Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stomach Flu: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12418-stomach-flu

  You can reduce your risk of getting stomach flu or spreading it to others by practicing good hygiene. This includes: […] Good handwashing is the most important defense against stomach flu viruses since hand sanitizer isn’t always effective. It’s especially important after going to the bathroom or changing a diaper and before coming into contact with food. […] Wash and disinfect any surfaces or materials that you or the infected person has touched. Use bleach and water (up to 25 tablespoons per gallon) to disinfect surfaces, especially in the bathroom. Use the high heat setting on your washing machine for bed linens and clothes. […] Safe food handling. Food may be contaminated with stomach flu viruses, bacteria or other organisms. Safe food prep can help reduce this risk. People already infected with stomach flu should avoid handling food for others, if possible.

• #2 Treatment of Viral Gastroenteritis (“Stomach Flu”) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/viral-gastroenteritis/treatment

  You can take several steps to keep from getting or spreading infections that cause viral gastroenteritis. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water […] You can clean surfaces that may have come into contact with infected stool or vomit, such as countertops and changing tables, with a mixture of 5 to 25 tablespoons of household bleach and 1 gallon of water. If you have viral gastroenteritis, avoid handling and preparing food for others while you are sick and for 2 days after your symptoms stop. […] The flu vaccine does not protect against viral gastroenteritis. However, rotavirus vaccines can prevent viral gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus.

• #3 How to avoid the highly contagious stomach flu | Regional Hospital

  https://regionalhospital.com/blog/entry/how-to-avoid-the-highly-contagious-stomach-flu

  How to avoid the highly contagious stomach flu […] Norovirus is highly contagious but there are some steps you can take to help reduce your risk of infection, and – if you do get sick – how to manage your symptoms. […] The best way to protect against norovirus is to wash your hands with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds. Make sure that you rinse off all fresh fruits and vegetables before you eat them. If you’re at all concerned about norovirus infection, make sure you’re also cooking these foods thoroughly. […] Anyone with a norovirus infection should also not prepare food for others until at least 48 hours after their symptoms resolve. […] You should also clean bathroom and kitchen countertops as well as other commonly touched objects, such as doorknobs and light switches, with a bleach-based household cleaner, or other disinfectant that’s approved by the EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] for use against norovirus. […] In this day and age, we all love our hand sanitizer because it’s so easy and convenient, but alcohol does not kill norovirus. […] When it comes to preventing norovirus, cleaning with bleach is the recommendation. […] Even after your symptoms improve, you continue to shed the virus and can infect others. So, once you start feeling better and your symptoms begin to resolve, it’s important to stay home and not return to school or work for another 48 to 72 hours.

• #4 How to Prevent Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/prevention/index.html

  Norovirus is very contagious, but you can take steps to stop it from spreading. […] Wash hands well with soap and water; hand sanitizer alone does not work well against norovirus. […] Do not prepare, handle food, or care for others when you are sick. […] Wait at least 2 days (48 hours) after symptoms stop. This is important if you work in a restaurant, school, daycare, long-term care facility, or other places where you may expose people to norovirus. […] Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially: After using the toilet or changing diapers. […] Before eating, preparing, or handling food. […] Before giving yourself or someone else medicine. […] Hand sanitizer does not work well against norovirus. […] You can use hand sanitizers in addition to hand washing, but hand sanitizer is not a substitute for handwashing, which is best.

• #5 Norovirus (Stomach Flu) Cases Are Surging: 3 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/norovirus-stomach-flu-cases-are-surging-3-things-to-know

  Prevention includes washing your hands frequently with soap and water; hand sanitizer doesn’t work as well. […] The main means of transmission is exposure to contaminated food, water, or surfaces, so the most important preventive strategies include disinfecting surfaces, heating food to sizzling temperatures, washing clothes in hot water, and washing hands frequently (that means soap and water, since hand sanitizer doesn’t work well against norovirus). […] Proper handwashing is key to preventing a norovirus infection. That means washing hands frequently with soap and water, especially before eating or handling food, before giving or taking medicine, and after using the toilet or changing a diaper. […] Hand sanitizers don’t work well for this virus. Norovirus has a capsule around the virus that protects it against most routine disinfectants, such as alcohol-based, hand-sanitizing gels. But vigorous washing with plain soap and water for 20 seconds creates friction that better washes away the viral particles.

• #6 How to prevent (and recover from) norovirus, the stomach bug that’s surging – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/health-and-wellness-articles/2025/january/norovirus

  Norovirus is most commonly known as the stomach flu, but it is not caused by the influenza virus. Its a different, highly contagious virus that generally spreads via hand-to-mouth contact about 12 to 36 hours after exposure and cases are on the rise. […] Norovirus transmission can occur after you touch a contaminated surface, eat food prepared by someone who didnt wash their hands or consume unwashed fruits and vegetables that have the virus on their surface. […] Hand-washing is the best way to avoid norovirus. Dont rely on hand sanitizer it doesnt work against norovirus. You must use soap and water for at least 20 seconds, Pawlowski said. […] If you can avoid it, don’t eat something that you know was prepared by other people’s hands, Pawlowski said. When making your own food, wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly. Frequently wash your hands and counter surfaces throughout the cooking and serving process.

• #7 Gastroenteritis | Better Health ChannelExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis

  Good old-fashioned handwashing with soap and water is still the best defence against spreading the bug. […] Gastroenteritis is highly contagious, general suggestions on how to reduce the risk of infection include: […] Stay home while sick, until 48 hours after symptoms have stopped. If symptoms persist, visit your GP. […] Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after going to the toilet or changing nappies, after smoking, after using a handkerchief or tissue, or after handling animals. […] Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before preparing food or eating. […] Use disposable paper towels to dry your hands rather than cloth towels, since the bacteria can survive for some time on objects. […] Do not handle raw and cooked foods with the same implements (tongs, knives, cutting boards), unless they have been thoroughly washed between uses.

• #8 Norovirus – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/norovirus/

  Washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water is the best way to protect yourself and others from norovirus. It is especially important to wash your hands after using the bathroom or changing diapers; before eating, preparing, or handling food; and before giving yourself or someone else medication. Avoid preparing food or caring for others when you are sick. Always carefully wash fruits and vegetables before preparing and eating them. Cook oysters and other shellfish before eating them. […] Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can be used in addition to hand washing with soap and water, which is more effective at removing norovirus particles. […] It is important to clean and disinfect after someone vomits or has diarrhea. Wear rubber or disposable gloves and wipe the entire area with paper towels. Then disinfect the area using a bleach-based household cleaner as directed on the product label. Be sure to clean soiled laundry, take out the trash, and wash your hands thoroughly. […] Vaccines are currently not available to prevent norovirus, although research is underway.

• #9 Norovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

  Prevention involves proper hand washing and disinfection of contaminated surfaces. […] Hand washing with soap and water is an effective method for reducing the transmission of norovirus pathogens. Alcohol rubs (≥62% isopropyl alcohol) may be used as an adjunct, but are less effective than hand-washing, as norovirus lacks a lipid viral envelope. […] Surfaces where norovirus particles may be present can be sanitised with a solution of 1.5% to 7.5% of household bleach in water, or other disinfectants effective against norovirus. […] In healthcare environments, the prevention of nosocomial infections involves routine and terminal cleaning. […] In 2011, the CDC published a clinical practice guideline addressing strategies for the prevention and control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in healthcare settings.

• #10 How to Prevent Norovirus | Norovirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/prevention/index.html

  Cook oysters and other shellfish thoroughly to an internal temperature of at least 145F. […] Routinely clean and sanitize kitchen utensils, cutting boards, counters, and surfaces, especially after handling shellfish. […] Keep raw oysters away from ready-to-eat food in the grocery cart, refrigerator, and on cutting boards. […] Throw away food that might contain norovirus. […] Always clean well and disinfect the entire area immediately. […] Disinfect the area as directed on the product label. […] To disinfect, use a chlorine bleach solution with a concentration of 1,000 to 5,000 ppm (5 to 25 tablespoons of household bleach [5% to 8%] per gallon of water) or use an EPA-registered disinfecting product against norovirus. […] Leave bleach disinfectant on the affected area for at least 5 minutes. […] Clean the entire area again with soap and hot water. […] Immediately remove and wash clothes or linens that may have vomit or poop on them. […] Wash the items with detergent and hot water at the maximum available cycle length and then machine dry them at the highest heat setting.

• #11 Norovirus (Stomach Flu) Cases Are Surging: 3 Things to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/norovirus-stomach-flu-cases-are-surging-3-things-to-know

  Other prevention strategies from the CDC include: Wash all fruits and vegetables carefully under running water, without soap or special produce washes, even if you intend to peel them. Scrub firm vegetables like cucumbers with a clean produce brush. Dry produce with a clean cloth or paper towel. If you are preparing oysters and other shellfish to eat, cook them thoroughly to an internal temperature of at least 145F. Perform routine cleaning and sanitizing of kitchen utensils, cutting boards, counters, and surfaces, especially after handling shellfish. Disinfect them using a chlorine bleach solution with a concentration of 1,000 to 5,000 ppm (5 to 25 tablespoons of household bleach [5% to 8%] per gallon of water) or use an EPA-registered disinfecting product against norovirus. Leave bleach disinfectant on the affected area for at least 5 minutes. This is also a good step to take if norovirus has infected anyone in your family. While cleaning or disinfecting, wear rubber or disposable gloves. Wipe the entire area with paper towels and throw them in a plastic trash bag. Wash clothes and linens that may have been exposed with detergent and hot water at the maximum available cycle length, and then machine dry them at the highest heat setting.

• #12

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Surviving-the-Stomach-Bug-Truths-Tips-for-Parents-.aspx

  Hand washing and keeping things clean are your best defenses from getting ill with a stomach bug. […] Cleaning your home to avoid spreading infection is a must. You dont need expensive products, just vigilance. […] In addition to soap and water, consider using a dilute bleach solution to clean hard surfaces. […] Hand Washing: A Powerful Antidote to Illness.

• #13 How to prevent (and recover from) norovirus, the stomach bug that’s surging – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/health-and-wellness-articles/2025/january/norovirus

  Stock up on over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medication and electrolyte sports drinks for ages 10 and over (Pedialyte for the younger children), as well as crackers, antibacterial or bleach cleaning wipes, and disposable gloves to clean and handle soiled bedding. […] If possible, continue to isolate from others in your house for 4 to 5 days. Continue thoroughly cleaning the toilet area and surfaces while wearing disposable gloves, and maintain frequent hand washing. […] Even though we should be doing that every day, its even more important once youve been infected, Pawlowski said.

• #14 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/royalcaribbean/comments/10oesuw/some_protips_on_preventing_norovirus_the_infamous/

  If someone vomits near you, leave the area to avoid aerosolized particles (this may mean leaving your food behind in a restaurant). […] If someone in your cabin gets sick, have them visit the infirmary and make sure they quarantine for a few days. Sanitize surfaces and wash your hands frequently. The virus can continue shedding up to 2 weeks after symptoms subside, so keep using the precautionary measures. […] You cant always prevent infection (if it is the person preparing food that is spreading the particulates, for example) but following these precautions will at least reduce the risk.

• #15 Food poisoning | Communicable Diseases Agency

  https://www.cda.gov.sg/professionals/diseases/food-poisoning

  Antimicrobial agents are of no value in the management of viral gastroenteritis. […] To reduce the risk of having gastroenteritis: […] Avoid contaminated food: Wash all fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating and cook meat completely (avoid undercooked meat or fish). Avoid unpasteurised milk or untreated water, especially when travelling overseas. Ensure food (especially filter feeders e.g. oysters and shellfish) is thoroughly cooked before eating. […] Adopt proper hand hygiene: Wash hands with soap and water regularly, especially after using the toilet, before having meals, after gardening or playing with pets. […] Environmental cleaning: Disinfect surfaces contaminated with diarrhoea or vomitus immediately by using 1 part household bleach (5.25%-6.15% sodium hypochlorite) to 9 parts water. Leave the bleach disinfectant on the affected area for at least 10 minutes. Wash contaminated clothing or linens immediately. […] Immunisation: Vaccinate with the rotavirus vaccine to protect young children from rotavirus, which is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis in children. […] Patients should be advised not to prepare food for others while sick and for at least 2 days after symptoms resolve.

• #16 II. Summary of Recommendations | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/norovirus-guidelines/summary-recommendations.html

  Consider minimizing patient movements within a ward or unit during norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks. […] Consider suspending group activities (e.g., dining events) for the duration of a norovirus outbreak. […] Actively promote adherence to hand hygiene among healthcare personnel, patients, and visitors in patient care areas affected by outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis. […] During outbreaks, use soap and water for hand hygiene after providing care or having contact with patients suspected or confirmed with norovirus gastroenteritis. […] To prevent food-related outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in healthcare settings, food handlers must perform hand hygiene prior to contact with or the preparation of food items and beverages. […] Personnel who work with, prepare or distribute food must be excluded from duty if they develop symptoms of acute gastroenteritis.

• #17 II. Summary of Recommendations | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/norovirus-guidelines/summary-recommendations.html

  Develop and adhere to sick leave policies for healthcare personnel who have symptoms consistent with norovirus infection. […] Exclude ill personnel from work for a minimum of 48 hours after the resolution of symptoms. Once personnel return to work, the importance of performing frequent hand hygiene should be reinforced, especially before and after each patient contact. […] Establish visitor policies for acute gastroenteritis (e.g., norovirus) outbreaks. […] Restrict non-essential visitors from affected areas of the facility during outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis. […] Provide education to staff, patients, and visitors, including recognition of norovirus symptoms, preventing infection, and modes of transmission upon the recognition and throughout the duration of a norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak.

• #18 II. Summary of Recommendations | Infection Control | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/norovirus-guidelines/summary-recommendations.html

  Avoid exposure to vomitus or diarrhea. Place patients on Contact Precautions in a single occupancy room if they have symptoms consistent with norovirus gastroenteritis. […] During outbreaks, place patients with norovirus gastroenteritis on Contact Precautions for a minimum of 48 hours after the resolution of symptoms to prevent further exposure of susceptible patients. […] Consider longer periods of isolation or cohorting precautions for complex medical patients (e.g., those with cardiovascular, autoimmune, immunosuppressive, or renal disorders) as they can experience protracted episodes of diarrhea and prolonged viral shedding. […] Consider extending the duration of isolation or cohorting precautions for outbreaks among infants and young children (e.g., under 2 years), even after resolution of symptoms, as there is a potential for prolonged viral shedding and environmental contamination.

• #19 Viral gastroenteritis – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/viral+gastroenteritis/viral+gastroenteritis+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Viral gastroenteritis is spread through contamination of hands, objects or food with infected faeces or vomit. The virus is then taken in by the mouth. Viral gastroenteritis may also be spread through coughing and sneezing. […] Exclude people with viral gastroenteritis from childcare, preschool, school and work until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for at least 24 hours. If the gastroenteritis is known or suspected to be caused by norovirus, the exclusion period is 48 hours. […] If working as a food handler in a food business, the exclusion period should be until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for 48 hours. […] Infants, children and adults with viral gastroenteritis should not swim until there has been no diarrhoea for 24 hours. […] Follow good hand washing and keeping areas clean procedures. […] Babies and small children without diarrhoea who are not toilet trained should wear tight fitting waterproof pants or swimming nappies in swimming pools and changed regularly in the change room. When faecal accidents occur, swimming pools should be properly disinfected.

• #20 Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis-stomach-flu

  Most viruses and bacteria are passed from person to person by unwashed hands. The best way to prevent stomach flu is to handle food properly and wash your hands thoroughly after using the toilet. […] Be sure to observe home isolation and even self-quarantine if COVID-19 is suspected. […] A vaccine to prevent rotavirus infection is recommended for infants starting at age 2 months.

• #21 Viral Gastroenteritis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176515-treatment

  Natural infection with rotavirus does not afford complete immunity, and multiple infections in the first few years of life probably are common; however, immune response to these infections reduces the frequency and severity of subsequent rotavirus infection. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend administering rotavirus vaccine in infants. There are two licensed rotavirus vaccines for use in infants in the United States: RotaTeq (RV5), an oral attenuated pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (PRV), is given in three doses at age 2, 4, and 6 months, and Rotarix (RV1), an oral attenuated monovalent rotavirus vaccine, is given in two doses, at age 2 and 4 months. […] Proper hygiene is still the first essential preventative step in viral gastroenteritis, particularly in households with two or more primary cases of norovirus and at least one primary case with diarrhea. Hand washing to prevent fecal-oral transmission is very important. It also includes properly handling food and using clean water supplies. […] On a community level, proper sanitation, clean water supplies, and surveillance programs for outbreaks are important steps in prevention.

• #22 Gastroenteritis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/gastroenteritis

  Don’t put ice in drinks. […] Eat fruit you can peel yourself. […] Avoid uncooked foods, including salads. […] Rotavirus is a virus that causes severe gastroenteritis in babies and young children. All young children should receive the rotavirus vaccine at 2 months of age (6 to 8 weeks old) and 4 months of age. A third dose at 6 months of age may be needed, depending on the brand of vaccine used.

• #22 Gastroenteritis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/gastroenteritis

  Wash clothing or bedding contaminated with vomit or diarrhoea using detergent and hot water. Clean bathrooms and toilets often. […] Do not share your towels, face washer, toothbrush, drinkware or cutlery. […] Avoid preparing or handling food for others while you are unwell. […] If you think your illness has been caused by food, report it to your local councils health department. Keep leftovers for testing. […] You can reduce your chance of catching gastro: Avoid contact with people with gastro. […] Store and cook foods according to health regulations. […] Take care when handling animals and their faeces (poo) and urine (wee). […] Handle and prepare raw and cooked foods separately and cook well. […] If you are travelling to places with poor hygiene or where the local tap water is not safe to drink, here are some tips: Only use bottled water for drinking and brushing your teeth.

• #23 Viral Gastroenteritis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518995/

  Preventing viral gastroenteritis relies on proper hygiene, vaccination, and public health measures to limit transmission. Handwashing with soap and water is the most effective method to reduce the spread, as alcohol-based sanitizers may be less effective against certain viruses like norovirus. Proper food handling, safe water consumption, and regular disinfection of contaminated surfaces are essential, particularly in communal settings, eg, daycare centers, nursing homes, and cruise ships. […] Vaccination, particularly against rotavirus, has significantly decreased the incidence and severity of gastroenteritis in children, and continued global efforts to expand vaccine access can further reduce morbidity and mortality. Patient education should emphasize the importance of hydration, recognizing signs of dehydration, and seeking medical care when symptoms are severe or prolonged. Individuals with viral gastroenteritis should avoid preparing food for others and limit close contact until symptoms resolve to prevent outbreaks.

• #24 Overview of Gastroenteritis – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/gastroenteritis/overview-of-gastroenteritis

  Two live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines are available that are safe and effective against the majority of strains responsible for disease. Rotavirus immunization is part of the recommended infant vaccination schedule. […] Prevention of infection is complicated by the frequency of asymptomatic infection and the ease with which many agents, particularly viruses, are transmitted from person to person. In general, proper procedures for handling and preparing food must be followed. Travelers should avoid potentially contaminated food and drink. […] To prevent recreational waterborne infections, people should not swim if they have diarrhea. Infants and toddlers should have frequent diaper checks and should be changed in a bathroom and not near the water. Swimmers should avoid swallowing water when they swim.

• #25 Stomach Virus – Signs of Stomach Virus | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/stomach-virus-gastroenteritis/

  Can a stomach virus be prevented or avoided? A flu shot will not prevent a stomach virus. The flu shot only prevent the influenza virus. That is a respiratory illness. […] You can help prevent or avoid a stomach virus by doing these things: Wash your hands often. Cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough. Clean and disinfect surfaces and objects in your home, office, and classroom. Use hand sanitizer after being in public. Separate the laundry of a sick person from the rest of the family. Stay away from people who have the virus. […] If you have stomach virus, be responsible. Do not expose others to it. This includes babies, older people, and people with a low immune system. Do not go to school, work, or public places.

• #26 Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis-stomach-flu?content_id=CON-20378829

  When you’re traveling in other countries, you can become sick from contaminated food or water. You may be able to reduce your risk by following these tips: […] Drink only well-sealed bottled or carbonated water. […] Avoid ice cubes because they may be made from contaminated water. […] Use bottled water to brush your teeth. […] Avoid raw food including peeled fruits, raw vegetables and salads that has been touched by human hands. […] Avoid undercooked meat and fish.

• #27 Gastroenteritis | Better Health ChannelExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal LinkExternal Link

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis

  Keep all kitchen surfaces and equipment clean. […] Keep cold food cold (below 5 °C) and hot food hot (above 60 °C) to discourage the growth of bacteria. […] Make sure foods are thoroughly cooked. […] Clean kitchen tops, toys, toilet seats, nappy change tables and taps to ensure you don’t spread the infection to others at home. […] Clean the toilet and bathroom regularly (especially the toilet seat, door handles and taps). […] Clean baby change tables regularly. […] When travelling overseas to countries where sanitation is suspect, only drink bottled water. Don’t forget to brush your teeth in bottled water too. Avoid food buffets, uncooked foods or peeled fruits and vegetables, and ice in drinks. […] Note: Wash hands with soap and water as this is the best way to prevent infection. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers while effective against some viruses (such as coronavirus), are not effective against gastroenteritis.

• #28 How to Prevent a Stomach Virus after Exposure: Tips

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-prevent-stomach-virus-after-exposure

  Dont eat foods that arent cooked: Avoid raw foods like seafood or undercooked meats and vegetables that can carry infectious bacteria or viruses that can make an illness worse. […] Wash everything you eat thoroughly before you cook or prepare it: Be sure to sanitize any areas where you cook or prepare raw meat or vegetables that can carry infectious microbes and cause food-borne illness. […] Be careful drinking tap water in some places you travel: Tap water in different places can carry different types of viruses and other infectious microbes to which your body may not be accustomed. Carry bottled water when possible in these places. […] If you have small children, make sure theyre vaccinated against rotavirus: Unvaccinated children under 3 years old are more likely to get stomach virus infections, especially if theyre around a lot of other children. […] Follow prevention techniques like washing your hands and not sharing contaminated objects to help keep yourself from getting sick even after youre exposed to a stomach virus.

• #29 Norovirus

  https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ideb/noro/

  Food handlers and healthcare providers should be especially careful not to infect others. Anyone with norovirus illness, but especially food handlers (i.e., working in restaurants, facilities, catering businesses, or any venue that provides food to the public) and healthcare providers, should not work while they have symptoms and for 72 hours after they recover from their illness. […] To decrease the risk of getting a norovirus infection, the New Mexico Department of Health recommends that you: Wash all surfaces of your hands with soapy water for 20 seconds. […] Clean and disinfect surfaces with a 1:10 household bleach solution immediately after vomiting or diarrheal episodes. […] Avoid preparing food for others while you have symptoms and for at least three days after you recover. […] Ill staff should stay home for a minimum of 48 hours after symptoms resolve. […] Ensure food staff are aware of the necessary precautions in designated food service areas and educate food staff on the importance of hand washing.

• #30 Norovirus | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/norovirus

  When swimming or participating in recreational water activities, don’t swallow the water. […] I have norovirus. How do I avoid spreading it to others? Stay home when you’re sick and until 24 hours have passed since your last vomiting episode, and your diarrhea has improved. Wash your hands often and well with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the toilet or vomiting. Do not prepare or handle food, or care for others while you are sick and for at least 48 hours after symptoms stop. […] Clean and disinfect surfaces with a cleaning product effective against norovirus, such as a bleach solution, immediately after vomiting or diarrheal accidents. […] Are there any restrictions for people with norovirus? Yes. Workers in any food-related business who have norovirus must stay out of work for 72 hours after their symptoms have stopped.

• #31 Gastroenteritis in Children – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/gastrointestinal-disorders-in-children/gastroenteritis-in-children

  Parents can help prevent dehydration by encouraging their child to drink fluids even if just in small, frequent amounts. […] Infants and children with a weakened immune system should not touch reptiles, birds, or amphibians because these animals typically carry Salmonella bacteria, and infection is more severe in these children. […] Parents can prevent swimming-related illnesses by not allowing their children to swim in public water if they have diarrhea. Children who wear diapers should be checked frequently for stool and changed in an area that is not near the water. Parents should teach their children to avoid swallowing water when they swim.

• #32 Gastroenteritis in Children – Children’s Health Issues – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/gastrointestinal-disorders-in-children/gastroenteritis-in-children

  Breastfeeding is another simple and effective way to help prevent gastroenteritis in newborns and infants. Breastfed infants have lower rates of gastroenteritis compared to formula-fed infants. […] For infants who are bottle-fed, caregivers should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water before preparing bottles. Caregivers should also wash their hands thoroughly after changing diapers. Diaper-changing areas should be regularly disinfected with a freshly prepared solution of household bleach (cup bleach diluted in 1 gallon of water). Children with diarrhea should not return to child care centers until their symptoms are gone. Children infected with Shigella or E. coli that causes bloody diarrhea should also have two negative stool tests before they are allowed to return to the center.

• #33 Gastroenteritis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis

  Prevention Hand washing, drinking clean water, proper disposal of human waste, breastfeeding. […] For young children in impoverished countries, prevention includes hand washing with soap, drinking clean water, breastfeeding babies instead of using formula, and proper disposal of human waste. The rotavirus vaccine is recommended as a prevention for children. […] Personal hygiene measures (such as hand washing with soap) have been found to decrease rates of gastroenteritis in both the developing and developed world by as much as 30%. […] Breastfeeding is important, especially in places with poor hygiene, as is improvement of hygiene generally. Breast milk reduces both the frequency of infections and their duration. […] Due to both its effectiveness and safety, in 2009 the World Health Organization recommended that the rotavirus vaccine be offered to all children globally.

• #34 Overview of Gastroenteritis – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/gastroenteritis/overview-of-gastroenteritis

  Infants and other people with immunocompromise are particularly predisposed to developing severe cases of salmonellosis and should not be exposed to reptiles, birds, or amphibians, which commonly carry Salmonella. […] Breastfeeding affords some protection to neonates and infants. […] Caregivers should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water after changing diapers, and diaper-changing areas should be disinfected with a freshly prepared solution of 1:64 household bleach (cup diluted in 1 gallon of water). Children with diarrhea should be excluded from child care facilities for the duration of symptoms. Children infected with enterohemorrhagic E. coli or Shigella should also have two negative stool tests before readmission to the facility.

• #35 Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378852

  To help keep yourself more comfortable and prevent dehydration while you recover, try the following: […] Avoid certain foods and substances until you feel better. These include caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and fatty or highly seasoned foods. […] Help your child rehydrate. Give your child an oral rehydration solution, available at pharmacies without a prescription. […] Avoid giving your child store-bought anti-diarrheal medications, unless advised by your doctor. They can make it harder for your child’s body to get rid of the virus. […] Drink plenty of fluids. As you’re able, you can return to eating your normal diet. You might find you can eat bland, easy-to-digest foods at first. If your child is sick, follow the same approach offer plenty of fluids.

• #36 Treating Gastroenteritis With Medication, Diet, and Self Care

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/stomach-flu-treatment-4688603

  Gastroenteritis, also known as the stomach flu, doesnt usually need to be treated by a healthcare provider. […] In most cases, the symptoms of stomach flu can be eased with home remedies like drinking plenty of fluids and eating a bland diet. […] There are no antivirals available to treat norovirus and rotavirus. […] In the meantime, there are things you can do to ease your symptoms while you recover. This includes home care and over-the-counter remedies or prescription medications. […] Check with a healthcare provider before using any OTC drug on children, pregnant people, older adults, or anyone living with a chronic health condition like diabetes or high blood pressure. […] Do not use OTC anti-diarrheal drugs if you have bloody diarrhea. This may be a sign of a severe bacterial or parasitic infection, both of which require medical treatment.

• #37 Gastroenteritis | Student Wellness

  https://wellness.uoguelph.ca/services/health-services/services/self-care-resources/gastroenteritis

  Frequent hand washing or using hand sanitizers provide the best defence against 'gastro’. Wash your hands before and after handling of food or food utensils, caring for the sick, changing diapers, handling garbage, using the phone, shaking hands or playing with pets. […] Stay at home and rest until symptoms subside. […] Avoid solid foods. […] Take only ice chips until vomiting stops. […] As soon as you are able, take small amounts of (approx 30ml every 15 minutes by the clock) of clear liquids such as tea, ginger ale or broth. […] After 24 hours without nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, or if hungry, try dry toast, saltines, white rice. […] Progress to soft mildly flavoured foods that are low in fibre. […] Many people can lose the ability to digest milk sugar for 1-2 weeks after an episode of gastro. Avoid milk products, oils and spices until you are feeling better and gradually introduce them back into you diet.

• #38 Treating Gastroenteritis With Medication, Diet, and Self Care

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/stomach-flu-treatment-4688603

  For severe nausea and vomiting, your healthcare provider may recommend a prescription anti-emetic. […] Speak with your healthcare provider before using probiotics or any other complementary or alternative medicine (CAM). […] Most cases of viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) do not require treatment by a healthcare provider but can be effectively managed at home. The treatment is focused on easing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea while avoiding complications like dehydration. […] Self-care treatments include rest, rehydration, and a bland diet. Over-the-counter painkillers, anti-diarrheals, anti-emetics, and probiotics may help relieve the symptoms of stomach flu.

• #39 Top Tips for Preventing Stomach Bug

  https://midwestexpressclinic.com/tips-for-preventing-stomach-bug/

  Regularly disinfecting frequently touched surfaces such as doorknobs, light switches, countertops and phones can help reduce the risk of transmission. […] Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, clear broths and electrolyte solutions to maintain proper hydration. […] Avoid close contact with someone who has symptoms of stomach flu, and if you are ill, stay home to prevent spreading the virus to other people. This includes refraining from attending school or work until you have fully recovered. […] Incorporating these prevention strategies into your daily routine will help reduce the risk of getting infected and spreading norovirus to others.

• #40 How to Prevent and Treat the Stomach Flu | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/how-prevent-stomach-flu

  Prevent stomach flu […] Proper hand hygiene is key to stopping the spread of stomach bugs. Remind everyone in your family about the two most important times to wash up with soap and water: […] It’s also important to clean surfaces more frequently, especially if someone was recently sick in your home. Noroviruses can live on surfaces and objects for days to weeks, warns Dr. Sammons. That means it’s important to clean kitchen counter tops with soap and water and wipe family room surfaces and toys with a disinfecting wipe. Use a bleach-containing solution when cleaning up vomit and diarrhea, and launder contaminated clothes immediately, adds Dr. Sammons.

• #41 Gastroenteritis in children | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis-in-children

  Gastroenteritis is easy to catch. […] Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to prevent gastroenteritis infection. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers while effective against some viruses (such as coronavirus), are not effective against gastroenteritis. […] Keep your child away from others until 48 hours after their symptoms have stopped. If symptoms persist, visit your GP. […] Good old-fashioned handwashing with soap and water is still the best defence against spreading gastroenteritis. […] You can prevent the spread of gastroenteritis to other people if you: Make sure everyone in the family washes their hands regularly, especially after they use the toilet and before they eat. […] Remember, washing hands with soap and water is the best way to prevent gastroenteritis infection. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers while effective against some viruses (such as coronavirus), are not effective against gastroenteritis.

• #42 Gastroenteritis: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/gastroenteritis

  Can gastroenteritis be prevented? Not every case of gastroenteritis is preventable. But theres a lot we can do to reduce our personal risk and prevent common gastrointestinal infections from spreading in our communities. For example: […] Good hand washing. Good hand washing is one of the most important and easiest ways to protect yourself and others from infections. Lathering with soap for at least 20 seconds removes germs and toxins from your hands that might transfer to your mouth or to other people. […] Good cleaning. Diligent cleaning is especially important in community places like schools, daycares, nursing homes and hospitals, where many people use the same facilities every day. Cleaning with disinfectants can help remove germs that may linger on common surfaces. […] Safe food handling. Food can become contaminated at any stage of production, from harvesting and storage to cooking and preparation. Remember to wash your hands before and after handling food. Wash, refrigerate, freeze, cook and serve food according to food safety guidelines.

• #43 Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/gastroenteritis

  Gastroenteritis Prevention […] Theres no guaranteed way to prevent the types of infections that lead to gastroenteritis. However, you can take steps to reduce your risk of getting sick and spreading germs to others, such as: […] Wash your hands. This is one of the most important and easiest ways to prevent getting an infection. Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. […] Clean surfaces thoroughly. Clean and disinfect all shared surfaces where germs can linger. […] Handle food safely. Wash your hands before and after you handle food. Wash fresh fruits and vegetables before you eat them. Cook, serve, and store food safely. […] Eat safe when you travel. When you travel, you come into contact with germs that you may not otherwise. This can give you a case of traveler’s diarrhea. To avoid this, drink bottled water, and only eat food that is packaged, peeled, or cooked. […] Take your medicines as prescribed by your doctor or follow package directions for over-the-counter drugs. […] Get vaccinated. Vaccines are available for kids to prevent rotavirus infection.

• #44 Gastroenteritis: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/gastroenteritis

  Safe travels. Its especially easy to get food poisoning while traveling abroad. (This is called travelers diarrhea.) You may be exposed to microorganisms there that you wouldnt meet at home. When traveling, its best to stick to cooked, peeled or packaged foods and bottled water. […] Safe substance use. Only use drugs as directed. If you feel like your medications arent doing enough as directed, or youre self-medicating with substances, see a healthcare provider for a better long-term treatment plan. If you have a substance use disorder, treatment can help.

• #45 Stomach Flu: Prevention, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.nivabupa.com/disease-articles/stomach-flu-prevention-symptoms-treatment-options.html

  Preventing stomach flu involves a combination of good hygiene practices and mindful habits to avoid exposure to the viruses that cause it. Here are some effective preventive measures: […] Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and preparing or eating food. Hand sanitisers can be used when soap and water are not available. […] Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces such as doorknobs, light switches, and countertops. Use a disinfectant that is effective against viruses. […] Ensure that food is cooked thoroughly and handled safely to avoid contamination. Wash fruits and vegetables before eating, and avoid consuming raw or undercooked seafood and meats. […] Limit contact with infected individuals and avoid sharing personal items like utensils, towels, and bedding. […] Vaccination can sometimes help prevent certain types of viral gastroenteritis, such as rotavirus in children. Consult your healthcare provider for more information on available vaccines.

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