Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Aphasia

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/aphasia/?srsltid=AfmBOorsRMnsHxhVelo_f5rJz7xTryVl0tQxypkicXSMnyOcruTvqgT4

  Aphasia is an acquired neurogenic language disorder resulting from an injury to the brain, typically the left hemisphere, that affects the functioning of core elements of the language network. […] Aphasia may also result from neurodegenerative disease. […] Clinicians should be aware that a persons presentation may not fit into a single aphasia type or subtype, and should use care if designating a type or subtype. […] The most predictive indicator of long-term recovery is initial aphasia severity, along with lesion site and size. […] Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play a central role in the screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of persons with aphasia. […] Diagnosing and documenting the presence or absence of aphasia is a key responsibility of SLPs. […] Assessment can be static and/or dynamic.

• #2 Aphasia: Differential Diagnosis

  https://neuronup.us/cognitive-stimulation-news/acquired-brain-injury/aphasia/

  Aphasia is the loss or impairment of language function caused by brain damage that is typically associated with lesions in the language-dominant hemisphere (the left hemisphere for 96% of right-handed and 70% of left-handed individuals). […] Therefore, depending on the linguistic abilities that are impaired and which can also coexist with other cognitive deficits, aphasic syndromes can be very heterogeneous. […] Since aphasia (as a disorder of language) also involves a deterioration of communication skills, it is important to discriminate between this disorder and other types of communication disorders that can result from acquired brain injury such as speech disorders and neuropsychological disorders such as apraxia of speech or cognitive-communication disorders. […] Therefore, while this disorder is a specific impairment of language that affects its oral modality and the ability to communicate, speech disorders affect communication but not language.

• #3 Aphasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559315/

  Patients with aphasia experience challenges in communicating their wants and needs. […] The speech-language pathologist plays a central role in identifying the specific aphasia syndrome and developing an individualized rehabilitation plan, often in collaboration with a physiatrist. […] Understanding that aphasia involves language impairment due to brain injury, not a cognitive deficit, is essential. […] Specific protocols do not exist for treating patients with aphasia. Treatment and rehabilitation regimens are highly individualized and require a comprehensive interprofessional team of healthcare providers.

• #4 Aphasia

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/aphasia/?srsltid=AfmBOorsRMnsHxhVelo_f5rJz7xTryVl0tQxypkicXSMnyOcruTvqgT4

  Aphasia is an acquired neurogenic language disorder resulting from an injury to the brain, typically the left hemisphere, that affects the functioning of core elements of the language network. […] Aphasia may also result from neurodegenerative disease. […] Clinicians should be aware that a persons presentation may not fit into a single aphasia type or subtype, and should use care if designating a type or subtype. […] The most predictive indicator of long-term recovery is initial aphasia severity, along with lesion site and size. […] Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play a central role in the screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of persons with aphasia. […] Diagnosing and documenting the presence or absence of aphasia is a key responsibility of SLPs. […] Assessment can be static and/or dynamic.

• #5 Aphasia Diagnosis | The Aphasia Library

  https://www.aphasia.com/aphasia-library/aphasia-diagnosis/

  Aphasia can be diagnosed by your doctor or a speech-language pathologist (SLP). An SLP can do speech and language testing based on your symptoms. However, only a doctor can do medical testing to determine the underlying cause. […] The SLP will conduct speech and language testing and give you more information about what type of aphasia you have. The SLP will test the different areas of language: speaking, understanding, reading and writing. The SLP will be able to determine what your strengths and weaknesses are. This information helps the SLP choose therapy techniques to help you improve. […] If you dont think you have had a stroke or traumatic brain injury but experience symptoms that sound like aphasia, you should tell your doctor. Your doctor can order medical tests and also refer you to an SLP. Your family doctor, might refer you to a neurologist for more specialized care. Medical tests can confirm the diagnosis and provide additional information. There are other medical conditions that can lead to symptoms similar to those of aphasia, so determining the underlying cause is important.

• #6 Aphasia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aphasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369523

  Your health care provider will likely give you physical and neurological exams, test your strength, feeling and reflexes, and listen to your heart and the vessels in your neck. An imaging test, usually an Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan, can be used to quickly identify what’s causing the aphasia. […] A speech-language pathologist can complete a comprehensive language assessment to confirm the presence of aphasia and determine the appropriate course of language treatment. The assessment helps find out whether the person can: […] If the brain damage is mild, it’s possible to recover language skills without treatment. However, most people undergo speech and language therapy to rehabilitate their language skills and supplement their communication experiences.

• #7 Aphasia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aphasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369523

  Your health care provider will likely give you physical and neurological exams, test your strength, feeling and reflexes, and listen to your heart and the vessels in your neck. An imaging test, usually an Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan, can be used to quickly identify what’s causing the aphasia. […] A speech-language pathologist can complete a comprehensive language assessment to confirm the presence of aphasia and determine the appropriate course of language treatment. The assessment helps find out whether the person can: […] If the brain damage is mild, it’s possible to recover language skills without treatment. However, most people undergo speech and language therapy to rehabilitate their language skills and supplement their communication experiences.

• #8 Aphasia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/aphasia

  Aphasia is language dysfunction that may involve impaired comprehension or expression of words or nonverbal equivalents of words. […] Diagnosis is clinical, often including neuropsychologic testing, with brain imaging (CT, MRI) to identify cause. […] Diagnosis of Aphasia […] Verbal interaction can typically identify gross aphasias. […] Bedside testing to identify specific deficits should include assessment of the following: […] Formal neuropsychologic testing by a neuropsychologist or speech and language therapist may detect finer levels of dysfunction and assist in planning treatment and assessing potential for recovery. […] Brain imaging (eg, CT, MRI; with or without angiographic protocols) is required to characterize the lesion (eg, infarct, hemorrhage, mass). Further tests are done to determine the etiology of the lesion (eg, stroke evaluation) as indicated.

• #9 Aphasia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/function-and-dysfunction-of-the-cerebral-lobes/aphasia

  Aphasia is language dysfunction that may involve impaired comprehension or expression of words or nonverbal equivalents of words. […] Diagnosis is clinical, often including neuropsychologic testing, with brain imaging (CT, MRI) to identify cause. […] Diagnosis of Aphasia […] Verbal interaction can typically identify gross aphasias. […] Bedside testing to identify specific deficits should include assessment of the following: […] Formal neuropsychologic testing by a neuropsychologist or speech and language therapist may detect finer levels of dysfunction and assist in planning treatment and assessing potential for recovery. […] Brain imaging (eg, CT, MRI; with or without angiographic protocols) is required to characterize the lesion (eg, infarct, hemorrhage, mass). Further tests are done to determine the etiology of the lesion (eg, stroke evaluation) as indicated.

• #10 Aphasia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5502-aphasia

  Aphasia is a language disorder that affects your ability to speak and understand what others say. Treatment options are available to help you adapt if symptoms are permanent. […] The type of aphasia you have depends on how it affects your ability to speak and understand what others are saying. […] A healthcare provider will diagnose aphasia after a physical exam and testing. […] If your provider suspects aphasia, they may refer you to a speech-language pathologist (SLP). A speech-language pathologist will offer a comprehensive exam to learn more about your ability to understand language (listen), speak and hold a conversation, express your thoughts, read and write. This helps your provider determine what type of aphasia you have. […] Your provider will also evaluate the following factors to make a complete diagnosis: Fluency, Understanding, Repetition.

• #11 Evaluation of aphasia – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/973

  Aphasia is an acquired impairment of language that affects comprehension and production of words, sentences, and/or discourse. It is typically characterized by errors in word retrieval or selection, including: […] Aphasia is a selective impairment of language or the cognitive processes that underlie language. […] These 3 disorders can coexist, but often occur separately. They can be distinguished by evaluation of language (tests of word and sentence comprehension, naming, repetition, spontaneous speech, reading, and writing), as well as tests of articulation (tests assessing the strength, coordination, rate, and range of movement of the muscles of speech articulation) and motor speech programming. […] The most common classification of aphasia divides the disorder into clinical syndromes of frequently co-occurring deficits that reflect the vascular territory affected in stroke.

• #12 Aphasia Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1135944-workup

  The diagnosis of aphasia is based on physical examination and detailed mental state examination. […] Aphasia is a sign as much as it is a clinical problem. Therefore, the laboratory tests required depend on the underlying pathophysiology. […] Neuroimaging is required to localize and diagnose the cause of aphasia. CT scanning and MRI are the mainstays of neuroimaging. […] EEG is important in patients with suspected seizures. […] Neuropsychological testing and speech therapy evaluation are helpful for guiding therapy for aphasia.

• #13 Aphasia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aphasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369523

  Your health care provider will likely give you physical and neurological exams, test your strength, feeling and reflexes, and listen to your heart and the vessels in your neck. An imaging test, usually an Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan, can be used to quickly identify what’s causing the aphasia. […] A speech-language pathologist can complete a comprehensive language assessment to confirm the presence of aphasia and determine the appropriate course of language treatment. The assessment helps find out whether the person can: […] If the brain damage is mild, it’s possible to recover language skills without treatment. However, most people undergo speech and language therapy to rehabilitate their language skills and supplement their communication experiences.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12149-024-01958-w

  Positron emission tomography (PET) using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) holds a distinct advantage over other neuroimaging modalities due to its ability to provide functional information about glucose metabolism in the brain. […] By visualizing metabolic alterations preceding atrophy, FDG-PET has been extensively applied to PPA with the intention of uncovering underlying metabolic dysfunction prior to structural changes, demonstrating its possible benefit with PPA diagnosis. […] The reviewed studies collectively highlight the utility of FDG-PET in identifying distinct metabolic patterns associated with different PPA subtypes, though they also reveal some discrepancies. […] Overall, the SD subtype exhibited hypometabolism in the left thalamus, left inferior temporal gyrus, and the fusiform gyrus.

• #15

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12149-024-01958-w

  The various hypometabolism patterns can be crucial in differential diagnosis, especially because misdiagnosis is likely with the atypical presentation of right-sided neurodegeneration. […] Another important challenge in diagnosis lies in differentiating the PPA subtypes from AD. […] The overlap of hypometabolism was evident in the medial parietal area, a hallmark of AD. […] While FDG-PET has been proven useful in the diagnosis of PPA, multimodal imaging plays a crucial role as FDG-PET is often used alongside other imaging techniques. […] Neuroimaging studies of PPA patients underscore FDG-PET scan’s promising role as a diagnostic modality, especially in distinguishing PPA subtypes.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Aphasia-Diagnosis.aspx

  Reading and writing ability are tested by asking the patient to read out loud and write something down. The patients ability to spell and write correctly in response to dictation are also assessed. […] Comprehension is tested by assessing the patients ability to point at objects the clinician names, to carry out tasks and to answer both simple and complex questions with a yes or no response. […] A neuropsychologist or speech therapist may perform cognitive testing to check for finer dysfunction. This can give an indication of how likely recovery is, as well as helping to optimise any treatment plans. […] Examples of tests that may be used include the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, the Token Test, the Western Aphasia Battery and the Action Naming Test.

• #17 Aphasia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559315/

  Aphasia is an acquired language disorder resulting from damage to the brain’s language centers located in the dominant hemisphere (usually the left). Language impairment is characterized by difficulties in verbal or written expression, comprehension, or both. […] Evaluation includes neuroimaging and standardized assessments, such as the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination and the Western Aphasia Battery. […] The evaluation of aphasia involves 4 key components of language assessment to differentiate among various aphasia syndromesfluency of speech, comprehension, confrontational naming, and repetition. […] Several formal assessments can diagnose aphasia, including the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination and the Western Aphasia Battery. […] The initial treatment for aphasia involves addressing its underlying cause.

• #18 Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) – Strokengine

  https://strokengine.ca/en/assessments/boston-diagnostic-aphasia-examination-bdae/

  The BDAE is designed to diagnose aphasia and related disorders. […] The BDAE is designed to diagnose aphasia and related disorders. […] The BDAE can be used with, but is not limited to clients with stroke. […] The BDAE can be used by neurologists, psychologists, speech language pathologists and occupational therapists. […] The BDAE takes 90 to 120 minutes to administer. […] The BDAE requires specialized equipment that should be purchased in specialized stores or online. […] The BDAE is widely used as an assessment of aphasia. […] The BDAE can be obtained from one of the following websites at costs from US$435 to US$496. […] The BDAE is comprised of 8 subscales. […] The BDAE is designed to diagnose aphasia and related disorders. […] The BDAE can be used with adults with communication and language impairments.

• #19 Aphasia Assessment Tools | Lingraphica

  https://lingraphica.com/clinical-guides/aphasia-assessment-tools/

  A thorough aphasia assessment provides you with invaluable information. It allows you to establish the type of aphasia your client has, along with the severity of it, and strengths and weaknesses. […] Formal assessments are important tools for establishing the type and severity of aphasia. They can provide a baseline level of functioning that can be used to measure improvement. […] The above assessments can provide invaluable information about your patients speech, language, and cognitive skills. However, a comprehensive aphasia evaluation goes beyond a standardized cognitive/language measure. Other components of a complete evaluation include: […] By using these tools, the SLP can determine where to start in identifying therapy goals that will be motivating to the client. […] Completing less formal questionnaires and engaging in informal conversation leads to a more comprehensive assessment. This not only gives you as the SLP more thorough information, but also allows you to collaborate with your client to set goals and therapy tasks that will be meaningful and motivating.

• #20 Evaluation of aphasia – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/973

  For example, the Western aphasia battery and Boston diagnostic aphasia examination were designed to distinguish vascular syndromes. […] Broca aphasia is characterized by nonfluent, poorly articulated, and agrammatic speech output (in both spontaneous speech and repetition) with relatively spared word comprehension. […] Wernicke aphasia is characterized by fluent but meaningless speech output and repetition, with poor word and sentence comprehension. […] Conduction aphasia is characterized by disproportionately impaired repetition with otherwise fluent speech. […] Transcortical aphasia is characterized by relatively spared repetition. […] Anomic aphasia is characterized by impaired naming and tissue damage in the angular gyrus or posterior middle/inferior temporal cortex. […] Global aphasia denotes severe impairment in all aspects of language; the area of ischemia often involves both anterior and posterior language areas (Broca and Wernicke areas).

• #21 Assessment of aphasia – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/973

  The most common classification of aphasia divides the disorder into clinical syndromes of frequently co-occurring deficits that reflect the vascular territory affected in stroke. […] For example, the Western aphasia battery and Boston diagnostic aphasia examination were designed to distinguish vascular syndromes. […] The relationship between the symptoms and the vascular territory that is affected is not always consistent, but is more reliable acutely than chronically. […] Broca’s aphasia is characterised by non-fluent, poorly articulated, and agrammatic speech output (in both spontaneous speech and repetition) with relatively spared word comprehension. […] Wernicke’s aphasia is characterised by fluent but meaningless speech output and repetition, with poor word and sentence comprehension.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12149-024-01958-w

  Within the diagnostic framework of PPA, the condition is further subdivided into three subtypes: Semantic Dementia (SD), Progressive Non-Fluent Aphasia (PNFA), also known as the agrammatic variant (agPPA), and Logopenic Progressive Aphasia (LPA). […] Common hallmarks for all subtypes include behavioral changes, sentence formation difficulties, speech comprehension issues, and naming challenges, but individual subtypes may present with unique symptomatology as the disease advances. […] However, existing diagnostic criteria using only these three variants may be inadequate in encompassing all individuals with PPA. […] The newly identified subgroups exhibit more precise neuroimaging signatures, including reduced metabolism in the left frontal lobe, that better predict clinical course. […] Though the development of PPA is multifactorial, there are several risk factors, including genetic and environmental components, identified to be associated with PPA.

• #23 Primary Progressive Aphasias: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/3/245

  Primary Progressive Aphasias (PPAs) are rare neurodegenerative disorders classified within frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and typically manifest between 45 and 70 years of age. […] This review aims to provide clinicians with an overview of PPA’s epidemiology, clinical features, and classification, thereby enhancing understanding of its subtypes and distinguishing characteristics from other aphasic conditions, such as vascular aphasia. […] PPA is marked by a gradual decline in language abilities, differentiating it from vascular aphasias. Subtypes include non-fluent forms (non-fluent progressive aphasia [nfPPA] and logopenic progressive aphasia [lPPA]), fluent forms (progressive fluent aphasia [PFA] and semantic dementia [SD]), and mixed forms (progressive mixed aphasia [PMA]).

• #24

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12149-024-01958-w

  Within the diagnostic framework of PPA, the condition is further subdivided into three subtypes: Semantic Dementia (SD), Progressive Non-Fluent Aphasia (PNFA), also known as the agrammatic variant (agPPA), and Logopenic Progressive Aphasia (LPA). […] Common hallmarks for all subtypes include behavioral changes, sentence formation difficulties, speech comprehension issues, and naming challenges, but individual subtypes may present with unique symptomatology as the disease advances. […] However, existing diagnostic criteria using only these three variants may be inadequate in encompassing all individuals with PPA. […] The newly identified subgroups exhibit more precise neuroimaging signatures, including reduced metabolism in the left frontal lobe, that better predict clinical course. […] Though the development of PPA is multifactorial, there are several risk factors, including genetic and environmental components, identified to be associated with PPA.

• #25 Evaluation of aphasia – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/973

  Aphasia is an acquired impairment of language that affects comprehension and production of words, sentences, and/or discourse. It is typically characterized by errors in word retrieval or selection, including: […] Aphasia is a selective impairment of language or the cognitive processes that underlie language. […] These 3 disorders can coexist, but often occur separately. They can be distinguished by evaluation of language (tests of word and sentence comprehension, naming, repetition, spontaneous speech, reading, and writing), as well as tests of articulation (tests assessing the strength, coordination, rate, and range of movement of the muscles of speech articulation) and motor speech programming. […] The most common classification of aphasia divides the disorder into clinical syndromes of frequently co-occurring deficits that reflect the vascular territory affected in stroke.

• #26 Assessment of aphasia – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/973

  Aphasia is an acquired impairment of language that affects comprehension and production of words, sentences, and/or discourse. It is typically characterised by errors in word retrieval or selection, including: […] Typically, both oral and written language are affected, but occasionally only one modality of input or output is impaired. […] It is important to distinguish aphasia from dysarthria or apraxia. […] These 3 disorders can co-exist, but often occur separately. They can be distinguished by evaluation of language (tests of word and sentence comprehension, naming, repetition, spontaneous speech, reading, and writing), as well as tests of articulation (tests assessing the strength, coordination, rate, and range of movement of the muscles of speech articulation) and motor speech programming.

• #27 Aphasia: Differential Diagnosis

  https://neuronup.us/cognitive-stimulation-news/acquired-brain-injury/aphasia/

  Aphasia is the loss or impairment of language function caused by brain damage that is typically associated with lesions in the language-dominant hemisphere (the left hemisphere for 96% of right-handed and 70% of left-handed individuals). […] Therefore, depending on the linguistic abilities that are impaired and which can also coexist with other cognitive deficits, aphasic syndromes can be very heterogeneous. […] Since aphasia (as a disorder of language) also involves a deterioration of communication skills, it is important to discriminate between this disorder and other types of communication disorders that can result from acquired brain injury such as speech disorders and neuropsychological disorders such as apraxia of speech or cognitive-communication disorders. […] Therefore, while this disorder is a specific impairment of language that affects its oral modality and the ability to communicate, speech disorders affect communication but not language.

• #28 Aphasia: Differential Diagnosis

  https://neuronup.us/cognitive-stimulation-news/acquired-brain-injury/aphasia/

  In certain cases, aphasia may co-occur with apraxia of speech, which is, like aphasia, an acquired disorder resulting from brain injury. […] Another useful distinction is that between apraxia of speech and dysarthria. […] On the other hand, when we speak, listen, read or write, not only linguistic aspects intervene, but these abilities also require other cognitive functions such as attention, memory, executive functions, reasoning or abstraction. […] Therefore, we must be able to discriminate between problems primarily related to language (aphasia) and language problems secondary to deficits in other functions. […] A first classification criterion helpful in differential diagnosis of aphasia is usually the distinction between fluent and non-fluent aphasia. […] According to the traditional classification of different types of this disorder, non-fluent aphasias include Broca’s aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, and global aphasia; fluent aphasias include Wernicke’s aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia, conduction aphasia, and anomic aphasia.

• #29 Aphasia: Differential Diagnosis

  https://neuronup.us/cognitive-stimulation-news/acquired-brain-injury/aphasia/

  In certain cases, aphasia may co-occur with apraxia of speech, which is, like aphasia, an acquired disorder resulting from brain injury. […] Another useful distinction is that between apraxia of speech and dysarthria. […] On the other hand, when we speak, listen, read or write, not only linguistic aspects intervene, but these abilities also require other cognitive functions such as attention, memory, executive functions, reasoning or abstraction. […] Therefore, we must be able to discriminate between problems primarily related to language (aphasia) and language problems secondary to deficits in other functions. […] A first classification criterion helpful in differential diagnosis of aphasia is usually the distinction between fluent and non-fluent aphasia. […] According to the traditional classification of different types of this disorder, non-fluent aphasias include Broca’s aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, and global aphasia; fluent aphasias include Wernicke’s aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia, conduction aphasia, and anomic aphasia.

• #30 Aphasia Diagnosis | The Aphasia Library

  https://www.aphasia.com/aphasia-library/aphasia-diagnosis/

  Aphasia can be diagnosed by your doctor or a speech-language pathologist (SLP). An SLP can do speech and language testing based on your symptoms. However, only a doctor can do medical testing to determine the underlying cause. […] The SLP will conduct speech and language testing and give you more information about what type of aphasia you have. The SLP will test the different areas of language: speaking, understanding, reading and writing. The SLP will be able to determine what your strengths and weaknesses are. This information helps the SLP choose therapy techniques to help you improve. […] If you dont think you have had a stroke or traumatic brain injury but experience symptoms that sound like aphasia, you should tell your doctor. Your doctor can order medical tests and also refer you to an SLP. Your family doctor, might refer you to a neurologist for more specialized care. Medical tests can confirm the diagnosis and provide additional information. There are other medical conditions that can lead to symptoms similar to those of aphasia, so determining the underlying cause is important.

• #31

  https://www.brain.northwestern.edu/dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/diagnosis.html

  Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is relatively uncommon. There is no one test to diagnose PPA; instead, the diagnosis is made through a process of „ruling in” and „ruling out.” These factors contribute to the long diagnostic journey some experience. […] Components of a PPA evaluation can include obtaining medical history from the individual with language concerns and family, neurological exam and cognitive assessment by a neuropsychologist and laboratory measures (e.g., blood work, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and brain imaging with MRI or PET). […] During the neurological exam, the clinician will use the information provided by the family about symptom onset and the laboratory measures to confirm that symptoms are not due to other causes (e.g., vitamin deficiencies, tumor, stroke, infection).

• #32 Primary Progressive Aphasias: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/3/245

  Gorno-Tempini et al. proposed updated general criteria for the diagnosis of Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA), building on and expanding Mesulam’s original criteria. […] Confirming the diagnosis requires evaluation at specialized memory centers, where additional examinations—such as biomarker analysis, detailed speech therapy assessments, and comprehensive neuropsychological tests—can be performed. […] Currently, there is no validated pharmacological treatment for PPA. […] The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) also requires further validation, as existing studies have involved an insufficient number of cases. […] In the absence of a specific pharmacological treatment, speech therapy can be offered to optimize the patient’s residual capacities and implement compensatory strategies.

• #33

  https://www.brain.northwestern.edu/dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/diagnosis.html

  Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is relatively uncommon. There is no one test to diagnose PPA; instead, the diagnosis is made through a process of „ruling in” and „ruling out.” These factors contribute to the long diagnostic journey some experience. […] Components of a PPA evaluation can include obtaining medical history from the individual with language concerns and family, neurological exam and cognitive assessment by a neuropsychologist and laboratory measures (e.g., blood work, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and brain imaging with MRI or PET). […] During the neurological exam, the clinician will use the information provided by the family about symptom onset and the laboratory measures to confirm that symptoms are not due to other causes (e.g., vitamin deficiencies, tumor, stroke, infection).

• #34

  https://www.brain.northwestern.edu/dementia/primary-progressive-aphasia/diagnosis.html

  There are newer tests that may assist in determining the likely underlying neuropathology responsible for the symptoms. These include amyloid PET and lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to examine protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid. […] Receiving a PPA diagnosis can be a complicated process. […] With PPA, problems with language and communication typically deteriorate gradually over time. Initial symptoms are sometimes attributed to anxiety or stress until the ongoing symptoms become disruptive enough to prompt further assessment by a specialist.

• #35 Evaluation of aphasia – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/973

  After identifying and treating the underlying cause of aphasia, such as acute stroke or herpes encephalitis, patients may have a residual aphasia. Such aphasic individuals benefit from referral to a speech language pathologist specializing in aphasia therapy. […] Therapy often addresses the impaired cognitive processes underlying the individual’s altered performance of language tasks. […] Speech and language therapy can significantly improve functional communication, comprehension, and production of speech.

• #36 Assessment of aphasia – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/973

  Conduction aphasia is characterised by disproportionately impaired repetition with otherwise fluent speech. […] Transcortical aphasia is characterised by relatively spared repetition. […] Anomic aphasia is characterised by impaired naming and tissue damage in the angular gyrus or posterior middle/inferior temporal cortex. […] Global aphasia denotes severe impairment in all aspects of language; the area of ischaemia often involves both anterior and posterior language areas (Broca and Wernicke areas). […] After identifying and treating the underlying cause of aphasia, such as acute stroke or herpes encephalitis, patients may have a residual aphasia. […] Such aphasic individuals benefit from referral to a speech language pathologist specialising in aphasia therapy. […] Therapy often addresses the impaired cognitive processes underlying the individual’s altered performance of language tasks. […] Speech and language therapy can significantly improve functional communication, comprehension, and production of speech.

• #37

• #38 Assessment of aphasia – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/973

  Conduction aphasia is characterised by disproportionately impaired repetition with otherwise fluent speech. […] Transcortical aphasia is characterised by relatively spared repetition. […] Anomic aphasia is characterised by impaired naming and tissue damage in the angular gyrus or posterior middle/inferior temporal cortex. […] Global aphasia denotes severe impairment in all aspects of language; the area of ischaemia often involves both anterior and posterior language areas (Broca and Wernicke areas). […] After identifying and treating the underlying cause of aphasia, such as acute stroke or herpes encephalitis, patients may have a residual aphasia. […] Such aphasic individuals benefit from referral to a speech language pathologist specialising in aphasia therapy. […] Therapy often addresses the impaired cognitive processes underlying the individual’s altered performance of language tasks. […] Speech and language therapy can significantly improve functional communication, comprehension, and production of speech.

• #39 Assessment of aphasia – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/973

  Conduction aphasia is characterised by disproportionately impaired repetition with otherwise fluent speech. […] Transcortical aphasia is characterised by relatively spared repetition. […] Anomic aphasia is characterised by impaired naming and tissue damage in the angular gyrus or posterior middle/inferior temporal cortex. […] Global aphasia denotes severe impairment in all aspects of language; the area of ischaemia often involves both anterior and posterior language areas (Broca and Wernicke areas). […] After identifying and treating the underlying cause of aphasia, such as acute stroke or herpes encephalitis, patients may have a residual aphasia. […] Such aphasic individuals benefit from referral to a speech language pathologist specialising in aphasia therapy. […] Therapy often addresses the impaired cognitive processes underlying the individual’s altered performance of language tasks. […] Speech and language therapy can significantly improve functional communication, comprehension, and production of speech.

• #40 Primary Progressive Aphasias: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/3/245

  Gorno-Tempini et al. proposed updated general criteria for the diagnosis of Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA), building on and expanding Mesulam’s original criteria. […] Confirming the diagnosis requires evaluation at specialized memory centers, where additional examinations—such as biomarker analysis, detailed speech therapy assessments, and comprehensive neuropsychological tests—can be performed. […] Currently, there is no validated pharmacological treatment for PPA. […] The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) also requires further validation, as existing studies have involved an insufficient number of cases. […] In the absence of a specific pharmacological treatment, speech therapy can be offered to optimize the patient’s residual capacities and implement compensatory strategies.

• #41 Aphasia – Signs | Diagnosis | Treatment

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/aphasia

  Aphasia is a language disorder that typically occurs after a brain injury or stroke. This condition damages the portion of the brain that is responsible for processing language. […] Aphasia refers to a disorder that affects the areas of the brain that are responsible for the production and process of language. […] Aphasia is generally diagnosed by a set of comprehensive language tests. The language tests include speaking, naming, repetition of words, reading, comprehension, and writing. […] The primary and foremost aim of the treatment is to improve the ability to communicate. Not all people can recover their complete communication skills, but definitely, there will be some improvement in communication. […] Various recommended treatment options are: Speech Therapy: In this speech therapy, the patient is taught how to improve the existing language abilities, their language skills, and ways to communicate in a different way. […] Aphasia can be treated by using the following treatment options– Speech therapy- Non-verbal communication therapy- Group therapy (for patients and their families)- Melodic intonation therapy- Promoting Aphasic’s Communicative Effectiveness (PACE)

• #42 Aphasia Diagnosis and Treatment Options | American Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/effects-of-stroke/communication-and-aphasia/stroke-and-aphasia/aphasia-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) is a noninvasive treatment approach for aphasia. […] Based on research studies conducted, it has shown to be effective for improving language performance with regard to naming, comprehension, repetition, written language, and oral language. […] This speech therapy requires the person with aphasia to communicate only by speaking. […] Due to some inconsistent study results and need for more evidence, further research and evaluation of this therapy are needed.

• #43 PRC-Saltillo – Articles

  https://www.prc-saltillo.com/articles/Aphasia-Diagnosis-Vocabulary?mode=view

  Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is a set of tools and strategies used to solve everyday communication challenges. It is an effective option for those with aphasia, a disorder caused by damage to the parts of the brain where language is stored which may affect the ability to comprehend language, express oneself, read, spell, or write. AAC can help them supplement existing speech or replace speech that is not functional. […] An evidence-based AAC vocabulary like Communication Journey: Aphasia addresses the unique needs of individuals with acquired language impairment while in recovery or for long-term use. This diagnosis-specific vocabulary can easily be adapted for use by people with different types of aphasia and a range of cognitive levels and degrees of severity. […] It’s important to note that this AAC file contains starting-point vocabulary commonly required by adults with aphasia. It MUST be customized for each persons unique history before use.

• #44 Aphasia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aphasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369523

  Certain drugs are being studied for the treatment of aphasia. These include drugs that may improve blood flow to the brain, enhance the brain’s recovery ability or help replace depleted chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters). […] Brain stimulation is being studied for aphasia treatment and may help improve the ability to name things. But no long-term research has been done yet. One treatment is called transcranial magnetic stimulation and another is transcranial direct current stimulation. […] If your aphasia is due to a stroke or head injury, you’ll probably first be seen in an emergency room. You’ll then see a doctor who specializes in disorders of the nervous system (neurologist), and you may eventually be referred to a speech-language pathologist for rehabilitation.

• #45 Aphasia – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aphasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369523

  Certain drugs are being studied for the treatment of aphasia. These include drugs that may improve blood flow to the brain, enhance the brain’s recovery ability or help replace depleted chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters). […] Brain stimulation is being studied for aphasia treatment and may help improve the ability to name things. But no long-term research has been done yet. One treatment is called transcranial magnetic stimulation and another is transcranial direct current stimulation. […] If your aphasia is due to a stroke or head injury, you’ll probably first be seen in an emergency room. You’ll then see a doctor who specializes in disorders of the nervous system (neurologist), and you may eventually be referred to a speech-language pathologist for rehabilitation.

• #46 Aphasia

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/aphasia/?srsltid=AfmBOorsRMnsHxhVelo_f5rJz7xTryVl0tQxypkicXSMnyOcruTvqgT4

  Aphasia is an acquired neurogenic language disorder resulting from an injury to the brain, typically the left hemisphere, that affects the functioning of core elements of the language network. […] Aphasia may also result from neurodegenerative disease. […] Clinicians should be aware that a persons presentation may not fit into a single aphasia type or subtype, and should use care if designating a type or subtype. […] The most predictive indicator of long-term recovery is initial aphasia severity, along with lesion site and size. […] Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play a central role in the screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of persons with aphasia. […] Diagnosing and documenting the presence or absence of aphasia is a key responsibility of SLPs. […] Assessment can be static and/or dynamic.

• #47 Aphasia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5502-aphasia

  Your provider will recommend running several tests to diagnose aphasia or rule out conditions with similar symptoms. The tests may even determine what kind of treatments will work best. […] Your healthcare provider will treat the underlying cause of aphasia to manage your symptoms. […] Speech therapy can improve your language abilities. […] The time it takes to recover from aphasia depends on what caused it, how severe it is and available treatment options. […] Aphasia happens unpredictably, so its not possible to prevent it. […] In some cases, aphasia is short-term and will go away completely over time. For others, aphasia may be a lifelong condition if the language center of your brain has permanent damage. […] Your healthcare providers can help you adapt and learn new ways to communicate and build or reestablish a connection with others.

• #48 Aphasia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5502-aphasia

  Your provider will recommend running several tests to diagnose aphasia or rule out conditions with similar symptoms. The tests may even determine what kind of treatments will work best. […] Your healthcare provider will treat the underlying cause of aphasia to manage your symptoms. […] Speech therapy can improve your language abilities. […] The time it takes to recover from aphasia depends on what caused it, how severe it is and available treatment options. […] Aphasia happens unpredictably, so its not possible to prevent it. […] In some cases, aphasia is short-term and will go away completely over time. For others, aphasia may be a lifelong condition if the language center of your brain has permanent damage. […] Your healthcare providers can help you adapt and learn new ways to communicate and build or reestablish a connection with others.

• #49

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/aphasia-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-wendy-williams-what-know-rcna140008

  Williams’ team said that her conditions „have already presented significant hurdles,” but that she is „receiving the care she requires to make sure she is protected and that her needs are addressed.” […] In people with primary progressive aphasia, Williams’ diagnosis, language skills become increasingly impaired over time. […] Eventually, almost all people with PPA stop speaking and lose the ability to understand written or spoken language. […] Primary progressive aphasia, however, is caused by neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s it’s the result of the degradation of brain tissue. […] Diagnosing aphasia usually involves an MRI or CT scan, as well as an assessment by a speech-language pathologist. […] There is no cure for aphasia. However, depending on the type and severity, speech and language therapy can help some patients if those interventions begin soon after the condition’s onset.

• #50

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12149-024-01958-w

  Anatomically, PPA predominantly affects the frontal and temporal regions of the left hemisphere, which govern speech and language production. […] Management of PPA includes options such as speech and language therapy to improve language preservation, and physical or occupational therapy to address movement or balance concerns. […] Current approaches provide symptomatic relief, yet there continues to be a strong need for curative therapies. […] However, diagnosing PPA is challenging due to its diverse and complex pathophysiology, often leading to frequent misdiagnoses as Alzheimers disease (AD). […] Early PPA identification can significantly impacts patient management and prognosis. […] Given that PPA is a neurodegenerative condition leading to a gradual loss of language abilities, early diagnosis allows for timely intervention and the implementation of appropriate therapeutic strategies.

• #51 Primary Progressive Aphasias: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/3/245

  Early diagnosis would enable the implementation of therapeutic strategies aimed at slowing disease progression and reducing the severity of symptoms. […] A clear understanding of the variability in clinical presentation allows for greater precision in decision making. […] Transdisciplinary care for PPA can bring greater sensitivity to current classifications, enabling earlier and more accurate diagnoses while improving the quality of life for individuals with this condition.

• #52 The course of primary progressive aphasia diagnosis: a cross-sectional study | Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-022-01007-6

  The primary progressive aphasia (PPA) diagnosis trajectory is debated, as several changes in diagnosis occur during PPA course, due to phenotype evolution from isolated language alterations to global cognitive impairment. […] Proper PPA diagnosis increases the opportunities of providing early appropriate clinical interventions, implementing coordinated care plans, managing symptoms, improving patient safety, cost savings and postponing institutionalization. […] The diagnosis of PPA is a major challenge in clinical practice as this phenotype is complex and constantly evolving. […] The delay between the first consultation for cognitive troubles and the first diagnosis that is significantly longer than in the AD group. […] The number of different diagnoses before the diagnosis of interest that is significantly higher in the PPA group than in the AD group.

• #53 Understanding Bruce Willis’ Aphasia Diagnosis | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/news/understanding-bruce-willis-aphasia-diagnosis

  Aphasia is often considered a family disease because it is a life-changing diagnosis that not only impacts the individual with aphasia but also places a heavy burden on their family members and caregivers, Dutta says. […] Like Bruce Willis, many people with aphasia find that working is difficult. But many others can improve their language functions through speech therapy and return to their jobs. Or they may switch to part-time work or a profession that requires less communication.

• #54 Understanding Bruce Willis’ Aphasia Diagnosis | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/news/understanding-bruce-willis-aphasia-diagnosis

  Aphasia is often considered a family disease because it is a life-changing diagnosis that not only impacts the individual with aphasia but also places a heavy burden on their family members and caregivers, Dutta says. […] Like Bruce Willis, many people with aphasia find that working is difficult. But many others can improve their language functions through speech therapy and return to their jobs. Or they may switch to part-time work or a profession that requires less communication.

• #55 Bruce Willis’ diagnosis brings aphasia to forefront | College of Applied Health Sciences

  https://ahs.illinois.edu/blog/bruce-willis-diagnosis-brings-aphasia-forefront

  As a speech language pathologist, Franz said she makes aphasia determinations based on how patients perform on certain tasks during a language assessment. […] That said, an aphasia diagnosis is not always without hope. With the help of rehabilitation intervention provided by a speech-language pathologist, people with aphasia from a stroke or other brain injury can improve. […] However, Franz speculates that because Willis family said the actor would pull back from public appearances, she believes he has primary progressive aphasia, and that the prognosis for that is not promising. […] It is that dire when you get that diagnosis, Franz said. It’s a very slow progression of the loss of their communication and along with this kind of dementia too that goes along with it. […] The National Aphasia Association is a great website and a great reference for anybody to learn more about aphasia or just to understand more about what it is, and find support groups, within your local community, Franz said.

• #56 The Loudest Silence: How Aphasia Complicates Communication After Brain Injury | UNM Health Blog | Albuquerque, New Mexico

  https://unmhealth.org/stories/2022/10/how-aphasia-complicates-communication-after-brain-injury.html

  For most people, individualized language therapy should begin as soon as possible. Working with a speech pathologist, people with aphasia practice exercises that involve reading, writing, following directions and repeating what they hear. […] The goal of aphasia therapy is to improve a persons ability to communicate using their remaining language abilities and to restore as much of what was lost as possible. […] While there are no medications designed to treat aphasia, there are drugs that can slow down symptoms and address the root cause such as Alzheimers disease or frontotemporal dementia. […] Recently, music therapy has gained attention as a potential strategy to improve communication and word-finding in individuals with non-fluent aphasias. […] New technologies are beginning to shape the way patients and their families access treatment for aphasia. […] To discuss aphasia diagnosis and treatment options, call 505-272-4866.

• #57 Aphasia: Better communication tips – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/understanding-aphasia-10-tips-for-improving-communication

  Aphasia is an impairment of language that may affect ability a person’s ability to speak, understand spoken language, read, write, use numbers, perform calculations or use nonverbal gestures. It happens after an injury to the brain, most commonly a stroke. However, it also can be caused by a traumatic brain injury, brain tumor or other incident affecting the brain. […] An aphasia diagnosis affects not only the person, but also their family and friends. […] Recovering speech and language after an aphasia diagnosis can take time and practice, so give your loved one support, and remain calm and focused on improving communication together.

• #58 Aphasia: Better communication tips – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/understanding-aphasia-10-tips-for-improving-communication

  Aphasia is an impairment of language that may affect ability a person’s ability to speak, understand spoken language, read, write, use numbers, perform calculations or use nonverbal gestures. It happens after an injury to the brain, most commonly a stroke. However, it also can be caused by a traumatic brain injury, brain tumor or other incident affecting the brain. […] An aphasia diagnosis affects not only the person, but also their family and friends. […] Recovering speech and language after an aphasia diagnosis can take time and practice, so give your loved one support, and remain calm and focused on improving communication together.

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