Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chilblains – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chilblains/symptoms-causes/syc-20351097

  Chilblains causes inflamed, swollen skin, which appears several hours after exposure to cold but not freezing air. Chilblains (CHILL-blayns) is a condition that causes inflamed swollen patches and blistering on the hands and feet. It’s caused by exposure to damp air that’s cold but not freezing. Symptoms may show up a few hours after being in the cold. […] Chilblains symptoms that are long-lasting and develop after repeated exposure to cold and damp conditions can cause scarring and thin skin. […] Symptoms of chilblains include: Small, itchy areas on your skin, often on your feet or hands. Sores or blistering. Swelling. Pain or stinging. Changes in skin color.

• #2 Chilblains (Pernio): What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21817-chilblains-pernio

  Chilblains are painful, swollen patches of skin. Sometimes, these skin patches look shiny. […] Chilblains are typically red, bluish or purplish. They may feel itchy, tender or painful. […] Chilblains form after on-and-off or prolonged exposure to cold or damp air. The cold air causes blood vessels near your skins surface to tighten or constrict. This leads to less oxygen and inflammation in the exposed areas. […] Often, chilblains go away on their own as long as you avoid the cold and/or damp weather conditions. If you still have chilblains symptoms after two or three weeks, you may need to see a healthcare provider for treatment. […] Chilblains usually go away within one to three weeks. If youre at high risk, chilblains may return every year when the weather changes. If chilblains keep coming back, your healthcare provider may give you a medication to prevent chilblains from developing as frequently.

• #3 Chilblains: Symptoms, Pictures, Causes, Treatment, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/chilblains

  Chilblains cause swollen patches of skin that appear red or, on some occasions, blue. Due to the swelling, they may look shiny. […] Although chilblains appear most often on the hands and feet, they can also affect other body parts like the ears, nose, and legs. […] Other symptoms of chilblains include: a burning sensation, blisters, itchiness. […] Chilblains typically show up within 1 day of your exposure to the cold. […] Chilblains usually go away on their own within 3 weeks. In many cases, your symptoms will start to subside as you warm up. […] Always contact a doctor if your symptoms last for more than 3 weeks, the pain is severe, or you dont seem to be getting better. […] Chilblains can be painful and uncomfortable, but they dont usually cause any long-term health problems. In most cases, they heal on their own within a few weeks.

• #4 Chilblains

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chilblains/

  Chilblains usually appear a few hours after you’ve been in the cold. […] If you have chilblains, your skin can feel itchy or like it’s burning. […] Your fingers or toes may become red, purple or swollen. The redness may be harder to see on brown and black skin. […] Chilblains usually go away on their own in 2 to 3 weeks. […] You have chilblains and your skin has not got any better after 2 to 3 weeks. […] A GP will check your symptoms to see if you have chilblains. […] Rarely, the GP will prescribe a medicine that can help your chilblains clear up.

• #5 Chilblains: Symptoms, complications, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172191

  Chilblains generally appear a short while after being in the cold. Symptoms get worse if the individual walks into somewhere warm. […] Chilblains signs and symptoms include: burning and itching sensation, usually in the extremities, such as the feet, hands, nose, or ears; skin of the affected area may change color from red to dark blue and become inflamed (swollen); sores and blisters may appear (rare). […] Doctors say that signs and symptoms will usually go away within a couple of weeks on their own if the patient avoids exposure to cold. More rarely, recovery may take months.

• #6 Chilblains | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/chilblains/

  Chilblains can turn the skin red and may cause a burning or stinging sensation. […] Symptoms of chilblains include: a burning or itching feeling in the affected areas, which can get worse if you go into a warm room; swelling; the affected skin turning red or dark blue; in severe cases, the surface of the skin breaks, and sores or blisters develop. […] Chilblains usually develop several hours after being in the cold.

• #7 Chilblains – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilblains

  Chilblains, also known as pernio, is a medical condition in which damage occurs to capillary beds in the skin, most often in the hands or feet, when blood perfuses into the nearby tissue, resulting in redness, itching, inflammation, and possibly blisters. […] Dermatitis in extremities (toes, fingers, earlobes, nose, etc), including: Burning and itching sensations, Throbbing pain, Skin discoloration (red to dark blue) with erythema (blanchable redness), Blistering of affected area, Ulceration (in severe cases only). […] Chilblains caused by exposure to cold and humidity can usually heal within 7-14 days.

• #8 Chilblains | Symptoms, Treatments & Management | SRUK

  https://www.sruk.co.uk/raynauds/chilblains/

  A chilblain is a condition which results from defective blood circulation on exposure to cold. The skin may first become itchy, then red and swollen with a burning sensation and very tender to touch. Chilblains usually appear on the extremities fingers, toes and ears. Chilblains usually go away over 7-14 day. […] The following are some signs and symptoms related to chilblains: chilblains appear as small itchy, red areas on the skin in some cases the skin over a chilblain may blister which may delay healing sometimes the skin breaks down to leave a small ulcer which is prone to infection. The chilblain may become ulcerated chilblains become increasingly painful as they get congested and take on a dark blue appearance. A burning sensation on the skin. Toe skin inflammation – the affected area is swollen. […] Chilblains will itch and burn and become itchier still when warm. It is tempting to scratch, but this can break and ulcerate the chilblain.

• #9 Chilblains (Pernio) Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/chilblains-5219587

  In severe cases, the eruption of blisters can lead to the formation of skin ulcers, which can increase the risk of secondary infection and scarring. […] Chilblains also tends to be seasonal, occurring more frequently in winter and less frequently in summer. Most cases are acute (occurring and resolving rapidly), but some cases have been known to be chronic (persistent or recurrent).

• #10 Chilblains | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/chilblains

  Chilblains usually develop several hours after exposure to the cold. […] They typically cause a burning and itching sensation in the affected areas, which can become more intense if you go into a warm room. […] The affected skin may also swell and turn red or dark blue. […] In severe cases, the surface of the skin may break and sores or blisters can develop. […] Chilblains often get better on their own after a week or two without treatment. […] If your chilblains are severe and keep returning, speak to your GP. […] If you have severe or recurring chilblains, there’s a small risk of further problems developing, such as infection from blistered or scratched skin. […] It’s often possible to avoid these complications by not scratching or rubbing the affected areas of skin.

• #11 Chilblains

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20155443

  Chilblains symptoms include: […] Chilblains symptoms that are long-lasting and develop after repeated exposure to cold and damp conditions can cause scarring and thin skin. […] Chilblains symptoms usually clear up in 2 or 3 weeks after cold exposure.

• #12 Chillblains | What Are They & What Are The Stages of Chillblains?

  https://talariapodiatrist.com.au/news/chillblains/

  A chilblain usually appears on the tips of the toes or other extremities, including fingers, ears, and the nose. Chilblains appear as a red spot. It may be itchy or extremely painful. This occurs due to the constriction of vessels in extremities due to extreme temperatures from cold to hot a short period. […] The initial stage often goes unnoticed and may appear red due to vasoconstriction within the vessels. […] Hyperaemic stage symptoms include Painful, red, hot, burning and itchiness. […] Congestive/cyanotic stage Swollen and cyanotic. It may resolve or ulcerate at this stage ( Week 2-3). […] Ulcerative stage Skin is broken, may be at risk of infection. […] Symptoms may last between 1-3 weeks. The bad news is theyre painful and annoying. The good news is that they generally resolve on their own and dont result in long-standing conditions.

• #13 Chilblains: Causes, Symptoms. and Treatment

  https://patient.info/foot-care/chilblains

  Chilblains are small, itchy, painful lumps that develop on the skin as an abnormal response to cold. […] Chilblains occur several hours after being exposed to the cold. You may get just one chilblain but often several develop. They may join together to form a larger affected areas, such as swollen, itchy hands and toes. […] Common symptoms of chilblains include: Small, itchy areas of skin. A burning sensation. Red or purple marks on skin. Pain and tenderness. […] Typically, each chilblain lasts for about seven days and then, gradually, goes away over a week or so. Some people have repeated bouts of chilblains each winter. […] Usually chilblains go away of their own accord within a week or two. You may get more if you are prone to them, and are exposed to cold conditions. Occasionally, they can hang around if you are continually exposed to the cold.

• #14 Chilblains (perniosis) – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/chilblains

  Chilblains are itchy, swollen and painful lumps or patches of skin on your fingers and toes, which form due to cold. […] They usually heal in 1 to 3 weeks but can come back when exposed to cold. […] Chilblains usually heal in in 1 to 3 weeks. They do not cause lasting damage, but the affected area might stay sensitive to cold after they heal. […] Chilblains appear as reddish-purple bumps or patches on your skin. […] Other symptoms of chilblains are: itching or burning, swelling, pain. […] Chilblains (perniosis) are caused by the small blood vessels below the skin’s surface constricting too much. […] Once you have had chilblains they can come back. This can happen even after brief exposure to cold. So, it’s important to stay warm. […] Very rarely, chilblains may be associated with blood or bone marrow disorders, or conditions like lupus or Raynaud’s disease.

• #15 Podiatry: Chilblains – Leaflet library

  https://www.oxfordhealth.nhs.uk/leaflets/title/chilblains/

  Symptoms develop within 12 to 24 hours after exposure to cold. The skin may first become itchy, then red and swollen with a burning sensation and sometimes very tender to touch with reddish purple plaques or lumps form. […] In some cases, the skin over a chilblain may blister, and less commonly the skin may break down leaving a small ulcer which is prone to infection. […] Chilblains usually go away over 7-14 days but if you are prone to them, they can reoccur.

• #16 Chilblains

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3255185/

  A 26-year-old woman presented with a three-year history of painful and itching skin lesions on both feet that worsened during the winter and improved during the summer. Based on the relation of cold temperature to her skin lesions, we considered a diagnosis of chilblains. The lesions present 12-24 hours after exposure to cold and usually resolve spontaneously in one to three weeks. Although more than half of published cases are idiopathic, a recent review suggests that up to 20%-40% of chilblains may be associated with more concerning conditions including systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia, antiphospholipid syndrome, macroglobulinemia and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Histology usually shows intense papillary dermal edema, superficial and deep perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates and edema of vessel walls. Prevention of idiopathic chilblains is based primarily on avoidance of cold. […] We prescribed topical mometasone, and after two weeks, our patients lesions had improved considerably. At her routine follow-up visit a year later, there had been no recurrence.

• #17 Chilblains: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/chilblains-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention

  Chilblains Symptoms include: […] Small, itchy patches on your skin. If the skin breaks, it can form a blister, sore, or ulcer, which can let in bacteria and lead to infection or scarring. […] The affected areas can turn red or dark blue. […] A burning or itching feeling on your skin, which can worsen if you enter a warm room. […] Swelling in your fingers or toes. […] Chilblains usually go away within 2 or 3 weeks or when the weather warms up. You might find they come back at the same time each year. If symptoms dont get better after home treatment, see a doctor. […] Chronic, meaning ongoing, recurrent pernio has sometimes led to a connective tissue disease diagnosis.

• #18 Chilblains (Pernio): Symptoms and Management — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chilblains

  Chilblains are tender and/or itchy bumps on acral sites following exposure to damp, cold, non-freezing conditions causing a localised form of vasculitis. […] Chilblains commonly occur on the fingers, toes, and ears (acral sites). However, chilblains can develop on any areas exposed to chronic cold, such as the thighs/hips of horse riders (equestrian panniculitis). Chilblains develop several hours after exposure to damp cold and last for more than 24 hours. […] Chilblains usually resolve spontaneously in 1-3 weeks. However, chilblains can become chronic. Recurrences may occur with subsequent exposures or annually.

• #19 Chilblains: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/chilblains-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Chilblains refer to inflammation of the blood capillaries in your skin resulting from cold exposure. This condition commonly affects your feet or hands. These occur when you are exposed to cold temperatures for a considerable time. Also termed as chill burns and pernio, chilblains can cause swelling of the affected area, the formation of red patches and blisters, and itchiness. […] The telltale signs and symptoms of chilblains include the following: Inflammation of the skin. The appearance of small and red itchy patches on the skin, especially on your hands and feet. Skin ulcers or blisters. Discoloration of skin. Changes in the color of your skin (red to dark blue) along with pain. Burning sensation on your skin. […] Chilblains generally heal on their own within 1-week to 3-weeks, and also if the temperature increases and the air becomes warm and comfortable. In many cases, people experience seasonal episodes of chilblains for years. […] If you have developed blisters on your skins due to chilblains, it is most likely to develop infections and skin ulcers.

• #20 Chilblains – Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatment | 24-7Medcare

  https://24-7medcare.com.au/skin-conditions/chilblains/

  Patchy discolourations (especially red) around the extremities (e.g. toes and fingers) […] Itchy skin […] Swelling, particularly at exposed extremities, including the toes, feet and fingers […] Burning sensation of the affected areas […] Cracking and dry skin […] Chilblains are usually episodic. Symptoms often appear for a short period (usually during colder weather) but eventually disappear. Patients typically report that their signs of chilblains may fluctuate during winter months and resolve during hotter seasons (e.g. spring, summer). This is why being proactive with lifestyle changes is crucial for recovery. Generally, these flare-ups will only last between 2-3 weeks before going away.

• #21 Chilblains: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments – Profoot

  https://profoot.co.uk/chilblains-symptoms-causes-treatments/

  Chilblains, medically known as perniosis, are small, itchy, and painful swellings that develop in response to cold temperatures. These swellings typically occur on the skin of the extremities the toes, fingers, nose, and ears. While they can be uncomfortable, chilblains rarely result in permanent damage to the skin. However, recurrent episodes can lead to chronic changes. The condition usually clears up in 2 or 3 weeks, especially if the weather gets warmer. Even though it may clear up you may get the symptoms each winter for years after. […] Symptoms usually appear within hours of exposure to cold and can intensify as the skin warms. […] The symptoms typically peak within 24 to 48 hours and can be quite uncomfortable during this period. […] Most chilblains will start to resolve after about a week. However, the duration can vary based on the severity and the individuals overall health. […] If the skin is repeatedly exposed to cold conditions without adequate protection, chilblains can recur. Chronic chilblains can lead to permanent skin changes, such as discoloration or scarring.

• #22 Chilblains | Skin problems | What We Treat | Chiropody.co.uk | Leading chiropodist & Podiatrists in Manchester and Liverpool

  https://www.chiropody.co.uk/what-we-treat/skin-problems/chilblains.php

  Chilblains appear as small red, itchy swellings on the skin. […] The signs and symptoms of chilblains include the following: A red swollen, itchy/burning lesion on the skin. […] It may be tender or painful. […] Sometimes chilblains can crack; this makes the area susceptible to infection. […] Chronic chilblains are those which have lasted for 5 months or longer, every year, for a minimum of three years. […] Acute chilblains appear quickly after exposure to the cold. Acute chilblains disappear within a couple of weeks if the extremity is kept warm. […] Your podiatrist will be able to diagnose and treat the symptoms of chilblains based on the signs and symptoms, a thorough medical history and an examination of the affected area. […] You cannot necessarily treat chilblains, but what you can do is ease the symptoms.

• #23 Chilblains (cold feet) Podiatrist in Orlando, FL | Timothy Mason, DPM

  https://www.orlandofootandankleinstitute.org/articles/adler32/514200-chilblains-cold-feet/

  Chilblains, often colloquially known as „cold feet,” is a condition that affects the small blood vessels in the skin when exposed to cold and damp conditions. […] The hallmark of chilblains is the appearance of red or purple skin lesions, typically on the toes, fingers, nose, or ears. […] Chilblains often cause itching and a burning sensation in the affected areas. […] Swelling and inflammation are common features of chilblains. […] Individuals with heightened sensitivity to cold are more prone to developing chilblains. […] Poor circulation can exacerbate the risk of chilblains. […] Age and gender can influence susceptibility to chilblains. […] Proper attire in cold weather is a key preventive measure. […] Gradual warming is essential after exposure to cold conditions. […] Sudden shifts in temperature can trigger chilblains.

• #24 Chilblains (cold feet) Podiatrist in Orlando, FL | Timothy Mason, DPM

  https://www.orlandofootandankleinstitute.org/articles/adler32/514200-chilblains-cold-feet/

  Warm feet are crucial in preventing and managing chilblains. […] Topical creams and ointments can provide relief for chilblains symptoms. […] Itching is a common symptom of chilblains, and scratching can worsen the condition. […] Over-the-counter pain relief medications can help manage discomfort associated with chilblains. […] While chilblains are typically self-limiting, persistent or worsening symptoms may necessitate medical attention. […] Complications such as secondary infections can arise in severe cases of chilblains. […] Chilblains share similarities with frostbite, but they are distinct conditions. […] Raynaud’s disease, another condition related to cold exposure, can be confused with chilblains. […] Chilblains, or cold feet, maybe a common cold-related ailment, but understanding its causes, symptoms, and preventive measures is crucial for effective management.

• #25 Chilblains | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/chilblains

  Chilblains are patches of red, swollen and itchy skin, thought to be caused by a combination of cold weather and poor circulation. […] Chilblains most often develop on the toes. Common symptoms include: a burning sensation on the skin, red, blue, purple or white swollen patches, mild to intense itching, dry skin, leading to splits and cracks, possible secondary infection, ulceration, in severe cases. […] The symptoms of chilblains are made worse with sudden temperature changes for example, entering a warm house after being outside in the cold. […] Severe, ulcerating or recurring chilblains need professional attention.

• #26 Chilblains | Diagnosis, Causes & Treatments

  https://www.mattraden.co.uk/conditions/chilblains

  Chilblains cause small, inflamed red patches on the feet (and hands) after you move from very cold temperatures into the warmth. […] The resulting damage and symptoms can last weeks. […] Signs and symptoms of chilblains include: Pain and throbbing at the toes (and fingers), Red or purple discolouration in patches, Inflammation and swelling, Itchiness and sensitivity around the toes, Changes in skin texture, with the skin becoming dry, scaly or hardened, Severe chilblains may blister, become eroded, or may even ulcerate. […] With chilblains, it is the rapid change from vasoconstriction (narrow vessels) to vasodilation, where the blood starts rushing through, this can cause damage to the vessels and result in blood leaking to the surrounding tissues – so the affected area (often the toes) becomes inflamed, red and tender. Your toes may also throb and itch – but you must be careful not to scratch them as your skin may be more vulnerable to breaking at this stage. […] Chilblains are a self-limiting condition, meaning that mild cases will typically resolve within a few weeks. […] Remember, in the case of chilblains, prevention is 100% the best cure – and preventing chilblains can be done by just following very simple principles.

• #27 Chilblains: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/skin-hair-and-nails/chilblains

  Chilblains usually appear as a change in the color of your skin. On lighter skin, the area where you develop chilblains may look red, blue, or purple. […] Chilblains usually develop within 24 hours after your skin’s exposure to the cold. If the lesions on your skin blister or ulcerate, you may experience the following: a burning sensation, itchy skin, tenderness. […] Chilblains can cause swelling and discoloration of the fingers. […] Chilblains can cause swelling and discoloration of the toes. […] Depending on how severe your chilblains are and how often you get them, you may have a risk of developing further complications. Chilblain lesions are rarely severe. However, breakdowns in your skin can cause infections. Frequent problems with blood circulation can lead to tissue death, also known as necrosis. […] If you have chilblains, you may experience pain and swelling in the affected parts of your body. Your skin may also feel very itchy. However, it’s important to avoid scratching, which can create open sores and lead to bacterial infection.

• #28 Population Characteristics, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Idiopathic Chilblains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9687160/

  Chilblains/perniosis is a non-freezing cold injury causing painful inflammatory skin lesions. […] Chilblains typically affect the dorsal feet or hands causing inflammatory skin lesions that are often painful, and their pathogenesis remains only partly understood. […] Chilblains affected from 2.8 6.2% to 11.5 13.4% of the patients body skin surface (mean SD). The most frequently affected skin areas were the hands, fingers, feet, and toes. […] A total of 21 clinical symptoms or findings were reported, the most frequent being papules, nodules, and itching. […] It typically affects 3 to 12% of the patients body skin surface, and it is most frequently observed in the hands, fingers, feet, and toes. […] Many clinical symptoms or findings of chilblains have been reported, with the most frequent being papules, nodules, and itching.

• #29

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=aa53848

  Symptoms develop 12 to 24 hours after exposure to cold. Chilblains usually affects the fingers and toes, but the ears, nose, and heels can also be affected. Symptoms include: Local redness and swelling. Small areas of skin that look purplish. Skin bumps. Changes in sensation, such as itching or burning. Tender blue bumps that develop after rewarming. Blisters and ulcers (in severe cases). […] Treatment includes rewarming the affected areas, caring for any blisters that form, and avoiding reexposure to cold.

• #30 Chilblain Lupus: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21980-chilblain-lupus

  Chilblain lupus causes painful red or purple sores and discolored patches (plaques) of skin. These small sores (chilblains) form or worsen after exposure to cold temperatures. […] Chilblain lupus causes red or purple skin patches or sores. Usually, these sores appear on your fingers, heels, soles of your feet, and toes. Less commonly, you may get sores on the palms of your hands, knees, nose or ears. Typically, these sores appear or worsen in cold or wet weather. […] Chilblain lupus symptoms may also include blisters or ulcers, open sores caused by poor blood circulation, depigmentation, patches of skin lightening or losing color, heel fissures, deep cracks in the skin on your heels, hyperkeratosis, skin thickening, and Raynaud’s phenomenon, temporary blood restriction in your fingers and toes. […] For mild chilblain lupus symptoms, you may only need to protect yourself from cold temperatures. […] Chilblain lupus is a lifelong condition. With treatment and proper cold protection, many people manage symptoms well.

• #31 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Chilblain Lupus

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/symptoms-and-diagnosis-of-chilblain-lupus-89475.html

  Chilblain lupus develops skin patches or lesions that are red or purple. These lesions usually occur on your fingers, heels, soles of your feet. Sores on the palms of your hands, knees, nose, and ears are less prevalent. The lesions usually intensify in cold or damp conditions. […] Symptoms of chilblain may also include: Blisters or ulcers are open wounds produced by lack of blood circulation. Depigmentation is the process through which regions of skin lighten or lose color. Skin thickening is caused by hyperkeratosis. Raynaud’s phenomenon is characterized by transient blood restriction in the fingers and toes. Chilblain lupus skin lesions can get infectious if not treated. People with chilblain lupus are more likely to get bacterial skin infections (cellulitis). […] Chilblain lupus is a chronic illness. Many people manage their symptoms with therapy and sufficient cold protection. Protecting oneself from cold weather might help you avoid chilblain lupus flare-ups. Exercise regularly to increase blood flow. Ensure that your house and office are properly insulated and heated. Several times a day, soak your hands or feet in warm water. Warm your cold hands or feet slowly to increase blood flow, When you’re in a cold climate wear thick wool socks, gloves, and warm shoes. With proper treatment, symptoms can be managed.

• #32 Chilblain lupus erythematosus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/chilblain-lupus-erythematosus

  Chilblain LE begins as red or dusky purple patches, papules, and plaques that are initiated or exacerbated by exposure to cold and moisture in a cool climate. The lesions are often pruritic and painful. […] In those with the sporadic form of chilblain LE, 18% of individuals will eventually develop SLE; there is no evidence of progression to SLE in cases of familial chilblain LE.

• #33 Population Characteristics, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Idiopathic Chilblains: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9687160/

  Meta-analyses of nine studies with 293 chilblains patients showed that, of the seven histopathological features investigated, the most likely to be found are: perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate (positive in 81% of patients), basal epidermal-cell layer vacuolation (67%), papillary dermal edema (66%), and perieccrine lymphocytic infiltrate (57% of patients). […] The histological identification of four histopathological features (perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, basal epidermal-cell layer vacuolation, papillary dermal edema, and perieccrine lymphocytic infiltrate) are likely to characterize chilblains patients and may, therefore, be useful in differentiating idiopathic chilblains from other causes of acral skin lesions.

• #34 Chilblains – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chilblains/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351103

  Chilblains symptoms usually clear up in 2 or 3 weeks after cold exposure. […] If your chilblains symptoms don’t clear up with self-care, your health care provider may suggest medicine, including: […] A topical corticosteroid. If your chilblains symptoms include sores, applying a corticosteroid such as triamcinolone 0.1% cream might help clear them up. […] Blood pressure medicine. For symptoms that don’t respond to other treatment, your health care provider might prescribe a blood pressure medicine such as nifedipine (Procardia). It’s a type of calcium channel blocker that treats chilblains by improving blood flow.

• #35 Chilblains vs Raynaud’s: Differences, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/difference_between_chilblains_and_raynauds/article.htm

  Chilblains generally go away on their own without the need for medical treatment. […] Light therapy, involving treatment with intense pulsed light, may relieve redness. Antibiotics may be needed if chilblains get infected. This is particularly seen in people with diabetes and may present with pus formation or fever. […] Medications (topical or oral) for chilblains may be needed in some cases. Topical nitroglycerine, Topical steroids such as betamethasone, Oral nifedipine.

• #35 Chilblains vs Raynaud’s: Differences, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/difference_between_chilblains_and_raynauds/article.htm

  Both chilblains and Raynauds are associated with symptoms that appear on exposure to cold. These two diseases, however, have distinct presentations, causes, and management. […] The symptoms generally appear on the hands and feet and typically go away within 7 to 21 days. In some cases, however, it may become chronic or recur annually. Chilblains can affect the legs, ears, and nose, as well as rarely the thighs. They are generally seen in females who wear tight-fitting pants. […] The symptoms may include: Tingling and numbness in affected parts, Small itchy bumps, Vesicles (fluid-filled bumps), Pustules (pus-filled bumps), Skin swelling and pain, Redness or dark-bluish skin color, Burning sensation, Thick and scaly skin. […] Studies suggest that chilblains occur due to the narrowing (constriction) of the small blood vessels under the skin on exposure to cold. On rewarming, these blood vessels may widen, causing leakage of blood that causes swelling and irritation of the skin.

• #36 Pernio and Chillblains: Symptoms and Treatment | Rencic Dermatology

  https://www.rencicderm.com/conditions/pernio-chillblains

  Treatment options for pernio (chilblains) focus on relieving symptoms, facilitating healing, and preventing complications. Firstly, it’s crucial to keep the affected areas warm and shield them from further cold exposure to promote circulation and alleviate discomfort. Topical treatments, such as prescription steroid creams or ointments, can be applied to reduce inflammation and itching, aiding in the healing process. Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen may be used to manage any associated pain. Additionally, minimizing exposure to cold and damp conditions, as well as avoiding sudden temperature changes, helps prevent symptom exacerbation and the development of new chilblains.

• #37 Chilblains | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/chilblains/

  Chilblains are also known as perniosis and, according to medical research, there are several conditions that favor their appearance, such as: […] The characteristic symptoms are: Inflammation. Pain. Burning. Blisters. Changes in skin tone. Reddish spots Itch. […] If you detect any of these symptoms, you must see your doctor to assess you and avoid serious complications. […] Chilblains usually go away on their own in one to three weeks. However, they tend to emerge again in cold weather, so you can help control their formation by following these recommendations: Keep your home warm and dry. Wear warm clothing and do not leave bare skin when you go out. Avoid smoking. Limit as much as possible your exposure to cold and humidity. Keep hands and feet warm and dry.

• #38 Chilblains: symptoms, causes and how to reduce your risk – Your Health

  https://www.yourhealth.net.au/articles/wellbeing/skin-health/chilblains-symptoms-causes-and-how-to-reduce-your-risk/

  Chilblains are itchy, swollen and painful lumps on the skin that form after exposure to the cold. Symptoms of chilblains include: red, blue or white patches of discoloration on the skin, swelling and pain, intense itching, dry, split and cracked skin. Chilblains can appear quickly after exposure to cold and usually go away within a few weeks. In most cases, chilblains dont cause any permanent damage, but in more serious cases, they can become infected or develop into an ulcer. […] If you develop chilblains, use a calamine lotion or witch hazel to relieve the itching and avoid scratching the skin, which can further damage the skin and may lead to infection. If your chilblains are very painful, see your doctor, who might prescribe cortisone creams to reduce the itching and swelling or medications to increase blood flow to the affected areas.

• #39 How to Prevent and Treat Chilblains in Winter

  https://www.louisaseymourpodiatry.co.uk/dealing-with-chilblains-and-cold-feet-in-winter/

  Chilblains can vary in severity, but common symptoms include: […] They typically last a few weeks and usually resolve as temperatures warm up, but without proper care, they can worsen or become infected. […] Chilblains occur due to poor circulation and rapid temperature changes. […] This leads to inflammation and the characteristic symptoms of chilblains. […] In most cases, chilblains resolve on their own with proper care, but you should see a podiatrist if: […] The chilblains persist for more than a few weeks. […] You notice blisters, cracks, or signs of infection (such as redness, swelling, or pus). […] The pain becomes severe or interferes with daily activities.

• #40 Chilblains: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | Manly Cove Podiatry

  https://manlycovepodiatry.com/guide-to-chilblains/

  Skin Changes: The skin may become dry, cracked, and in severe cases, lead to permanent discoloration. […] […] Diagnosis of Chilblains […] Diagnosing chilblains typically involves a physical examination and a review of the patients medical history. Heres what to expect during the diagnosis process: […] Medical History: The healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms, when they occur, and any activities or environmental exposures that may trigger them. They will also inquire about any underlying health conditions that might contribute to poor circulation. […] Physical Examination: A thorough examination of the affected areas will be conducted to look for the characteristic signs of chilblains, such as red or purple patches, swelling, and blisters. […] Additional Tests: In some cases, your doctor may recommend blood tests to rule out other conditions that can mimic chilblains, such as lupus or other connective tissue diseases. […] Skin Biopsy: Rarely, a skin biopsy may be performed to examine the tissue under a microscope if the diagnosis is uncertain. […] Accurate diagnosis is essential to differentiate chilblains from other conditions with similar symptoms and to develop an effective treatment plan.

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