteritis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176515-clinical

  The clinical spectrum of acute viral gastroenteritis ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe dehydration and death. Viral gastroenteritis typically presents with short prodrome, with mild fever and vomiting, followed by 1-4 days of nonbloody, watery diarrhea. Viral gastroenteritis is usually self-limited. […] The history should focus on severity and dehydration. The onset, frequency, quantity, and duration of diarrhea and vomiting are important factors in assessing the status. Oral intake, urine output, and weight loss are important considerations. Viruses are the suspected cause of acute gastroenteritis when vomiting is prominent, when the incubation period is longer than 14 hours, and when the entire illness is over in less than 3 days. Travel history (including cruise ships), eating history, and daycare history are important epidemiological factors.

• #1 Is It Stomach Bug, Stomach Flu, or Food Poisoning? | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2021/04/is-it-stomach-bug-stomach-flu-or-food-poisoning

  Stomach flu and stomach bug are informal terms for viral gastroenteritis, a sickness in which a viral infection causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines. […] In the case of viral gastroenteritis, Dr. Thomas says, we usually can make a diagnosis based on the presenting symptoms alone. Also, although not readily available in all clinical settings, a rapid stool test is available for the detection of rotavirus and norovirus. […] If food poisoning is suspected, your doctor can often make a diagnosis based on your symptoms, how long you’ve been sick and the specific foods you’ve eaten recently. Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may order certain diagnostic tests.

• #1 Viral Gastroenteritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518995/

  Symptoms usually last for less than a week, often improving after 1 to 3 days. […] Patients often present with complaints of a relatively sudden onset of symptoms, usually over 1 to 2 hours. […] Symptoms, eg, high fever, bloody diarrhea, protracted vomiting, or severe abdominal pain, are often indicative of an underlying etiology other than viral gastroenteritis. […] Therefore, clinicians should elicit information relevant to differential diagnoses of viral gastroenteritis, eg, bacterial agents or other acute abdominal pathology, including acute appendicitis, bowel obstruction, and diverticulitis. […] Due to the lack of readily available viral testing capabilities in most clinics and emergency departments, acute viral gastroenteritis is a clinical diagnosis. […] Diagnostic laboratory studies may help exclude other causes of the patients symptoms.

• #1 Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000252.htm

  Viral gastroenteritis is an infection of the stomach and intestine caused by a virus. The infection can lead to diarrhea and vomiting. It is sometimes called the „stomach flu.” […] The health care provider will look for signs of dehydration, including: Dry or sticky mouth, Lethargy or coma (severe dehydration), Low blood pressure, Low or no urine output, concentrated urine that looks dark yellow, Sunken soft spots (fontanelles) on the top of an infant’s head, No tears, Sunken eyes. […] Tests of stool samples may be used to identify the virus that is causing the sickness. Most of the time, this test is not needed. A stool culture may be done to find out if the problem is being caused by bacteria.

• #1 Viral Gastroenteritis Workup: Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176515-workup

  In most cases that fit the clinical features of viral gastroenteritis, laboratory tests are not indicated. […] If bacterial or protozoal infection is suspected, stool studies for occult blood, white blood cell (WBC) count, microscopy for protozoa, C difficile toxin, Giardia lamblia by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), or bacterial culture may be indicated. […] Consider investigating patients with low-grade fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and extreme dehydration by evaluating serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, amylase, complete blood cell (CBC) count, and abdominal imaging studies. […] Blood cultures should be obtained in patients with high fevers or who appear systemically ill. […] Stool cultures are not performed for most patients who do not have severe illness or high-risk comorbidities, because most infectious cases of acute diarrhea are self-limited and of viral etiology, and the rate of positive stool cultures in all-comers with acute diarrhea is generally low.

• #1 Gastroenteritis: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/gastroenteritis

  Gastroenteritis happens when your immune system activates to defend your stomach and intestines from harm. It sends inflammatory cells to help fight infections and repair injured tissues. […] Healthcare providers can usually recognize gastroenteritis by your symptoms. Theyll ask you when your symptoms started and what was going on at the time that could have triggered them. […] If you have unusual symptoms, or if they want to investigate your symptoms further, they may order some tests. A poop test or blood test can help prove gastroenteritis and rule out other conditions. […] Most of the time, medical treatment for gastroenteritis is supportive. That means the treatment supports your bodys natural healing process rather than curing gastroenteritis. It might include: IV fluids to prevent or correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

• #1 Laboratory Testing for Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html

  Diagnostic methods for norovirus testing focus on detecting viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred diagnostic method to detect norovirus. […] EIA tests should not replace RT-qPCR during outbreak investigations; they are not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. Tests are available at all public health laboratories and many clinical laboratories. Most use reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to detect norovirus. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are very sensitive and specific. […] Rapid commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) that detect norovirus antigen in stool samples are also available. However, these kits have poor sensitivity (50% to 75%) and are generally not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis.

• #1 Laboratory Testing for Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html

  These assays can be used for preliminary identification of norovirus when testing multiple specimens during outbreaks. However, samples that test negative should be confirmed by a second technique, such as RT-qPCR. Thus, EIA kits should not replace RT-qPCR during outbreak investigations. […] Whole stool is the preferred clinical specimen for laboratory diagnosis of norovirus.

• #1 Viral Gastroenteritis: Symptoms, Causes & Stages | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/viral-gastroenteritis-symptoms-and-causes

  Viral gastroenteritis is typically diagnosed based on a combination of a patients symptoms, medical history, and a physical examination. Heres how the diagnosis process usually works: […] The doctor will ask the patient about the symptoms, such as diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps, and fever. The sudden onset of these symptoms, particularly in the context of recent exposure to others with similar symptoms, often points to gastroenteritis and stomach flu. […] A physical exam might be conducted to check for signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth, decreased skin elasticity, and rapid heartbeat. The doctor may also feel your abdomen to check for tenderness or bloating. […] In most cases, viral gastroenteritis is diagnosed based on symptoms alone. However, if the diagnosis is uncertain or if the symptoms are severe, a stool sample may be tested to rule out bacterial or parasitic infections. Blood tests may also be conducted to check for dehydration or to rule out other causes of the symptoms. […] The doctor may consider other possible causes of your symptoms, such as food poisoning, irritable bowel syndrome, or other gastrointestinal disorders, to ensure that viral gastroenteritis is the correct diagnosis.

• #1 Gastroenteritis lab tests: Stool tests, diagnosis, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/gastroenteritis-lab-tests

  Gastroenteritis refers to inflammation in the intestines and stomach. Stool tests may help with gastroenteritis diagnosis. […] Most of the time, viral gastroenteritis lasts less than 1 week and does not require medical intervention. However, stool tests can help confirm whether a person has an infection, signs of inflammation, or other digestive conditions. […] If a person does seek medical evaluation, a doctor will likely perform a physical exam, discuss a persons medical history, and may order a stool sample. […] A healthcare professional may also order a stool sample to check for infection, inflammation, and other digestive health conditions. […] Stool tests are a type of lab test for gastroenteritis that check for common causes of infection, inflammation, and other health conditions that affect the digestive system.

• #1 Stomach Flu Virus Symptoms, Contagious, Treatment, Recovery

  https://www.medicinenet.com/a_doctors_view_on_gastroenteritis_diagnosis/views.htm

  How do you know you have the stomach flu (gastroenteritis)? […] There are no specific tests for gastroenteritis, thus gastroenteritis is most often diagnosed by the symptoms it produces, mainly diarrhea. […] However, during outbreaks like those seen on cruise ships, viral and bacterial cultures or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other immunologically based tests can eventually identify the causative pathogen. […] When gastroenteritis symptoms become severe, most public health officials and health care professionals run such tests to identify the causative agent of a specific disease, based on the history of the patients, physical exams, and symptoms.

• #1 Viral Gastroenteritis Workup: Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176515-workup

  When stool cultures are obtained in patients with acute diarrhea, it is to identify a potential bacterial pathogen and determine the potential for complications and treatment decisions. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for enteropathogen detection in stool of patients with diarrhea is available. […] Rapid antigen testing of the stool, either by EIA (98% sensitivity and specificity) or latex agglutination tests (less sensitive and specific as compared to EIA), is used to aid in the diagnosis of rotavirus infection. […] Expect antirotavirus antibodies (ie, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin A) to be excreted in the stool after the first day of illness. […] In epidemics, save stool and emesis specimens for evaluation by public health officials. […] Polymerase chain reaction is valuable in both the outbreak setting and the sporadic case setting. […] A modification to PCR has allowed many of the various strains of caliciviruses to be recognized with just a few primers (broadly reactive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction). […] Fecal viral concentration of norovirus correlates with duration of illness.

• #1 Multiplex Gastrointestinal Platforms to Improve Norovirus Diagnosis and Outbreak Management – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/multiplex-gastrointestinal-platforms-to-improve-norovirus-diagnosis-and-outbreak-management/

  Norovirus is often referred to as the stomach bug. […] Dr. Sorel focuses on the importance of diagnostic tests for the swift and precise detection of norovirus infections. […] Today, more advanced methods, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays targeting norovirus only or multiplex gastrointestinal platforms, are the preferred methods for diagnosing norovirus according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Dr. Sorel says. […] Modern molecular diagnostics can be valuable for a variety of reasons, she explains. […] They are designed to enable a rapid public health response to effectively identify the source of infection, manage outbreaks, and isolate patients, especially in hospital and community settings, Dr. Sorel says. […] Recently now theres multiplex gastrointestinal platforms that have been developed and these platforms allow testing of gastrointestinal pathogens in a single test including viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens, she concludes.

• #1 Diagnostic Tools for Detecting GI Infections – IFFGD

  https://iffgd.org/gi-disorders/the-human-gut-microbiome/gi_infections/

  With standard Stool or fecal tests, each test will usually look at one of the possible causes listed above. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): These are often used to look for viruses, bacteria, or parasites in the digestive system. These tests look at samples of stool to find out which pathogens are causing the sickness. […] Molecular-based tests, like PCR, are very sensitive and accurate ways to find GI illnesses. These tests can find the bacteria’s genetic material (DNA or RNA), which makes a quick and accurate diagnosis possible. […] Sometimes, blood tests can help diagnose GI illnesses. Blood tests can check for antibodies or other signs of an illness, which can help find the cause. […] Syndromic Testing can look for a wide range of infections at the same time. For GI infections, syndromic testing could be used to find out what caused the infection in the digestive system.

• #1 Viral Gastroenteritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518995/

  Preventing viral gastroenteritis relies on proper hygiene, vaccination, and public health measures to limit transmission. […] Patient education should emphasize the importance of hydration, recognizing signs of dehydration, and seeking medical care when symptoms are severe or prolonged. […] Effective management of viral gastroenteritis requires a collaborative, interprofessional approach to ensure accurate diagnosis, patient safety, and optimal outcomes.

• #1 Viral Gastroenteritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518995/

  Patients suffering from significant dehydration may demonstrate hemoconcentration on complete blood count testing and electrolyte disturbances on chemistry panels. […] Viral gastroenteritis management primarily comprises supportive therapies. […] The most important goal of treatment is to maintain hydration status and effectively counter fluid and electrolyte losses. […] Patients demonstrating severe dehydration or intractable vomiting may require hospital admission for continued intravenous fluids and careful monitoring of electrolyte status. […] Although acute viral gastroenteritis is generally a self-limiting illness in the industrialized world, a clinician must be aware of and rule out other, more severe causes of the patients symptoms. […] The prognosis of viral gastroenteritis in most cases is excellent and self-limited.

• #1 Stomach Flu: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12418-stomach-flu

  Healthcare providers often diagnose gastroenteritis based on your symptoms. They wont know if its viral or which virus it is without doing a lab test to find out. But most of the time, this isnt necessary. Since there isnt any specific medicine for stomach flu, theres no need to identify it, or the virus. […] Your immune system gets rid of stomach flu through its own natural processes. It just takes a few days to do its work. Your symptoms, while unpleasant, are a sign that your immune system is working. Theres no medicine for stomach flu. Antibiotics dont work on viruses theyre for bacterial infections. […] Some research shows that taking probiotics may help stomach flu go away faster. Probiotics are helpful bacteria that live in your gastrointestinal system. Having enough helpful bacteria in your gut is part of having a healthy immune system. Ask a healthcare provider if probiotics might help you.

• #1 Stages of the Stomach Flu: What to Know

  https://www.healthline.com/health/stomach-flu-stages

  The stomach flu is clinically known as viral or infectious gastroenteritis. […] Norovirus is the most common cause of the stomach flu, but other viruses, including rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus, may also lead to symptoms. […] Viral gastroenteritis is highly contagious during the acute symptoms stage. […] The stomach flu cannot be prevented once you’ve been exposed to the virus, so there’s no treatment for stages one and two of the stomach flu. […] The first line of treatment for acute symptoms of viral gastroenteritis is ongoing hydration to compensate for fluid loss due to vomiting and diarrhea. […] Dehydrated children, older adults, and people with compromised immune systems may require continued intravenous (IV) fluids. […] Antibiotics don’t work on viral infections but may be required if co-occurring bacterial infections are present.

• #2 Norovirus (Stomach Flu) Cases Are Surging: 3 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/norovirus-stomach-flu-cases-are-surging-3-things-to-know

  Norovirus, the most common cause of viral stomach flu, is on the rise in the United States. Norovirus infections cause acute gastroenteritis—a stomach bug with cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, and other symptoms. […] Norovirus is also called the stomach flu, it’s not related to influenza, and the flu shot won’t prevent an infection or lessen the symptoms if you get it. It’s a virus that causes inflammation of the stomach and/or intestines, leading to acute gastroenteritis that comes on suddenly. The symptoms most commonly include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, but it can also cause body aches, chills, fever, headaches, and tiredness. […] A person who has been sick with norovirus sheds billions of virus particles in their stool or vomit. And it only takes an exposure of as few as 10 particles for an individual to develop an infection.

• #2 Diagnosis of Viral Gastroenteritis (“Stomach Flu”) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/viral-gastroenteritis/diagnosis

  Doctors often diagnose viral gastroenteritis based on your symptoms. If your symptoms are mild and last only a short time, you typically wont need tests. […] In some cases, a medical history, a physical exam, and stool tests can help diagnose viral gastroenteritis. Your doctor may perform additional tests to check for other health problems. […] Stool tests can show signs of infection, inflammation, and digestive diseases and disorders.

• #2 Viral Gastroenteritis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176515-clinical

  A viral cause should be suspected when the warning signs of bacterial infection (ie, high fever, bloody diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, 6 stools/24 h) are absent and an alternative diagnosis is not suggested by epidemiologic clues from the history (eg, travel, sexual practices, antibiotic use). […] Ruling out other diagnoses is important. Mucus or overt blood in the stool almost always indicates bacterial or parasitic infection. […] The physical examination can be helpful in determining the etiology of gastroenteritis and in assessing the presence and degree of dehydration. […] Temperature, blood pressure and pulse, and body weight can provide evidence of severity of the condition. […] High fever suggests bacterial infection. Tachycardia, thready pulse, and hypotension suggest severe dehydration. […] The degree of weight loss may be related to dehydration and the duration of the diarrhea.

• #2 Gastroenteritis lab tests: Stool tests, diagnosis, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/gastroenteritis-lab-tests

  Gastroenteritis refers to inflammation in the intestines and stomach. Stool tests may help with gastroenteritis diagnosis. […] Most of the time, viral gastroenteritis lasts less than 1 week and does not require medical intervention. However, stool tests can help confirm whether a person has an infection, signs of inflammation, or other digestive conditions. […] If a person does seek medical evaluation, a doctor will likely perform a physical exam, discuss a persons medical history, and may order a stool sample. […] A healthcare professional may also order a stool sample to check for infection, inflammation, and other digestive health conditions. […] Stool tests are a type of lab test for gastroenteritis that check for common causes of infection, inflammation, and other health conditions that affect the digestive system.

• #2 Viral Gastroenteritis Workup: Laboratory Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176515-workup

  When stool cultures are obtained in patients with acute diarrhea, it is to identify a potential bacterial pathogen and determine the potential for complications and treatment decisions. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for enteropathogen detection in stool of patients with diarrhea is available. […] Rapid antigen testing of the stool, either by EIA (98% sensitivity and specificity) or latex agglutination tests (less sensitive and specific as compared to EIA), is used to aid in the diagnosis of rotavirus infection. […] Expect antirotavirus antibodies (ie, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin A) to be excreted in the stool after the first day of illness. […] In epidemics, save stool and emesis specimens for evaluation by public health officials. […] Polymerase chain reaction is valuable in both the outbreak setting and the sporadic case setting. […] A modification to PCR has allowed many of the various strains of caliciviruses to be recognized with just a few primers (broadly reactive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction). […] Fecal viral concentration of norovirus correlates with duration of illness.

• #2 Laboratory Testing for Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/php/laboratories/index.html

  Diagnostic methods for norovirus testing focus on detecting viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred diagnostic method to detect norovirus. […] EIA tests should not replace RT-qPCR during outbreak investigations; they are not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases. […] Diagnostic tests for norovirus detect viral RNA (genetic material) or viral antigen. Tests are available at all public health laboratories and many clinical laboratories. Most use reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to detect norovirus. […] RT-qPCR assays are the preferred method to detect norovirus. RT-qPCR assays are very sensitive and specific. […] Rapid commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) that detect norovirus antigen in stool samples are also available. However, these kits have poor sensitivity (50% to 75%) and are generally not recommended for testing single samples from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis.

• #2 Viral Gastroenteritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518995/

  Patients suffering from significant dehydration may demonstrate hemoconcentration on complete blood count testing and electrolyte disturbances on chemistry panels. […] Viral gastroenteritis management primarily comprises supportive therapies. […] The most important goal of treatment is to maintain hydration status and effectively counter fluid and electrolyte losses. […] Patients demonstrating severe dehydration or intractable vomiting may require hospital admission for continued intravenous fluids and careful monitoring of electrolyte status. […] Although acute viral gastroenteritis is generally a self-limiting illness in the industrialized world, a clinician must be aware of and rule out other, more severe causes of the patients symptoms. […] The prognosis of viral gastroenteritis in most cases is excellent and self-limited.

• #2 Viral gastroenteritis. Diagnosis, treatment and recommendations.

  https://valintermed.com/en/blog/viral-gastroenteritis-diagnosis-treatment-and-recommendations/

  The differential diagnosis of acute viral gastroenteritis includes other causes (infectious and non-infectious) of acute diarrhea. […] Treatment for viral gastroenteritis involves a combination of rest, hydration, and symptom management. Because viral gastroenteritis is caused by a virus, antibiotics are not effective in treating the condition. […] In severe cases, or if symptoms persist for more than a few days, medical attention should be sought to ensure proper treatment and prevent complications. […] For adults with acute viral gastroenteritis, we do not recommend any restricted strict diet. […] The fundamental importance of oral probiotics in viral viral gastroenteritis has not been established. […] For adults with viral gastroenteritis, I do not recommend the use of antibiotics.

• #2 Overview of Gastroenteritis – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/gastroenteritis/overview-of-gastroenteritis

  Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. […] Diagnosis is clinical or by stool culture, although polymerase chain reaction testing and immunoassays are increasingly used. […] Diagnosis of Gastroenteritis […] Clinical evaluation […] Stool testing in select cases […] Findings suggestive of gastroenteritis include the following: […] Stool testing is guided by clinical findings and the organisms that are suspected based on patient history and epidemiologic factors (eg, immunosuppression, exposure to a known outbreak, recent travel, recent antibiotic use). […] Acute inflammatory diarrhea without gross blood can be recognized by the presence of leukocytes on stool examination. […] Patients with a history of recent antibiotic use or other risk factors for C. difficile infection (eg, inflammatory bowel disease, use of proton pump inhibitors) should have a stool assay for C. difficile toxin, but testing should also be done in patients with significant illness even when these risk factors are not present because about 25% of cases of C. difficile infection currently occur in people without identified risk factors. […] However, nucleic acid amplification tests targeting one of the C. difficile toxin genes or their regulator have been shown to have higher sensitivity and are now the diagnostic tests of choice in most cases.

• #2 Multiplex Gastrointestinal Platforms to Improve Norovirus Diagnosis and Outbreak Management – Clinical Conversations

  https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/clinical-conversations/multiplex-gastrointestinal-platforms-to-improve-norovirus-diagnosis-and-outbreak-management/

  Norovirus is often referred to as the stomach bug. […] Dr. Sorel focuses on the importance of diagnostic tests for the swift and precise detection of norovirus infections. […] Today, more advanced methods, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays targeting norovirus only or multiplex gastrointestinal platforms, are the preferred methods for diagnosing norovirus according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Dr. Sorel says. […] Modern molecular diagnostics can be valuable for a variety of reasons, she explains. […] They are designed to enable a rapid public health response to effectively identify the source of infection, manage outbreaks, and isolate patients, especially in hospital and community settings, Dr. Sorel says. […] Recently now theres multiplex gastrointestinal platforms that have been developed and these platforms allow testing of gastrointestinal pathogens in a single test including viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens, she concludes.

• #2 Gastrointestinal tract and viral pathogens

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v12/i3/136.htm

  Viral gastroenteritis is the most common viral illness that affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, causing inflammation and irritation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Common signs and symptoms associated with this condition include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dehydration. […] The infections commonly involved in viral gastroenteritis are rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus, which spread through the fecal-oral and contact routes and cause non-bloody diarrhea. […] This mini review aims to list different viruses affecting the GI tract. It will cover common symptoms aiding in diagnosis and various important aspects of each viral infection that can aid diagnosis and management. This will help primary care physicians and hospitalists diagnose and treat patients more easily. […] Viral pathogens cause gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations such as watery diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, and various other manifestations like hepatitis, ulcerative diseases, motility disorders, and neoplastic diseases of the GI tract in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals.

• #2 Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/gastroenteritis

  Most cases of viral gastroenteritis will be over in a few days, but you may be sick for up to 2 weeks with some viruses, such as adenovirus. […] Gastroenteritis is common during pregnancy. About 30% of pregnant people will have gastroenteritis at some point in their pregnancy. Without treatment, you can get dehydrated, which can trigger early labor. […] To help ease your symptoms, your doctor may recommend medicines such as anti-nausea medications to ease your vomiting and anti-diarrhea medications, unless you have recently used antibiotics, have bloody diarrhea, have small amounts of blood in the stool that are too small to be seen, or have diarrhea with a fever. […] Antibiotics cant treat viral gastroenteritis. They are not often used for bacterial gastroenteritis, either, as your infection should resolve on its own in a few days. However, some bacteria do require antibiotic treatment. Your doctor may do tests to help decide if you need antibiotics.

• #3 Viral gastroenteritis. Diagnosis, treatment and recommendations.

  https://valintermed.com/en/blog/viral-gastroenteritis-diagnosis-treatment-and-recommendations/

  The differential diagnosis of acute viral gastroenteritis includes other causes (infectious and non-infectious) of acute diarrhea. […] Treatment for viral gastroenteritis involves a combination of rest, hydration, and symptom management. Because viral gastroenteritis is caused by a virus, antibiotics are not effective in treating the condition. […] In severe cases, or if symptoms persist for more than a few days, medical attention should be sought to ensure proper treatment and prevent complications. […] For adults with acute viral gastroenteritis, we do not recommend any restricted strict diet. […] The fundamental importance of oral probiotics in viral viral gastroenteritis has not been established. […] For adults with viral gastroenteritis, I do not recommend the use of antibiotics.

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