Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Dyspareunia in women is a recurrent pain in the genital and/or pelvic area associated with sexual intercourse. […] Dyspareunia is associated with increased risk of sexual dysfunction and relationship distress, and it may impact an individual’s confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] Pain resulting from dyspareunia can be superficial or deep; it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women are reluctant to report symptoms to providers, making it an underreported yet common condition. […] The onus lies with practitioners to form trusting and safe relationships with patients in which such discussions are possible. […] A knowledgeable practitioner can encourage disclosure and improve outcomes for patients with dyspareunia.

• #2 Dyspareunia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562159/

  Painful sexual intercourse is a common female health problem. In medical terminology, it is called dyspareunia. It is a complex disorder that often goes neglected. The prevalence of dyspareunia varies from 3 to 18% worldwide, and it can affect 10 to 28% of the population in a lifetime. Dyspareunia can be further categorized into superficial or deep, and primary or secondary. Superficial dyspareunia is limited to the vulva or vaginal entrance, while deep dyspareunia means the extension of pain into the deeper parts of the vagina or lower pelvis. Deep dyspareunia is frequently associated with deep penetration. Primary dyspareunia pain initiates at the start of sexual intercourse, while in secondary dyspareunia, pain begins after some time of pain-free sexual activity. […] Dyspareunia can also lead to sexual difficulties, such as lack of sexual desire and arousal, and can cause trouble in sexual relationships. It can have a significant impact on physical as well as mental health. It can lead to depression, anxiety, hypervigilance to pain, negative body image, and low self-esteem. So prompt management is crucial to address this disorder.

• #3 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  Dyspareunia is genital pain during or after sexual intercourse. You may feel pain externally on your vulva or internally in your vagina, uterus or pelvis. Factors like underlying medical conditions or infections can cause painful sex. Treatment involves identifying the underlying cause of the pain. […] Pain during sex, or dyspareunia, is persistent or recurring pain just before, during or after sex. Dyspareunia is more common in women, but anyone can experience painful sex. […] Dyspareunia is a common condition that can have negative emotional and psychological effects. In addition to the physical pain, couples may experience a loss of intimacy or strain in their relationships. […] Your healthcare provider may refer you to a gynecologist or a provider who specializes in sexual health. They can determine appropriate treatment based on your symptoms and the underlying condition causing you pain.

• #4 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  Pain during intercourse can also be described as primary, secondary, complete or situational: Primary pain is pain you’ve had since becoming sexually active. Secondary pain develops after experiencing pain-free sex. Complete pain means you feel pain every time you have sex. Situational pain is when the pain only happens at certain times. […] Pain during sex is more common in females, affecting 3 out of 4 at some point in their lives. […] If you have pain during sex, you may feel: Sharp pain during penetration or at entry (or even when using a tampon). Deep pain during thrusting. Throbbing or aching after intercourse. Pelvic cramping. Muscle tightness or spasms. Bladder pain. […] Dyspareunia doesn’t necessarily cause bleeding. Any bleeding that occurs during sexual intercourse is likely due to an underlying medical issue, which may or may not be related to the pain. Seek an appointment with a provider if you’re having bleeding with sex.

• #5 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/symptoms-causes/syc-20375967

  Painful intercourse can happen for reasons that range from structural problems to psychological concerns. Many people have painful intercourse at some point in their lives. […] The medical term for painful intercourse is dyspareunia (dis-puh-ROO-nee-uh). It is lasting or recurrent genital pain that occurs just before, during or after sex. Talk with your healthcare professional if you’re having painful intercourse. Treatments focus on the cause and can help stop or ease this common problem. […] If you have recurrent pain during sex, talk with your healthcare professional. Treating the problem can help your sex life, your emotional intimacy and your self-image. […] Physical causes of painful intercourse differ, depending on whether the pain happens at entry or with deep thrusting. Emotional factors can be linked to many types of painful intercourse.

• #6 Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis of Dyspareunia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0415/p1535.html

  The most common pain with dyspareunia occurs during coitus, but some women experience pain afterward, while others report pain at both times. […] Pain before coitus may result from irritation of the external genitalia or the vasocongestion that occurs during the excitement phase. […] Patients with dyspareunia are more likely than the general population to report pain with insertion of a tampon or digit, or during a gynecologic examination. […] The pain must be persistent or recurrent, and cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty. […] Complaints of pain with sexual intercourse were also associated with low physical and emotional satisfaction, as well as decreased general happiness. […] The couple with penetration difficulty because of inadequate lubrication will most likely have tried various agents, but some of these products are more suitable than others for satisfactory intercourse.

• #7 Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis of Dyspareunia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0415/p1535.html

  The etiology for postpartum dyspareunia remains unclear. […] Pain may occur before entry, with entry or once the penis is in the vagina. […] Entry dyspareunia may result from a variety of conditions affecting the labia or vestibule. […] A history of pain with entry is most commonly associated with vaginismus and inadequate lubrication from incomplete arousal. […] The pain associated with deep thrusting is often described as something being bumped into. […] The urinary system is also a source of dyspareunia. […] Dyspareunia may be part of the initial presentation, which then proceeds to a persistent chronic pain.

• #8 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/symptoms-causes/syc-20375967

  Pain during penetration might be associated with a range of factors, including: Not enough lubrication. This is often the result of not enough foreplay. A drop in estrogen levels after menopause or childbirth or during breastfeeding also can be a cause. […] Certain medicines can affect sexual desire or arousal. That can decrease lubrication and make sex painful. Those medicines include antidepressants, high blood pressure medicines, sedatives, antihistamines and certain birth control pills. […] Injury, trauma or irritation. This includes injury or irritation from an accident, pelvic surgery, female circumcision or a cut made during childbirth to enlarge the birth canal, called episiotomy. […] An infection in the genital area or urinary tract can cause painful intercourse. Eczema or other skin problems in the genital area also can be the cause.

• #9 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dyspareunia

  Dyspareunia is the term for recurring pain in the genital area or within the pelvis during sexual intercourse. The pain can be sharp or intense. It can occur before, during, or after sexual intercourse. […] Dyspareunia is more common in women than men. It has many possible causes, but it can be treated. […] Common physical causes of dyspareunia include vaginal dryness from menopause, childbirth, breastfeeding, medications, or too little arousal before intercourse. […] Factors that reduce sexual desire or affect a person’s ability to become aroused can also cause dyspareunia. […] Dyspareunia pain can vary. Pain may occur in the vagina, urethra, or bladder during penetration, during or after intercourse, deep in the pelvis during intercourse, after pain-free intercourse, only with specific partners or circumstances, with tampon use, along with burning, itching, or aching, with a feeling of stabbing pain, similar to menstrual cramps.

• #10 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/symptoms-causes/syc-20375967

  Vaginismus. These involuntary spasms of the muscles of the vaginal wall can make penetration painful. […] It can be hard to tell whether emotional factors are associated with dyspareunia. Initial pain can lead to fear of recurring pain, making it difficult to relax, which can lead to more pain. You might start avoiding sex if you associate it with the pain. […] Many factors can raise the risk of painful intercourse. They include illnesses, surgeries and other medical treatments, and mental health issues.

• #11 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse) | Baylor Scott & White Health

  https://www.bswhealth.com/conditions/dyspareunia

  Dyspareunia is the medical term for pain during sex. You may experience discomfort in various ways; dyspareunia pain is often described as burning, cramping, sharp or throbbing. […] Dyspareunia affects nearly 3 out of 4 women at some time in life, according to The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Although the condition is common, you dont have to manage your pain alone. You can find relief with treatment, including prescribed therapies and at-home remedies. […] If youre experiencing discomfort during sex, talk to your OBGYN. Sex should not be painful, and even occasional pain can be treated effectively. […] Pain during sex can also be a sign of underlying conditions, including infections, ovarian cysts and pelvic floor dysfunctions, so seeking treatment may help you find solutions to seemingly unrelated symptoms and health issues.

• #12 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse) | Baylor Scott & White Health

  https://www.bswhealth.com/conditions/dyspareunia

  Painful intercourse can have a variety of causes, both physical and emotional. Medical conditions, structural problems in your pelvic organs and emotional factors can contribute to both types of dyspareunia. […] You can help reduce or manage pain during sex with some simple home care tips, including: Applying an ice pack wrapped in a towel to the vulva after sex, Setting aside a relaxing time for having sex, Taking a warm bath to ease inflammation, Trying sexual activities and positions that reduce pain, Using an over-the-counter water- or silicone-based lubricant for vaginal dryness. […] Additionally, maintaining good genital hygiene, practicing safe sex and attending regular medical check-ups can prevent genital and urinary infections that contribute to painful intercourse. […] Medications can treat underlying causes or help alleviate pain. Your provider may recommend: An alternative form of birth control, such as birth control pills, an implant, a patch or an intrauterine device, Antibiotics, antivirals and antifungal medications to treat infections, Antidepressants, which can treat psychological factors and can help reduce nerve pain, Botulinum toxin injections, which can address pain in your pelvic floor muscles, Hormone therapy which may help women with sexual dysfunction, Medications for endometriosis, Prescription topical estrogen creams or a drug called ospemifene to address dryness and other symptoms related to menopause, Over-the-counter pain relievers or anti-inflammatories taken before intercourse.

• #13 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  In many cases, you can experience pain during sex if you don’t have enough vaginal lubrication. But you can also have painful intercourse because of an infection, trauma, injury or medical condition. […] Pain during sex is more common in women, especially those who have reached menopause. But it can affect men, too. It happens to people of all ages and backgrounds. The pain is often due to physical factors or medical conditions, but it can also be psychological or due to a mental health condition. […] The possible complications of painful sex are: Relationship problems: Lack of intimacy with your partner can lead to stress or strain in your relationship, leaving one or both of you feeling frustrated or disconnected. You may also find yourself not looking forward to sex or intimacy due to fear of the pain. Anxiety or depression: Chronic pain and being unable to do what you want to do can make you feel sad, depressed or anxious. Unresolved medical conditions: If an underlying condition is causing painful sex, not treating that issue could lead to complications.

• #14

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Women with dyspareunia are at increased risk of developing sexual dysfunction; relationship distress; and decreased confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] The pain associated with dyspareunia can be superficial or deep, and it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women with dyspareunia are reluctant to report their symptoms to medical providers. […] Dyspareunia is therefore underreported despite its prevalence. […] The appropriate management of dyspareunia can be established after diagnosis of the cause. […] Management may include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, and physical therapy. […] The goal of management is to develop a plan of care for the patient that addresses both the psychosocial and physical attributes associated with painful sexual intercourse.

• #15 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse) Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Women’s Health Partners

  https://www.toplinemd.com/myobgynoffice/dyspareunia-painful-intercourse-causes-symptoms-treatments/

  Infections of the reproductive organs, such as yeast infections or pelvic inflammatory disease, can lead to painful intercourse. […] Insufficient lubrication can cause friction during sex, resulting in discomfort. […] Conditions like uterine fibroids, endometriosis, or ovarian cysts can contribute to pain during intercourse. […] Dysfunction in the muscles of the pelvic floor may lead to painful sex. […] Stress, anxiety, depression, or a history of sexual trauma can contribute to dyspareunia. […] Dyspareunia can manifest through various symptoms, which may vary in intensity and duration. […] Sharp or burning pain during intercourse is a distinctive symptom of dyspareunia, signaling discomfort that can be felt during penetration or thrusting. […] It is crucial for individuals experiencing these symptoms to consult with healthcare professionals to identify the underlying causes and explore appropriate treatment options tailored to their specific condition.

• #16 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375973

  A medical evaluation for dyspareunia usually consists of: […] A pelvic exam. During a pelvic exam, your healthcare professional can check for symptoms of skin irritation, infection or anatomical problems. Your care professional also might try to locate your pain by applying gentle pressure to your genitals and pelvic muscles. […] Treatment options vary depending on the cause of the pain. […] If an infection or medical condition contributes to your pain, treating the cause might resolve your problem. Changing medicines that can cause lubrication problems also might eliminate your symptoms. […] For many postmenopausal women, painful intercourse is caused by too little lubrication resulting from low estrogen levels. Often, low estrogen levels can be treated with topical estrogen applied directly to the vagina.

• #17 Dyspareunia in Women | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0515/p597.html

  Recommendations for treating dyspareunia are determined by the patient’s current anatomy. […] Clinicians should create a safe and welcoming environment where patients feel comfortable discussing their sexuality. […] A detailed history includes asking patients to describe the characteristics of the pain (e.g., location, intensity, duration); symptoms involving other organs, such as the bladder, bowel, or musculoskeletal system; sexual behaviors that cause pain; psychological history and symptoms; and current medical conditions. […] Patients who have pain with vaginal entry may have atrophy, inadequate lubrication, pelvic floor dysfunction, vaginitis, vulvodynia, or vaginismus, whereas patients who have deeper pain may have endometriosis or structural or anatomic abnormalities, such as uterine retroversion.

• #18 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375973

  Another medicine to relieve painful intercourse is prasterone (Intrarosa). It’s a capsule you place inside the vagina daily. […] Some therapies that dont involve medicine also might help with painful intercourse: […] Counseling or sex therapy. If sex has been painful for some time, you might have a negative emotional response to sexual stimulation even after treatment. […] Talking with your healthcare professional is the first step in resolving painful intercourse. […] To get ready for the conversation with your healthcare professional, make a list of: […] Your sexual problems, including when they began and how often and under what conditions they happen. […] Your healthcare professional might ask you questions, including: […] How long have you had painful intercourse? […] Do you have vaginal irritation, itching or burning?

• #19

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  The provider should also identify a pattern of the patient’s pain, such as persistent, constant, intermittent, immediate (occurring during the provocation), and delayed (occurring after the provocation). […] Patients should be assured that management options are available for dyspareunia that may include medications, surgical interventions, pelvic floor physical therapy, and mental health support. […] Sexual health is a primary element of overall health, and treating sexual dysfunction caused by dyspareunia may improve patients’ quality of life.

• #20 Dyspareunia in Women | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0515/p597.html

  Recommendations for treating dyspareunia are determined by the patient’s current anatomy. […] Clinicians should create a safe and welcoming environment where patients feel comfortable discussing their sexuality. […] A detailed history includes asking patients to describe the characteristics of the pain (e.g., location, intensity, duration); symptoms involving other organs, such as the bladder, bowel, or musculoskeletal system; sexual behaviors that cause pain; psychological history and symptoms; and current medical conditions. […] Patients who have pain with vaginal entry may have atrophy, inadequate lubrication, pelvic floor dysfunction, vaginitis, vulvodynia, or vaginismus, whereas patients who have deeper pain may have endometriosis or structural or anatomic abnormalities, such as uterine retroversion.

• #21 Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis of Dyspareunia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0415/p1535.html

  Dyspareunia is genital pain associated with sexual intercourse. […] The differential diagnoses include vaginismus, inadequate lubrication, atrophy and vulvodynia (vulvar vestibulitis). […] The physical examination may reproduce the pain, such as localized pain with vulvar vestibulitis, when the vagina is touched with a cotton swab. […] An understanding of the present organic etiology must be integrated with an appreciation of the ongoing psychologic factors and negative expectations and attitudes that perpetuate the pain cycle. […] Dyspareunia is genital pain experienced just before, during or after sexual intercourse. […] Patients with dyspareunia may complain of a well-defined and localized pain, or express a general disinterest in and dissatisfaction with intercourse that stems from the associated discomfort.

• #22 How Common Is Pain During Sexual Intercourse (Dyspareunia)? | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/how-common-is-pain-during-sexual-intercourse-dyspareunia

  Many clinicians treat the symptom of pain instead of getting to the root of the problem, which may take multiple appointments and a dedicated physical examination. […] The pelvic floor can play a significant role in the causes of dyspareunia. […] A physical examination may reveal pelvic floor dysfunction, tenderness to the vestibule or vulva or signs of an infection, which can cause distress and discomfort with sexual intercourse. […] While infections, such as yeast infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), can be a clear and treatable source of discomfort, hormonal imbalance is often neglected, especially in women. […] Women with a history of endometriosis and interstitial cystitis may also have symptoms of painful sex requiring pelvic floor physical therapy to assist with the relaxation of the pelvic floor.

• #23 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  There are many approaches your healthcare provider can use to treat your symptoms, but it depends on the cause. For example, if pelvic floor dysfunction is causing the pain, physical therapy may be the first treatment your provider suggests. […] Some treatments for sexual pain require prescription medication. If vaginal dryness due to low estrogen is the cause of your painful sex, topical estrogens can be applied to your vagina. […] Applying a water- or silicone-based lubricant to your vagina, vulva and labia is helpful when dryness is the main cause. […] There are some things you can do on your own to manage the pain you feel during or after sex: Use a water- or silicone-based lubricant to help with vaginal dryness. Try different sexual activities or positions that don’t cause pain. Take an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever before sex. Find time to relax and de-stress before having sex. Apply ice packs to your vulva after sexual intercourse.

• #24 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375973

  A medical evaluation for dyspareunia usually consists of: […] A pelvic exam. During a pelvic exam, your healthcare professional can check for symptoms of skin irritation, infection or anatomical problems. Your care professional also might try to locate your pain by applying gentle pressure to your genitals and pelvic muscles. […] Treatment options vary depending on the cause of the pain. […] If an infection or medical condition contributes to your pain, treating the cause might resolve your problem. Changing medicines that can cause lubrication problems also might eliminate your symptoms. […] For many postmenopausal women, painful intercourse is caused by too little lubrication resulting from low estrogen levels. Often, low estrogen levels can be treated with topical estrogen applied directly to the vagina.

• #25 Dyspareunia in Women | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0515/p597.html

  Clinicians should assess patients with vulvodynia for associated conditions, such as depression, anxiety, history of childhood sexual or physical abuse, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and pelvic floor muscle dysfunction. […] Vaginal estrogen tablets, creams, and rings are all similarly effective treatments for dyspareunia that is due to genitourinary syndrome of menopause (vaginal atrophy). […] Treatment options for vulvodynia include avoiding vulvar irritants, using cotton underwear and pads, topical analgesics, estrogen, compounded or oral gabapentin, compounded muscle relaxants, amitriptyline, selective serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, pelvic floor physical therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and surgical excision. […] Postpartum sexual dysfunction, including dyspareunia, is common. Among women who have had their first vaginal delivery, approximately 40% report painful sex three months postpartum and 20% at six months postpartum. […] If the examination rules out painful perineal scarring, granulation tissue, pelvic floor muscle tenderness, laceration breakdown, or infection, use of lubricants during sexual activity may alleviate pain.

• #26 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/painful-intercourse-dyspareunia

  If an infection or medical condition contributes to your pain, treating the cause might resolve your problem. […] For many postmenopausal women, painful intercourse is caused by too little lubrication resulting from low estrogen levels. […] The Food and Drug Administration approved the medicine ospemifene (Osphena) to treat moderate to severe dyspareunia in women who have problems with vaginal lubrication. […] Some therapies that dont involve medicine also might help with painful intercourse: Desensitization therapy. For this therapy, you learn vaginal relaxation exercises that can ease pain. […] Counseling or sex therapy. If sex has been painful for some time, you might have a negative emotional response to sexual stimulation even after treatment. […] Until vaginal penetration becomes less painful, you and your partner might find other ways to be intimate. Sensual massage, kissing and mutual masturbation offer alternatives to intercourse that might be more comfortable, more fulfilling and more fun than your regular routine.

• #27 Dyspareunia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562159/

  For the treatment of dyspareunia, a multimodal treatment approach is advantageous to address all the aspects of pain (physical, emotional, and behavioral). It should involve a team consisting of the gynecologist, pain management expert, physical therapist, sexual therapist, and mental health professionals with a specialization in chronic pain. In the first step, a physician should acknowledge that patient has pain. The patient should receive counsel that pain management may take time, and its quite possible that it may not completely resolve even after the completion of treatment. Patients should be informed of all the treatment options in detail and help them to choose the best possible treatment option. The conservative nonsurgical approach should be the first step. […] Pelvic floor physical therapy can serve as an adjuvant treatment option in most cases of dyspareunia. It relaxes the pelvic floor muscles and re-educates the pain receptors. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has shown promising results in reducing anxiety and fear related to dyspareunia. It is the most commonly used behavioral intervention and is a strong recommendation. Surgical treatment is adopted as a last resort when all conservative medical and behavioral treatment options have failed. It is usually useful in identifying and/or treat pelvic adhesions, endometriosis, and pelvic organ prolapse.

• #28 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  There are many approaches your healthcare provider can use to treat your symptoms, but it depends on the cause. For example, if pelvic floor dysfunction is causing the pain, physical therapy may be the first treatment your provider suggests. […] Some treatments for sexual pain require prescription medication. If vaginal dryness due to low estrogen is the cause of your painful sex, topical estrogens can be applied to your vagina. […] Applying a water- or silicone-based lubricant to your vagina, vulva and labia is helpful when dryness is the main cause. […] There are some things you can do on your own to manage the pain you feel during or after sex: Use a water- or silicone-based lubricant to help with vaginal dryness. Try different sexual activities or positions that don’t cause pain. Take an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever before sex. Find time to relax and de-stress before having sex. Apply ice packs to your vulva after sexual intercourse.

• #29 Sexual health: When being intimate hurts – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/womens-sexual-health-when-being-intimate-hurts

  Various treatment options are available, and the treatment right for you will depend on the cause of your dyspareunia: Medications Antibiotic or antifungal medications are used if a pelvic or vaginal infection is suspected. For hormonal causes, treatment can include starting or changing contraceptives, or applying creams or other ointments directly to the vulva and vaginal tissue. Some women find relief from medications that target the nerves and muscles of the pelvis, and this can include topical or injectable medications. Do not use over-the-counter preparations without speaking to a health care provider first. […] Therapy Physical therapy is often helpful for women with dyspareunia due to pelvic muscle or other physical changes. Some therapists specialize in treating the pelvic floor, while others focus on spine or skeletal issues or injuries. Many women with pain experience anxiety related to intercourse, especially if they have a history of trauma or chronic disease. Counseling can help address these concerns, and it is an important part of a treatment plan. But counseling is rarely used alone.

• #30 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375973

  Another medicine to relieve painful intercourse is prasterone (Intrarosa). It’s a capsule you place inside the vagina daily. […] Some therapies that dont involve medicine also might help with painful intercourse: […] Counseling or sex therapy. If sex has been painful for some time, you might have a negative emotional response to sexual stimulation even after treatment. […] Talking with your healthcare professional is the first step in resolving painful intercourse. […] To get ready for the conversation with your healthcare professional, make a list of: […] Your sexual problems, including when they began and how often and under what conditions they happen. […] Your healthcare professional might ask you questions, including: […] How long have you had painful intercourse? […] Do you have vaginal irritation, itching or burning?

• #31 Dyspareunia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562159/

  For the treatment of dyspareunia, a multimodal treatment approach is advantageous to address all the aspects of pain (physical, emotional, and behavioral). It should involve a team consisting of the gynecologist, pain management expert, physical therapist, sexual therapist, and mental health professionals with a specialization in chronic pain. In the first step, a physician should acknowledge that patient has pain. The patient should receive counsel that pain management may take time, and its quite possible that it may not completely resolve even after the completion of treatment. Patients should be informed of all the treatment options in detail and help them to choose the best possible treatment option. The conservative nonsurgical approach should be the first step. […] Pelvic floor physical therapy can serve as an adjuvant treatment option in most cases of dyspareunia. It relaxes the pelvic floor muscles and re-educates the pain receptors. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has shown promising results in reducing anxiety and fear related to dyspareunia. It is the most commonly used behavioral intervention and is a strong recommendation. Surgical treatment is adopted as a last resort when all conservative medical and behavioral treatment options have failed. It is usually useful in identifying and/or treat pelvic adhesions, endometriosis, and pelvic organ prolapse.

• #32 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/painful-intercourse-dyspareunia

  Treatment options vary depending on the cause of the pain. […] If an infection or medical condition contributes to your pain, treating the cause might resolve your problem. Changing medicines that can cause lubrication problems also might eliminate your symptoms. […] To help with pain during sex, you and your partner could try to: Change positions. If you have sharp pain during thrusting, try different positions, such as being on top. In this position, you might be able to regulate penetration to a depth that feels good to you. […] Until vaginal penetration becomes less painful, you and your partner might find other ways to be intimate. Sensual massage, kissing and mutual masturbation offer alternatives to intercourse that might be more comfortable, more fulfilling and more fun than your regular routine. […] Talking with your healthcare professional is the first step in resolving painful intercourse. Your primary healthcare professional might diagnose and treat the problem or refer you to a specialist.

• #33 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse) | Baylor Scott & White Health

  https://www.bswhealth.com/conditions/dyspareunia

  When sexual tension, a lack of arousal or trauma contribute to painful intercourse, you may benefit from counseling to overcome those causes. […] Surgery can help if other options no longer provide relief. Your provider may recommend surgery to correct pelvic organ abnormalities, treat endometriosis, remove uterine fibroids and address other underlying causes of your pain.

• #34 Sexual health: When being intimate hurts – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/womens-sexual-health-when-being-intimate-hurts

  Surgery For most women, surgery is not required to resolve dyspareunia, but it is appropriate in some cases. Significant anatomical physical changes or injuries can require surgery to correct the underlying issue. Occasionally, dyspareunia is caused by a combination of conditions and surgery is pursued after all noninvasive treatments have been explored. […] If you are bothered by painful intercourse, talk with your primary care or OB-GYN provider about the right treatment plan for you.

• #35 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  There are many approaches your healthcare provider can use to treat your symptoms, but it depends on the cause. For example, if pelvic floor dysfunction is causing the pain, physical therapy may be the first treatment your provider suggests. […] Some treatments for sexual pain require prescription medication. If vaginal dryness due to low estrogen is the cause of your painful sex, topical estrogens can be applied to your vagina. […] Applying a water- or silicone-based lubricant to your vagina, vulva and labia is helpful when dryness is the main cause. […] There are some things you can do on your own to manage the pain you feel during or after sex: Use a water- or silicone-based lubricant to help with vaginal dryness. Try different sexual activities or positions that don’t cause pain. Take an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever before sex. Find time to relax and de-stress before having sex. Apply ice packs to your vulva after sexual intercourse.

• #36 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dyspareunia

  Both women and men can experience dyspareunia, but the condition is more common in women. Dyspareunia is one of the most common problems of postmenopausal women. […] Dyspareunia treatments are based on the cause of the condition. If your pain is caused by an underlying infection or condition, your doctor may treat it with antibiotics, antifungal medicines, or topical or injectable corticosteroids. […] These home remedies can also reduce dyspareunia symptoms: Use water-soluble lubricants, have sex when you and your partner are relaxed, communicate openly with your partner about your pain, empty your bladder before sex, take a warm bath before sex, take an over-the-counter pain reliever before sex, apply an ice pack to the vulva to calm burning after sex. […] Your doctor may also recommend therapy. This can include desensitization therapy or sex therapy. In desensitization therapy, you’ll learn vaginal relaxation techniques, such as Kegel exercises, that can decrease pain.

• #37 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/painful-intercourse-dyspareunia

  Treatment options vary depending on the cause of the pain. […] If an infection or medical condition contributes to your pain, treating the cause might resolve your problem. Changing medicines that can cause lubrication problems also might eliminate your symptoms. […] To help with pain during sex, you and your partner could try to: Change positions. If you have sharp pain during thrusting, try different positions, such as being on top. In this position, you might be able to regulate penetration to a depth that feels good to you. […] Until vaginal penetration becomes less painful, you and your partner might find other ways to be intimate. Sensual massage, kissing and mutual masturbation offer alternatives to intercourse that might be more comfortable, more fulfilling and more fun than your regular routine. […] Talking with your healthcare professional is the first step in resolving painful intercourse. Your primary healthcare professional might diagnose and treat the problem or refer you to a specialist.

• #38 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dyspareunia

  There’s no specific prevention for dyspareunia. But you can do the following to reduce the risk of pain during intercourse: After childbirth, wait at least six weeks before resuming sexual intercourse, use a water-soluble lubricant when vaginal dryness is an issue, use proper hygiene, get proper routine medical care, prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) by using condoms or other barriers, encourage natural vaginal lubrication with enough time for foreplay and stimulation. […] Alternatives to sexual intercourse may be useful until underlying conditions are treated. You and your partner can use other techniques for intimacy until penetration is more comfortable. Sensual massage, kissing, oral sex, and mutual masturbation may be satisfying alternatives.

• #39 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  There are many approaches your healthcare provider can use to treat your symptoms, but it depends on the cause. For example, if pelvic floor dysfunction is causing the pain, physical therapy may be the first treatment your provider suggests. […] Some treatments for sexual pain require prescription medication. If vaginal dryness due to low estrogen is the cause of your painful sex, topical estrogens can be applied to your vagina. […] Applying a water- or silicone-based lubricant to your vagina, vulva and labia is helpful when dryness is the main cause. […] There are some things you can do on your own to manage the pain you feel during or after sex: Use a water- or silicone-based lubricant to help with vaginal dryness. Try different sexual activities or positions that don’t cause pain. Take an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever before sex. Find time to relax and de-stress before having sex. Apply ice packs to your vulva after sexual intercourse.

• #40 I am unable to perform sex. Please help.

  https://www.icliniq.com/qa/sexual-health/what-is-the-solution-for-pain-during-sex

  For pain thought due to post-menopausal vaginal dryness, estrogen treatment can be used. For women with diagnostic criteria for endometriosis, medications or surgery are possible options. […] In addition, the following may reduce discomfort with intercourse: Both of you shave the pubic region regularly. Use a vaginal vibrator. […] Also, add pleasant, sexually exciting experiences to your regular interactions, such as bathing together (in which the primary goal is not cleanliness), or mutual caressing without intercourse. […] In couples where a woman is preparing to receive vaginal intercourse, such activities tend to increase both natural lubrication and vaginal dilation, both of which decrease friction and pain. […] Prior to intercourse, oral sex may relax and lubricate the vagina.

• #41 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/dyspareunia

  There’s no specific prevention for dyspareunia. But you can do the following to reduce the risk of pain during intercourse: After childbirth, wait at least six weeks before resuming sexual intercourse, use a water-soluble lubricant when vaginal dryness is an issue, use proper hygiene, get proper routine medical care, prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) by using condoms or other barriers, encourage natural vaginal lubrication with enough time for foreplay and stimulation. […] Alternatives to sexual intercourse may be useful until underlying conditions are treated. You and your partner can use other techniques for intimacy until penetration is more comfortable. Sensual massage, kissing, oral sex, and mutual masturbation may be satisfying alternatives.

• #42 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse) | Baylor Scott & White Health

  https://www.bswhealth.com/conditions/dyspareunia

  Painful intercourse can have a variety of causes, both physical and emotional. Medical conditions, structural problems in your pelvic organs and emotional factors can contribute to both types of dyspareunia. […] You can help reduce or manage pain during sex with some simple home care tips, including: Applying an ice pack wrapped in a towel to the vulva after sex, Setting aside a relaxing time for having sex, Taking a warm bath to ease inflammation, Trying sexual activities and positions that reduce pain, Using an over-the-counter water- or silicone-based lubricant for vaginal dryness. […] Additionally, maintaining good genital hygiene, practicing safe sex and attending regular medical check-ups can prevent genital and urinary infections that contribute to painful intercourse. […] Medications can treat underlying causes or help alleviate pain. Your provider may recommend: An alternative form of birth control, such as birth control pills, an implant, a patch or an intrauterine device, Antibiotics, antivirals and antifungal medications to treat infections, Antidepressants, which can treat psychological factors and can help reduce nerve pain, Botulinum toxin injections, which can address pain in your pelvic floor muscles, Hormone therapy which may help women with sexual dysfunction, Medications for endometriosis, Prescription topical estrogen creams or a drug called ospemifene to address dryness and other symptoms related to menopause, Over-the-counter pain relievers or anti-inflammatories taken before intercourse.

• #43

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Dyspareunia in women is a recurrent pain in the genital and/or pelvic area associated with sexual intercourse. […] Dyspareunia is associated with increased risk of sexual dysfunction and relationship distress, and it may impact an individual’s confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] Pain resulting from dyspareunia can be superficial or deep; it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women are reluctant to report symptoms to providers, making it an underreported yet common condition. […] The onus lies with practitioners to form trusting and safe relationships with patients in which such discussions are possible. […] A knowledgeable practitioner can encourage disclosure and improve outcomes for patients with dyspareunia.

• #44

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Women with dyspareunia are at increased risk of developing sexual dysfunction; relationship distress; and decreased confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] The pain associated with dyspareunia can be superficial or deep, and it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women with dyspareunia are reluctant to report their symptoms to medical providers. […] Dyspareunia is therefore underreported despite its prevalence. […] The appropriate management of dyspareunia can be established after diagnosis of the cause. […] Management may include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, and physical therapy. […] The goal of management is to develop a plan of care for the patient that addresses both the psychosocial and physical attributes associated with painful sexual intercourse.

• #45

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  The provider should also identify a pattern of the patient’s pain, such as persistent, constant, intermittent, immediate (occurring during the provocation), and delayed (occurring after the provocation). […] Patients should be assured that management options are available for dyspareunia that may include medications, surgical interventions, pelvic floor physical therapy, and mental health support. […] Sexual health is a primary element of overall health, and treating sexual dysfunction caused by dyspareunia may improve patients’ quality of life.

• #46 Painful Sexual Intercourse (Dyspareunia) How to Support Patients with Compassion – Pelvic Health Professionals

  https://pelvichealthprofessionals.com/how-to-support-patients-experiencing-dyspareunia-with-compassion/

  Dyspareunia is pain experienced during or after sexual intercourse. It can show up as superficial (affecting the vulva and vaginal opening) or deep (pain in the inner parts of the vagina or lower pelvis). […] There are many treatment options for painful sexual intercourse and the best option depends one treating the underlying cause. As pelvic health professionals, we can support our patients in seeking the right treatments and care for their condition. […] Education is an essential part of supporting patients in managing their pain. As part of physiotherapy, patients can be educated on useful breathing techniques, different sexual positions, and the use of dilators. […] Offering patients compassion, care, and empathy in the treatment process can help ease their discomfort. It is also crucial to keep in mind client-centered goals (i.e. What does the patient hope to achieve with their treatment? What would successful treatment outcomes look like for the patient?) when formulating a course of action to help patients with dyspareunia. […] Ultimately, adopting a holistic approach while prioritizing patient well-being and outcomes is the best way that pelvic health professionals can best support their patients with dyspareunia, regardless of the causes.

• #47

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Women with dyspareunia are at increased risk of developing sexual dysfunction; relationship distress; and decreased confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] The pain associated with dyspareunia can be superficial or deep, and it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women with dyspareunia are reluctant to report their symptoms to medical providers. […] Dyspareunia is therefore underreported despite its prevalence. […] The appropriate management of dyspareunia can be established after diagnosis of the cause. […] Management may include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, and physical therapy. […] The goal of management is to develop a plan of care for the patient that addresses both the psychosocial and physical attributes associated with painful sexual intercourse.

• #48 Painful Sexual Intercourse (Dyspareunia) How to Support Patients with Compassion – Pelvic Health Professionals

  https://pelvichealthprofessionals.com/how-to-support-patients-experiencing-dyspareunia-with-compassion/

  Dyspareunia is pain experienced during or after sexual intercourse. It can show up as superficial (affecting the vulva and vaginal opening) or deep (pain in the inner parts of the vagina or lower pelvis). […] There are many treatment options for painful sexual intercourse and the best option depends one treating the underlying cause. As pelvic health professionals, we can support our patients in seeking the right treatments and care for their condition. […] Education is an essential part of supporting patients in managing their pain. As part of physiotherapy, patients can be educated on useful breathing techniques, different sexual positions, and the use of dilators. […] Offering patients compassion, care, and empathy in the treatment process can help ease their discomfort. It is also crucial to keep in mind client-centered goals (i.e. What does the patient hope to achieve with their treatment? What would successful treatment outcomes look like for the patient?) when formulating a course of action to help patients with dyspareunia. […] Ultimately, adopting a holistic approach while prioritizing patient well-being and outcomes is the best way that pelvic health professionals can best support their patients with dyspareunia, regardless of the causes.

• #49 Dyspareunia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562159/

  For the treatment of dyspareunia, a multimodal treatment approach is advantageous to address all the aspects of pain (physical, emotional, and behavioral). It should involve a team consisting of the gynecologist, pain management expert, physical therapist, sexual therapist, and mental health professionals with a specialization in chronic pain. In the first step, a physician should acknowledge that patient has pain. The patient should receive counsel that pain management may take time, and its quite possible that it may not completely resolve even after the completion of treatment. Patients should be informed of all the treatment options in detail and help them to choose the best possible treatment option. The conservative nonsurgical approach should be the first step. […] Pelvic floor physical therapy can serve as an adjuvant treatment option in most cases of dyspareunia. It relaxes the pelvic floor muscles and re-educates the pain receptors. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has shown promising results in reducing anxiety and fear related to dyspareunia. It is the most commonly used behavioral intervention and is a strong recommendation. Surgical treatment is adopted as a last resort when all conservative medical and behavioral treatment options have failed. It is usually useful in identifying and/or treat pelvic adhesions, endometriosis, and pelvic organ prolapse.

• #50

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Women with dyspareunia are at increased risk of developing sexual dysfunction; relationship distress; and decreased confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] The pain associated with dyspareunia can be superficial or deep, and it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women with dyspareunia are reluctant to report their symptoms to medical providers. […] Dyspareunia is therefore underreported despite its prevalence. […] The appropriate management of dyspareunia can be established after diagnosis of the cause. […] Management may include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, and physical therapy. […] The goal of management is to develop a plan of care for the patient that addresses both the psychosocial and physical attributes associated with painful sexual intercourse.

• #51 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  Dyspareunia is genital pain during or after sexual intercourse. You may feel pain externally on your vulva or internally in your vagina, uterus or pelvis. Factors like underlying medical conditions or infections can cause painful sex. Treatment involves identifying the underlying cause of the pain. […] Pain during sex, or dyspareunia, is persistent or recurring pain just before, during or after sex. Dyspareunia is more common in women, but anyone can experience painful sex. […] Dyspareunia is a common condition that can have negative emotional and psychological effects. In addition to the physical pain, couples may experience a loss of intimacy or strain in their relationships. […] Your healthcare provider may refer you to a gynecologist or a provider who specializes in sexual health. They can determine appropriate treatment based on your symptoms and the underlying condition causing you pain.

• #52

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Women with dyspareunia are at increased risk of developing sexual dysfunction; relationship distress; and decreased confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] The pain associated with dyspareunia can be superficial or deep, and it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women with dyspareunia are reluctant to report their symptoms to medical providers. […] Dyspareunia is therefore underreported despite its prevalence. […] The appropriate management of dyspareunia can be established after diagnosis of the cause. […] Management may include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, and physical therapy. […] The goal of management is to develop a plan of care for the patient that addresses both the psychosocial and physical attributes associated with painful sexual intercourse.

• #53 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  In many cases, you can experience pain during sex if you don’t have enough vaginal lubrication. But you can also have painful intercourse because of an infection, trauma, injury or medical condition. […] Pain during sex is more common in women, especially those who have reached menopause. But it can affect men, too. It happens to people of all ages and backgrounds. The pain is often due to physical factors or medical conditions, but it can also be psychological or due to a mental health condition. […] The possible complications of painful sex are: Relationship problems: Lack of intimacy with your partner can lead to stress or strain in your relationship, leaving one or both of you feeling frustrated or disconnected. You may also find yourself not looking forward to sex or intimacy due to fear of the pain. Anxiety or depression: Chronic pain and being unable to do what you want to do can make you feel sad, depressed or anxious. Unresolved medical conditions: If an underlying condition is causing painful sex, not treating that issue could lead to complications.

• #54 Endometriosis Symptoms: Painful Sex (Dyspareunia) | EndoFound

  https://www.endofound.org/painful-sex-dyspareunia

  The third predominant symptom of endometriosis is painful sex (dyspareunia). Patients with endometriosis often find themselves experiencing physical pain when engaging in sex, which is a very personal note for patients to express to their gynecologist. […] Pain with sex (dyspareunia) occurs due to fibrosis and inflammation forming around the posterior cul-de-sac. The mobility and expansion of the upper vagina that normally occurs during intercourse thus becomes much more painful and irritating. […] The pain caused by endometriosis during sex is deep; it comes from the inflammation and fibrosis fusing the front wall of the rectum to the back wall of the vagina. […] Painful sex is a very personal matter and it can be extremely difficult to discuss the physical challenges experienced during sex.

• #55 Endometriosis Symptoms: Painful Sex (Dyspareunia) | EndoFound

  https://www.endofound.org/painful-sex-dyspareunia

  By focusing on these areas, studies have found that upon removal of the endometriosis through excision surgery, patients experience improvements in dyspareunia symptoms as well as the quality of their sex life. […] Often, patients experiencing pain during sex will not complain as they may not want to interrupt intimacy with their partner. However, it is important for patients to know that dyspareunia is a real symptom of the disease that must be taken into account and resolved. […] From the partners perspective, it may be difficult to know the pain that their loved one is experiencing, especially if communication about dyspareunia is not present within the relationship.

• #56 Dyspareunia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562159/

  Painful sexual intercourse is a common female health problem. In medical terminology, it is called dyspareunia. It is a complex disorder that often goes neglected. The prevalence of dyspareunia varies from 3 to 18% worldwide, and it can affect 10 to 28% of the population in a lifetime. Dyspareunia can be further categorized into superficial or deep, and primary or secondary. Superficial dyspareunia is limited to the vulva or vaginal entrance, while deep dyspareunia means the extension of pain into the deeper parts of the vagina or lower pelvis. Deep dyspareunia is frequently associated with deep penetration. Primary dyspareunia pain initiates at the start of sexual intercourse, while in secondary dyspareunia, pain begins after some time of pain-free sexual activity. […] Dyspareunia can also lead to sexual difficulties, such as lack of sexual desire and arousal, and can cause trouble in sexual relationships. It can have a significant impact on physical as well as mental health. It can lead to depression, anxiety, hypervigilance to pain, negative body image, and low self-esteem. So prompt management is crucial to address this disorder.

• #57

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Women with dyspareunia are at increased risk of developing sexual dysfunction; relationship distress; and decreased confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] The pain associated with dyspareunia can be superficial or deep, and it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women with dyspareunia are reluctant to report their symptoms to medical providers. […] Dyspareunia is therefore underreported despite its prevalence. […] The appropriate management of dyspareunia can be established after diagnosis of the cause. […] Management may include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, and physical therapy. […] The goal of management is to develop a plan of care for the patient that addresses both the psychosocial and physical attributes associated with painful sexual intercourse.

• #58 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  In many cases, you can experience pain during sex if you don’t have enough vaginal lubrication. But you can also have painful intercourse because of an infection, trauma, injury or medical condition. […] Pain during sex is more common in women, especially those who have reached menopause. But it can affect men, too. It happens to people of all ages and backgrounds. The pain is often due to physical factors or medical conditions, but it can also be psychological or due to a mental health condition. […] The possible complications of painful sex are: Relationship problems: Lack of intimacy with your partner can lead to stress or strain in your relationship, leaving one or both of you feeling frustrated or disconnected. You may also find yourself not looking forward to sex or intimacy due to fear of the pain. Anxiety or depression: Chronic pain and being unable to do what you want to do can make you feel sad, depressed or anxious. Unresolved medical conditions: If an underlying condition is causing painful sex, not treating that issue could lead to complications.

• #59

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Dyspareunia in women is a recurrent pain in the genital and/or pelvic area associated with sexual intercourse. […] Dyspareunia is associated with increased risk of sexual dysfunction and relationship distress, and it may impact an individual’s confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] Pain resulting from dyspareunia can be superficial or deep; it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women are reluctant to report symptoms to providers, making it an underreported yet common condition. […] The onus lies with practitioners to form trusting and safe relationships with patients in which such discussions are possible. […] A knowledgeable practitioner can encourage disclosure and improve outcomes for patients with dyspareunia.

• #60 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375973

  Another medicine to relieve painful intercourse is prasterone (Intrarosa). It’s a capsule you place inside the vagina daily. […] Some therapies that dont involve medicine also might help with painful intercourse: […] Counseling or sex therapy. If sex has been painful for some time, you might have a negative emotional response to sexual stimulation even after treatment. […] Talking with your healthcare professional is the first step in resolving painful intercourse. […] To get ready for the conversation with your healthcare professional, make a list of: […] Your sexual problems, including when they began and how often and under what conditions they happen. […] Your healthcare professional might ask you questions, including: […] How long have you had painful intercourse? […] Do you have vaginal irritation, itching or burning?

• #61 Personalized Care for Women with Dyspareunia | Female Sexual Health | University Hospitals | Cleveland, OH | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/obgyn-womens-health/conditions-and-treatments/female-sexual-health/conditions-and-treatments/dyspareunia

  Dyspareunia is the clinical term used to describe recurrent episodes of pain during or after intercourse. The pain may be felt in the vagina, clitoris, labia or deep within the pelvis and may be described as sharp, burning, throbbing, tearing, aching, dull or intense. […] Dyspareunia can be caused by both physical and emotional/psychological conditions, most of which are treatable once identified. […] When a woman reports that she is having pain with sexual intercourse, the first step is to determine if there is an existing physical condition or conditions that could be causing the pain. […] Treatment will depend on the diagnosed cause(s) of your pain. […] If a physical cause is found, it will be treated as appropriate. […] Dyspareunia can often be distressing for women.

• #62 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375973

  Another medicine to relieve painful intercourse is prasterone (Intrarosa). It’s a capsule you place inside the vagina daily. […] Some therapies that dont involve medicine also might help with painful intercourse: […] Counseling or sex therapy. If sex has been painful for some time, you might have a negative emotional response to sexual stimulation even after treatment. […] Talking with your healthcare professional is the first step in resolving painful intercourse. […] To get ready for the conversation with your healthcare professional, make a list of: […] Your sexual problems, including when they began and how often and under what conditions they happen. […] Your healthcare professional might ask you questions, including: […] How long have you had painful intercourse? […] Do you have vaginal irritation, itching or burning?

• #63

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Dyspareunia in women is a recurrent pain in the genital and/or pelvic area associated with sexual intercourse. […] Dyspareunia is associated with increased risk of sexual dysfunction and relationship distress, and it may impact an individual’s confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] Pain resulting from dyspareunia can be superficial or deep; it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women are reluctant to report symptoms to providers, making it an underreported yet common condition. […] The onus lies with practitioners to form trusting and safe relationships with patients in which such discussions are possible. […] A knowledgeable practitioner can encourage disclosure and improve outcomes for patients with dyspareunia.

• #64 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  Contact your healthcare provider if you have symptoms like: New or worsening pain during sex. Bleeding. Genital lesions. Irregular periods. Abnormal vaginal discharge. […] Painful sexual intercourse can be physically and emotionally difficult. Some questions you may ask your healthcare provider are: What’s causing my pain? What treatments are available? Is there anything I can do to decrease my pain? How long will it take to feel better? […] Dyspareunia isn’t just part of life or a part of getting older. If having sex hurts you, contact your healthcare provider. It might be an uncomfortable topic, but knowing the underlying cause of your pain is important. Your provider can recommend treatment so you can enjoy a fulfilling sex life again.

• #65 Endometriosis Symptoms: Painful Sex (Dyspareunia) | EndoFound

  https://www.endofound.org/painful-sex-dyspareunia

  By focusing on these areas, studies have found that upon removal of the endometriosis through excision surgery, patients experience improvements in dyspareunia symptoms as well as the quality of their sex life. […] Often, patients experiencing pain during sex will not complain as they may not want to interrupt intimacy with their partner. However, it is important for patients to know that dyspareunia is a real symptom of the disease that must be taken into account and resolved. […] From the partners perspective, it may be difficult to know the pain that their loved one is experiencing, especially if communication about dyspareunia is not present within the relationship.

• #66 Painful Intercourse: Swor Women’s Care: Gynecology

  https://www.sworcare.com/blog/painful-intercourse

  DEEP DYSPAREUNIA […] Many women sometimes feel discomfort or pain with deep penetration. This may be a normal response to the pressure on sensitive internal parts. The obvious solution is to avoid deep penetration. […] If this problem persists, consultation with a gynecologist is necessary. It can be a sign of infection, including an STD, a bladder infection or other abnormal conditions like endometriosis. […] Some women put up with painful sexual relations for various reasons. This is not a good idea. At the very least, it prevents the woman from enjoying sex and will lead to decreased arousal and less chance at orgasm. At worst, she may be ignoring a problem for which treatment is available. […] If you have this problem, let your partner know. Seek professional assistance if necessary.

• #67 Painful Intercourse (Dyspareunia) Signs & Symptoms | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/conditions/painful-intercourse-dyspareunia

  Painful intercourse is the more common term for dyspareunia a condition when women experience vaginal pain during or after sex. Often this pain causes low libido in women and has several causes. […] If pain is affecting your sex life, especially if you have pain every time you have sex, talk to your Rush gynecologist or primary care doctor. […] Many of the causes of painful intercourse are highly treatable. Rush providers diagnose the cause of your pain and identify the treatment most likely to help. Treatment options include: Medications, Topical creams or ointments, Pelvic floor physical therapy, Psychotherapy or talk therapy, Surgery (in rare cases), Vaginal Laser Treatment (MonaLisa Touch). […] The Marital and Sex Therapy Program at Rush University Medical Center specializes in helping women who experience painful intercourse or other sex-related issues. A clinical psychologist will partner with you to work through any emotional issues that may be impacting your sex life. […] We know that painful intercourse can cause low libido and affect intimacy levels with your partner. Thats why Rush offers many treatment options for vaginal dryness and pain during sex, including a new vaginal laser treatment that is nonhormonal and noninvasive.

• #68 Painful intercourse (dyspareunia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/painful-intercourse/symptoms-causes/syc-20375967

  Painful intercourse can happen for reasons that range from structural problems to psychological concerns. Many people have painful intercourse at some point in their lives. […] The medical term for painful intercourse is dyspareunia (dis-puh-ROO-nee-uh). It is lasting or recurrent genital pain that occurs just before, during or after sex. Talk with your healthcare professional if you’re having painful intercourse. Treatments focus on the cause and can help stop or ease this common problem. […] If you have recurrent pain during sex, talk with your healthcare professional. Treating the problem can help your sex life, your emotional intimacy and your self-image. […] Physical causes of painful intercourse differ, depending on whether the pain happens at entry or with deep thrusting. Emotional factors can be linked to many types of painful intercourse.

• #69

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  Women with dyspareunia are at increased risk of developing sexual dysfunction; relationship distress; and decreased confidence, self-image, and self-esteem. […] The pain associated with dyspareunia can be superficial or deep, and it can range from intermittent to continuous and dull to sharp. […] Regardless of presentation, many women with dyspareunia are reluctant to report their symptoms to medical providers. […] Dyspareunia is therefore underreported despite its prevalence. […] The appropriate management of dyspareunia can be established after diagnosis of the cause. […] Management may include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, and physical therapy. […] The goal of management is to develop a plan of care for the patient that addresses both the psychosocial and physical attributes associated with painful sexual intercourse.

• #70 Dyspareunia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562159/

  For the treatment of dyspareunia, a multimodal treatment approach is advantageous to address all the aspects of pain (physical, emotional, and behavioral). It should involve a team consisting of the gynecologist, pain management expert, physical therapist, sexual therapist, and mental health professionals with a specialization in chronic pain. In the first step, a physician should acknowledge that patient has pain. The patient should receive counsel that pain management may take time, and its quite possible that it may not completely resolve even after the completion of treatment. Patients should be informed of all the treatment options in detail and help them to choose the best possible treatment option. The conservative nonsurgical approach should be the first step. […] Pelvic floor physical therapy can serve as an adjuvant treatment option in most cases of dyspareunia. It relaxes the pelvic floor muscles and re-educates the pain receptors. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has shown promising results in reducing anxiety and fear related to dyspareunia. It is the most commonly used behavioral intervention and is a strong recommendation. Surgical treatment is adopted as a last resort when all conservative medical and behavioral treatment options have failed. It is usually useful in identifying and/or treat pelvic adhesions, endometriosis, and pelvic organ prolapse.

• #71 Painful Intercourse (Dyspareunia) Signs & Symptoms | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/conditions/painful-intercourse-dyspareunia

  Painful intercourse is the more common term for dyspareunia a condition when women experience vaginal pain during or after sex. Often this pain causes low libido in women and has several causes. […] If pain is affecting your sex life, especially if you have pain every time you have sex, talk to your Rush gynecologist or primary care doctor. […] Many of the causes of painful intercourse are highly treatable. Rush providers diagnose the cause of your pain and identify the treatment most likely to help. Treatment options include: Medications, Topical creams or ointments, Pelvic floor physical therapy, Psychotherapy or talk therapy, Surgery (in rare cases), Vaginal Laser Treatment (MonaLisa Touch). […] The Marital and Sex Therapy Program at Rush University Medical Center specializes in helping women who experience painful intercourse or other sex-related issues. A clinical psychologist will partner with you to work through any emotional issues that may be impacting your sex life. […] We know that painful intercourse can cause low libido and affect intimacy levels with your partner. Thats why Rush offers many treatment options for vaginal dryness and pain during sex, including a new vaginal laser treatment that is nonhormonal and noninvasive.

• #72 Dyspareunia (Painful Intercourse): Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12325-dyspareunia-painful-intercourse

  Contact your healthcare provider if you have symptoms like: New or worsening pain during sex. Bleeding. Genital lesions. Irregular periods. Abnormal vaginal discharge. […] Painful sexual intercourse can be physically and emotionally difficult. Some questions you may ask your healthcare provider are: What’s causing my pain? What treatments are available? Is there anything I can do to decrease my pain? How long will it take to feel better? […] Dyspareunia isn’t just part of life or a part of getting older. If having sex hurts you, contact your healthcare provider. It might be an uncomfortable topic, but knowing the underlying cause of your pain is important. Your provider can recommend treatment so you can enjoy a fulfilling sex life again.

• #73

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/cearticle?an=00006205-202311000-00006&Journal_ID=54012&Issue_ID=6813630

  The provider should also identify a pattern of the patient’s pain, such as persistent, constant, intermittent, immediate (occurring during the provocation), and delayed (occurring after the provocation). […] Patients should be assured that management options are available for dyspareunia that may include medications, surgical interventions, pelvic floor physical therapy, and mental health support. […] Sexual health is a primary element of overall health, and treating sexual dysfunction caused by dyspareunia may improve patients’ quality of life.

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