Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Periodontal disease: the portrait of an epidemic – Nocini – Journal of Public Health and Emergency

  https://jphe.amegroups.org/article/view/5774/html

  Incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life year (DALYs) of periodontal disease have constantly increased during the past 3 decades, making it the 12th more prevalent pathology around the world. […] The current epidemiological estimates of periodontal disease concur to define the portrait of a growing epidemic. […] Taken together, the current epidemiological estimates of periodontal disease identified with our analysis concur to define the portrait of a growing epidemic, with incidence, prevalence and years lost for ill-health or disability that have all constantly increased during the past three decades. […] According to the data of GHDx repository, the largest database of human pathologies worldwide, periodontal disease is now the 12th more prevalent condition around the world, being included among the top ten more prevalent pathologies in all WHO regions except Africa.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health

  Periodontal disease affects the tissues that both surround and support the teeth. Severe periodontal diseases are estimated to affect more than 1 billion cases worldwide. […] Most oral diseases and conditions share modifiable risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption and an unhealthy diet high in free sugars that are common to other NCDs including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes. […] The burden of oral diseases and other noncommunicable diseases can be reduced through public health interventions by addressing common risk factors. […] The World Health Assembly approved a Resolution on oral health in 2021 at the Seventy-fourth World Health Assembly. The Resolution affirms that oral health should be firmly embedded within the NCD agenda and that oral health-care interventions should be included in national universal health coverage benefit packages.

• #3 Periodontal Disease in Adults (Age 30 or Older)| Data & Statistics | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/research/data-statistics/periodontal-disease/adults

  The prevalence of periodontal (gum) disease continues to be an important public health problem in the United States as 2 in 5 adults are affected by some form of this disease. […] The table uses the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) periodontitis case definitions for surveillance. […] Overall, 42.2% (standard error, 1.4) of adults 30 years or older in the United States had total periodontitis, consisting of 7.8% with severe periodontitis and 34.4% with nonsevere periodontitis. […] The prevalence of nonsevere (mild or moderate) and of total but not of severe periodontitis increased with age. […] The prevalence of total periodontitis was greatest among men (50.2%), Mexican Americans (59.7%), adults below 100% of the FPL (60.4%), current smokers (62.4%), and those who self-reported diabetes (59.9%).

• #4 Gum Disease More Likely In Smokers and Men according to new CDC Study – Periodontal Associates Inc

  https://www.periodontal.com/gum-disease-more-likely-in-smokers-and-men-according-to-new-cdc-study/

  One out of every two American adults aged 30 and over has periodontal disease, according to recent findings from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A study titled estimates that 47.2 percent, or 64.7 million American adults, have mild, moderate or severe periodontitis, the more advanced form of periodontal disease. […] The AAP has worked closely with CDC since 2003 on periodontal disease surveillance. […] The findings also indicate disparities among certain segments of the U.S. population. Periodontal disease is higher in men than women (56.4 percent vs. 38.4 percent) and is highest in Mexican-Americans (66.7 percent) compared to other races. Other segments with high prevalence rates include current smokers (64.2 percent); those living below the federal poverty level (65.4 percent); and those with less than a high school education (66.9 percent).

• #5

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/delivering-better-oral-health-an-evidence-based-toolkit-for-prevention/chapter-5-periodontal-diseases

  Some level of irreversible periodontitis affects almost half of UK adults, although this might underestimate true disease levels. […] Similar levels of periodontal diseases are present globally, with the latest evidence suggesting that around 10% of the worlds population (8.2 to 11.4% age standardised) has evidence of severe disease. The peak in prevalence occurs between 60 and 64 years of age, and there are marked inequalities by socio-economic status. About half of all adults have some evidence of moderate disease and thus, it is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases globally.

• #6 Epidemiology of periodontal diseases – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_periodontal_diseases

  The performance of a partial recording system is affected by the actual prevalence of periodontal disease in the population in question. The less frequent the disease, the more difficult it becomes for a partial recording system to detect it and thus may lead to greater underestimation of the disease prevalence. A full-mouth examination remains the best method of accurately assessing the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in a population. […] Eke et al. provided an update of prevalence of periodontitis from their 2015 report summarizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009 to 2012. Report showed that 46% (64.7 million people) of the US adult population had periodontitis. Prevalence was highest in Hispanics (63.5%) and non-Hispanic blacks (59.1%), followed by non-Hispanic Asian Americans (50.0%) and non-Hispanic whites (40.8%).

• #6 Epidemiology of periodontal diseases – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_periodontal_diseases

  Epidemiology of periodontal disease is the study of patterns, causes, and effects of periodontal diseases. Periodontal disease is a disease affecting the tissue surrounding the teeth. This causes the gums and the teeth to separate making spaces that become infected. The immune system tries to fight the toxins breaking down the bone and tissue connecting to the teeth to the gums. The teeth will have to be removed. This is an advance stage of gum disease that has multiple definitions. Adult periodontitis affects less than 10 to 15% of the population in industrialized countries, mainly adults around the ages of 50 to 60. The disease is now declining world-wide. […] Many studies look at the prevalence of advanced periodontitis, but have differing definitions of this term. Generally though, severe forms of periodontitis do not seem to affect more than 15% of the population of industrialized countries. The proportion of such subjects increases with age and seems to peak between 50 and 60 years. A later decline in prevalence may be due to tooth loss.

• #7 Periodontal Disease | Oral Health Conditions | Division of Oral Health | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/conditions/periodontal-disease.html

  A recent CDC report provides the following data related to prevalence of periodontitis in the U.S.: 47.2% of adults aged 30 years and older have some form of periodontal disease. […] Periodontal disease increases with age, 70.1% of adults 65 years and older have periodontal disease. […] The CDC is currently working with key partner organizations such as the American Academy of Periodontology and the American Dental Association to improve and sustain surveillance of periodontal disease in the adult U.S. population. […] The efforts of the CDC include developing measures for use in surveillance of periodontal disease at the state and local levels, improving the validity of prevalence estimates derived from the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) by improving the accuracy of the clinical examination protocols used in this national survey, and developing simple measures for screening for periodontal disease in clinical settings.

• #8 41.   Diagnosis / Indices – Indices & Epidemiology

  https://spindlerperio.net/protected/lit/LR41.html

  Without oral hygiene or SPT periodontal disease progresses approximately 3x faster. […] The majority (81%) of the population show moderate progression of periodontal disease, while a small percentage will either have no periodontal disease or show a progressive pattern of disease. […] There is a natural, biological, continuous alveolar bone resorption taking place after the age of 30 years. […] Periodontal disease destruction as measured by attachment loss occurs over time, but it is not related to the age of a person in a generally healthy adult. Periodontitis is not a natural consequence of the aging process in healthy adults and advanced age is not an accurate predictor of attachment loss.

• #9 About Periodontal (Gum) Disease | Oral Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/about/gum-periodontal-disease.html

  Periodontal disease refers to conditions that involve inflammation and infection of the tissues (gum and bone) that surround and support the teeth. […] Periodontitis is a very common type of gum disease among U.S. adults: About 4 in 10 U.S. adults 30 years or older had a mild, moderate, or severe level of periodontitis in 2009-2014. […] About 62% of U.S. adults 30 years or older who are current smokers had periodontitis in 2009-2014. […] CDC’s Division of Oral Health (DOH) works with key partners to improve and sustain the surveillance of gum disease in the U.S. adult population. […] DOH efforts to monitor and address gum disease include: Developing and testing the validity of measures that can be used to track gum disease at national, state, and local levels. […] Updating methods to simplify how data on gum disease are collected from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. […] Developing simple gum disease screening tools for use in clinical settings. […] Working to integrate medical and dental care.

• #10 Gum disease: By the numbers | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine

  https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/gum-disease-by-the-numbers

  Nearly half of adults in the United States have some form of periodontal disease. […] More than 42% of all adults older than 30 have some form of gum disease and almost 8% have severe periodontal disease. […] The rate of gum disease increases with age. Almost 60% of adults 65 years and older have some form of gum disease. […] Periodontal disease is more common in men than women. It affects more than 50% of men and 35% of women. […] More than 60% of current smokers have periodontal disease. […] Almost 60% of people with diabetes also have periodontal disease. […] Almost half (47.2%) of all adults aged 30 years and older have some form of gum disease.

• #11 Periodontal Disease in Adults (Age 30 or Older)| Data & Statistics | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/research/data-statistics/periodontal-disease/adults

  Among dental health-related behavior subgroups, the prevalence of total periodontitis was highest among adults who did not use dental floss regularly (53.1%) and increased with increasing duration since last dental visit to 54.8% of those without a dental visit the past year. […] The table presents the latest NHANES data (collected between 2009 and 2014) regarding prevalence of severe and nonsevere (mild or moderate) periodontitis among dentate adults 30 years or older.

• #12 Gingivitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763801-overview

  Gingivitis is an inflammatory process limited to the mucosal epithelial tissue surrounding the cervical portion of the teeth and the alveolar processes. […] Frequency is difficult to determine because of the lack of agreement on measurement criteria. Many people believe that gingivitis begins in early childhood and that 9-17% of children aged 3-11 years have gingivitis. At puberty, prevalence rises to 70-90%. In recent years, periodontal disease, the endpoint of chronic gingivitis, slowly has decreased among adult Americans. However, chronic periodontitis is still the most prevalent chronic inflammatory condition in the elderly. […] ANUG may be a clinical problem in immunocompromised patients during chemotherapy. Gingivitis and resulting periodontal disease are seen more frequently in patients with either diabetes or HIV infection.

• #12 Gingivitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/763801-overview

  Studies in Australia, Sweden, England, and Switzerland report gingivitis in 48-85% of children aged 3-6 years, but whether this range reflects population differences or whether it is due to different criteria used to define the disease is difficult to know. In adolescence, incidence around the world is comparable to US data (70-90%). ANUG may be found in areas where those at risk, particularly children, face poor living conditions. More recent publications show several cases in areas such as Nigeria, where ANUG and noma were observed in children younger than 14 years. […] Gingivitis is slightly more prevalent in males than in females because females tend to have better oral hygiene. […] Adults are most commonly affected. […] Children from sub-Saharan regions of Africa may be at risk for ANUG because of poor living conditions.

• #13 Patient-reported understanding and dentist-reported management of periodontal diseases – a survey: do you know what gum disease is? | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-023-6055-7

  Most patients were not aware of their periodontal diseases. […] Periodontal diseases are very common worldwide, with severe periodontitis being the sixth most prevalent condition globally, affecting 11.2% of the population. […] The precursor to periodontitis is gingivitis, which, if untreated, will progress to periodontitis in most individuals. […] Prevalence rates for gingivitis are high. […] These high rates of gingivitis highlight a need for better communication to patients/the public about how they should be caring for their teeth and gums to achieve periodontal health/stability, and the risks associated with not following this guidance. […] In the dentist survey, on average (across the 50 dentists surveyed), dentists reported that 76.9% of their patient-bases had gingivitis or periodontitis.

• #14 Epidemiology of periodontal disease in adolescents in mainland China, 1983–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Xiao – Annals of Palliative Medicine

  https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/60652/html

  Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that includes primarily gingivitis and periodontitis, caused by bacterial infection of the supporting structures of the teeth. For years, much attention has been diverted to periodontal disease among the elderly, not enough attention is paid to adolescents. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the epidemic trend of periodontal disease in adolescents in mainland China. […] This study shows a high prevalence of gingivitis among adolescents in China. Higher-quality epidemiological surveys with standard examination criteria are needed. […] Periodontal disease is among the most common diseases affecting adolescents. […] According to WHO Global Oral Health Data Bank, the occurrence of periodontal disease is high among older children and adolescents, with 50% to 100% of 12-year-old children having the signs of gum inflammation, this suggests a risk of periodontal disease among the adolescent population.

• #14 Epidemiology of periodontal disease in adolescents in mainland China, 1983–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Xiao – Annals of Palliative Medicine

  https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/60652/html

  Several studies have reported the prevalence of the periodontal disease in adolescents in mainland China, which showed a significant difference. […] There are no systematic reviews on the prevalence of the periodontal disease in adolescents in mainland China. […] The results showed that the prevalence rate of gingivitis among adolescents estimated by BOP(+) was 48.8%, so the periodontal situation of adolescents should not be ignored. […] In conclusion, for adolescents, our results show a higher prevalence of gingivitis among the male and rural populations. Although the prevalence of periodontitis is 1%, it may lead to periodontal tissue loss rapidly and even the loss of a tooth for adolescents. Hence, more emphasis should be placed on the periodontal health of adolescents to prevent periodontal disease.

• #15 Periodontal Disease in Small Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/dentistry-in-small-animals/periodontal-disease-in-small-animals

  Up to 70% of cats and 80% of dogs have some level of periodontal disease by age 2 (1). […] There is a correlation between increased body weight and age with an increased incidence of periodontitis in cats. […] Other risk factors include toy breeds, immunosuppression (diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism), poor nutritional status, and abnormally positioned plaque retentive surfaces (eg, malocclusion).

• #16 Gum Disease Rates Ranked State by State – Dentistry Today

  https://www.dentistrytoday.com/gum-disease-rates-ranked-state-by-state/

  February is Gum Disease Awareness Month, according to the Institute for Advanced Laser Dentistry (IALD). While 50 million Americans have moderate to severe gum disease, 40 million dont even know they have it and 3% of those who do know dont even seek treatment. […] Every state except for California has acknowledged Gum Disease Awareness Month to educate citizens and promote prevention and treatment. Gum disease rates vary state by state, though. […] The study looked at adults between the ages of 30 and 79. The southeast and southwest have the highest estimated prevalence of periodontitis, concentrated in pockets along the southeast, in the Mississippi Delta, along the Mexican border, and on Native American reservations. Southern Florida, Hawaii, and remote areas of western Alaska also have an estimated high prevalence. Similar geographic patterns were determined for severe periodontitis.

• #16 Gum Disease Rates Ranked State by State – Dentistry Today

  https://www.dentistrytoday.com/gum-disease-rates-ranked-state-by-state/

  According to the researchers, their work represents the first time that periodontitis prevalence has been estimated at the state and local levels in the United States. They also say that their modeling approach complements public health surveillance efforts to identify areas with a high periodontitis burden, and their data could be used to develop policies and intervention strategies.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/jpcd/fulltext/2016/06020/epidemiology_of_periodontal_diseases_in_indian.1.aspx

  India suffers lot of disparities in terms of oral health care and 95% of the Indian population suffers from periodontal disease. […] The projection of periodontal disease is disturbing. […] Current knowledge has shown that periodontitis does not present a linear progression and is not age-dependent. Moreover, its distribution and severity are strongly influenced by host susceptibility and risk factors. […] Statistics present the grim reality that 95% of the population in India suffer from periodontal disease, only 50% use a toothbrush, and just 2% visit the dentist. […] In the last 10 years, the alarming rate of prevalence of periodontal disease in India has drawn interest from various parts of the country. […] We observe that the majority of surveys conducted in the last decade have used Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) as an epidemiological tool but a plethora of studies point out the demerits of the same.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/jpcd/fulltext/2016/06020/epidemiology_of_periodontal_diseases_in_indian.1.aspx

  Shah observed that for periodontal diseases, the projection is alarming, with prevalence at present being 45% for the 15+ years age group and the actual prevalence in lakhs at 3413.8 (year 2010) and 3624.8 (year 2015). […] The final purpose of epidemiology is to apply the knowledge gained from studies to promote, protect and restore health. For planning of national or regional oral health promotion programs, to prevent and treat oral health problems, baseline data about a magnitude of problems and various epidemiological factors are required. There is a dire need for a comprehensive survey of all districts of the State to access the prevalence of periodontal disease over a wider geographic area in order to develop a strategy to improve the periodontal status of the population as a whole.

• #18 Global Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Lack of Its Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7275199/

  This lack of periodontal disease surveillance at the global stage calls for integrated actions from public health professionals, researchers, periodontologists, and local, national, and global health organizations. […] The WHO through collaborations should establish surveillance of periodontal disease to systemically collect epidemiological information in a similar way as it is obtained for many systemic diseases from most countries.

• #18 Global Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Lack of Its Surveillance

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7275199/

  Periodontal disease is a public health problem and is strongly associated with systemic diseases; however, its worldwide distribution is not fully understood. […] The analysis of global data about the prevalence of periodontal disease is useful for policy development and the allocation of financial and human resources for preventive measures and the provision of treatment. However, the prevalence of periodontal disease in different age groups and in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries is not fully understood. […] The present study demonstrated that the global prevalence of periodontal disease increases with age from adolescents to adults and older population. […] Periodontal disease is a global public health problem. There is a dramatic increase in the burden of periodontal disease during the last decades, and a large body of evidence shows its strong significant association with systemic diseases; however, limited periodontal data are available in the WHO oral health data bank.

• #19 Reduce the proportion of adults aged 45 years and over with moderate and severe periodontitis — Data Methodology and Measurement – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/oral-conditions/reduce-proportion-adults-aged-45-years-and-over-moderate-and-severe-periodontitis-oh-06/data-methodology

  Baseline: 44.5 percent of adults aged 45 years and over had moderate and severe periodontitis in 2015-16 […] Target-setting method justification Trend data were not available for this objective. The standard error was used to calculate a target based on minimal statistical significance, assuming the same standard error for the target as for the baseline. This method was used because it was a statistically significant improvement from the baseline. […] The Centers for Disease Control – American Academy for Periodontology (CDC-AAP) case definitions for moderate and severe periodontitis have been published elsewhere. […] Page RC, Eke PI. Case definitions for use in population-based surveillance of periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2007 Jul;78(7 Suppl):1387-99. doi: 10.1902/jop.2007.060264. PMID: 17608611. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17608611/

• #20 Validity of a self-reported questionnaire on periodontal disease for national epidemiological surveillance among Korean adults

  https://www.jkaoh.org/journal/view.html?uid=667&vmd=Full

  Objectives: Clinical examination is considered the gold standard for monitoring periodontal disease. However, it requires significant resources. Self-reported assessment serves as a useful method for screening periodontal diseases in different cohorts. We aimed to evaluate the validity of a self-reported questionnaire for the surveillance of periodontal disease among Korean adults. […] In Korea, the method used to assess periodontal disease in the KNHANES is the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, a review of the oral examination data revealed that due to inter-investigator variability in the eighth cycle (2019-2021) KNHANES, the oral health data remained unpublished, leading to the cessation of periodontal disease assessments starting from the second year of the ninth cycle (2023) KNHANES.

• #20 Validity of a self-reported questionnaire on periodontal disease for national epidemiological surveillance among Korean adults

  https://www.jkaoh.org/journal/view.html?uid=667&vmd=Full

  This study demonstrated that a 10-item self-reported questionnaire for periodontitis may be an effective measure for screening periodontal disease in the population, particularly questions about Have gum disease, Treatment for gum diseases, such as scaling and root planning, and Periodontal treatment and surgery under anesthesia. […] The area under the curve (AUC) value for this questionnaire exceeded 0.7, indicating good discriminatory power in identifying individuals with periodontal disease.

• #20 Validity of a self-reported questionnaire on periodontal disease for national epidemiological surveillance among Korean adults

  https://www.jkaoh.org/journal/view.html?uid=667&vmd=Full

  The self-reported questionnaire is a potential alternative strategy. The advantage is the availability of valid, cost-effective measures for periodontitis. […] Therefore, this study aims to develop a self-reported questionnaire in Korean considering as a reference the eight self-reported periodontal questions from CCD/AAP and to assess the validity of the self-reported questionnaire in Korean adults. […] This study was conducted to design a questionnaire for epidemiological surveillance of periodontal disease, with the goal of continuously monitoring periodontal disease status and collecting reliable, valid, and high-quality data among Korean adults. The Korean version self-reported questionnaire for periodontal disease consists of 10 items, including 8 items developed by the CDC/AAP and 2 additional items on gingival bleeding and periodontal treatment under anesthesia.

• #21 Periodontal disease and its prevention, by traditional and new avenues (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2019.8381

  Periodontal disease is an infection of the tissue that holds one’s teeth in place. It is typically caused by poor oral hygiene that allows the sticky film of bacteria, known as plaque, to build up on the teeth and later develop into calculus (1). […] Periodontitis is widely regarded as the second most common type of dental disease worldwide, following dental decay. It is prevalent at 30-50% of the population in the United States, but only approximately 10% of cases are severe forms of the disease (5). […] The prevalence of peri-implantitis seems to be in the order of 10% of implants and 20% of patients during 5-10 years following implant placement (5). […] Increasing evidence points to the fact that diseases, including Alzheimer’s, cancer (pancreatic cancer), respiratory diseases, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis and others are associated with gum diseases.

• #21 Periodontal disease and its prevention, by traditional and new avenues (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2019.8381

  Primary prevention using toothbrushes or other mechanical aids has been performed for hundreds of years. […] The consumer guide to dentistry divides the rinses into three groups (13) as follows: Cosmetic oral rinses may temporarily control or reduce halitosis, rinse oral debris, diminish bacteria and leave one with a refreshing taste. […] Prevention aids, mechanical and chemical, of periodontal diseases, change and improve from day to day. […] These two above-mentioned studies indicate that AGE may become a significant player in the world of prevention of gingival and periodontal diseases.

• #22 Is a common form of gum disease linked to breast cancer? – University at Buffalo

  https://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2015/12/035.html

  Women who report having periodontal disease are at greater risk for breast cancer, especially if they smoke or recently quit smoking, according to University at Buffalo research published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention (CEBP), a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. […] Women who had periodontal disease had a small increase in the risk of breast cancer overall, she said. […] Up to this point, weve known very little about the association between poor oral health and breast cancer, especially among smokers, who are more likely to have periodontal disease, says Robert Genco, a co-author on the paper and SUNY Distinguished Professor in the Department of Oral Biology in UBs School of Dental Medicine. […] What were seeing is an association between periodontal disease and breast cancer in a large and well-designed study.

• #23 Study: Gum disease, tooth loss may increase postmenopausal women’s risk of death – UBNow: News and views for UB faculty and staff – University at Buffalo

  https://www.buffalo.edu/ubnow/spotlight.host.html/content/shared/university/news/news-center-releases/2017/03/045.detail.html

  Gum disease and tooth loss may be associated with a higher risk of death in postmenopausal women but not increased cardiovascular disease risk, according to new research in Journal of the American Heart Association, the open access journal of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. […] Loss of all natural teeth also was linked with an increased risk of death in postmenopausal women, according to the study led by researchers at the University at Buffalo. […] History of periodontal disease was associated with a 12 percent higher risk of death from any cause. […] Loss of all natural teeth was associated with a 17 percent higher risk of death from any cause. […] Our findings suggest that older women may be at higher risk for death because of their periodontal condition and may benefit from more intensive oral screening measures. […] However, studies of interventions aimed at improving periodontal health are needed to determine whether risk of death is lowered among those receiving the intervention compared to those who do not.

• #24 Gum disease raises the risk of developing dementia – School of Public Health – University of Minnesota

  https://www.sph.umn.edu/news/gum-disease-raises-the-risk-of-developing-dementia/

  Gum disease raises the risk of developing dementia. […] Gum disease, especially the kind that is irreversible and causes tooth loss, may be associated with mild cognitive impairment and dementia 20 years later, according to a School of Public Health study published in the journal Neurology. […] We looked at peoples dental health over a 20-year period and found that people with the most severe gum disease at the start of our study had about twice the risk for mild cognitive impairment or dementia by the end. […] The study involved 8,275 people with an average age of 63 who did not have dementia at the start of the study. […] Overall, 1,569 people developed dementia during the study, or 19%. […] When looking at both mild cognitive impairment and dementia, the group with no teeth had about twice the risk compared to participants with healthy gums and all their teeth. […] Good dental hygiene is a proven way to keep healthy teeth and gums throughout your lifetime. While our study does not prove that an unhealthy mouth causes dementia and only shows an association, further studies are needed to demonstrate the link between microbes in your mouth and dementia.

• #25 Bacteria Involved in Gum Disease Linked to Increased Risk of Head & Neck Cancer | NYU Langone News

  https://nyulangone.org/news/bacteria-involved-gum-disease-linked-increased-risk-head-neck-cancer

  More than a dozen bacterial species among the hundreds that live in peoples mouths have been linked to a collective 50 percent increased chance of developing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a new study shows. […] Experts have long observed that those with poor oral health are statistically more vulnerable than those with healthier mouths to HNSCC, a group that includes the most common cancers of the mouth and throat. […] Our findings offer new insight into the relationship between the oral microbiome and head and neck cancers, said study lead author Soyoung Kwak, PhD. […] Our results offer yet another reason to keep up good oral-hygiene habits, said study co-senior author Richard B. Hayes, DDS, MPH, PhD. Brushing your teeth and flossing may not only help prevent periodontal disease, but also may protect against head and neck cancer, added Dr. Hayes, a professor in the Department of Population Health and a member of Perlmutter Cancer Center. […] The researchers emphasized that their study was designed to identify correlations between risk of cancer and certain bacteria in the mouth, but not to establish a direct cause-and-effect link. That will require further research.

• #26 Is periodontal disease a public health problem? | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2014.912

  Clinically defined periodontal disease is highly prevalent, has considerable impacts on individuals and society and is costly to treat; the cost of dental care is the fourth highest costs of all diseases and consuming between 5 and 10% of all healthcare resources. […] Periodontal disease fulfils all the criteria. As Chapple has stated recently: 'Periodontitis is the most common chronic inflammatory disease seen in humans, affecting nearly half of adults in the United Kingdom and 60% of those over 65 years. It is a major public health problem, causing tooth loss, disability, masticatory dysfunction, and poor nutritional status. Periodontitis also compromises speech, reduces quality of life, and is an escalating burden to the healthcare economy.’ […] The key conclusion is that until shortcomings in currently adopted practices at all levels, including those at societal and within the care system are addressed, periodontal disease will remain a public health problem. […] The problem is in the mindset of those designing solutions to problems based on definitions of disease and the adopted care approaches to date. These need to change.

• #27 Time to take gum disease seriously: The societal and economic impact of periodontitis – Economist Impact

  https://impact.economist.com/perspectives/health/time-take-gum-disease-seriously-societal-and-economic-impact-periodontitis

  Given the prevalence and preventable nature of periodontitis, new ways of thinking about gum health are needed to increase awareness and action at national level. […] To improve early detection and prevention of periodontitis, this report arrives at the following recommendations: Prevention, diagnosis and management of periodontitis is cost-effective. […] Our economic analysis shows that both eliminating gingivitis (the precursor to periodontitis) using home care prevention techniques (such as tooth brushing and interdental brushing) and increasing the rate of diagnosis and management of periodontitis to 90%, has a positive return on investment in all of the European countries in this study. […] Neglecting to manage gingivitis can significantly increase costs and reduce Healthy Life Years (HLYs); therefore an emphasis on self-care and prevention is critical from both an individual and a societal perspective.

• #27 Time to take gum disease seriously: The societal and economic impact of periodontitis – Economist Impact

  https://impact.economist.com/perspectives/health/time-take-gum-disease-seriously-societal-and-economic-impact-periodontitis

  The value of integrating these systems in practice is still developing. […] Societal level prevention is of crucial concern to the prevention of periodontitis, especially as it is a disease highly prevalent in deprived areas. […] The cost of accessing a dentist is a barrier to receiving treatment early for many of the general public. […] Periodontitis treatment for a low-income family is therefore rendered almost unaffordable. […] In this study we have provided the evidence that professionally managed periodontitis is in fact cost-effective and therefore publicly covered dental care for periodontitis deserves a review from policy makers and commissioners Europe-wide.

• #28 Gingivitis: Reversing and preventing early gum disease – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/gingivitis-reversing-and-preventing-early-gum-disease

  Gingivitis is a common form of periodontal disease, also called gum disease. […] In addition, studies have shown that having gum disease can put you at higher risk for heart attack, stroke, and dementia. […] Certain things can put you at higher risk for gingivitis, including poor dental hygiene, smoking, pregnancy, diabetes that isn’t well controlled, certain infections elsewhere in your body, misaligned teeth, unclean mouth appliances such as braces or dentures, and certain medicines. […] Regular cleanings from a dentist or dental hygienist can remove plaque deposits before gingivitis causes more serious problems. […] Brushing teeth at least twice a day, and flossing at least once a day, can help reverse and prevent gingivitis. […] Dr. Jiang says that plaque rinses or tablets, available over the counter, stick to plaque and turn it a bright color, to help you identify areas where plaque is building up and where toothbrushing is especially needed. […] „Most people do a good job removing plaque from the smooth or chewing surfaces of their teeth,” Dr. Jiang says, „but you need to pay attention to other places where plaque sticks, such as the gumline or between teeth, in order to avoid gingivitis.”

• #29 A New Study Looks at Gum Disease and the Benefits of Flossing

  https://www.jnj.com/health-and-wellness/benefits-of-flossing-gum-disease-prevention

  But recent research conducted by the Janssen Research Development Department of Epidemiology and Johnson Johnson Consumer, Inc. has found that flossing is associated with a lower prevalence of periodontitis. […] After researchers adjusted for factors like age, gender and smoking, they found that people who flossed once or more each week were 17% less likely to have gum disease than those who flossed less frequently. […] They also determined that flossing one or more days a week reduced the risk for periodontitis by 23%, compared to not flossing at all. […] Since this was a cross-sectional studymeaning it didnt track subjects over a long period of timea direct cause-and-effect relationship between flossing and gum disease could not be proven. […] Nevertheless it provides some assurance that there may be some benefit to flossing, says the studys co-author, Mike Lynch, D.M.D., Ph.D., Global Director of Oral Care and Fellow, Global Scientific Engagement, Johnson Johnson.

• #30 Periodontal disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal_disease

  Periodontitis is very common, and is widely regarded as the second most common dental disease worldwide, after dental decay, and in the United States has a prevalence of 30-50% of the population, but only about 10% have severe forms. […] Chronic periodontitis affects about 750 million people or about 10.8% of the world population as of 2010. […] Like other conditions intimately related to access to hygiene and basic medical monitoring and care, periodontitis tends to be more common in economically disadvantaged populations or regions. Its occurrence decreases with a higher standard of living. […] Periodontitis is frequently reported to be socially patterned, i.e. people from the lower end of the socioeconomic scale are affected more often than people from the upper end of the socioeconomic scale.

• #31 Gum disease opens up the body to a host of infections

  https://www.sciencenews.org/article/gum-disease-opens-body-host-infections

  Experts line up on both sides. […] A long line of research has also examined the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease. […] Even as research continues, those involved concede that they may never satisfy skeptics, given the slim chance of ever having a long-term prospective study. […] Causality may not ever be demonstrated, he says.

• #31 Gum disease opens up the body to a host of infections

  https://www.sciencenews.org/article/gum-disease-opens-body-host-infections

  Mouth microbes have been implicated in a variety of ills, from arthritis to Alzheimers. […] The work has profound implications for public health, given that more than 65 million American adults are thought to have periodontal disease, which occurs when bacterial overgrowth inflames the gums and can lead to erosion of gums and bone. […] Wenche Borgnakke, a dental researcher at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, has been making this case for years, citing solid evidence that periodontal treatment has an effect on systemic disease. […] To date, more than 500 scientific papers have weighed in on the connection between atherosclerosis and gum disease. […] While questions remain, researchers theorize that oral bacteria can travel and infect tissues throughout the body, triggering inflammation that affects various systems, as well as a developing fetus.

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