Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Medication

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10350-peptic-ulcer-disease

  Peptic ulcer disease causes open sores in your stomach lining or duodenum (the top of your small intestine). […] There are two main causes. […] Peptic ulcer disease occurs when something interferes with these natural defenses. […] Scientists have identified two main causes that account for almost all cases of PUD: H. pylori infection and overuse of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). […] Nearly half of the worlds population has this common bacterial infection living in their stomach and/or duodenum. […] If it overgrows too much, upsetting the natural balance of microbes living there, it can invoke an inflammatory response. […] Chronic inflammation in your gastrointestinal lining can wear it out and diminish its resources for self-repair. […] NSAIDs inhibit the prostaglandins that repair damage to your gastrointestinal lining.

• #2 Peptic Ulcer Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/1001/p1005.html

  Peptic ulcer disease usually occurs in the stomach and proximal duodenum. The predominant causes in the United States are infection with Helicobacter pylori and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Peptic ulcer disease is a problem of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by mucosal damage secondary to pepsin and gastric acid secretion. It usually occurs in the stomach and proximal duodenum; less commonly, it occurs in the lower esophagus, the distal duodenum, or the jejunum, as in unopposed hypersecretory states such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, in hiatal hernias (Cameron ulcers), or in ectopic gastric mucosa (e.g., in Meckel’s diverticulum). […] H. pylori infection and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the predominant causes of peptic ulcer disease in the United States, accounting for 48 and 24 percent of cases, respectively.

• #3 Symptoms & Causes of Peptic Ulcers (Stomach or Duodenal Ulcers) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers/symptoms-causes

  The most common causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other causes of peptic ulcers are uncommon or rare. […] H. pylori infection is a common cause of peptic ulcers. Researchers are still studying how people become infected with H. pylori bacteria. The bacteria may spread from person to person through contact with an infected person’s vomit, stool, or saliva. Food or water contaminated with an infected person’s vomit, stool, or saliva may also spread the bacteria from person to person. […] Taking NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen is another common cause of peptic ulcers. NSAIDs relieve pain, but they also make the stomach lining more prone to damage and ulcers. Some types of NSAIDs are more likely to cause ulcers than others. […] Less common causes of peptic ulcers include infections caused by certain viruses, fungi, or bacteria other than H. pylori. […] Less common causes of peptic ulcers also include certain diseases and health conditions, such as diseases that can affect the stomach, such as cancer or Crohn’s disease.

• #4

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00049679.htm

  A high proportion (at least 90%) of PUD cases are caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori — an association first reported in 1983. […] Approximately 60% (95% confidence interval {CI}=58%-62%) of respondents believed that ulcers were caused by too much stress; 17% (95% CI=16%-18%), that eating spicy foods caused ulcers; and 27% (95% CI=25%-29%), that a bacterial infection caused ulcers. […] Before 1983, the major causes of PUD were considered to be excess acid, diet, smoking, and stress, and most patients with recurrent PUD were treated with maintenance doses of acid-reducing medications. […] With the discovery of the association between H. pylori infection and PUD, appropriate antibiotic regimens can now successfully eradicate gastrointestinal infection with this organism and permanently cure ulcers in a high proportion of patients.

• #5 Peptic Ulcer Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534792/

  Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) has various causes; however, Helicobacter pylori-associated PUD and NSAID-associated PUD account for the majority of the disease etiology. […] Common causes of peptic ulcer disease include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and medications. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is the second most common cause of PUD after H. pylori infection. […] Apart from NSAIDs, corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, potassium chloride, and fluorouracil have been implicated in the etiology of PUD. […] Smoking also appears to play a role in duodenal ulcers, but the correlation is not linear. […] Hypersecretory environment occurs in conditions such as Zollinger Ellison syndrome, systemic mastocytosis, cystic fibrosis, hyperparathyroidism, and antral G cell hyperplasia. […] Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacillus that is found within the gastric epithelial cells. This bacterium is responsible for 90% of duodenal ulcers and 70% to 90% of gastric ulcers. […] The organism has a wide spectrum of virulence factors, allowing it to adhere to and inflame the gastric mucosa. This results in hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria, leading to gastric ulceration.

• #6 Peptic ulcers Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/peptic-ulcers

  Around 5% to 10% of people in the United States will have a peptic ulcer at some point in their lives. […] In most cases, peptic ulcers are caused by a bacterial infection with Helicobacter pylori (H pylori), and not by stress or spicy foods. Between 10% and 20% of those infected with H pylori will have a peptic ulcer during their lifetime. […] Approximately 80% of gastric ulcers and 90% of duodenal ulcers are caused by H pylori. […] In 1982, two Australian scientists identified the gram-negative bacterium H pylori as the main cause of stomach ulcers. They showed that inflammation of the stomach and stomach ulcers result from an infection of the stomach caused by H pylori bacteria. […] Even if ulcers do not develop, H pylori bacteria are considered to be a major cause of active chronic inflammation in the stomach (gastritis) and the upper part of the small intestine (duodenitis).

• #7 The Major Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) and its Diagnosis

  https://www.primescholars.com/articles/the-major-causes-of-peptic-ulcer-disease-pud-and-its-diagnosis-118726.html

  The stomach infection caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of ulcers. […] Helicobacter pylori are one of the primary causes of peptic ulcer disease. […] The bacterium also possesses virulence factors like CagA and PicB that help to cause stomach mucosal inflammation. […] This decrease in acid production leads to gastric ulcers. […] In 10% to 15% of H. pylori infections, duodenal ulcers are associated with an increase in acid production at the pyloric antrum.

• #8 Peptic Ulcer Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534792/

  Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) has various causes; however, Helicobacter pylori-associated PUD and NSAID-associated PUD account for the majority of the disease etiology. […] Common causes of peptic ulcer disease include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and medications. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is the second most common cause of PUD after H. pylori infection. […] Apart from NSAIDs, corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, potassium chloride, and fluorouracil have been implicated in the etiology of PUD. […] Smoking also appears to play a role in duodenal ulcers, but the correlation is not linear. […] Hypersecretory environment occurs in conditions such as Zollinger Ellison syndrome, systemic mastocytosis, cystic fibrosis, hyperparathyroidism, and antral G cell hyperplasia. […] Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacillus that is found within the gastric epithelial cells. This bacterium is responsible for 90% of duodenal ulcers and 70% to 90% of gastric ulcers. […] The organism has a wide spectrum of virulence factors, allowing it to adhere to and inflame the gastric mucosa. This results in hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria, leading to gastric ulceration.

• #9

  https://step1.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/110043/peptic-ulcer-disease

  the majority (90%) of cases are secondary to Helicobacter pylori […] H. pylori is the predominant cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) worldwide […] the leading causes are H. pylori followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use […] development of ulcers is secondary to the disruption of normal protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa (e.g., bicarbonate) […] H. pylori secretion of urease creates an alkaline environment which allows for the survival of the bacteria […] inflammatory cytokines inhibit parietal cell acid secretion causing gastric ulcers […] at the pyloric antrum, somatostatin production is reduced and gastric production is increased, leading to metaplasia of the duodenal cells and causing duodenal ulcers […] mechanism of action blocks the function of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), which is essential for the production of prostaglandins that stimulates the secretion of mucous that protects the gastric mucosa […] also inhibits stomach mucosa cell proliferation and mucosal blood flow […] other causes include stress from serious illness, gastric ischemia, metabolic disturbances, vasculitis, and gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)

• #10 Ulcers | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/u/ulcers.html

  At one time ulcers were believed to be the result of too much stomach acid. It is now known that the main factors that lead to ulcers are the bacteria H. pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). These disturb the normal defense and repair processes of the mucosal linings, making them more vulnerable to attack from stomach acid. […] How H. pylori causes ulcers is not entirely clear. One theory is that the organism causes ammonia to be created so that it can survive in the stomach’s acid. The ammonia may then erode the mucous barrier that protects the cells of the digestive tract. Other poisons and enzymes from the bacteria may also be a cause, and proteins produced by the body in response to inflammation may play a role. […] NSAIDs tend to cause inflammation of the GI tract lining. Weak acids themselves, NSAIDS cause a number of changes within the stomach, including reduced flow of blood to the stomach, less mucus production, and less cell repair and reproduction. All of these tend to break down the process of defense and repair that keeps the mucosa healthy.

• #11 The Major Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) and its Diagnosis

  https://www.primescholars.com/articles/the-major-causes-of-peptic-ulcer-disease-pud-and-its-diagnosis-118726.html

  The stomach infection caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of ulcers. […] Helicobacter pylori are one of the primary causes of peptic ulcer disease. […] The bacterium also possesses virulence factors like CagA and PicB that help to cause stomach mucosal inflammation. […] This decrease in acid production leads to gastric ulcers. […] In 10% to 15% of H. pylori infections, duodenal ulcers are associated with an increase in acid production at the pyloric antrum.

• #12 Symptoms & Causes of Peptic Ulcers (Stomach or Duodenal Ulcers) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers/symptoms-causes

  The most common causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other causes of peptic ulcers are uncommon or rare. […] H. pylori infection is a common cause of peptic ulcers. Researchers are still studying how people become infected with H. pylori bacteria. The bacteria may spread from person to person through contact with an infected person’s vomit, stool, or saliva. Food or water contaminated with an infected person’s vomit, stool, or saliva may also spread the bacteria from person to person. […] Taking NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen is another common cause of peptic ulcers. NSAIDs relieve pain, but they also make the stomach lining more prone to damage and ulcers. Some types of NSAIDs are more likely to cause ulcers than others. […] Less common causes of peptic ulcers include infections caused by certain viruses, fungi, or bacteria other than H. pylori. […] Less common causes of peptic ulcers also include certain diseases and health conditions, such as diseases that can affect the stomach, such as cancer or Crohn’s disease.

• #13 Stomach Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/34799-stomach-peptic-gastric-ulcers.html

  H. pylori is a common infection, and it is possible that the bacteria is spread between people through contact with infected stool, vomit or saliva. […] Another cause is the regular use of certain pain relievers, specifically, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil). […] Cigarettes, alcohol, and stress can exacerbate symptoms by further irritating the stomach lining.

• #14 Peptic Ulcer Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/1001/p1005.html

  Peptic ulcer disease usually occurs in the stomach and proximal duodenum. The predominant causes in the United States are infection with Helicobacter pylori and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Peptic ulcer disease is a problem of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by mucosal damage secondary to pepsin and gastric acid secretion. It usually occurs in the stomach and proximal duodenum; less commonly, it occurs in the lower esophagus, the distal duodenum, or the jejunum, as in unopposed hypersecretory states such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, in hiatal hernias (Cameron ulcers), or in ectopic gastric mucosa (e.g., in Meckel’s diverticulum). […] H. pylori infection and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the predominant causes of peptic ulcer disease in the United States, accounting for 48 and 24 percent of cases, respectively.

• #15 Peptic Ulcer Disease – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease/peptic-ulcer-disease

  Peptic ulcers can result from infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or from use of medications, such as aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), that weaken the lining of the stomach or duodenum. […] By far, the 2 most common causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. […] H. pylori infection is present in more than 50% of people with duodenal ulcers and in 30 to 50% of people with stomach ulcers. […] NSAID use causes more than 50% of peptic ulcers. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop a peptic ulcer than people who do not smoke, and their ulcers heal more slowly and are likely to return. […] A rare cause of peptic ulcers is a type of cancer that releases a hormone called gastrin that causes excess acid production (see Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome). […] About 50 to 60% of children who have duodenal ulcers have a family history of peptic ulcer disease. […] People with ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori are 3 to 6 times more likely to develop stomach cancer later in life.

• #16 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-of-peptics-ulcers-1741791

  You may be surprised to learn that infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori and long-term use of pain relievers are causes of peptic ulcers. […] About 75% of the cases of peptic ulcers in the U.S. are caused by a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium infection. […] Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is another common cause of peptic ulcers, raising your risk 20 times that of non-users. […] Both having H. pylori infection and taking NSAIDs at the same time can increase the risk of developing a peptic ulcer to 60 times the usual rate. […] Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare condition that can cause peptic ulcers. […] About 20% of people with peptic ulcer disease have a family history of duodenal ulcers. […] Studies show that cigarette smoking can increase your chance of getting an ulcer, especially if you are infected with H. pylori. […] Emotional stress is no longer thought to be a cause of ulcers, but people who are experiencing it often report increased pain of existing ulcers.

• #17 Ulcers | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/u/ulcers.html

  At one time ulcers were believed to be the result of too much stomach acid. It is now known that the main factors that lead to ulcers are the bacteria H. pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). These disturb the normal defense and repair processes of the mucosal linings, making them more vulnerable to attack from stomach acid. […] How H. pylori causes ulcers is not entirely clear. One theory is that the organism causes ammonia to be created so that it can survive in the stomach’s acid. The ammonia may then erode the mucous barrier that protects the cells of the digestive tract. Other poisons and enzymes from the bacteria may also be a cause, and proteins produced by the body in response to inflammation may play a role. […] NSAIDs tend to cause inflammation of the GI tract lining. Weak acids themselves, NSAIDS cause a number of changes within the stomach, including reduced flow of blood to the stomach, less mucus production, and less cell repair and reproduction. All of these tend to break down the process of defense and repair that keeps the mucosa healthy.

• #18

  https://step1.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/110043/peptic-ulcer-disease

  the majority (90%) of cases are secondary to Helicobacter pylori […] H. pylori is the predominant cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) worldwide […] the leading causes are H. pylori followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use […] development of ulcers is secondary to the disruption of normal protective mechanisms of the gastric mucosa (e.g., bicarbonate) […] H. pylori secretion of urease creates an alkaline environment which allows for the survival of the bacteria […] inflammatory cytokines inhibit parietal cell acid secretion causing gastric ulcers […] at the pyloric antrum, somatostatin production is reduced and gastric production is increased, leading to metaplasia of the duodenal cells and causing duodenal ulcers […] mechanism of action blocks the function of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), which is essential for the production of prostaglandins that stimulates the secretion of mucous that protects the gastric mucosa […] also inhibits stomach mucosa cell proliferation and mucosal blood flow […] other causes include stress from serious illness, gastric ischemia, metabolic disturbances, vasculitis, and gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)

• #19 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Peptic-Ulcers.aspx

  Another important factor in this process is the presence of irritant substances in the stomach, notably non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as naproxen, aspirin or ibuprofen. […] Poor mucosal repair and protection due to H. pylori infection, or NSAID use, or functional impairment of bicarbonate ion release. […] Reduced secretion of bicarbonate ions is found to be a functional abnormality of the duodenal mucosa, which contributes to the formation of the ulcer.

• #20 Peptic ulcers: what causes them? – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/gastrointestinal-health/peptic-ulcers-what-causes-them/

  H. pylori can penetrate and live in the lining of the stomach and duodenum, where it causes inflammation. Persistent inflammation interferes with and changes the protective lining of the stomach and duodenum. This can lead to increased acid production and erosion of the lining, which may form an ulcer. […] Long-term or frequent use of medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen can cause stomach ulcers. Up to 30 per cent of people using NSAIDs develop a peptic ulcer, but many dont know it because they dont have any symptoms. […] NSAID users who are infected with H.pylori have a greatly increased risk of developing a peptic ulcer and an increased risk of bleeding. […] Taking NSAIDs can make the stomach lining more vulnerable to the potentially damaging effects of stomach acid, especially in older people or people taking them for a long time.

• #21 Peptic Ulcer: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/peptic-ulcer

  Peptic ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine caused by inflammation from the bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and stomach acid erosion. […] Different factors can cause the lining of the stomach, the esophagus, and the small intestine to break down. These include: H. pylori, a type of bacteria that can cause a stomach infection and inflammation; frequent use of aspirin (Bayer), ibuprofen (Advil), and other anti-inflammatory drugs (risk associated with this behavior increases in women and people over the age of 60); smoking; drinking too much alcohol; radiation therapy; stomach cancer. […] Because H. pylori is a cause of peptic ulcers, your doctor will also run a test to check for this infection in your stomach. […] Some ulcers, called refractory ulcers, dont heal with treatment. If your ulcer doesnt heal with the initial treatment, this can indicate: an excessive production of stomach acid; presence of bacteria other than H. pylori in the stomach; another disease, such as stomach cancer or Crohns disease.

• #22 Peptic Ulcer Disease

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/GI/PUD/PptcUlcrDs.htm

  Peptic Ulcers occur in 5-20% of longterm NSAID use (including Aspirin) […] Those taking NSAIDs who are infected with Helicobacter Pylori, have a marked PUD risk (RR 60), and GI Bleed risk (RR 6) […] Inflammation from Gastric Irritants (esp. NSAIDs) and infections (esp. Helicobacter Pylori) […] Risk increases NSAIDS are used 1 year, multiple NSAIDs or Dual Antiplatelet Therapy […] Prevalence is decreasing (from prior reported rates as high as 70-90%) […] Chronic Disease: Stress Ulcers in chronic debilitated conditions […] Causes: Persistent NSAID use […] Resistant Helicobacter Pylori infection […] Gastric Cancer […] Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.

• #23 Peptic Ulcer Disease

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/GI/PUD/PptcUlcrDs.htm

  Peptic Ulcers occur in 5-20% of longterm NSAID use (including Aspirin) […] Those taking NSAIDs who are infected with Helicobacter Pylori, have a marked PUD risk (RR 60), and GI Bleed risk (RR 6) […] Inflammation from Gastric Irritants (esp. NSAIDs) and infections (esp. Helicobacter Pylori) […] Risk increases NSAIDS are used 1 year, multiple NSAIDs or Dual Antiplatelet Therapy […] Prevalence is decreasing (from prior reported rates as high as 70-90%) […] Chronic Disease: Stress Ulcers in chronic debilitated conditions […] Causes: Persistent NSAID use […] Resistant Helicobacter Pylori infection […] Gastric Cancer […] Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.

• #24 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/causes-of-peptics-ulcers-1741791

  You may be surprised to learn that infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori and long-term use of pain relievers are causes of peptic ulcers. […] About 75% of the cases of peptic ulcers in the U.S. are caused by a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium infection. […] Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is another common cause of peptic ulcers, raising your risk 20 times that of non-users. […] Both having H. pylori infection and taking NSAIDs at the same time can increase the risk of developing a peptic ulcer to 60 times the usual rate. […] Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare condition that can cause peptic ulcers. […] About 20% of people with peptic ulcer disease have a family history of duodenal ulcers. […] Studies show that cigarette smoking can increase your chance of getting an ulcer, especially if you are infected with H. pylori. […] Emotional stress is no longer thought to be a cause of ulcers, but people who are experiencing it often report increased pain of existing ulcers.

• #25 Stomach Ulcer: Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22314-stomach-ulcer

  Sometimes, a stomach ulcer is called a peptic ulcer. Stomach ulcers are one type of peptic ulcer disease. […] The two most common causes of stomach ulcers are the H. pylori bacterial infection and overuse of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These two causes together account for about 99% of the stomach ulcers U.S. healthcare providers treat. […] H. pylori is a very common bacterial infection that affects up to half of people worldwide. It primarily lives in your stomach. In many people, it doesn’t seem to cause any problems. But sometimes, it overgrows and takes over. As the bacteria continue to multiply, they eat into your stomach lining, causing chronic inflammation that leads to gastric ulcers. […] NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are common over-the-counter pain relievers, like ibuprofen, naproxen and aspirin. These medications irritate your stomach lining on contact, and they also inhibit some of the chemicals that defend and repair it.

• #26 Stomach Ulcer: Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22314-stomach-ulcer

  Less common causes of stomach ulcers include: Other infections. Rarely, other bacterial, viral or fungal infections can take over in your stomach and cause erosive gastritis. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. This is a rare condition that causes your stomach to produce too much gastric acid, which erodes the lining. Severe physiological stress. You may develop a stress ulcer if your body is struggling to recover from a life-threatening illness or injury. Severe physiological stress changes your pH balance, making your stomach more acidic. […] Normal lifestyle factors, like your day-to-day stress levels and what you eat and drink, don’t cause stomach ulcers. But they can make your symptoms worse if you have one. Anything that makes your stomach more acidic can irritate the wound, including: Smoking. Alcohol. Spicy and acidic foods.

• #27 Peptic ulcers: what causes them? – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/gastrointestinal-health/peptic-ulcers-what-causes-them/

  Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare cause of peptic ulcers. People with this condition have a tumour (or tumours), usually in their duodenum or pancreas, that releases a hormone called gastrin. This hormone causes the stomach to make more acid than usual, and the excess acid can cause peptic ulcers to develop. […] Some infections and medicines other than NSAIDs can also rarely cause peptic ulcers. In other cases, no obvious cause can be found.

• #28 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181753-overview

  Peptic ulcer disease may be due to any of the following: H pylori infection, Drugs, Lifestyle factors, Severe physiologic stress, Hypersecretory states (uncommon), Genetic factors. […] H pylori infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use account for most cases of peptic ulcer disease. […] NSAID use is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease. […] Evidence that tobacco use is a risk factor for duodenal ulcers is not conclusive. […] Stressful conditions that may cause peptic ulcer disease include burns, central nervous system (CNS) trauma, surgery, and severe medical illness. […] The following are among hypersecretory states that may, uncommonly, cause peptic ulcer disease: Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) or multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN-I), Antral G cell hyperplasia, Systemic mastocytosis, Basophilic leukemias, Cystic fibrosis, Short bowel syndrome, Hyperparathyroidism.

• #29 Stomach Ulcer: Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22314-stomach-ulcer

  Less common causes of stomach ulcers include: Other infections. Rarely, other bacterial, viral or fungal infections can take over in your stomach and cause erosive gastritis. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. This is a rare condition that causes your stomach to produce too much gastric acid, which erodes the lining. Severe physiological stress. You may develop a stress ulcer if your body is struggling to recover from a life-threatening illness or injury. Severe physiological stress changes your pH balance, making your stomach more acidic. […] Normal lifestyle factors, like your day-to-day stress levels and what you eat and drink, don’t cause stomach ulcers. But they can make your symptoms worse if you have one. Anything that makes your stomach more acidic can irritate the wound, including: Smoking. Alcohol. Spicy and acidic foods.

• #30 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181753-overview

  More than 20% of patients have a family history of duodenal ulcers, compared with only 5-10% in the control groups. […] Any of the following may be associated with peptic ulcer disease: Hepatic cirrhosis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Allergic gastritis and eosinophilic gastritis, Cytomegalovirus infection, Graft versus host disease, Uremic gastropathy, Henoch-Schnlein gastritis, Corrosive gastropathy, Celiac disease, Bile gastropathy, Autoimmune disease, Crohn disease, Other granulomatous gastritides (eg, sarcoidosis, histiocytosis X, tuberculosis), Phlegmonous gastritis and emphysematous gastritis, Other infections, including Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, Helicobacter heilmannii, herpes simplex, influenza, syphilis, Candida albicans, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, and anisakiasis, Chemotherapeutic agents, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), and cyclophosphamide, Local radiation resulting in mucosal damage, which may lead to the development of duodenal ulcers, Use of crack cocaine, which causes localized vasoconstriction, resulting in reduced blood flow and possibly leading to mucosal damage.

• #31 Peptic ulcer disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease

  Common causes include infection with Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] Other, less common causes include tobacco smoking, stress as a result of other serious health conditions, Behet’s disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, Crohn’s disease, and liver cirrhosis. […] Helicobacter pylori is one of the major causative factors of peptic ulcer disease. […] Taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin can increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by four times compared to non-users. […] Physiological (not psychological) stress due to serious health problems, such as those requiring treatment in an intensive care unit, is well described as a cause of peptic ulcers, which are also known as stress ulcers. […] Dietary factors, such as spice consumption, were hypothesized to cause ulcers until the late 20th century, but have been shown to be of relatively minor importance. […] Other causes of peptic ulcer disease include gastric ischaemia, drugs, metabolic disturbances, cytomegalovirus (CMV), upper abdominal radiotherapy, Crohn’s disease, and vasculitis.

• #32 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181753-overview

  More than 20% of patients have a family history of duodenal ulcers, compared with only 5-10% in the control groups. […] Any of the following may be associated with peptic ulcer disease: Hepatic cirrhosis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Allergic gastritis and eosinophilic gastritis, Cytomegalovirus infection, Graft versus host disease, Uremic gastropathy, Henoch-Schnlein gastritis, Corrosive gastropathy, Celiac disease, Bile gastropathy, Autoimmune disease, Crohn disease, Other granulomatous gastritides (eg, sarcoidosis, histiocytosis X, tuberculosis), Phlegmonous gastritis and emphysematous gastritis, Other infections, including Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, Helicobacter heilmannii, herpes simplex, influenza, syphilis, Candida albicans, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, and anisakiasis, Chemotherapeutic agents, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), and cyclophosphamide, Local radiation resulting in mucosal damage, which may lead to the development of duodenal ulcers, Use of crack cocaine, which causes localized vasoconstriction, resulting in reduced blood flow and possibly leading to mucosal damage.

• #33 Peptic ulcer disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease

  Common causes include infection with Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] Other, less common causes include tobacco smoking, stress as a result of other serious health conditions, Behet’s disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, Crohn’s disease, and liver cirrhosis. […] Helicobacter pylori is one of the major causative factors of peptic ulcer disease. […] Taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin can increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by four times compared to non-users. […] Physiological (not psychological) stress due to serious health problems, such as those requiring treatment in an intensive care unit, is well described as a cause of peptic ulcers, which are also known as stress ulcers. […] Dietary factors, such as spice consumption, were hypothesized to cause ulcers until the late 20th century, but have been shown to be of relatively minor importance. […] Other causes of peptic ulcer disease include gastric ischaemia, drugs, metabolic disturbances, cytomegalovirus (CMV), upper abdominal radiotherapy, Crohn’s disease, and vasculitis.

• #34 What are the causes, risk factors and complications of a peptic ulcer?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcers-stomach-and-duodenal/what-are-the-causes-risk-factors-and-complications-of-a-peptic-ulcer

  There are also some kinds of medical treatments and therapies that contribute to the formation of ulcers. The following are factors that may result in the weakening of the mucosal barriers ability to protect the digestive lining. These factors increase ones chances of developing an ulcer and can slow the process of healing of any existing ulcers: Medications – Aspirin (painkillers), as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which include – Naproxen and ibuprofen (Motrin IB and Advil), while newer forms of these drugs include celecoxib, also known as Celebrex. These drugs can inflame or irritate the stomach and intestinal lining. […] Other medications The combination of other medications with NSAIDs, which include steroids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), risedronate (Actonel) and alendronate (Fosamax) can increase the risk of ulcers developing.

• #35 Peptic Ulcer Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534792/

  Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) has various causes; however, Helicobacter pylori-associated PUD and NSAID-associated PUD account for the majority of the disease etiology. […] Common causes of peptic ulcer disease include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and medications. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use is the second most common cause of PUD after H. pylori infection. […] Apart from NSAIDs, corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, potassium chloride, and fluorouracil have been implicated in the etiology of PUD. […] Smoking also appears to play a role in duodenal ulcers, but the correlation is not linear. […] Hypersecretory environment occurs in conditions such as Zollinger Ellison syndrome, systemic mastocytosis, cystic fibrosis, hyperparathyroidism, and antral G cell hyperplasia. […] Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacillus that is found within the gastric epithelial cells. This bacterium is responsible for 90% of duodenal ulcers and 70% to 90% of gastric ulcers. […] The organism has a wide spectrum of virulence factors, allowing it to adhere to and inflame the gastric mucosa. This results in hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria, leading to gastric ulceration.

• #36 Diagnosis and Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease and H. pylori Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0215/p236.html

  Peptic ulcers are more common in patients taking NSAIDs who are H. pylori positive compared with those who are negative. […] Eradicating H. pylori in NSAID users reduces the likelihood of peptic ulcer by about one-half. […] The ACG guideline recommends that patients who will be on long-term NSAID therapy be tested for H. pylori infection, and eradication therapy should be given if positive. […] Older persons are at a higher risk of PUD, in part because of high-risk medication use, including antiplatelet drugs, warfarin (Coumadin), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and bisphosphonates. […] Gastric cancer has an epidemiologic role in the multifactorial process of gastric carcinogenesis.

• #37 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181753-overview

  More than 20% of patients have a family history of duodenal ulcers, compared with only 5-10% in the control groups. […] Any of the following may be associated with peptic ulcer disease: Hepatic cirrhosis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Allergic gastritis and eosinophilic gastritis, Cytomegalovirus infection, Graft versus host disease, Uremic gastropathy, Henoch-Schnlein gastritis, Corrosive gastropathy, Celiac disease, Bile gastropathy, Autoimmune disease, Crohn disease, Other granulomatous gastritides (eg, sarcoidosis, histiocytosis X, tuberculosis), Phlegmonous gastritis and emphysematous gastritis, Other infections, including Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, Helicobacter heilmannii, herpes simplex, influenza, syphilis, Candida albicans, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, and anisakiasis, Chemotherapeutic agents, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), and cyclophosphamide, Local radiation resulting in mucosal damage, which may lead to the development of duodenal ulcers, Use of crack cocaine, which causes localized vasoconstriction, resulting in reduced blood flow and possibly leading to mucosal damage.

• #38

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-ulcer/causes/

  Stomach ulcers are usually caused by an infection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria, or from taking anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and aspirin. […] But sometimes it causes ulcers in the stomach (gastric ulcer) or in the duodenum (duodenal ulcer). […] Many people take NSAIDs without having any side effects. But there’s always a risk the medication could cause problems, such as stomach ulcers, particularly if taken for a long time or at high doses. […] It’s thought that smoking increases your risk of developing stomach ulcers and may make treatment less effective.

• #39 Peptic Ulcer Disease – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease/peptic-ulcer-disease

  Peptic ulcers can result from infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or from use of medications, such as aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), that weaken the lining of the stomach or duodenum. […] By far, the 2 most common causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. […] H. pylori infection is present in more than 50% of people with duodenal ulcers and in 30 to 50% of people with stomach ulcers. […] NSAID use causes more than 50% of peptic ulcers. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop a peptic ulcer than people who do not smoke, and their ulcers heal more slowly and are likely to return. […] A rare cause of peptic ulcers is a type of cancer that releases a hormone called gastrin that causes excess acid production (see Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome). […] About 50 to 60% of children who have duodenal ulcers have a family history of peptic ulcer disease. […] People with ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori are 3 to 6 times more likely to develop stomach cancer later in life.

• #40

  https://www.gleneagles.com.sg/conditions-diseases/peptic-ulcers/symptoms-causes

  Peptic ulcers are open sores that can be found in the stomach lining and the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum). […] These painful sores develop when the acidic digestive fluids in the stomach eat away the protective lining of the organs, thus forming ulcers. […] The most common causes of peptic ulcers include: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Found in the stomach of many people, H. pylori bacteria can break down the protective mucous coating on the stomach and duodenum lining. This breakdown allows stomach acid to reach the stomach and the duodenum lining, causing the formation of peptic ulcers. […] Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs block or reduce an enzyme in the body that promotes pain and fever. However, this enzyme also protects the stomach lining from stomach acid. Long-term use of NSAIDs (such as aspirin and ibuprofen) can damage the stomach lining and increase the chances of developing peptic ulcers. […] Smoking increases the risk of developing stomach ulcers. It also makes treatment less effective and increases the likelihood of the ulcers recurring. […] Alcohol. Excessive consumption of alcohol increases stomach acid production and may cause peptic ulcers.

• #41 What are the causes, risk factors and complications of a peptic ulcer?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcers-stomach-and-duodenal/what-are-the-causes-risk-factors-and-complications-of-a-peptic-ulcer

  Drinking alcohol Anything that irritates the natural balance of digestive enzymes and stomach acid will increase ones chances of developing a stomach ulcer. Alcohol, when consumed in excessive (sometimes even in moderate) amounts, can eventually erode and damage the mucosal wall of the stomach and increase stomach acid production. When alcohol is taken with painkillers (which is often the case as those with drinking problems may often take anti-inflammatories or aspirin to relieve their hangover symptoms), this can often result in a peptic ulcer.

• #42 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181753-overview

  More than 20% of patients have a family history of duodenal ulcers, compared with only 5-10% in the control groups. […] Any of the following may be associated with peptic ulcer disease: Hepatic cirrhosis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Allergic gastritis and eosinophilic gastritis, Cytomegalovirus infection, Graft versus host disease, Uremic gastropathy, Henoch-Schnlein gastritis, Corrosive gastropathy, Celiac disease, Bile gastropathy, Autoimmune disease, Crohn disease, Other granulomatous gastritides (eg, sarcoidosis, histiocytosis X, tuberculosis), Phlegmonous gastritis and emphysematous gastritis, Other infections, including Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, Helicobacter heilmannii, herpes simplex, influenza, syphilis, Candida albicans, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, and anisakiasis, Chemotherapeutic agents, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), and cyclophosphamide, Local radiation resulting in mucosal damage, which may lead to the development of duodenal ulcers, Use of crack cocaine, which causes localized vasoconstriction, resulting in reduced blood flow and possibly leading to mucosal damage.

• #43 Peptic Ulcer Disease: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/181753-overview

  More than 20% of patients have a family history of duodenal ulcers, compared with only 5-10% in the control groups. […] Any of the following may be associated with peptic ulcer disease: Hepatic cirrhosis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Allergic gastritis and eosinophilic gastritis, Cytomegalovirus infection, Graft versus host disease, Uremic gastropathy, Henoch-Schnlein gastritis, Corrosive gastropathy, Celiac disease, Bile gastropathy, Autoimmune disease, Crohn disease, Other granulomatous gastritides (eg, sarcoidosis, histiocytosis X, tuberculosis), Phlegmonous gastritis and emphysematous gastritis, Other infections, including Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, Helicobacter heilmannii, herpes simplex, influenza, syphilis, Candida albicans, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, and anisakiasis, Chemotherapeutic agents, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MTX), and cyclophosphamide, Local radiation resulting in mucosal damage, which may lead to the development of duodenal ulcers, Use of crack cocaine, which causes localized vasoconstriction, resulting in reduced blood flow and possibly leading to mucosal damage.

• #44 Peptic Ulcer Disease – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease/peptic-ulcer-disease

  Peptic ulcers can result from infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or from use of medications, such as aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), that weaken the lining of the stomach or duodenum. […] By far, the 2 most common causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. […] H. pylori infection is present in more than 50% of people with duodenal ulcers and in 30 to 50% of people with stomach ulcers. […] NSAID use causes more than 50% of peptic ulcers. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop a peptic ulcer than people who do not smoke, and their ulcers heal more slowly and are likely to return. […] A rare cause of peptic ulcers is a type of cancer that releases a hormone called gastrin that causes excess acid production (see Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome). […] About 50 to 60% of children who have duodenal ulcers have a family history of peptic ulcer disease. […] People with ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori are 3 to 6 times more likely to develop stomach cancer later in life.

• #45 Ulcers Facts: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-ulcers-basic-information

  Other factors also seem to contribute to ulcer formation, especially in someone with an H. pylori infection, including: Overuse of over-the-counter painkillers (such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen). […] Heavy alcohol use […] Psychological stress […] Smoking. […] Your risk for peptic ulcers also increases if you: Use steroids and have high calcium levels. […] Are older. Studies show that stomach ulcers are more likely to develop in older people. […] Have type A blood. For an unknown reason, people with type A blood are more likely to develop cancerous stomach ulcers. […] Have type O blood. Duodenal ulcers tend to appear in people with type O blood, possibly because they do not produce the substance on the surface of blood cells that may protect the lining of the duodenum. […] Have Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. If you have Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which is a rare condition where tumors in your pancreas or duodenum (called gastrinomas) cause your stomach to make too much acid, you are at a greater risk of developing peptic ulcers.

• #46 Stomach ulcer (gastric ulcer) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/stomach-ulcer/

  Stomach ulcers occur when the layer protecting the stomach lining from stomach acid breaks down. This allows the stomach lining to become damaged. […] Stomach ulcers are usually caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] These can break down the stomach’s defence against the acid it produces to digest food. The stomach lining then becomes damaged causing an ulcer to form. […] H. pylori bacteria live in the stomach lining. The bacteria can irritate the stomach lining and make it more vulnerable to damage from stomach acid. […] Many people take NSAIDs without having any side effects. But there’s always a risk the medication could cause problems, such as stomach ulcers, particularly if taken for a long time or at high doses. […] There’s little evidence that stomach ulcers are caused by spicy foods, stress, or alcohol. But these can make the symptoms worse. […] However, smoking can increase your risk of developing stomach ulcers and make treatment less effective.

• #47

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-ulcer/

  Stomach ulcers happen when theres damage to the layer that protects the stomach lining from the acids in your stomach. […] This is usually a result of: an infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria […] taking anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or aspirin particularly if they’re taken for a long time or at high doses. […] It used to be thought that stress or certain foods might cause stomach ulcers, but there’s little evidence to suggest this is the case.

• #48 Ulcers Facts: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-ulcers-basic-information

  Stomach ulcers, also known as peptic ulcers, are open sores in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. The ulcer forms when stomach acid eats away at the mucus that protects the lining of your digestive tract. […] Until the mid-1980s, the conventional wisdom was that ulcers form as a result of stress, being prone to excessive stomach acid secretion because of genetics, and poor lifestyle habits (including overindulging in rich and fatty foods, alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco). It was believed that such factors could lead to a buildup of stomach acids that could erode the protective lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus. […] While too much stomach acid secretion certainly plays a role in the development of ulcers, a relatively recent theory holds that bacterial infection is the primary cause of peptic ulcers. Research since the mid-1980s has shown that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is present in more than 90% of duodenal ulcers and about 80% of stomach ulcers. However, more recent figures indicate those percentages are declining.

• #49 Peptic Ulcer Types, Causes, Symptoms, Stomach Pain, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/peptic_ulcer/article.htm

  NSAIDs cause ulcers by interfering with the production of prostaglandins in the stomach. […] Contrary to popular belief, alcohol, coffee, colas, spicy foods, and caffeine have no proven role in ulcer formation. […] Similarly, there is no conclusive evidence to suggest that life stresses or personality types contribute to ulcer disease.

• #50 Peptic ulcers: causes, symptoms and treatment | UCI Health | Orange County, CA

  https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2023/10/peptic-ulcers

  Stomach pain, heartburn, nausea, a feeling of fullness and an intolerance to greasy foods are hallmarks of peptic ulcer disease. […] The most common causes of peptic ulcers are due to an infection by a bacteria named Helicobacter pylori or the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin, says UCI Health gastroenterologist Dr. Carlos Saad. […] H. pylori is a bacterium that can infect the lining of the stomach and first part of the small intestine called the duodenum. […] However, anyone with a history of untreated H. pylori is at risk for a peptic ulcer, as are individuals who continuously use aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen, says Saad, who sees patients at the UCI Health Digestive Health Institute. […] Left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in life-threatening complications, including internal bleeding, which can lead to shock due to acute blood loss.

• #51 Peptic ulcers: causes, symptoms and treatment | UCI Health | Orange County, CA

  https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2023/10/peptic-ulcers

  The treatment of a peptic ulcer depends on what caused it, Saad says, noting that uncomplicated ones are easier to heal. […] If H. pylori is the cause, Saad prescribes a two-week course of antibiotics and a four-to-eight week course of proton pump inhibitors (PPI). […] If medications are the cause of the ulcer, Saad works with the patient to try to reduce the use of NSAIDs or switch to a class of them called COX-2 inhibitors, which are easier on the stomach. […] Ulcers can recur if the initial cause is not eradicated.

• #52 Peptic Ulcer Disease – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease/peptic-ulcer-disease

  Peptic ulcers can result from infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or from use of medications, such as aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), that weaken the lining of the stomach or duodenum. […] By far, the 2 most common causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. […] H. pylori infection is present in more than 50% of people with duodenal ulcers and in 30 to 50% of people with stomach ulcers. […] NSAID use causes more than 50% of peptic ulcers. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop a peptic ulcer than people who do not smoke, and their ulcers heal more slowly and are likely to return. […] A rare cause of peptic ulcers is a type of cancer that releases a hormone called gastrin that causes excess acid production (see Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome). […] About 50 to 60% of children who have duodenal ulcers have a family history of peptic ulcer disease. […] People with ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori are 3 to 6 times more likely to develop stomach cancer later in life.

• #53 Stomach and Duodenal Ulcers in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=stomach-and-duodenal-ulcers-in-children-90-P02021

  A peptic ulcer is in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. […] Today, research shows that most ulcers form because of an infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. Other things play a role, but this germ is often the main cause of most ulcers. […] The greatest risk factor for gastric and duodenal ulcers is an H. pylori infection. […] H. pylori infection increases the risk for stomach cancer later in life. […] Preventing H. pylori can reduce your child’s risk of ulcers.

• #54 Ulcers | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/u/ulcers.html

  More than 60% of people have a return of their ulcers a year after traditional treatment has ended. Fewer than 10% of people have a recurrence of ulcers after anti-H. pylori therapy. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs might also affect recurrence of ulcers. […] Persons who have H. pylori-related ulcers may be at higher risk for certain forms of cancer and lymphoma.

• #55 Peptic ulcer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354229

  Treatment for peptic ulcers involves killing the H. pylori germ, if needed. Treatment also might involve stopping NSAIDs or lowering the amount, if possible, and taking medicine to help the ulcer heal. […] Reasons for an ulcer not healing include: Not taking medicines as prescribed. Having a type of H. pylori that resists antibiotics. Often using pain relievers, such as NSAIDs, that increase the risk of ulcers. […] Less often, refractory ulcers may be a result of: A lot of stomach acid, such as happens in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. An infection other than H. pylori. Stomach cancer. Other conditions that may cause ulcerlike sores in the stomach and small intestine, such as Crohn disease.

• #56 Peptic ulcers: causes, symptoms and treatment | UCI Health | Orange County, CA

  https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2023/10/peptic-ulcers

  The treatment of a peptic ulcer depends on what caused it, Saad says, noting that uncomplicated ones are easier to heal. […] If H. pylori is the cause, Saad prescribes a two-week course of antibiotics and a four-to-eight week course of proton pump inhibitors (PPI). […] If medications are the cause of the ulcer, Saad works with the patient to try to reduce the use of NSAIDs or switch to a class of them called COX-2 inhibitors, which are easier on the stomach. […] Ulcers can recur if the initial cause is not eradicated.

• #57 Peptic ulcer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354229

  Treatment for peptic ulcers involves killing the H. pylori germ, if needed. Treatment also might involve stopping NSAIDs or lowering the amount, if possible, and taking medicine to help the ulcer heal. […] Reasons for an ulcer not healing include: Not taking medicines as prescribed. Having a type of H. pylori that resists antibiotics. Often using pain relievers, such as NSAIDs, that increase the risk of ulcers. […] Less often, refractory ulcers may be a result of: A lot of stomach acid, such as happens in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. An infection other than H. pylori. Stomach cancer. Other conditions that may cause ulcerlike sores in the stomach and small intestine, such as Crohn disease.

• #58 Symptoms & Causes of Peptic Ulcers (Stomach or Duodenal Ulcers) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/peptic-ulcers-stomach-ulcers/symptoms-causes

  The most common causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other causes of peptic ulcers are uncommon or rare. […] H. pylori infection is a common cause of peptic ulcers. Researchers are still studying how people become infected with H. pylori bacteria. The bacteria may spread from person to person through contact with an infected person’s vomit, stool, or saliva. Food or water contaminated with an infected person’s vomit, stool, or saliva may also spread the bacteria from person to person. […] Taking NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen is another common cause of peptic ulcers. NSAIDs relieve pain, but they also make the stomach lining more prone to damage and ulcers. Some types of NSAIDs are more likely to cause ulcers than others. […] Less common causes of peptic ulcers include infections caused by certain viruses, fungi, or bacteria other than H. pylori. […] Less common causes of peptic ulcers also include certain diseases and health conditions, such as diseases that can affect the stomach, such as cancer or Crohn’s disease.

• #59 Diagnosis and Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease and H. pylori Infection | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0215/p236.html

  The most common causes of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) are Helicobacter pylori infection and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). […] Although PUD is most commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), other diagnoses should be considered. […] H. pylori is present in 95% of patients with duodenal ulcers and in 70% of those with gastric ulcers. […] H. pylori is a known cause of gastric and duodenal ulcers and is a risk factor for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma. […] Chronic use of NSAIDs in patients with H. pylori infection increases the risk of PUD. […] Older persons are at higher risk of PUD because of high-risk medication use, including antiplatelet drugs, warfarin, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and bisphosphonates.

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