Choroba alzheimera – Epidemiologia

Choroba alzheimera
Epidemiologia

Choroba Alzheimera (AD) jest najczęstszą przyczyną demencji, odpowiadającą za 60-75% przypadków na świecie, z globalną liczbą chorych sięgającą 51,6 miliona w 2019 roku (standaryzowana chorobowość 682,5/100 000). Choroba charakteryzuje się postępującą neurodegeneracją, obecnością złogów beta-amyloidu i splątków neurofibrylarnych, prowadząc do upośledzenia funkcji poznawczych i codziennych aktywności. Epidemiologia wskazuje na wykładniczy wzrost zapadalności i chorobowości z wiekiem, szczególnie po 65. roku życia, z zapadalnością w USA wynoszącą 5,3% w grupie 60-74 lat, 13,8% w 75-84 lat i 34,6% powyżej 85 lat. Prognozy przewidują wzrost liczby chorych do 139 milionów globalnie w 2050 roku, z istotnym wzrostem w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują niemodyfikowalne (wiek, płeć żeńska, allel APOE ε4) oraz modyfikowalne (nadciśnienie, cukrzyca typu 2, otyłość, hipercholesterolemia), które odpowiadają za około 40% globalnego obciążenia demencją. W 2019 roku odnotowano 1,6 miliona zgonów z powodu AD i innych demencji, a śmiertelność rośnie wraz ze starzeniem populacji (współczynnik umieralności w Europie 45,2/100 000 w 2013 roku).

Wprowadzenie do epidemiologii choroby alzheimera

Choroba alzheimera (AD) jest najczęstszą przyczyną demencji, stanowiąc około 60-75% wszystkich przypadków demencji na świecie. To postępująca, neurodegeneracyjna choroba charakteryzująca się stopniowym pogorszeniem funkcji poznawczych, pamięci oraz zdolności do wykonywania codziennych czynności. Charakterystycznymi zmianami patologicznymi w mózgu są złogi białka beta-amyloidu, splątki neurofibrylarne oraz neurodegeneracja, które prowadzą do rozległego uszkodzenia neuronów¹².

Choroba alzheimera stanowi istotny problem zdrowia publicznego, zarówno ze względu na rosnącą liczbę przypadków, jak i znaczące obciążenie społeczno-ekonomiczne. W miarę starzenia się populacji i wydłużania oczekiwanej długości życia, globalne rozpowszechnienie choroby alzheimera będzie nadal wzrastać, szczególnie w krajach rozwijających się, prowadząc do wzrostu kosztów opieki zdrowotnej i społecznej³⁴.

Globalne rozpowszechnienie choroby alzheimera

Obecnie na świecie ponad 50 milionów osób cierpi na demencję, przy czym choroba alzheimera odpowiada za większość tych przypadków. Według najnowszych danych, około 7,2 miliona Amerykanów żyje z demencją w przebiegu choroby alzheimera, a łącznie ponad 7 milionów Amerykanów cierpi na tę chorobę⁵. W skali globalnej, w 2019 roku oszacowano całkowitą liczbę przypadków choroby alzheimera i innych demencji na 51,6 miliona, co odpowiada standaryzowanej względem wieku chorobowości na poziomie 682,5 przypadków na 100 000 osób, co stanowi wzrost o 5,7% od 1990 roku⁶.

Chorobowość choroby alzheimera znacząco różni się w zależności od regionu geograficznego. Najwyższe wskaźniki występują w krajach Europy Zachodniej i Ameryki Północnej, następnie w Chinach, Ameryce Łacińskiej i krajach regionu Zachodniego Pacyfiku⁷. W 2019 roku najwyższe krajowe standaryzowane względem wieku wskaźniki rozpowszechnienia odnotowano w Turcji i Bahrajnie, natomiast najniższe w Indiach i Nigerii⁸.

Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują, że częstość występowania choroby alzheimera rośnie wykładniczo wraz z wiekiem, podwajając się co 5 lat po ukończeniu 65. roku życia⁹. W Stanach Zjednoczonych w 2020 roku rozpowszechnienie demencji w przebiegu choroby alzheimera oszacowano na 5,3% w grupie wiekowej 60-74 lat, wzrastając do 13,8% w grupie 74-84 lat i aż do 34,6% wśród osób powyżej 85. roku życia¹⁰.

Prognozy liczby przypadków na przyszłość

Prognozy dotyczące przyszłej liczby przypadków choroby alzheimera są niepokojące. Szacuje się, że liczba osób dotkniętych demencją podwaja się co 20 lat¹¹. Do 2030 roku, kiedy wszyscy przedstawiciele pokolenia wyżu demograficznego (Amerykanie urodzeni między 1946 a 1964 rokiem) przekroczą 65. rok życia, czyli wiek największego ryzyka demencji w przebiegu choroby alzheimera, liczba przypadków znacząco wzrośnie¹².

Przewiduje się, że do 2050 roku liczba osób w wieku 65 lat i starszych cierpiących na chorobę alzheimera wzrośnie do około 12,7-14 milionów, o ile nie zostaną opracowane przełomowe metody leczenia lub zapobiegania tej chorobie¹³¹⁴. Globalnie, liczba przypadków demencji może osiągnąć 78 milionów w 2030 roku i 139 milionów w 2050 roku¹⁵.

Szczególnie niepokojący jest fakt, że już teraz 60% osób z demencją mieszka w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie, a do 2050 roku odsetek ten wzrośnie do 71%¹⁶. Najszybszy wzrost populacji osób starszych obserwuje się w Chinach, Indiach oraz sąsiednich krajach Azji Południowej i Zachodniego Pacyfiku, co wskazuje na przesunięcie globalnego obciążenia chorobą alzheimera w kierunku tych regionów¹⁷.

Zachorowalność na chorobę alzheimera

Współczynnik zapadalności (liczba nowych przypadków) na chorobę alzheimera wykazuje znaczne różnice w zależności od badanej populacji, kraju i metodologii badań. Globalne dane wskazują, że każdego roku pojawia się ponad 10 milionów nowych przypadków demencji na świecie, co oznacza jeden nowy przypadek co 3,2 sekundy¹⁸.

Zagregowane dane z badań populacyjnych w Europie sugerują, że wskaźnik zapadalności na chorobę alzheimera wśród osób w wieku 65 lat i starszych wynosi 19,4 na 1000 osobolat¹⁹. Współczynnik zapadalności na klinicznie zdiagnozowaną demencję w przebiegu choroby alzheimera raportowany w różnych badaniach waha się od 2,0 do 16,8 nowych przypadków na 1000 osobolat w badaniach przeprowadzonych w USA, Europie, Japonii i Chinach²⁰²¹.

Podobnie jak w przypadku chorobowości, zapadalność na chorobę alzheimera rośnie wykładniczo wraz z wiekiem, przynajmniej do 85. roku życia²². W Japonii, w badaniu kohortowym Hisayama, zapadalność na demencję we wszystkich przyczynach na 1000 osobolat wynosiła 12,0 dla mężczyzn i 16,6 dla kobiet, natomiast zapadalność na chorobę alzheimera wynosiła 5,6 dla mężczyzn i 11,3 dla kobiet²³.

Czynniki wpływające na zachorowalność

Badania epidemiologiczne identyfikują liczne czynniki ryzyka choroby alzheimera. Do niemodyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka należą przede wszystkim wiek, płeć żeńska, genetyczne predyspozycje (szczególnie obecność allelu APOE ε4) oraz historia rodzinna²⁴²⁵.

Modyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka obejmują czynniki naczyniowe, takie jak nadciśnienie tętnicze, cukrzyca typu 2, otyłość, hipercholesterolemia oraz choroby sercowo-naczyniowe²⁶. Badania epidemiologiczne wykazały wystarczające dowody na to, że naczyniowe czynniki ryzyka u osób w średnim i starszym wieku odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju i progresji demencji i choroby alzheimera²⁷.

Niedawno opublikowany raport naukowy zidentyfikował 12 modyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka demencji (niskie wykształcenie, nadciśnienie tętnicze, utrata słuchu, palenie tytoniu, otyłość, depresja, brak aktywności fizycznej, cukrzyca, niski poziom kontaktów społecznych, nadmierne spożycie alkoholu, urazy głowy i zanieczyszczenie powietrza), które łącznie odpowiadają za prawie 40% światowego obciążenia demencją²⁸.

Śmiertelność związana z chorobą alzheimera

Choroba alzheimera jest istotną przyczyną zgonów na całym świecie. W 2019 roku odnotowano 1,6 miliona zgonów z powodu choroby alzheimera i innych demencji²⁹. W Stanach Zjednoczonych choroba alzheimera stanowiła szóstą wiodącą przyczynę zgonów wśród osób w wieku 65 lat i starszych w 2022 roku³⁰.

Globalnie, demencja (wszystkich przyczyn) jest piątą wiodącą przyczyną zgonów, z 4,4% wszystkich zgonów przypisywanych demencji w 2016 roku³¹. Liczba zgonów związanych z demencją stale rośnie, częściowo ze względu na wzrost populacji i starzenie się społeczeństwa, podwajając się w latach 1990-2016³².

Standaryzowany względem wieku współczynnik umieralności z powodu zgonów spowodowanych demencją w przebiegu choroby alzheimera w Europie wynosił 45,2 na 100 000 osób w 2013 roku³³. Globalna śmiertelność z powodu demencji wzrosła z 10,49 zgonów na 100 000 osób w 1990 roku do 20,98 zgonów na 100 000 osób w 2019 roku³⁴.

Przewiduje się, że całkowita liczba zgonów z powodu demencji wzrośnie z obecnych 2,4 miliona rocznie do 5,8 miliona do 2040 roku³⁵. Ten drastyczny wzrost śmiertelności związanej z chorobą alzheimera i innymi demencjami podkreśla pilną potrzebę opracowania skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych i terapeutycznych.

Progresja choroby alzheimera i łagodne zaburzenia poznawcze

Choroba alzheimera rozwija się stopniowo poprzez kilka stadiów, od braku akumulacji toksycznych form beta-amyloidu, przez normalną funkcję poznawczą z obecnością złogów beta-amyloidu, następnie neurodegenerację, aż do łagodnych zaburzeń poznawczych (MCI) i demencji³⁶.

Łagodne zaburzenia poznawcze (MCI) związane z chorobą alzheimera mogą ostatecznie prowadzić do demencji. Szacunki dotyczące etiologii demencji w przebiegu choroby alzheimera wśród pacjentów z MCI wahają się od 40% do 75%, w zależności od badanych populacji i tego, czy diagnoza MCI została postawiona klinicznie, czy w połączeniu z biomarkerami³⁷.

Ryzyko demencji w przebiegu choroby alzheimera zwiększa się wraz z progresją od prawidłowej funkcji poznawczej bez akumulacji beta-amyloidu do wczesnej neurodegeneracji, a następnie do MCI. Dla pacjentów z akumulacją beta-amyloidu i neurodegeneracją, ryzyko demencji w przebiegu choroby alzheimera w ciągu życia oszacowano na 41,9% wśród kobiet i 33,6% wśród mężczyzn³⁸.

Obecne badania sugerują, że prawie 40% pacjentów z klinicznie zdiagnozowanym MCI rozwija demencję w przebiegu choroby alzheimera w ciągu średnio 18 miesięcy³⁹. Do kluczowych czynników ryzyka lub czynników ochronnych przed progresją do demencji w przebiegu choroby alzheimera od klinicznie zdiagnozowanego MCI należą podtyp MCI (np. amnestyczny MCI, nieamnestyczny MCI), słabe wyniki w różnych testach neurokognitywnych oraz biomarkery, takie jak nieprawidłowy poziom tau w płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym lub stosunek tau/Aβ, status APOE4, hiperintensywność istoty białej oraz zanik w obszarach hipokampa, przyśrodkowego płata skroniowego lub kory śródwęchowej⁴⁰.

Biomarkery choroby alzheimera

Badania nad biomarkerami choroby alzheimera poczyniły znaczące postępy w ostatnich latach. Narodowy Instytut Starzenia i Stowarzyszenie Alzheimerowskie (NIA-AA) zaktualizowały kryteria diagnostyczne, uwzględniając dane biomarkerów, co poprawia wczesną diagnostykę⁴¹.

Wyniki badań sugerują, że stosowanie biomarkerów wraz z testami neurokognitywnymi stanie się ważną częścią praktyki klinicznej w miarę wprowadzania nowych terapii modyfikujących przebieg choroby⁴². Raport specjalny podkreśla kilka kluczowych wysiłków na rzecz poprawy wczesnego wykrywania, diagnostyki i leczenia dla większej liczby Amerykanów, w tym: kontynuowanie badań w celu odkrywania, walidacji i rozwijania testów biomarkerów, aby mogły być szeroko stosowane w warunkach klinicznych do wykrywania i diagnozowania choroby alzheimera i innych demencji na najwcześniejszych etapach⁴³.

Większość ludzi uważa wczesną diagnozę za istotną – badania wykazały, że zdecydowana większość Amerykanów (99%) uważa, że wczesna diagnoza jest ważna⁴⁴. Wczesna identyfikacja choroby alzheimera może umożliwić lepsze planowanie opieki i potencjalnie skuteczniejsze interwencje na wczesnych etapach choroby.

Nadzór nad chorobą alzheimera w zdrowiu publicznym

Nadzór – zbieranie danych, informacji i spostrzeżeń – jest istotną funkcją zdrowia publicznego. Poprzez gromadzenie danych, ocenę potrzeb i analizę, urzędnicy zdrowia publicznego i decydenci mogą lepiej zrozumieć zakres choroby alzheimera i innych form demencji oraz ich wpływ, a także wprowadzać pozytywne zmiany w celu rozwiązania problemu⁴⁵.

Moduł BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) dotyczący spadku funkcji poznawczych jest jedynym źródłem danych specyficznych dla poszczególnych stanów na temat zdrowia poznawczego. Moduł ten mierzy subiektywny spadek funkcji poznawczych (SCD) – samodzielnie zgłaszane trudności w myśleniu lub pamięci, które pogorszyły się w ciągu ostatniego roku, oraz wpływ SCD na codzienne życie⁴⁶.

Systemy nadzoru i monitorowanie demencji

Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) uznaje demencję za priorytet zdrowia publicznego. W maju 2017 roku Światowe Zgromadzenie Zdrowia zatwierdziło Globalny plan działania na rzecz zdrowia publicznego w odpowiedzi na demencję na lata 2017-2025. Plan ten zapewnia kompleksowy schemat działania dla decydentów, partnerów międzynarodowych, regionalnych i krajowych oraz WHO w następujących obszarach: traktowanie demencji jako priorytetu zdrowia publicznego; zwiększanie świadomości na temat demencji i tworzenie społeczeństwa inkluzywnego dla osób z demencją; zmniejszanie ryzyka demencji; diagnostyka, leczenie i opieka; systemy informacyjne dotyczące demencji; wsparcie dla opiekunów osób z demencją; oraz badania i innowacje⁴⁷.

W celu ułatwienia monitorowania globalnego planu działania przeciwko demencji, WHO opracowała Globalne Obserwatorium Demencji (GDO), portal danych, który zestawia dane krajowe dotyczące 35 kluczowych wskaźników demencji w siedmiu strategicznych obszarach globalnego planu działania⁴⁸.

W Stanach Zjednoczonych, Centrum Kontroli i Prewencji Chorób (CDC) opracowało Portal Danych o Chorobie Alzheimera i Zdrowym Starzeniu, który zapewnia łatwy dostęp do danych na poziomie krajowym i stanowym dotyczących kluczowych wskaźników zdrowia i dobrostanu starszych dorosłych, w tym: opieki, subiektywnego spadku funkcji poznawczych, badań przesiewowych i szczepień, zdrowia psychicznego⁴⁹.

Te wskaźniki zapewniają obraz aktualnie dostępnych informacji nadzorczych. Mogą być przydatne do ustalania priorytetów i oceny interwencji w zakresie zdrowia publicznego⁵⁰. Portal Danych o Chorobie Alzheimera i Zdrowym Starzeniu oferuje interaktywne opcje tworzenia: niestandardowych raportów, wizualizacji dostosowanych do wskaźnika i lokalizacji, wykresów słupkowych według wskaźnika i lokalizacji. Dane można również pobrać do analizy i planowania programów⁵¹.

Obciążenie ekonomiczne i społeczne chorobą alzheimera

Choroba alzheimera powoduje znaczące obciążenie ekonomiczne zarówno dla rodzin, jak i systemów opieki zdrowotnej. Koszty opieki zdrowotnej i długoterminowej dla osób żyjących z chorobą alzheimera lub innymi demencjami są znaczne, a demencja jest jednym z najbardziej kosztownych stanów dla społeczeństwa⁵².

Przewiduje się, że koszty zdrowotne i opieki długoterminowej dla osób żyjących z demencją osiągną 384 miliardy dolarów w 2025 roku⁵³. Światowe, ogólne społeczne koszty demencji oszacowano na ponad 315 miliardów dolarów w 2005 roku, w tym jedną trzecią na nieformalną opiekę⁵⁴.

W Stanach Zjednoczonych, całkowity roczny koszt opieki dla osób z demencją ma się podwoić w ciągu dwóch dekad, z 8,3 miliarda dolarów do 16,6 miliarda dolarów⁵⁵. Podobnie w Kanadzie, w 2019 roku, szacunkowy koszt opieki dla osób z chorobą alzheimera i innymi demencjami wynosił 10,4 miliarda dolarów, a przewiduje się, że wzrośnie do 16,6 miliarda dolarów do 2031 roku⁵⁶.

Nie tylko koszty finansowe, ale także obciążenie społeczne jest znaczące. Choroba alzheimera ma ogromny wpływ na samych pacjentów, opiekunów i społeczeństwo⁵⁷. Gwałtowny wzrost liczby pacjentów z demencją i chorobą alzheimera będzie miał ogromne konsekwencje dla naszego społeczeństwa i gospodarki⁵⁸.

Wyzwania w diagnostyce i leczeniu

Jednym z głównych wyzwań w zwalczaniu choroby alzheimera jest niedodiagnozowanie. Badania pokazują, że większość osób obecnie żyjących z demencją nie otrzymała formalnej diagnozy. W krajach o wysokim dochodzie tylko 20-50% przypadków demencji jest rozpoznawanych i dokumentowanych w podstawowej opiece zdrowotnej. Ta „luka terapeutyczna” jest z pewnością znacznie większa w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie, przy czym jedno badanie w Indiach sugeruje, że 90% pozostaje niezdiagnozowanych⁵⁹.

Jeśli te statystyki zostaną ekstrapolowane na inne kraje na świecie, sugeruje to, że około trzech czwartych osób z demencją nie otrzymało diagnozy, a tym samym nie ma dostępu do leczenia, opieki i zorganizowanego wsparcia, które może zapewnić formalna diagnoza⁶⁰.

Ponadto, mimo intensywnych wysiłków, znaczna część genetycznej etiologii choroby alzheimera pozostaje nieznana i musi zostać zidentyfikowana⁶¹. Badania epidemiologiczne są niezbędne do identyfikacji czynników ryzyka i czynników ochronnych, które silnie wpływają na stan poznawczy⁶².

Strategie profilaktyczne i wyzwania przyszłości

W obliczu rosnącego globalnego obciążenia chorobą alzheimera, opracowanie skutecznych strategii profilaktycznych staje się kluczowym priorytetem. Szacuje się, że jedna trzecia przypadków choroby alzheimera na świecie jest związana z modyfikowalnymi czynnikami ryzyka, które mogą modulować ryzyko rozwoju AD u danej osoby⁶³.

Strategie profilaktyczne oparte na dowodach, zgodne z potencjalnym związkiem między modyfikowalnymi czynnikami ryzyka a chorobą alzheimera o późnym początku, muszą być badane w przyszłych badaniach⁶⁴. Konieczne jest zwiększenie rezerwy poznawczej, głównie poprzez poprawę poziomu edukacji i promowanie kontaktów społecznych⁶⁵.

Dodatkowo, dobry stan zdrowia, zdrowy styl życia oraz ograniczenie narażenia na czynniki środowiskowe mogą sprzyjać zmniejszeniu uszkodzeń neuropatologicznych w celu zapobiegania chorobie alzheimera⁶⁶. Wczesne badania przesiewowe i interwencja w zakresie czynników ryzyka naczyniowego oraz utrzymanie dobrego stanu układu sercowo-naczyniowego powinny stać się najwyższym priorytetem dla zapobiegania chorobie alzheimera⁶⁷.

Długoterminowe interwencje wielodomenowe ukierunkowane na optymalną kontrolę wielu naczyniowych czynników ryzyka oraz utrzymanie społecznie zintegrowanego stylu życia i aktywności stymulujących umysł mają zmniejszyć ryzyko lub opóźnić kliniczny początek demencji, w tym choroby alzheimera⁶⁸.

Potrzeba wczesnej identyfikacji i interwencji

Wobec braku leku lub leczenia, które byłoby globalnie dostępne, redukcja ryzyka pozostaje najbardziej wykonalnym i proaktywnym sposobem walki z demencją⁶⁹. Raport Światowy o Chorobie Alzheimera 2023, napisany w stylu dziennikarskim z kluczowymi studiami przypadków, koncentruje się na zmniejszaniu ryzyka demencji i oferuje prawdziwie globalny wgląd w sposoby, w jakie czynniki ryzyka demencji są doświadczane na całym świecie⁷⁰.

Raport bada czynniki napędzające redukcję ryzyka i zapewnia przystępny przegląd zarówno modyfikowalnych, jak i niemodyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka, a także korzyści z uczenia się przez całe życie⁷¹. Raport podkreśla również globalne dysproporcje w zdolności i środkach jednostki do zmniejszenia ryzyka demencji, mobilizując wezwanie do działania dla rządów, aby zapewniły systemowe zmiany oparte na populacji w celu promowania redukcji ryzyka oraz znaczenie badań nad demencją⁷².

Redukcja ryzyka jest wysiłkiem na całe życie i jest najbardziej skuteczna, gdy świadomość i zrozumienie zdrowia mózgu zaczyna się w młodym wieku, ustanawiając dobre nawyki. Redukcja ryzyka nie kończy się na diagnozie – osoby z demencją mogą wdrażać zdrowe zmiany stylu życia mające na celu spowolnienie progresji choroby⁷³.

Epidemiologia choroby alzheimera w różnych regionach świata

Epidemiologia choroby alzheimera wykazuje znaczne różnice regionalne, które warto uwzględnić przy planowaniu globalnych strategii walki z tą chorobą. Poniżej przedstawiono specyficzne dane dla wybranych regionów i krajów.

Stany Zjednoczone

W Stanach Zjednoczonych szacuje się, że 6,9 miliona Amerykanów w wieku 65 lat i starszym żyje z chorobą alzheimera w 2024 roku⁷⁴. Choroba alzheimera jest szóstą wiodącą przyczyną zgonów w Stanach Zjednoczonych, a liczba zgonów wzrosła o 123% między 2000 a 2015 rokiem⁷⁵.

Około 1 na 9 osób (10,8%) w wieku 65 lat i starszych ma chorobę alzheimera. Odsetek osób z demencją w przebiegu choroby alzheimera wzrasta z wiekiem: 5,0% osób w wieku 65-74 lat, 13,1% osób w wieku 75-84 lat i 33,3% osób w wieku 85 lat i starszych⁷⁶.

W 2023 roku Stany Zjednoczone odpowiadały za około 44% zdiagnozowanych przypadków choroby alzheimera w siedmiu głównych rynkach medycznych (7MM), z łączną liczbą 6,98 miliona przypadków⁷⁷.

W Teksasie, który zajmuje trzecie miejsce w kraju pod względem liczby przypadków choroby alzheimera i drugie pod względem liczby zgonów z jej powodu, w 2020 roku około 460 000 mieszkańców w wieku 65 lat i starszych żyło z chorobą alzheimera⁷⁸.

Europa

W Europie szacuje się, że prawie 8 milionów osób obecnie żyje z demencją. Do 2050 roku przewiduje się, że liczba ta wzrośnie do 14 milionów⁷⁹. Zagregowane dane z badań populacyjnych w Europie sugerują, że standaryzowana względem wieku chorobowość u osób w wieku 65+ lat wynosi 6,4% dla demencji i 4,4% dla choroby alzheimera⁸⁰.

W 2023 roku, wśród UE4 i Wielkiej Brytanii, Niemcy miały najwyższą liczbę zdiagnozowanych przypadków choroby alzheimera, stanowiąc 30% wszystkich przypadków, następnie Francja (24%)⁸¹.

Azja i Pacyfik

W regionie Azji i Pacyfiku, Japonia wykazuje szczególnie wysokie wskaźniki choroby alzheimera. W 2023 roku w Japonii oszacowano łączną liczbę zdiagnozowanych przypadków choroby alzheimera na około 3,92 miliona⁸². W tym samym roku w Japonii odnotowano około 1,39 miliona zdiagnozowanych przypadków choroby alzheimera u mężczyzn i 2,53 miliona u kobiet, co odzwierciedla wyraźną różnicę płci w występowaniu choroby⁸³.

W Japonii obserwuje się znaczący wzrost chorobowości choroby alzheimera. Standaryzowana względem wieku i płci chorobowość choroby alzheimera wzrosła z 1,1% w 1985 roku do 3,8% w 2005 roku (p-trend<0,001) i była 3,28-krotnie wyższa w 2005 roku niż w 1985 roku (p<0,001)⁸⁴.

W 2012 roku przeprowadzono piąte przekrojowe badanie Hisayama, przy czym punktowa chorobowość demencji nadal rosła z 7,1% w 1998 roku do 12,5% w 2005 roku i do 17,9% w 2012 roku. Widoczny był również znaczący wzrost chorobowości choroby alzheimera (około dziewięciokrotny w ciągu 25 lat), zaczynając od 1,4% w 1985 roku, wzrastając do 1,8% w 1992 roku, 3,4% w 1998 roku, 6,1% w 2005 roku i 12,3% w 2012 roku⁸⁵.

W Chinach, badania przekrojowe przeprowadzone w miejskich obszarach wykazały chorobowość choroby alzheimera u osób w wieku 65+ lat na poziomie 3,5%, a nawet wyższą (4,8%) po korekcie post-hoc dotyczącej błędów negatywnego badania przesiewowego, co jest generalnie porównywalne z danymi z krajów zachodnich⁸⁶.

Kraje rozwijające się

Systematyczny przegląd oszacował, że ogólna chorobowość choroby alzheimera w krajach rozwijających się wynosiła 3,4% (95% CI, 1,6% – 5,0%)⁸⁷. Chorobowość demencji (kryteria DSM-IV) u osób w wieku 65+ lat w siedmiu krajach rozwijających się wahała się znacznie od mniej niż 0,5% do ponad 6%, co jest znacznie niższe niż w krajach rozwiniętych⁸⁸.

Podobne wskaźniki chorobowości demencji były również raportowane w populacjach miejskich krajów Ameryki Łacińskiej, takich jak Hawana na Kubie (6,4%) i São Paulo w Brazylii (5,1%)⁸⁹.

Przewiduje się, że najszybszy wzrost liczby osób z demencją nastąpi w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie. Tempo wzrostu liczby przypadków demencji nie jest jednolite na całym świecie; liczby w krajach rozwiniętych mają wzrosnąć o 100% między 2001 a 2040 rokiem, ale wzrosnąć o ponad 300% w Indiach, Chinach i innych krajach Azji Południowej i Zachodniego Pacyfiku⁹⁰.

Region	Chorobowość choroby alzheimera	Prognozy
Świat	51,6 miliona (2019)	139 milionów (2050)
USA	6,9 miliona (2024)	12,7-14 milionów (2050)
Europa	8 milionów	14 milionów (2050)
Japonia	3,92 miliona (2023)	Wzrost w związku ze starzeniem się populacji
Chiny	3,5-4,8% u osób 65+	Szybki wzrost >300% (2001-2040)

Wnioski i przyszłe kierunki badań

Choroba alzheimera stanowi ogromne wyzwanie dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej na całym świecie. Jej rosnące rozpowszechnienie, związane ze starzeniem się populacji, wymaga kompleksowych strategii zarówno w zakresie profilaktyki, jak i leczenia. Epidemiologia choroby alzheimera dostarcza cennych informacji na temat jej występowania, dystrybucji i czynników ryzyka, co jest kluczowe dla planowania interwencji zdrowia publicznego⁹¹.

Potrzebne są więcej badań, aby w pełni zrozumieć spektrum choroby od preklinicznej choroby alzheimera do demencji klinicznej⁹². Ponadto, ważne jest, aby przyszłe badania koncentrowały się na osobach z wysokim ryzykiem choroby alzheimera lub w prodromalnym stadium choroby, wśród których codzienne profilaktyki i interwencje neuroprotekcyjne mogą wywierać większy korzystny wpływ⁹³.

Interwencje wielodomenowe w społeczności w celu określenia, w jakim stopniu strategie profilaktyczne ukierunkowane na optymalną kontrolę wielu czynników i zaburzeń naczyniowych, a także utrzymanie aktywnego stylu życia, są skuteczne przeciwko demencji i chorobie alzheimera, są uzasadnione⁹⁴.

Strategie ograniczania globalnego obciążenia chorobą alzheimera powinny obejmować:

Poprawę świadomości i edukacji społeczeństwa na temat czynników ryzyka i wczesnych objawów choroby alzheimera⁹⁵
Wdrażanie programów profilaktycznych ukierunkowanych na modyfikowalne czynniki ryzyka, takie jak nadciśnienie, cukrzyca i otyłość⁹⁶
Rozwijanie systemów wczesnego wykrywania i diagnostyki, w tym wykorzystanie biomarkerów⁹⁷
Inwestowanie w badania nad nowymi metodami leczenia modyfikującymi przebieg choroby⁹⁸
Budowanie zdolności systemów opieki zdrowotnej do zaspokajania potrzeb rosnącej populacji osób z demencją⁹⁹

Zrozumienie epidemiologii choroby alzheimera jest kluczowe dla opracowania skutecznych strategii zdrowia publicznego. Przyszłe badania powinny koncentrować się na lepszym zrozumieniu różnic regionalnych, identyfikacji nowych czynników ryzyka i czynników ochronnych oraz opracowaniu skutecznych interwencji, które mogą zmniejszyć globalne obciążenie tą chorobą.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
More than 25 million people in the world today are affected by dementia, most suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. […] In both developed and developing nations, Alzheimer’s disease has had tremendous impact on the affected individuals, caregivers, and society. […] The long-term multidomain interventions toward the optimal control of multiple vascular risk factors and the maintenance of socially integrated lifestyles and mentally stimulating activities are expected to reduce the risk or postpone the clinical onset of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. […] Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is named after the German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer, who first described this disorder more than one century ago, is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for up to 75 % of all dementia cases.
#2 Alzheimerâs Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9095793/
Alzheimers disease (AD) is prevalent throughout the world and is the leading cause of dementia in older individuals (aged 65 years). To gain a deeper understanding of the recent literature on the epidemiology of AD and its progression, we conducted a review of the PubMed-indexed literature (2014-2021) in North America, Europe, and Asia. The worldwide toll of AD is evidenced by rising prevalence, incidence, and mortality due to AD estimates which are low because of underdiagnosis of AD. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD can ultimately progress to AD dementia; estimates of AD dementia etiology among patients with MCI range from 40% to 75% depending on the populations studied and whether the MCI diagnosis was made clinically or in combination with biomarkers. The risk of AD dementia increases with progression from normal cognition with no amyloid-beta (A) accumulation to early neurodegeneration and subsequently to MCI. For patients with A accumulation and neurodegeneration, lifetime risk of AD dementia has been estimated to be 41.9% among women and 33.6% among men. Data on progression from preclinical AD to MCI are sparse, but an analysis of progression across the three preclinical National Institute on Aging and Alzheimers Association (NIA-AA) stages suggests that NIA-AA stage 3 (subtle cognitive decline with AD biomarker positivity) could be useful in combination with other tools for treatment decision-making. Factors shown to increase risk include lower Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, higher Alzheimers Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) score, positive APOE4 status, white matter hyperintensities volume, entorhinal cortex atrophy, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau, CSF neurogranin levels, dependency in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and being female. Results suggest that use of biomarkers alongside neurocognitive tests will become an important part of clinical practice as new disease-modifying therapies are introduced.
#3
https://link.springer.com/article/10.14283/jpad.2021.15
Mild Alzheimers disease is the leading cause of dementia, accounting for 5070% of cases. […] As life expectancy increases and demographic ageing occurs, the global prevalence of Alzheimers disease is expected to continue to rise especially in developing countries, leading to a costly burden of disease. […] Epidemiological studies have identified potential modifiable risk and protective factors for Alzheimers disease prevention. […] Therefore, epidemiological investigations are essential to identify risk and protective factors that strongly influence cognitive status. […] In fact, one-third of AD cases worldwide are attributable to underlying modifiable risk factors, which might modulate an individuals risk of developing AD. […] The number of dementia patients is projected to reach 152 million by mid-century worldwide, with the greatest increase expected in low-and middle-income countries.
#4 Charting Alzheimerâs Disease and Dementia: Epidemiological Insights, Risk Factors and Prevention Pathways
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/14/4100
Alzheimerâs disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a complex and multifactorial condition without cure at present. […] In fact, recent studies have observed a decrease in dementia incidence in developed regions such as the US and Europe. However, these trends have not been mirrored in non-Western countries (Japan or China), and the contributing factors of this reduction remain unclear. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates dementia cost around USD $818 billion in 2015, equivalent to 1.1% of global gross domestic product, ranging from 0.2%âlow- and middle-income countriesâto 1.4%âhigh-income countries. Therefore, dementia is considered a global public health priority. […] Thus, recent studies have shown that the age-specific incidence of dementia is unexpectedly decreasing in some countries, but explanatory factors remain undetermined, and further evidence is needed to resolve this enigma.
#5 Alzheimer’s Facts and Figures Report | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
Over 7 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s. By 2050, this number is projected to rise to nearly 13 million. […] An estimated 7.2 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s dementia. The number of Americans living with Alzheimer’s is growing and growing fast. Over 7 million Americans have Alzheimer’s. […] By 2030, all members of the baby boom generation (Americans born between 1946 and 1964) will be age 65 or older, the age range of greatest risk of Alzheimer’s dementia. By 2050, the number of people age 65 and older with Alzheimer’s may grow to a projected 12.7 million, barring the development of medical breakthroughs to prevent or cure Alzheimer’s disease. […] Alzheimer’s is not just memory loss. Alzheimer’s kills. […] Alzheimer’s disease was the sixth-leading cause of death among people age 65 and older in 2022.
#6 Frontiers | Alzheimer’s disease: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms diagnosis, management, caregiving, advanced treatments and associated challenges
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2024.1474043/full
AD is significantly influenced by genetic predispositions, such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE) Îµ4 allele, along with modifiable environmental factors like diet, physical activity, and cognitive engagement. […] The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association have updated diagnostic criteria to include biomarker data, enhancing early diagnosis. […] In 2019, there was an estimated total of 51.6 million prevalent cases of AD and other dementias. The age-standardized prevalence rate due to AD and other dementias was estimated to be 682.5 per 100,000 individuals, a 5.7% increase since 1990. […] In 2019, the highest national age-standardized prevalence rates were seen in Turkey and Bahrain, while the lowest rates were found in India and Nigeria. […] In 2019, there were 1.6 million death cases due to AD and other dementias.
#7 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Alzheimers-Disease-Epidemiology.aspx
Alzheimer’s disease is a neuropsychological ailment characterized by progressive degeneration of neurons, which results in dementia and mental impairment. […] In 2016, approximately 47 million people live with dementia across the globe. Alzheimer’s is the single most common cause of dementia, comprising 70% of all cases. […] The geographical distribution of Alzheimer’s is slightly skewed. The western European countries and North America has the highest prevalence of Alzheimer’s, followed by China, Latin America, and Western-Pacific countries. […] In the United States, approximately 5.7 million people are living with Alzheimer’s. Its the 6th leading cause of death in the United States, and the number of deaths skyrocketed by 123% between 2000 and 2015. […] Age is a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s. In fact, Alzheimer’s disease is predominantly a disease of aging.
#8 Frontiers | Alzheimer’s disease: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms diagnosis, management, caregiving, advanced treatments and associated challenges
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2024.1474043/full
AD is significantly influenced by genetic predispositions, such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE) Îµ4 allele, along with modifiable environmental factors like diet, physical activity, and cognitive engagement. […] The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association have updated diagnostic criteria to include biomarker data, enhancing early diagnosis. […] In 2019, there was an estimated total of 51.6 million prevalent cases of AD and other dementias. The age-standardized prevalence rate due to AD and other dementias was estimated to be 682.5 per 100,000 individuals, a 5.7% increase since 1990. […] In 2019, the highest national age-standardized prevalence rates were seen in Turkey and Bahrain, while the lowest rates were found in India and Nigeria. […] In 2019, there were 1.6 million death cases due to AD and other dementias.
#9 Epidemiology of Alzheimerâs Disease | IntechOpen
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/43129
The age-specific prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease almost doubles every 5 years after aged 65. […] Among developed nations, approximately 1 in 10 older people aged 65 is affected by some degree of dementia, whereas more than one third of very old people aged 85 years may have dementia-related symptoms and signs. […] There is a similar pattern of dementia subtypes across the world, with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, the two most common forms of dementia, accounting for 50 % to 70 % and 15 % to 25 %, respectively, of all dementia cases. […] Epidemiological research of dementia and AD in low- and middle-income countries has drawn much attention in recent years. […] A systematic review estimated that the overall prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in developing countries was 3.4 % (95 % CI,1.6 % – 5.0 %).
#10 Alzheimer’s disease – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease
In the United States in 2020, AD dementia prevalence was estimated to be 5.3% for those in the 60-74 age group, with the rate increasing to 13.8% in the 74-84 group and to 34.6% in those greater than 85. Prevalence rates in some less developed regions around the globe are lower. Both the prevalence and incidence rates of AD are steadily increasing, and the prevalence rate is estimated to triple by 2050 reaching 152 million, compared to the 50 million people with AD globally in 2020.
#11
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
During the last a few decades, research in epidemiology of dementia and AD has made tremendous progress. […] The pooled data of population-based studies in Europe suggests that the age-standardized prevalence in people 65+ years old is 6.4 % for dementia and 4.4 % for AD. […] More than 25 million people in the world are currently affected by dementia, most suffering from AD, with around 5 million new cases occurring every year. […] The number of people with dementia is anticipated to double every 20 years. […] The age-specific prevalence of AD almost doubles every 5 years after aged 65. […] Epidemiologic research of dementia and AD in low- and middle-income countries has drawn much attention in recent years. […] The pooled incidence rate of AD among people 65+ years of age in Europe was 19.4 per 1000 person-years.
#12 Alzheimer’s Facts and Figures Report | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
Over 7 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s. By 2050, this number is projected to rise to nearly 13 million. […] An estimated 7.2 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s dementia. The number of Americans living with Alzheimer’s is growing and growing fast. Over 7 million Americans have Alzheimer’s. […] By 2030, all members of the baby boom generation (Americans born between 1946 and 1964) will be age 65 or older, the age range of greatest risk of Alzheimer’s dementia. By 2050, the number of people age 65 and older with Alzheimer’s may grow to a projected 12.7 million, barring the development of medical breakthroughs to prevent or cure Alzheimer’s disease. […] Alzheimer’s is not just memory loss. Alzheimer’s kills. […] Alzheimer’s disease was the sixth-leading cause of death among people age 65 and older in 2022.
#13 Alzheimer’s Facts and Figures Report | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
Over 7 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s. By 2050, this number is projected to rise to nearly 13 million. […] An estimated 7.2 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s dementia. The number of Americans living with Alzheimer’s is growing and growing fast. Over 7 million Americans have Alzheimer’s. […] By 2030, all members of the baby boom generation (Americans born between 1946 and 1964) will be age 65 or older, the age range of greatest risk of Alzheimer’s dementia. By 2050, the number of people age 65 and older with Alzheimer’s may grow to a projected 12.7 million, barring the development of medical breakthroughs to prevent or cure Alzheimer’s disease. […] Alzheimer’s is not just memory loss. Alzheimer’s kills. […] Alzheimer’s disease was the sixth-leading cause of death among people age 65 and older in 2022.
#14 Alzheimer Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1134817-overview
According to a 2024 report from the Alzheimer’s Association, AD affects an estimated 6.9 million people in the United States, and approximately 200,000 people younger than 65 years have younger-onset AD. […] By the year 2050, AD could affect 13.8 million persons in the United States. […] In the United States, AD is a leading cause of death. While deaths from other major causes have been decreasing, deaths from of AD have been rising. […] AD was the fifth leading cause of death among people age 65 and older in 2021. […] The prevalence of dementia in persons 65 years of age and older in North America is approximately 6-10%, with AD accounting for two-thirds of these cases. […] If milder cases are included, the prevalence rates double. […] Countries experiencing rapid increases in the elderly segments of their population have rates approaching those in the United States.
#15 Dementia statistics | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/dementia-statistics/
Someone in the world develops dementia every 3 seconds. There are over 55 million people worldwide living with dementia in 2020. This number will almost double every 20 years, reaching 78 million in 2030 and 139 million in 2050. Much of the increase will be in developing countries. Already 60% of people with dementia live in low and middle income countries, but by 2050 this will rise to 71%. The fastest growth in the elderly population is taking place in China, India, and their south Asian and western Pacific neighbours. […] There are over 10 million new cases of dementia each year worldwide, implying one new case every 3.2 seconds. […] The World Alzheimer Report 2015 updates ADIâs global estimates of the prevalence, incidence and costs of dementia based on systematic reviews. The report makes key recommendations to provide a global framework for action on dementia. The report also includes a review of the evidence for and against recent trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia over time, as well as an analysis of the broader societal impact of dementia.
#16 Dementia statistics | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/dementia-statistics/
Someone in the world develops dementia every 3 seconds. There are over 55 million people worldwide living with dementia in 2020. This number will almost double every 20 years, reaching 78 million in 2030 and 139 million in 2050. Much of the increase will be in developing countries. Already 60% of people with dementia live in low and middle income countries, but by 2050 this will rise to 71%. The fastest growth in the elderly population is taking place in China, India, and their south Asian and western Pacific neighbours. […] There are over 10 million new cases of dementia each year worldwide, implying one new case every 3.2 seconds. […] The World Alzheimer Report 2015 updates ADIâs global estimates of the prevalence, incidence and costs of dementia based on systematic reviews. The report makes key recommendations to provide a global framework for action on dementia. The report also includes a review of the evidence for and against recent trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia over time, as well as an analysis of the broader societal impact of dementia.
#17 Dementia statistics | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/dementia-statistics/
Someone in the world develops dementia every 3 seconds. There are over 55 million people worldwide living with dementia in 2020. This number will almost double every 20 years, reaching 78 million in 2030 and 139 million in 2050. Much of the increase will be in developing countries. Already 60% of people with dementia live in low and middle income countries, but by 2050 this will rise to 71%. The fastest growth in the elderly population is taking place in China, India, and their south Asian and western Pacific neighbours. […] There are over 10 million new cases of dementia each year worldwide, implying one new case every 3.2 seconds. […] The World Alzheimer Report 2015 updates ADIâs global estimates of the prevalence, incidence and costs of dementia based on systematic reviews. The report makes key recommendations to provide a global framework for action on dementia. The report also includes a review of the evidence for and against recent trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia over time, as well as an analysis of the broader societal impact of dementia.
#18 Dementia statistics | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/dementia-statistics/
Someone in the world develops dementia every 3 seconds. There are over 55 million people worldwide living with dementia in 2020. This number will almost double every 20 years, reaching 78 million in 2030 and 139 million in 2050. Much of the increase will be in developing countries. Already 60% of people with dementia live in low and middle income countries, but by 2050 this will rise to 71%. The fastest growth in the elderly population is taking place in China, India, and their south Asian and western Pacific neighbours. […] There are over 10 million new cases of dementia each year worldwide, implying one new case every 3.2 seconds. […] The World Alzheimer Report 2015 updates ADIâs global estimates of the prevalence, incidence and costs of dementia based on systematic reviews. The report makes key recommendations to provide a global framework for action on dementia. The report also includes a review of the evidence for and against recent trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia over time, as well as an analysis of the broader societal impact of dementia.
#19
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
During the last a few decades, research in epidemiology of dementia and AD has made tremendous progress. […] The pooled data of population-based studies in Europe suggests that the age-standardized prevalence in people 65+ years old is 6.4 % for dementia and 4.4 % for AD. […] More than 25 million people in the world are currently affected by dementia, most suffering from AD, with around 5 million new cases occurring every year. […] The number of people with dementia is anticipated to double every 20 years. […] The age-specific prevalence of AD almost doubles every 5 years after aged 65. […] Epidemiologic research of dementia and AD in low- and middle-income countries has drawn much attention in recent years. […] The pooled incidence rate of AD among people 65+ years of age in Europe was 19.4 per 1000 person-years.
#20 Alzheimerâs Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9095793/
The prevalence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia is high and expected to rise over time consistent with the aging of the population. According to a range of estimates from different studies, AD dementia affects 34% of adults in their late working or retirement years. These estimates may reflect regional differences or differences in study design (e.g., varying ages of study populations, diagnostic criteria for AD dementia). […] The incidence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia reported in studies varies from 2.0 to 16.8 new cases of AD per 1000 person-years across studies in the USA, Europe, Japan, and China. Some of the wide variation in incidence may be due to variations in age ranges of included study populations, country population characteristics, time periods studied, and operational diagnosis of AD dementia.
#21
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-022-00338-8
Results suggest that use of biomarkers alongside neurocognitive tests will become an important part of clinical practice as new disease-modifying therapies are introduced. […] The prevalence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia is high and expected to rise over time consistent with the aging of the population. […] The prevalence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia rises with increasing age. […] AD dementia is also more common among women than among men. […] The incidence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia reported in studies varies from 2.0 to 16.8 new cases of AD per 1000 person-years across studies in the USA, Europe, Japan, and China. […] The age-standardized mortality rate for deaths caused by AD dementia in Europe was 45.2 per 100,000 in 2013. […] Patients with MCI due to AD are more likely to progress to dementia than those with MCI that is not associated with toxic species of A and/or the development of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein.
#22
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
The incidence rate of AD increases almost exponentially with increasing age until 85 years of age. […] The rapid increase in the number of patients with dementia and AD will result in tremendous consequence for our society and economy. […] The worldwide, overall societal costs of dementia were estimated to be more than US$315 billion in 2005, including one third for informal care. […] Alzheimer’s disease represents an increasing challenge to public health and the health care system, and has had tremendous impact at both the individual and the societal levels. […] Epidemiologic research has provided sufficient evidence that vascular risk factors in middle-aged and older adults play a significant role in the development and progression of dementia and AD. […] Multidomain community intervention trials are warranted to determine to what extent preventive strategies toward optimal control of multiple vascular factors and disorders, as well as the maintenance of an active lifestyle, are effective against dementia and AD.
#23 Epidemiology, associated burden, and current clinical practice for the | CEOR
https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-associated-burden-and-current-clinical-practice-for-the-d-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CEOR
The Hisayama study prospectively followed a cohort of 828 subjects aged 65 years without dementia to determine the incidence of dementia and its subtypes. […] The incidence of all-cause dementia per 1000 person-years was 12.0 for men and 16.6 for women. The incidence of AD per 1000 person-years was 5.6 for men and 11.3 for women. […] The current diagnosis of AD relies on the presence of cognitive impairment and ruling out of other diseases. Patients who do not meet the clinical criteria for dementia or AD dementia may be classified as having MCI; however, the diagnosis of MCI does not necessarily predict the development of dementia or AD dementia. […] The current focus of research for many AD treatments is to delay the development of the disease. Indeed, if interventions could either delay the onset of dementia or disease progression by one or two years, it is projected that the global burden of this disease would be significantly reduced, with more than 20% fewer cases of AD occurring in 2050.
#24 Alzheimer Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1134817-overview
The prevalence of AD increases with age. AD is most prevalent in individuals older than 60 years. […] More than 90% of cases of AD are sporadic and occur in individuals older than 60 years. […] Some studies have reported a higher risk of AD in women than in men; other studies, however, including the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study, found no difference in risk between men and women. […] AD and other dementias are more common in African Americans than in whites. […] According to the Alzheimer’s Association, in the population aged 71 years and older, African Americans are almost twice as likely to have AD and other dementias as older Whites (21.3% of African Americans vs 11.2% of whites).
#25
https://www.rgare.com/knowledge-center/article/alzheimer-s-disease-epidemiology-risks-and-testing
New evidence suggests that air pollution may be responsible for an increased risk of developing Alzheimers disease. […] In addition to environmental and lifestyle risk factors, there is a risk of developing Alzheimers disease in individuals who have a specific form of the ApoE gene on chromosome 19. The e4 form of the gene ApoE increases the risk of developing Alzheimers disease, while having an e2 ApoE allele is understood to reduce a persons risk of Alzheimers disease. […] Present methods of testing for AD are aimed at identifying people who may have an increased risk of developing the disease. In 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an at-home saliva test that looks for specific genetic markers associated with late-onset Alzheimers disease. […] To date, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 19 other significant markers of AD, aside from ApoE e4. These markers have been combined into a polygenic risk score (PRS), along with 80,000 less strongly associated genetic markers, which has achieved an ability to predict the onset of AD in 78% of cases. […] There is no test currently available that has the ability to rule in, or rule out, an increased risk of developing Alzheimers disease in later life. A safe, cost-effective and simple blood test would help diagnose people at risk of or who already have symptoms of Alzheimers disease.
#26 Alzheimerâs disease: risk factors and potentially protective measures | Journal of Biomedical Science | Full Text
https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-019-0524-y
According to Ballard et al. (2011) about 70% of the risk of developing AD can be attributed to genetics. […] A number of acquired factors increase the risk of developing AD. Among those factors are cerebrovascular diseases (most commonly reported risk factor), diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia. […] Cerebrovascular diseases and AD share many risk factors, which often overlap. […] According to the double-stroke theory of AD, vascular risk factors (first stroke) lead to dysfunction in blood-brain barrier and reduction in cerebral blood flow, with decreased blood supply to the region (oligoemia). […] A longitudinal study carried out by Skoog et al. (1996) demonstrated that hypertension is capable of leading to increased risk of developing AD. […] Epidemiological studies indicate a clear association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and the increased risk of developing AD.
#27
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
The incidence rate of AD increases almost exponentially with increasing age until 85 years of age. […] The rapid increase in the number of patients with dementia and AD will result in tremendous consequence for our society and economy. […] The worldwide, overall societal costs of dementia were estimated to be more than US$315 billion in 2005, including one third for informal care. […] Alzheimer’s disease represents an increasing challenge to public health and the health care system, and has had tremendous impact at both the individual and the societal levels. […] Epidemiologic research has provided sufficient evidence that vascular risk factors in middle-aged and older adults play a significant role in the development and progression of dementia and AD. […] Multidomain community intervention trials are warranted to determine to what extent preventive strategies toward optimal control of multiple vascular factors and disorders, as well as the maintenance of an active lifestyle, are effective against dementia and AD.
#28 Charting Alzheimerâs Disease and Dementia: Epidemiological Insights, Risk Factors and Prevention Pathways
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/14/4100
A scientific report has recently identified 12 modifiable dementia risk factors (i.e., low education, arterial hypertension, hearing loss, smoking, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus, low social contact, excessive alcohol consumption, head injury, and air pollution), which collectively account for almost 40% of the worldwide burden of dementia. […] The Lancet Commission, a group of specialized research experts addressing global concerns, conducted a review of modifiable factors that could impact dementia onset. It presented an initial report identifying nine factors: low education, hypertension, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes, and low social contact. Three years later, a new report of this Commission added three factors to the list: excessive alcohol consumption, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and air pollution. The report of this group of experts states that these factors collectively account for approximately 40% of worldwide dementia cases. […] Recent reviews and meta-analyses have grouped RFs considering specific preventive strategies (i.e., targeting the body, compensatory interventions for brain aging, and health promotion).
#29 Frontiers | Alzheimer’s disease: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms diagnosis, management, caregiving, advanced treatments and associated challenges
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2024.1474043/full
AD is significantly influenced by genetic predispositions, such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE) Îµ4 allele, along with modifiable environmental factors like diet, physical activity, and cognitive engagement. […] The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association have updated diagnostic criteria to include biomarker data, enhancing early diagnosis. […] In 2019, there was an estimated total of 51.6 million prevalent cases of AD and other dementias. The age-standardized prevalence rate due to AD and other dementias was estimated to be 682.5 per 100,000 individuals, a 5.7% increase since 1990. […] In 2019, the highest national age-standardized prevalence rates were seen in Turkey and Bahrain, while the lowest rates were found in India and Nigeria. […] In 2019, there were 1.6 million death cases due to AD and other dementias.
#30 Alzheimer’s Facts and Figures Report | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
Over 7 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s. By 2050, this number is projected to rise to nearly 13 million. […] An estimated 7.2 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s dementia. The number of Americans living with Alzheimer’s is growing and growing fast. Over 7 million Americans have Alzheimer’s. […] By 2030, all members of the baby boom generation (Americans born between 1946 and 1964) will be age 65 or older, the age range of greatest risk of Alzheimer’s dementia. By 2050, the number of people age 65 and older with Alzheimer’s may grow to a projected 12.7 million, barring the development of medical breakthroughs to prevent or cure Alzheimer’s disease. […] Alzheimer’s is not just memory loss. Alzheimer’s kills. […] Alzheimer’s disease was the sixth-leading cause of death among people age 65 and older in 2022.
#31 Alzheimerâs Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9095793/
Globally, dementia (all-cause) is the fifth leading cause of death, with 4.4% of all deaths attributable to dementia in 2016. Deaths due to dementia have steadily increased over time, partly due to population growth and population aging, more than doubling from 1990 to 2016. AD dementia-related deaths have also risen. […] Patients with MCI due to AD are more likely to progress to dementia than those with MCI that is not associated with toxic species of A and/or the development of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. […] The risk of dementia increases with stages of progression, from normal cognition with no A deposition to A deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neuronal injury, and subsequently to MCI due to AD. More research is needed to understand the spectrum of disease from preclinical AD to clinical dementia.
#32 Alzheimerâs Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9095793/
Globally, dementia (all-cause) is the fifth leading cause of death, with 4.4% of all deaths attributable to dementia in 2016. Deaths due to dementia have steadily increased over time, partly due to population growth and population aging, more than doubling from 1990 to 2016. AD dementia-related deaths have also risen. […] Patients with MCI due to AD are more likely to progress to dementia than those with MCI that is not associated with toxic species of A and/or the development of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. […] The risk of dementia increases with stages of progression, from normal cognition with no A deposition to A deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neuronal injury, and subsequently to MCI due to AD. More research is needed to understand the spectrum of disease from preclinical AD to clinical dementia.
#33
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-022-00338-8
Results suggest that use of biomarkers alongside neurocognitive tests will become an important part of clinical practice as new disease-modifying therapies are introduced. […] The prevalence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia is high and expected to rise over time consistent with the aging of the population. […] The prevalence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia rises with increasing age. […] AD dementia is also more common among women than among men. […] The incidence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia reported in studies varies from 2.0 to 16.8 new cases of AD per 1000 person-years across studies in the USA, Europe, Japan, and China. […] The age-standardized mortality rate for deaths caused by AD dementia in Europe was 45.2 per 100,000 in 2013. […] Patients with MCI due to AD are more likely to progress to dementia than those with MCI that is not associated with toxic species of A and/or the development of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein.
#34 Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other… | F1000Research
https://f1000research.com/articles/10-425
The burden associated with Alzheimers disease is now recognized as one of the most pressing issues in the field of public health. There is an urgent need for health care systems to identify novel and innovative solutions to meet the needs. […] The aim of this study was to analyse the global and regional burden as well as trends and forecasts for Alzheimers disease and related dementias. […] Dementia metrics showed a continuous increase in prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates worldwide during the 29 years of estimates from 1990 to 2019. […] Mortality rates have been rising rapidly and continuously since 1990. The global death rate due to dementia increased from 10.49 deaths per 100,000 in 1990 to 20.98 deaths per 100,000 in 2019. Total deaths due to dementia are projected to increase from the current 2.4 million per year to 5.8 million by 2040.
#35 Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other… | F1000Research
https://f1000research.com/articles/10-425
The burden associated with Alzheimers disease is now recognized as one of the most pressing issues in the field of public health. There is an urgent need for health care systems to identify novel and innovative solutions to meet the needs. […] The aim of this study was to analyse the global and regional burden as well as trends and forecasts for Alzheimers disease and related dementias. […] Dementia metrics showed a continuous increase in prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates worldwide during the 29 years of estimates from 1990 to 2019. […] Mortality rates have been rising rapidly and continuously since 1990. The global death rate due to dementia increased from 10.49 deaths per 100,000 in 1990 to 20.98 deaths per 100,000 in 2019. Total deaths due to dementia are projected to increase from the current 2.4 million per year to 5.8 million by 2040.
#36
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-022-00338-8
The incidence of clinically diagnosed MCI has been examined in a systematic review of studies in Europe, the Americas, and Australia. […] Preclinical AD dementia develops by progression through several stages, from no accumulation of toxic A species to normal cognition with A deposition and then neurodegeneration, and subsequently to MCI. […] The risk of dementia increases with stages of progression, from normal cognition with no A deposition to A deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neuronal injury, and subsequently to MCI due to AD. […] Current research suggests that almost 40% of patients with clinically diagnosed MCI progress to AD dementia over an average of 18 months. […] Key risk or protective factors for progression to AD dementia from clinically diagnosed MCI include MCI subtype (e.g., aMCI, naMCI), poor performance on various neurocognitive tests, and biomarkers such as abnormal CSF tau or tau/A ratio, APOE4 positive status, white matter hyperintensities, and atrophy in the hippocampal, medial temporal, or entorhinal regions.
#37 Alzheimerâs Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9095793/
Alzheimers disease (AD) is prevalent throughout the world and is the leading cause of dementia in older individuals (aged 65 years). To gain a deeper understanding of the recent literature on the epidemiology of AD and its progression, we conducted a review of the PubMed-indexed literature (2014-2021) in North America, Europe, and Asia. The worldwide toll of AD is evidenced by rising prevalence, incidence, and mortality due to AD estimates which are low because of underdiagnosis of AD. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD can ultimately progress to AD dementia; estimates of AD dementia etiology among patients with MCI range from 40% to 75% depending on the populations studied and whether the MCI diagnosis was made clinically or in combination with biomarkers. The risk of AD dementia increases with progression from normal cognition with no amyloid-beta (A) accumulation to early neurodegeneration and subsequently to MCI. For patients with A accumulation and neurodegeneration, lifetime risk of AD dementia has been estimated to be 41.9% among women and 33.6% among men. Data on progression from preclinical AD to MCI are sparse, but an analysis of progression across the three preclinical National Institute on Aging and Alzheimers Association (NIA-AA) stages suggests that NIA-AA stage 3 (subtle cognitive decline with AD biomarker positivity) could be useful in combination with other tools for treatment decision-making. Factors shown to increase risk include lower Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, higher Alzheimers Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) score, positive APOE4 status, white matter hyperintensities volume, entorhinal cortex atrophy, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau, CSF neurogranin levels, dependency in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and being female. Results suggest that use of biomarkers alongside neurocognitive tests will become an important part of clinical practice as new disease-modifying therapies are introduced.
#38 Alzheimerâs Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9095793/
Alzheimers disease (AD) is prevalent throughout the world and is the leading cause of dementia in older individuals (aged 65 years). To gain a deeper understanding of the recent literature on the epidemiology of AD and its progression, we conducted a review of the PubMed-indexed literature (2014-2021) in North America, Europe, and Asia. The worldwide toll of AD is evidenced by rising prevalence, incidence, and mortality due to AD estimates which are low because of underdiagnosis of AD. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD can ultimately progress to AD dementia; estimates of AD dementia etiology among patients with MCI range from 40% to 75% depending on the populations studied and whether the MCI diagnosis was made clinically or in combination with biomarkers. The risk of AD dementia increases with progression from normal cognition with no amyloid-beta (A) accumulation to early neurodegeneration and subsequently to MCI. For patients with A accumulation and neurodegeneration, lifetime risk of AD dementia has been estimated to be 41.9% among women and 33.6% among men. Data on progression from preclinical AD to MCI are sparse, but an analysis of progression across the three preclinical National Institute on Aging and Alzheimers Association (NIA-AA) stages suggests that NIA-AA stage 3 (subtle cognitive decline with AD biomarker positivity) could be useful in combination with other tools for treatment decision-making. Factors shown to increase risk include lower Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, higher Alzheimers Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) score, positive APOE4 status, white matter hyperintensities volume, entorhinal cortex atrophy, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau, CSF neurogranin levels, dependency in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and being female. Results suggest that use of biomarkers alongside neurocognitive tests will become an important part of clinical practice as new disease-modifying therapies are introduced.
#39
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-022-00338-8
The incidence of clinically diagnosed MCI has been examined in a systematic review of studies in Europe, the Americas, and Australia. […] Preclinical AD dementia develops by progression through several stages, from no accumulation of toxic A species to normal cognition with A deposition and then neurodegeneration, and subsequently to MCI. […] The risk of dementia increases with stages of progression, from normal cognition with no A deposition to A deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neuronal injury, and subsequently to MCI due to AD. […] Current research suggests that almost 40% of patients with clinically diagnosed MCI progress to AD dementia over an average of 18 months. […] Key risk or protective factors for progression to AD dementia from clinically diagnosed MCI include MCI subtype (e.g., aMCI, naMCI), poor performance on various neurocognitive tests, and biomarkers such as abnormal CSF tau or tau/A ratio, APOE4 positive status, white matter hyperintensities, and atrophy in the hippocampal, medial temporal, or entorhinal regions.
#40
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-022-00338-8
The incidence of clinically diagnosed MCI has been examined in a systematic review of studies in Europe, the Americas, and Australia. […] Preclinical AD dementia develops by progression through several stages, from no accumulation of toxic A species to normal cognition with A deposition and then neurodegeneration, and subsequently to MCI. […] The risk of dementia increases with stages of progression, from normal cognition with no A deposition to A deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neuronal injury, and subsequently to MCI due to AD. […] Current research suggests that almost 40% of patients with clinically diagnosed MCI progress to AD dementia over an average of 18 months. […] Key risk or protective factors for progression to AD dementia from clinically diagnosed MCI include MCI subtype (e.g., aMCI, naMCI), poor performance on various neurocognitive tests, and biomarkers such as abnormal CSF tau or tau/A ratio, APOE4 positive status, white matter hyperintensities, and atrophy in the hippocampal, medial temporal, or entorhinal regions.
#41 Frontiers | Alzheimer’s disease: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms diagnosis, management, caregiving, advanced treatments and associated challenges
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2024.1474043/full
AD is significantly influenced by genetic predispositions, such as the apolipoprotein E (APOE) Îµ4 allele, along with modifiable environmental factors like diet, physical activity, and cognitive engagement. […] The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association have updated diagnostic criteria to include biomarker data, enhancing early diagnosis. […] In 2019, there was an estimated total of 51.6 million prevalent cases of AD and other dementias. The age-standardized prevalence rate due to AD and other dementias was estimated to be 682.5 per 100,000 individuals, a 5.7% increase since 1990. […] In 2019, the highest national age-standardized prevalence rates were seen in Turkey and Bahrain, while the lowest rates were found in India and Nigeria. […] In 2019, there were 1.6 million death cases due to AD and other dementias.
#42
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40120-022-00338-8
Results suggest that use of biomarkers alongside neurocognitive tests will become an important part of clinical practice as new disease-modifying therapies are introduced. […] The prevalence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia is high and expected to rise over time consistent with the aging of the population. […] The prevalence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia rises with increasing age. […] AD dementia is also more common among women than among men. […] The incidence of clinically diagnosed AD dementia reported in studies varies from 2.0 to 16.8 new cases of AD per 1000 person-years across studies in the USA, Europe, Japan, and China. […] The age-standardized mortality rate for deaths caused by AD dementia in Europe was 45.2 per 100,000 in 2013. […] Patients with MCI due to AD are more likely to progress to dementia than those with MCI that is not associated with toxic species of A and/or the development of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein.
#43 Alzheimer’s Facts and Figures Report | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
Health and long-term care costs for people living with dementia are projected to reach $384 billion in 2025. The costs of health care and long-term care for individuals living with Alzheimer’s or other dementias are substantial, and dementia is one of the costliest conditions to society. […] The special report found that Americans want to know if they have Alzheimer’s disease and want early access to testing. […] The vast majority (99%) of Americans believe that early diagnosis is important. […] The special report highlights several key efforts to improve early detection, diagnosis and treatment for more Americans, including: Continuing research to discover, validate and advance biomarker testing, so that they can be widely used in clinical settings to detect and diagnose Alzheimer’s and other dementias at the earliest stages.
#44 Alzheimer’s Facts and Figures Report | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
Health and long-term care costs for people living with dementia are projected to reach $384 billion in 2025. The costs of health care and long-term care for individuals living with Alzheimer’s or other dementias are substantial, and dementia is one of the costliest conditions to society. […] The special report found that Americans want to know if they have Alzheimer’s disease and want early access to testing. […] The vast majority (99%) of Americans believe that early diagnosis is important. […] The special report highlights several key efforts to improve early detection, diagnosis and treatment for more Americans, including: Continuing research to discover, validate and advance biomarker testing, so that they can be widely used in clinical settings to detect and diagnose Alzheimer’s and other dementias at the earliest stages.
#45 Data, Assessment, and Analysis | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/professionals/public-health/public-health-topics/data-assessment-analysis
Surveillance collecting data, insight and information is an essential function of public health. Through data collection, needs assessment, and analysis, public health officials and policymakers can better understand the extent of Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia and their impact, and drive positive changes to address the problem. […] The BRFSS Cognitive Decline module is the only source of state-specific data on cognitive health. The module measures subjective cognitive decline (SCD) self-reported difficulties in thinking or memory that have been getting worse over the past year and what impact SCD has on everyday life. […] Public health professionals can use their state-specific SCD data to build an urgent case for early detection and risk reduction in their communities by communicating with legislators, government agencies, opinion leaders, other nonprofit and community-based organizations, funders, and other interested partners.
#46 Data, Assessment, and Analysis | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/professionals/public-health/public-health-topics/data-assessment-analysis
Surveillance collecting data, insight and information is an essential function of public health. Through data collection, needs assessment, and analysis, public health officials and policymakers can better understand the extent of Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia and their impact, and drive positive changes to address the problem. […] The BRFSS Cognitive Decline module is the only source of state-specific data on cognitive health. The module measures subjective cognitive decline (SCD) self-reported difficulties in thinking or memory that have been getting worse over the past year and what impact SCD has on everyday life. […] Public health professionals can use their state-specific SCD data to build an urgent case for early detection and risk reduction in their communities by communicating with legislators, government agencies, opinion leaders, other nonprofit and community-based organizations, funders, and other interested partners.
#47
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
Dementia results from a variety of diseases and injuries that affect the brain. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 6070% of cases. […] Dementia is caused by many different diseases or injuries that directly and indirectly damage the brain. Alzheimer disease is the most common form and may contribute to 6070% of cases. […] WHO recognizes dementia as a public health priority. In May 2017, the World Health Assembly endorsed the Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017-2025. The Plan provides a comprehensive blueprint for action for policy-makers, international, regional and national partners, and WHO in the following areas: addressing dementia as a public health priority; increasing awareness of dementia and creating a dementia-inclusive society; reducing the risk of dementia; diagnosis, treatment and care; information systems for dementia; support for dementia carers; and, research and innovation. […] To facilitate the monitoring of the global dementia action plan, WHO developed the Global Dementia Observatory (GDO), a data portal that collates country data on 35 key dementia indicators across the global action plans seven strategic areas.
#48
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
Dementia results from a variety of diseases and injuries that affect the brain. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 6070% of cases. […] Dementia is caused by many different diseases or injuries that directly and indirectly damage the brain. Alzheimer disease is the most common form and may contribute to 6070% of cases. […] WHO recognizes dementia as a public health priority. In May 2017, the World Health Assembly endorsed the Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017-2025. The Plan provides a comprehensive blueprint for action for policy-makers, international, regional and national partners, and WHO in the following areas: addressing dementia as a public health priority; increasing awareness of dementia and creating a dementia-inclusive society; reducing the risk of dementia; diagnosis, treatment and care; information systems for dementia; support for dementia carers; and, research and innovation. […] To facilitate the monitoring of the global dementia action plan, WHO developed the Global Dementia Observatory (GDO), a data portal that collates country data on 35 key dementia indicators across the global action plans seven strategic areas.
#49 Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging Data Portal | Healthy Aging Data | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-aging-data/data-portal/index.html
Explore the Alzheimers Disease and Healthy Aging Data Portal to gain access to state and national level data on a number of indicators regarding health and well-being for older U.S. adults. […] The Alzheimers Disease and Healthy Aging Data Portal provides easy access to national- and state-level CDC data on key indicators of health and well-being for older adults, including: Caregiving, Subjective cognitive decline, Screenings and vaccinations, Mental health. […] These indicators provide a snapshot of currently available surveillance information. They can be useful for prioritizing and evaluating public health interventions. […] Explore Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging Data (all indicators) by location: Search by state, territory, or the District of Columbia (DC). […] The Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging Data portal provides interactive options to create: Customized reports, Visualizations tailored to indicator and location, Bar charts by indicator and location. […] Data also can be downloaded for analysis and program planning.
#50 Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging Data Portal | Healthy Aging Data | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-aging-data/data-portal/index.html
Explore the Alzheimers Disease and Healthy Aging Data Portal to gain access to state and national level data on a number of indicators regarding health and well-being for older U.S. adults. […] The Alzheimers Disease and Healthy Aging Data Portal provides easy access to national- and state-level CDC data on key indicators of health and well-being for older adults, including: Caregiving, Subjective cognitive decline, Screenings and vaccinations, Mental health. […] These indicators provide a snapshot of currently available surveillance information. They can be useful for prioritizing and evaluating public health interventions. […] Explore Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging Data (all indicators) by location: Search by state, territory, or the District of Columbia (DC). […] The Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging Data portal provides interactive options to create: Customized reports, Visualizations tailored to indicator and location, Bar charts by indicator and location. […] Data also can be downloaded for analysis and program planning.
#51 Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging Data Portal | Healthy Aging Data | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-aging-data/data-portal/index.html
Explore the Alzheimers Disease and Healthy Aging Data Portal to gain access to state and national level data on a number of indicators regarding health and well-being for older U.S. adults. […] The Alzheimers Disease and Healthy Aging Data Portal provides easy access to national- and state-level CDC data on key indicators of health and well-being for older adults, including: Caregiving, Subjective cognitive decline, Screenings and vaccinations, Mental health. […] These indicators provide a snapshot of currently available surveillance information. They can be useful for prioritizing and evaluating public health interventions. […] Explore Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging Data (all indicators) by location: Search by state, territory, or the District of Columbia (DC). […] The Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging Data portal provides interactive options to create: Customized reports, Visualizations tailored to indicator and location, Bar charts by indicator and location. […] Data also can be downloaded for analysis and program planning.
#52 Alzheimer’s Facts and Figures Report | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
Health and long-term care costs for people living with dementia are projected to reach $384 billion in 2025. The costs of health care and long-term care for individuals living with Alzheimer’s or other dementias are substantial, and dementia is one of the costliest conditions to society. […] The special report found that Americans want to know if they have Alzheimer’s disease and want early access to testing. […] The vast majority (99%) of Americans believe that early diagnosis is important. […] The special report highlights several key efforts to improve early detection, diagnosis and treatment for more Americans, including: Continuing research to discover, validate and advance biomarker testing, so that they can be widely used in clinical settings to detect and diagnose Alzheimer’s and other dementias at the earliest stages.
#53 Alzheimer’s Facts and Figures Report | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
Health and long-term care costs for people living with dementia are projected to reach $384 billion in 2025. The costs of health care and long-term care for individuals living with Alzheimer’s or other dementias are substantial, and dementia is one of the costliest conditions to society. […] The special report found that Americans want to know if they have Alzheimer’s disease and want early access to testing. […] The vast majority (99%) of Americans believe that early diagnosis is important. […] The special report highlights several key efforts to improve early detection, diagnosis and treatment for more Americans, including: Continuing research to discover, validate and advance biomarker testing, so that they can be widely used in clinical settings to detect and diagnose Alzheimer’s and other dementias at the earliest stages.
#54
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
The incidence rate of AD increases almost exponentially with increasing age until 85 years of age. […] The rapid increase in the number of patients with dementia and AD will result in tremendous consequence for our society and economy. […] The worldwide, overall societal costs of dementia were estimated to be more than US$315 billion in 2005, including one third for informal care. […] Alzheimer’s disease represents an increasing challenge to public health and the health care system, and has had tremendous impact at both the individual and the societal levels. […] Epidemiologic research has provided sufficient evidence that vascular risk factors in middle-aged and older adults play a significant role in the development and progression of dementia and AD. […] Multidomain community intervention trials are warranted to determine to what extent preventive strategies toward optimal control of multiple vascular factors and disorders, as well as the maintenance of an active lifestyle, are effective against dementia and AD.
#55 Dementia in Canada, including Alzheimer’s Disease: Highlights from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/dementia-highlights-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance.html
According to the World Health Organization, 47.5 million people live with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, worldwide. […] By 2031, it is projected that the total annual health care costs for Canadians with dementia will have doubled those from two decades earlier, from $8.3 billion to $16.6 billion. […] Using data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is able to conduct national surveillance for diagnosed dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, to support the planning and evaluation of related policies, programs, and services. […] According to the most recent data available, more than 402,000 seniors (65 years and older) are living with dementia in Canada (excluding Saskatchewan). This represents a prevalence of 7.1%.
#56 Dementia in Canada, including Alzheimer’s Disease: Highlights from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/dementia-highlights-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance.html
According to the World Health Organization, 47.5 million people live with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, worldwide. […] By 2031, it is projected that the total annual health care costs for Canadians with dementia will have doubled those from two decades earlier, from $8.3 billion to $16.6 billion. […] Using data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is able to conduct national surveillance for diagnosed dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, to support the planning and evaluation of related policies, programs, and services. […] According to the most recent data available, more than 402,000 seniors (65 years and older) are living with dementia in Canada (excluding Saskatchewan). This represents a prevalence of 7.1%.
#57
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
More than 25 million people in the world today are affected by dementia, most suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. […] In both developed and developing nations, Alzheimer’s disease has had tremendous impact on the affected individuals, caregivers, and society. […] The long-term multidomain interventions toward the optimal control of multiple vascular risk factors and the maintenance of socially integrated lifestyles and mentally stimulating activities are expected to reduce the risk or postpone the clinical onset of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. […] Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is named after the German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer, who first described this disorder more than one century ago, is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for up to 75 % of all dementia cases.
#58
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
The incidence rate of AD increases almost exponentially with increasing age until 85 years of age. […] The rapid increase in the number of patients with dementia and AD will result in tremendous consequence for our society and economy. […] The worldwide, overall societal costs of dementia were estimated to be more than US$315 billion in 2005, including one third for informal care. […] Alzheimer’s disease represents an increasing challenge to public health and the health care system, and has had tremendous impact at both the individual and the societal levels. […] Epidemiologic research has provided sufficient evidence that vascular risk factors in middle-aged and older adults play a significant role in the development and progression of dementia and AD. […] Multidomain community intervention trials are warranted to determine to what extent preventive strategies toward optimal control of multiple vascular factors and disorders, as well as the maintenance of an active lifestyle, are effective against dementia and AD.
#59 Dementia statistics | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/dementia-statistics/
Research shows that most people currently living with dementia have not received a formal diagnosis. In high income countries, only 20-50% of dementia cases are recognised and documented in primary care. This âtreatment gapâ is certainly much greater in low and middle income countries, with one study in India suggesting 90% remain undiagnosed. If these statistics are extrapolated to other countries worldwide, it suggests that approximately three quarters of people with dementia have not received a diagnosis, and therefore do not have access to treatment, care and organised support that getting a formal diagnosis can provide.
#60 Dementia statistics | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/dementia-statistics/
Research shows that most people currently living with dementia have not received a formal diagnosis. In high income countries, only 20-50% of dementia cases are recognised and documented in primary care. This âtreatment gapâ is certainly much greater in low and middle income countries, with one study in India suggesting 90% remain undiagnosed. If these statistics are extrapolated to other countries worldwide, it suggests that approximately three quarters of people with dementia have not received a diagnosis, and therefore do not have access to treatment, care and organised support that getting a formal diagnosis can provide.
#61 Alzheimer Disease: Perspectives from Epidemiology and Genetics | Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-medicine-and-ethics/article/alzheimer-disease-perspectives-from-epidemiology-and-genetics/813EE9EFE7EA254A6C210903B5369C0A
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a huge and growing societal problem with upwards of 35% of the population over the age of 80 developing the disease. […] AD is found in virtually all racial and ethnic groups. […] Despite intensive efforts, a significant portion of the genetic etiology of AD remains unknown and must be identified.
#62
https://link.springer.com/article/10.14283/jpad.2021.15
Mild Alzheimers disease is the leading cause of dementia, accounting for 5070% of cases. […] As life expectancy increases and demographic ageing occurs, the global prevalence of Alzheimers disease is expected to continue to rise especially in developing countries, leading to a costly burden of disease. […] Epidemiological studies have identified potential modifiable risk and protective factors for Alzheimers disease prevention. […] Therefore, epidemiological investigations are essential to identify risk and protective factors that strongly influence cognitive status. […] In fact, one-third of AD cases worldwide are attributable to underlying modifiable risk factors, which might modulate an individuals risk of developing AD. […] The number of dementia patients is projected to reach 152 million by mid-century worldwide, with the greatest increase expected in low-and middle-income countries.
#63
https://link.springer.com/article/10.14283/jpad.2021.15
Mild Alzheimers disease is the leading cause of dementia, accounting for 5070% of cases. […] As life expectancy increases and demographic ageing occurs, the global prevalence of Alzheimers disease is expected to continue to rise especially in developing countries, leading to a costly burden of disease. […] Epidemiological studies have identified potential modifiable risk and protective factors for Alzheimers disease prevention. […] Therefore, epidemiological investigations are essential to identify risk and protective factors that strongly influence cognitive status. […] In fact, one-third of AD cases worldwide are attributable to underlying modifiable risk factors, which might modulate an individuals risk of developing AD. […] The number of dementia patients is projected to reach 152 million by mid-century worldwide, with the greatest increase expected in low-and middle-income countries.
#64
https://link.springer.com/article/10.14283/jpad.2021.15
According to 2020 Alzheimers disease facts and figures, the number of AD patients ( 65 years) might increase greatly from 5.8 million to 13.8 million by 2050 in America. […] Therefore, the social and family burden of caring for AD population will be huge and unsustainable. […] Evidence-based prevention strategies, in line with the potential link between modifiable risk factors and late-onset AD, need to be explored in future studies. […] It is imperative to increase the cognitive reserve mainly via enhancing education attainment and promoting social contact. […] Additionally, good conditions of body health and healthy lifestyles as well as reducing environmental exposures might be favorable to reduce the neuropathological damage for AD prevention. […] Early screening and intervention of vascular risks as well as maintaining good cardiovascular conditions should become the top priority for AD prevention. […] If possible, more studies should focus on individuals at high risk of AD or in the prodromal stage of AD, among whom daily preventions and neuroprotective interventions are likely to exert greater favorable effects.
#65
https://link.springer.com/article/10.14283/jpad.2021.15
According to 2020 Alzheimers disease facts and figures, the number of AD patients ( 65 years) might increase greatly from 5.8 million to 13.8 million by 2050 in America. […] Therefore, the social and family burden of caring for AD population will be huge and unsustainable. […] Evidence-based prevention strategies, in line with the potential link between modifiable risk factors and late-onset AD, need to be explored in future studies. […] It is imperative to increase the cognitive reserve mainly via enhancing education attainment and promoting social contact. […] Additionally, good conditions of body health and healthy lifestyles as well as reducing environmental exposures might be favorable to reduce the neuropathological damage for AD prevention. […] Early screening and intervention of vascular risks as well as maintaining good cardiovascular conditions should become the top priority for AD prevention. […] If possible, more studies should focus on individuals at high risk of AD or in the prodromal stage of AD, among whom daily preventions and neuroprotective interventions are likely to exert greater favorable effects.
#66
https://link.springer.com/article/10.14283/jpad.2021.15
According to 2020 Alzheimers disease facts and figures, the number of AD patients ( 65 years) might increase greatly from 5.8 million to 13.8 million by 2050 in America. […] Therefore, the social and family burden of caring for AD population will be huge and unsustainable. […] Evidence-based prevention strategies, in line with the potential link between modifiable risk factors and late-onset AD, need to be explored in future studies. […] It is imperative to increase the cognitive reserve mainly via enhancing education attainment and promoting social contact. […] Additionally, good conditions of body health and healthy lifestyles as well as reducing environmental exposures might be favorable to reduce the neuropathological damage for AD prevention. […] Early screening and intervention of vascular risks as well as maintaining good cardiovascular conditions should become the top priority for AD prevention. […] If possible, more studies should focus on individuals at high risk of AD or in the prodromal stage of AD, among whom daily preventions and neuroprotective interventions are likely to exert greater favorable effects.
#67
https://link.springer.com/article/10.14283/jpad.2021.15
According to 2020 Alzheimers disease facts and figures, the number of AD patients ( 65 years) might increase greatly from 5.8 million to 13.8 million by 2050 in America. […] Therefore, the social and family burden of caring for AD population will be huge and unsustainable. […] Evidence-based prevention strategies, in line with the potential link between modifiable risk factors and late-onset AD, need to be explored in future studies. […] It is imperative to increase the cognitive reserve mainly via enhancing education attainment and promoting social contact. […] Additionally, good conditions of body health and healthy lifestyles as well as reducing environmental exposures might be favorable to reduce the neuropathological damage for AD prevention. […] Early screening and intervention of vascular risks as well as maintaining good cardiovascular conditions should become the top priority for AD prevention. […] If possible, more studies should focus on individuals at high risk of AD or in the prodromal stage of AD, among whom daily preventions and neuroprotective interventions are likely to exert greater favorable effects.
#68
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
More than 25 million people in the world today are affected by dementia, most suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. […] In both developed and developing nations, Alzheimer’s disease has had tremendous impact on the affected individuals, caregivers, and society. […] The long-term multidomain interventions toward the optimal control of multiple vascular risk factors and the maintenance of socially integrated lifestyles and mentally stimulating activities are expected to reduce the risk or postpone the clinical onset of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. […] Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is named after the German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer, who first described this disorder more than one century ago, is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for up to 75 % of all dementia cases.
#69 World Alzheimer Report 2023 | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2023/
The World Alzheimer Report 2023, written in journalistic style with key case studies, focuses on reducing the risk of dementia and offers a truly global insight into the ways in which dementia risk factors are experienced around the world. […] The report examines the drivers behind risk reduction and provides an accessible overview of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors as well as the benefits of lifelong learning. […] The report also highlights global disparities in an individual’s ability and means to mitigate their risk of dementia, galvanising a call to action for governments to provide population-based systemic changes to promote risk reduction and the importance of dementia research. […] In the absence of a cure or a treatment that is globally accessible, risk reduction remains the most feasible and proactive way to combat dementia.
#70 World Alzheimer Report 2023 | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2023/
The World Alzheimer Report 2023, written in journalistic style with key case studies, focuses on reducing the risk of dementia and offers a truly global insight into the ways in which dementia risk factors are experienced around the world. […] The report examines the drivers behind risk reduction and provides an accessible overview of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors as well as the benefits of lifelong learning. […] The report also highlights global disparities in an individual’s ability and means to mitigate their risk of dementia, galvanising a call to action for governments to provide population-based systemic changes to promote risk reduction and the importance of dementia research. […] In the absence of a cure or a treatment that is globally accessible, risk reduction remains the most feasible and proactive way to combat dementia.
#71 World Alzheimer Report 2023 | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2023/
The World Alzheimer Report 2023, written in journalistic style with key case studies, focuses on reducing the risk of dementia and offers a truly global insight into the ways in which dementia risk factors are experienced around the world. […] The report examines the drivers behind risk reduction and provides an accessible overview of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors as well as the benefits of lifelong learning. […] The report also highlights global disparities in an individual’s ability and means to mitigate their risk of dementia, galvanising a call to action for governments to provide population-based systemic changes to promote risk reduction and the importance of dementia research. […] In the absence of a cure or a treatment that is globally accessible, risk reduction remains the most feasible and proactive way to combat dementia.
#72 World Alzheimer Report 2023 | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2023/
The World Alzheimer Report 2023, written in journalistic style with key case studies, focuses on reducing the risk of dementia and offers a truly global insight into the ways in which dementia risk factors are experienced around the world. […] The report examines the drivers behind risk reduction and provides an accessible overview of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors as well as the benefits of lifelong learning. […] The report also highlights global disparities in an individual’s ability and means to mitigate their risk of dementia, galvanising a call to action for governments to provide population-based systemic changes to promote risk reduction and the importance of dementia research. […] In the absence of a cure or a treatment that is globally accessible, risk reduction remains the most feasible and proactive way to combat dementia.
#73 World Alzheimer Report 2023 | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2023/
Risk reduction is a lifelong endeavour and most effective when awareness and understanding of brain health begins at a young age, establishing good habits. […] Risk reduction does not end at diagnosis â people with dementia can implement healthy lifestyle changes aimed at slowing the progression of the condition. More research is needed and more should be done to ensure that people who have been diagnosed with dementia have access to education and the support they will need to modify their behaviours and to continue to live a purposeful life. […] Governments must provide support and incentives to people to reduce their own risk. One way is by funding community public health systems that can play an integral role in facilitating behavioural change. […] ADI calls for governments to keep up the momentum and invest further in risk reduction research, driving new understanding and innovations to promote healthy ageing, including after a diagnosis.
#74 Frequently Asked Questions | Texas DSHS
https://www.dshs.texas.gov/alzheimers-disease/about-alzheimers-disease/what-is-alzheimers-disease
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible brain disease that destroys memory, thinking, and the ability to carry out daily activities. The symptoms get worse over time. Eventually, people with this disease will need full-time care. […] The Alzheimer’s Association estimates that 6.7 million people of all ages have Alzheimer’s disease in the United States. In Texas, approximately 400,000 people age 65 and older have Alzheimer’s disease. […] An estimated 6.7 million Americans of all ages are living with Alzheimer’s disease in 2023. […] About 1 in 9 people (10.8%) age 65 and older have Alzheimer’s disease. […] The percentage of people with Alzheimer’s dementia increases with age: 5.0% of people aged 65 to 74, 13.1% of people aged 75 to 84, and 33.3% of people aged 85 and older have Alzheimer’s dementia.
#75 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Alzheimers-Disease-Epidemiology.aspx
Alzheimer’s disease is a neuropsychological ailment characterized by progressive degeneration of neurons, which results in dementia and mental impairment. […] In 2016, approximately 47 million people live with dementia across the globe. Alzheimer’s is the single most common cause of dementia, comprising 70% of all cases. […] The geographical distribution of Alzheimer’s is slightly skewed. The western European countries and North America has the highest prevalence of Alzheimer’s, followed by China, Latin America, and Western-Pacific countries. […] In the United States, approximately 5.7 million people are living with Alzheimer’s. Its the 6th leading cause of death in the United States, and the number of deaths skyrocketed by 123% between 2000 and 2015. […] Age is a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s. In fact, Alzheimer’s disease is predominantly a disease of aging.
#76 Frequently Asked Questions | Texas DSHS
https://www.dshs.texas.gov/alzheimers-disease/about-alzheimers-disease/what-is-alzheimers-disease
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible brain disease that destroys memory, thinking, and the ability to carry out daily activities. The symptoms get worse over time. Eventually, people with this disease will need full-time care. […] The Alzheimer’s Association estimates that 6.7 million people of all ages have Alzheimer’s disease in the United States. In Texas, approximately 400,000 people age 65 and older have Alzheimer’s disease. […] An estimated 6.7 million Americans of all ages are living with Alzheimer’s disease in 2023. […] About 1 in 9 people (10.8%) age 65 and older have Alzheimer’s disease. […] The percentage of people with Alzheimer’s dementia increases with age: 5.0% of people aged 65 to 74, 13.1% of people aged 75 to 84, and 33.3% of people aged 85 and older have Alzheimer’s dementia.
#77 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Epidemiology Forecasts Research
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/12/02/2989544/0/en/Alzheimer-s-Disease-AD-Epidemiology-Forecasts-Research-Report-2024-Approximately-15-83-Billion-Diagnosed-Prevalent-Cases-were-Found-in-2023-Forecasts-to-2034.html
Approximately 15.83 billion Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Alzheimer’s disease were found in 2023 in the 7MM. […] In 2023, the United States accounted for about 44% of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease cases across the 7MM, totaling 6.98 million cases. The analyst forecasts a rise in this figure by 2034, reflecting the growing burden of the disease. […] In the assessment, the estimated total diagnosed prevalent cases of Alzheimer’s disease in Japan were nearly 3.92 million in 2023. […] In 2023, Japan recorded nearly 1.39 million diagnosed cases of Alzheimer’s disease in males and 2.53 million in females, reflecting a clear gender difference in disease prevalence. […] In 2023, the United States documented approximately 5.23 million diagnosed cases of agitation linked to Alzheimer’s disease, with projections indicating a continued rise by 2034.
#78 Alzheimer’s Disease | Texas DSHS
https://www.dshs.texas.gov/alzheimers-disease
An estimated 6.9 million Americans aged 65 and older are living with Alzheimer’s in 2024. Without a cure or a way to slow or prevent it, the number of Americans aged 65 and older with Alzheimer’s disease is projected to reach 12.7 million people by 2050. […] Alzheimer’s disease is a major public health issue in Texas. Texas ranks third in the nation in the number of Alzheimer’s cases, and second in the number of Alzheimer’s deaths. In 2020, approximately 460,000 Texans aged 65 and older were living with Alzheimer’s.
#79 Improving Understanding of Epidemiology and Impact of Alzheimer’s Disease (Guest blog)
https://www.efpia.eu/news-events/the-efpia-view/blog-articles/improving-understanding-of-epidemiology-and-impact-of-alzheimer-s-disease/
Improving Understanding of Epidemiology and Impact of Alzheimers Disease (Guest blog) Alzheimers disease (AD) is a significant and growing public health issue that takes a severe toll on individuals and their families and poses a challenge for global health systems. It is estimated that nearly 8 million people in Europe currently live with dementia. By 2050, that number is expected to rise to 14 million. As populations age, and the proportion of individuals at risk of developing Alzheimers or related dementias grows, the socioeconomic burden of Alzheimers disease is forecasted to increase exponentially. Importantly, the current data on dementia prevalence does not account for the early stages of AD (hereby referred to as prodromal and preclinical AD) where a majority of people living with the disease demonstrate no apparent symptoms.
#80
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
During the last a few decades, research in epidemiology of dementia and AD has made tremendous progress. […] The pooled data of population-based studies in Europe suggests that the age-standardized prevalence in people 65+ years old is 6.4 % for dementia and 4.4 % for AD. […] More than 25 million people in the world are currently affected by dementia, most suffering from AD, with around 5 million new cases occurring every year. […] The number of people with dementia is anticipated to double every 20 years. […] The age-specific prevalence of AD almost doubles every 5 years after aged 65. […] Epidemiologic research of dementia and AD in low- and middle-income countries has drawn much attention in recent years. […] The pooled incidence rate of AD among people 65+ years of age in Europe was 19.4 per 1000 person-years.
#81 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Epidemiology Forecasts Research
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/12/02/2989544/0/en/Alzheimer-s-Disease-AD-Epidemiology-Forecasts-Research-Report-2024-Approximately-15-83-Billion-Diagnosed-Prevalent-Cases-were-Found-in-2023-Forecasts-to-2034.html
In Japan, approximately 2.03 million cases of psychosis related to Alzheimer’s disease were reported in 2023, with the number expected to increase in the coming years. […] This reported approximately 15.84 million diagnosed prevalent cases of Alzheimer’s disease, reflecting a significant disease burden. […] In 2023, among the EU4 and the UK, Germany accounted for the highest diagnosed prevalent cases of Alzheimer’s disease, representing 30% of the total cases, followed by France (24%). […] According to analysis, nearly 2.32 million males and 4.65 million females were affected with Alzheimer’s disease in the US in 2023. […] The analyst’s epidemiological model estimates that in 2023, the 75-84 age group in the EU4 and the UK had the highest Alzheimer’s disease cases, totaling 2.30 million. […] The analyst’s estimates indicate that in 2023, Japan had approximately 2.47 million diagnosed prevalent cases of agitation associated with Alzheimer’s disease, a figure expected to grow by 2034.
#82 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Epidemiology Forecasts Research
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/12/02/2989544/0/en/Alzheimer-s-Disease-AD-Epidemiology-Forecasts-Research-Report-2024-Approximately-15-83-Billion-Diagnosed-Prevalent-Cases-were-Found-in-2023-Forecasts-to-2034.html
Approximately 15.83 billion Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Alzheimer’s disease were found in 2023 in the 7MM. […] In 2023, the United States accounted for about 44% of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease cases across the 7MM, totaling 6.98 million cases. The analyst forecasts a rise in this figure by 2034, reflecting the growing burden of the disease. […] In the assessment, the estimated total diagnosed prevalent cases of Alzheimer’s disease in Japan were nearly 3.92 million in 2023. […] In 2023, Japan recorded nearly 1.39 million diagnosed cases of Alzheimer’s disease in males and 2.53 million in females, reflecting a clear gender difference in disease prevalence. […] In 2023, the United States documented approximately 5.23 million diagnosed cases of agitation linked to Alzheimer’s disease, with projections indicating a continued rise by 2034.
#83 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Epidemiology Forecasts Research
https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/12/02/2989544/0/en/Alzheimer-s-Disease-AD-Epidemiology-Forecasts-Research-Report-2024-Approximately-15-83-Billion-Diagnosed-Prevalent-Cases-were-Found-in-2023-Forecasts-to-2034.html
Approximately 15.83 billion Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Alzheimer’s disease were found in 2023 in the 7MM. […] In 2023, the United States accounted for about 44% of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease cases across the 7MM, totaling 6.98 million cases. The analyst forecasts a rise in this figure by 2034, reflecting the growing burden of the disease. […] In the assessment, the estimated total diagnosed prevalent cases of Alzheimer’s disease in Japan were nearly 3.92 million in 2023. […] In 2023, Japan recorded nearly 1.39 million diagnosed cases of Alzheimer’s disease in males and 2.53 million in females, reflecting a clear gender difference in disease prevalence. […] In 2023, the United States documented approximately 5.23 million diagnosed cases of agitation linked to Alzheimer’s disease, with projections indicating a continued rise by 2034.
#84 Epidemiology, associated burden, and current clinical practice for the | CEOR
https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-associated-burden-and-current-clinical-practice-for-the-d-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CEOR
The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of AD increased from 1.1% in 1985 to 3.8% in 2005 (p-trend0.001) and was 3.28-fold higher in 2005 than in 1985 (p0.001). […] In 2012, the fifth cross-sectional Hisayama study was conducted, with the point prevalence of dementia continuing to rise from 7.1% in 1998 to 12.5% in 2005 and to 17.9% in 2012. […] A significant increase in AD prevalence was also evident (about ninefold over 25 years), starting from 1.4% in 1985, increasing to 1.8% in 1992, 3.4% in 1998, 6.1% in 2005, and 12.3% in 2012. […] Two reviews were identified that suggested that large variations in dementia and AD prevalence could be attributed to differences in diagnostic criteria, epidemiological methods, mortality rate, and demographics associated with the aging population, but that overall, the prevalence of dementia, particularly AD, was on the rise in Japan.
#85 Epidemiology, associated burden, and current clinical practice for the | CEOR
https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-associated-burden-and-current-clinical-practice-for-the-d-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CEOR
The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of AD increased from 1.1% in 1985 to 3.8% in 2005 (p-trend0.001) and was 3.28-fold higher in 2005 than in 1985 (p0.001). […] In 2012, the fifth cross-sectional Hisayama study was conducted, with the point prevalence of dementia continuing to rise from 7.1% in 1998 to 12.5% in 2005 and to 17.9% in 2012. […] A significant increase in AD prevalence was also evident (about ninefold over 25 years), starting from 1.4% in 1985, increasing to 1.8% in 1992, 3.4% in 1998, 6.1% in 2005, and 12.3% in 2012. […] Two reviews were identified that suggested that large variations in dementia and AD prevalence could be attributed to differences in diagnostic criteria, epidemiological methods, mortality rate, and demographics associated with the aging population, but that overall, the prevalence of dementia, particularly AD, was on the rise in Japan.
#86 Epidemiology of Alzheimerâs Disease | IntechOpen
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/43129
The prevalence of dementia (DSM-IV criteria) in people aged 65+ years in seven developing nations varied widely from less than 0.5 % to more than 6 %, which is substantially lower than in developed countries. […] However, the prevalence of AD in persons 65+ years in urban areas of China was 3.5 %, and even higher (4.8 %) after post-hoc correction for negative screening errors, which is generally comparable with those from Western nations. […] Similar prevalence rates of dementia were also reported from the urban populations of Latin American nations such as Havana in Cuba (6.4 %) and So Paulo in Brazil (5.1 %).
#87 Epidemiology of Alzheimerâs Disease | IntechOpen
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/43129
The age-specific prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease almost doubles every 5 years after aged 65. […] Among developed nations, approximately 1 in 10 older people aged 65 is affected by some degree of dementia, whereas more than one third of very old people aged 85 years may have dementia-related symptoms and signs. […] There is a similar pattern of dementia subtypes across the world, with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, the two most common forms of dementia, accounting for 50 % to 70 % and 15 % to 25 %, respectively, of all dementia cases. […] Epidemiological research of dementia and AD in low- and middle-income countries has drawn much attention in recent years. […] A systematic review estimated that the overall prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in developing countries was 3.4 % (95 % CI,1.6 % – 5.0 %).
#88 Epidemiology of Alzheimerâs Disease | IntechOpen
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/43129
The prevalence of dementia (DSM-IV criteria) in people aged 65+ years in seven developing nations varied widely from less than 0.5 % to more than 6 %, which is substantially lower than in developed countries. […] However, the prevalence of AD in persons 65+ years in urban areas of China was 3.5 %, and even higher (4.8 %) after post-hoc correction for negative screening errors, which is generally comparable with those from Western nations. […] Similar prevalence rates of dementia were also reported from the urban populations of Latin American nations such as Havana in Cuba (6.4 %) and So Paulo in Brazil (5.1 %).
#89 Epidemiology of Alzheimerâs Disease | IntechOpen
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/43129
The prevalence of dementia (DSM-IV criteria) in people aged 65+ years in seven developing nations varied widely from less than 0.5 % to more than 6 %, which is substantially lower than in developed countries. […] However, the prevalence of AD in persons 65+ years in urban areas of China was 3.5 %, and even higher (4.8 %) after post-hoc correction for negative screening errors, which is generally comparable with those from Western nations. […] Similar prevalence rates of dementia were also reported from the urban populations of Latin American nations such as Havana in Cuba (6.4 %) and So Paulo in Brazil (5.1 %).
#90 Epidemiology of Alzheimerâs Disease | IntechOpen
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/43129
Most people with dementia live in developing countries. China and its western Pacific neighbours have the highest number of people with dementia (6 million), followed by the European Union (5.0 million), USA (2.9 million), and India (1.5 million). […] The rates of increase in the number of dementia cases are not uniform across the world; numbers in developed countries are forecasted to increase by 100% between 2001 and 2040, but to increase by more than 300% in India, China, and other south Asian and western Pacific countries. […] About 70% of these cases were attributed to Alzheimer’s disease. […] The pooled data of population-based studies in Europe suggests that the age-standardized prevalence in people 65+ years old was 6.4 % for dementia and 4.4 % for Alzheimer’s disease. […] In the US, a study of a national representative sample of people aged 70 years yielded a prevalence for Alzheimer’s disease of 9.7 %.
#91 Life | Special Issue : Alzheimerâs Disease: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/life/special_issues/Alzheimer_Disease_AD
Alzheimerâs disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects the lives of millions of people worldwide. […] In this Special Issue of Life, we invite researchers across all areas of Alzheimerâs disease to share their research work, aiming to highlight recent advances and promote and facilitate research on the epidemiology, clinical progression, and novel biomarkers of Alzheimerâs disease, as well as on the design of clinical trials for possible therapies. […] Interests: Alzheimerâs disease; dementia; biomarkers; epidemiology; mathematical modelling. […] Keywords: Alzheimerâs disease, biomarkers, epidemiology, etiology, prediction, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, clinical trials, neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, risk factors.
#92 Alzheimerâs Disease: Epidemiology and Clinical Progression
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9095793/
Globally, dementia (all-cause) is the fifth leading cause of death, with 4.4% of all deaths attributable to dementia in 2016. Deaths due to dementia have steadily increased over time, partly due to population growth and population aging, more than doubling from 1990 to 2016. AD dementia-related deaths have also risen. […] Patients with MCI due to AD are more likely to progress to dementia than those with MCI that is not associated with toxic species of A and/or the development of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. […] The risk of dementia increases with stages of progression, from normal cognition with no A deposition to A deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neuronal injury, and subsequently to MCI due to AD. More research is needed to understand the spectrum of disease from preclinical AD to clinical dementia.
#93
https://link.springer.com/article/10.14283/jpad.2021.15
According to 2020 Alzheimers disease facts and figures, the number of AD patients ( 65 years) might increase greatly from 5.8 million to 13.8 million by 2050 in America. […] Therefore, the social and family burden of caring for AD population will be huge and unsustainable. […] Evidence-based prevention strategies, in line with the potential link between modifiable risk factors and late-onset AD, need to be explored in future studies. […] It is imperative to increase the cognitive reserve mainly via enhancing education attainment and promoting social contact. […] Additionally, good conditions of body health and healthy lifestyles as well as reducing environmental exposures might be favorable to reduce the neuropathological damage for AD prevention. […] Early screening and intervention of vascular risks as well as maintaining good cardiovascular conditions should become the top priority for AD prevention. […] If possible, more studies should focus on individuals at high risk of AD or in the prodromal stage of AD, among whom daily preventions and neuroprotective interventions are likely to exert greater favorable effects.
#94
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181909/
The incidence rate of AD increases almost exponentially with increasing age until 85 years of age. […] The rapid increase in the number of patients with dementia and AD will result in tremendous consequence for our society and economy. […] The worldwide, overall societal costs of dementia were estimated to be more than US$315 billion in 2005, including one third for informal care. […] Alzheimer’s disease represents an increasing challenge to public health and the health care system, and has had tremendous impact at both the individual and the societal levels. […] Epidemiologic research has provided sufficient evidence that vascular risk factors in middle-aged and older adults play a significant role in the development and progression of dementia and AD. […] Multidomain community intervention trials are warranted to determine to what extent preventive strategies toward optimal control of multiple vascular factors and disorders, as well as the maintenance of an active lifestyle, are effective against dementia and AD.
#95
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
Dementia results from a variety of diseases and injuries that affect the brain. Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 6070% of cases. […] Dementia is caused by many different diseases or injuries that directly and indirectly damage the brain. Alzheimer disease is the most common form and may contribute to 6070% of cases. […] WHO recognizes dementia as a public health priority. In May 2017, the World Health Assembly endorsed the Global action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017-2025. The Plan provides a comprehensive blueprint for action for policy-makers, international, regional and national partners, and WHO in the following areas: addressing dementia as a public health priority; increasing awareness of dementia and creating a dementia-inclusive society; reducing the risk of dementia; diagnosis, treatment and care; information systems for dementia; support for dementia carers; and, research and innovation. […] To facilitate the monitoring of the global dementia action plan, WHO developed the Global Dementia Observatory (GDO), a data portal that collates country data on 35 key dementia indicators across the global action plans seven strategic areas.
#96 Charting Alzheimerâs Disease and Dementia: Epidemiological Insights, Risk Factors and Prevention Pathways
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/14/4100
A scientific report has recently identified 12 modifiable dementia risk factors (i.e., low education, arterial hypertension, hearing loss, smoking, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus, low social contact, excessive alcohol consumption, head injury, and air pollution), which collectively account for almost 40% of the worldwide burden of dementia. […] The Lancet Commission, a group of specialized research experts addressing global concerns, conducted a review of modifiable factors that could impact dementia onset. It presented an initial report identifying nine factors: low education, hypertension, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes, and low social contact. Three years later, a new report of this Commission added three factors to the list: excessive alcohol consumption, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and air pollution. The report of this group of experts states that these factors collectively account for approximately 40% of worldwide dementia cases. […] Recent reviews and meta-analyses have grouped RFs considering specific preventive strategies (i.e., targeting the body, compensatory interventions for brain aging, and health promotion).
#97 Alzheimer’s Facts and Figures Report | Alzheimer’s Association
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures
Health and long-term care costs for people living with dementia are projected to reach $384 billion in 2025. The costs of health care and long-term care for individuals living with Alzheimer’s or other dementias are substantial, and dementia is one of the costliest conditions to society. […] The special report found that Americans want to know if they have Alzheimer’s disease and want early access to testing. […] The vast majority (99%) of Americans believe that early diagnosis is important. […] The special report highlights several key efforts to improve early detection, diagnosis and treatment for more Americans, including: Continuing research to discover, validate and advance biomarker testing, so that they can be widely used in clinical settings to detect and diagnose Alzheimer’s and other dementias at the earliest stages.
#98 World Alzheimer Report 2023 | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)
https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2023/
Risk reduction is a lifelong endeavour and most effective when awareness and understanding of brain health begins at a young age, establishing good habits. […] Risk reduction does not end at diagnosis â people with dementia can implement healthy lifestyle changes aimed at slowing the progression of the condition. More research is needed and more should be done to ensure that people who have been diagnosed with dementia have access to education and the support they will need to modify their behaviours and to continue to live a purposeful life. […] Governments must provide support and incentives to people to reduce their own risk. One way is by funding community public health systems that can play an integral role in facilitating behavioural change. […] ADI calls for governments to keep up the momentum and invest further in risk reduction research, driving new understanding and innovations to promote healthy ageing, including after a diagnosis.
#99 Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other… | F1000Research
https://f1000research.com/articles/10-425
The burden associated with Alzheimers disease is now recognized as one of the most pressing issues in the field of public health. There is an urgent need for health care systems to identify novel and innovative solutions to meet the needs. […] The aim of this study was to analyse the global and regional burden as well as trends and forecasts for Alzheimers disease and related dementias. […] Dementia metrics showed a continuous increase in prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates worldwide during the 29 years of estimates from 1990 to 2019. […] Mortality rates have been rising rapidly and continuously since 1990. The global death rate due to dementia increased from 10.49 deaths per 100,000 in 1990 to 20.98 deaths per 100,000 in 2019. Total deaths due to dementia are projected to increase from the current 2.4 million per year to 5.8 million by 2040.