Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Evaluation and Treatment of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0601/p873.html

  Phototherapy is an effective treatment for hyperbilirubinemia, but the number needed to treat varies widely depending on sex, gestational age, and time since delivery. […] Phototherapy decreases the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. […] Phototherapy decreases the need for exchange transfusion in newborns with severe hyperbilirubinemia. […] Phototherapy has short- and long-term adverse effects. […] Although phototherapy is effective in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia, exchange transfusion is occasionally indicated. […] Exchange transfusion should be performed in infants with TSB levels in the range indicated by the nomogram, with TSB levels of 25 mg per dL or greater, and with jaundice and signs of acute bilirubin encephalopathy. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends promoting breastfeeding for infants with jaundice, assessing for the adequacy of breastfeeding, and increasing the frequency to eight to 12 times per day. […] Supplementation with formula may be considered if the infant’s intake is inadequate, weight loss is excessive, the infant appears dehydrated, or the jaundice is severe.

• #2 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Most infants born between 35 weeks’ gestation and full term need no treatment for jaundice. […] High levels of bilirubin that cause severe jaundice can result in serious complications if not treated. […] Prompt treatment may prevent significant lasting damage. […] The best preventive of infant jaundice is adequate feeding.

• #3 Neonatal Jaundice Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Phototherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974786-treatment

  Surgical care is not indicated in infants with physiologic neonatal jaundice. However, operative intervention is indicated in infants whose jaundice is caused by bowel or external bile duct atresia. […] Phototherapy, IVIG, and exchange transfusion are the most widely used therapeutic modalities in infants with neonatal jaundice. Although medications that impact bilirubin metabolism have been used in studies, drugs are not ordinarily used in unconjugated neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. […] Phototherapy is the primary treatment in neonates with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. […] Phototherapy can be administered in a number of ways. […] The purpose of treating neonatal jaundice is to avoid neurotoxicity. […] Exchange transfusion became a second-line treatment when phototherapy failed to control serum bilirubin levels.

• #4 Infant jaundice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373870

  Mild infant jaundice often disappears on its own within two or three weeks. For moderate or severe jaundice, your baby may need to stay longer in the newborn nursery or be readmitted to the hospital. […] Treatments to lower the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood may include: […] Enhanced nutrition. To prevent weight loss, your doctor may recommend more-frequent feeding or supplementation to ensure that your baby receives adequate nutrition. […] Light therapy (phototherapy). Your baby may be placed under a special lamp that emits light in the blue-green spectrum. The light changes the shape and structure of bilirubin molecules in such a way that they can be excreted in both the urine and stool. During treatment, your baby will wear only a diaper and protective eye patches. Light therapy may be supplemented with the use of a light-emitting pad or mattress.

• #5 Jaundice in Newborns (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/jaundice.html

  Most types of jaundice go away on their own. Others need treatment to lower bilirubin levels. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the jaundice, the bilirubin levels, and a baby’s age. […] Mild jaundice goes away after 1 or 2 weeks as a baby’s body gets rid of the extra bilirubin on its own. For newborns with breastfeeding jaundice, mothers should breastfeed the baby more often. If the baby is not getting enough breast milk, the doctor may suggest supplementing with formula. […] For more serious cases of jaundice, treatment should start as soon as possible. Babies may get: fluids. A loss of fluids (dehydration) will cause bilirubin levels to rise. phototherapy. Babies lie under lights with little clothing so their skin is exposed. The light changes the bilirubin to a form that can easily pass out of the body. Light-therapy blankets may also be used. exchange blood transfusion. This emergency procedure is done if very high bilirubin levels do not come down with phototherapy. The baby’s blood is replaced with blood from a donor to quickly lower bilirubin levels. intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Babies with blood type incompatibilities get this through an IV (into a vein). IVIg blocks antibodies that attack red blood cells and reduces the need for an exchange transfusion.

• #6 Evaluation and Treatment of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0601/p873.html

  Phototherapy is an effective treatment for hyperbilirubinemia, but the number needed to treat varies widely depending on sex, gestational age, and time since delivery. […] Phototherapy decreases the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. […] Phototherapy decreases the need for exchange transfusion in newborns with severe hyperbilirubinemia. […] Phototherapy has short- and long-term adverse effects. […] Although phototherapy is effective in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia, exchange transfusion is occasionally indicated. […] Exchange transfusion should be performed in infants with TSB levels in the range indicated by the nomogram, with TSB levels of 25 mg per dL or greater, and with jaundice and signs of acute bilirubin encephalopathy. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends promoting breastfeeding for infants with jaundice, assessing for the adequacy of breastfeeding, and increasing the frequency to eight to 12 times per day. […] Supplementation with formula may be considered if the infant’s intake is inadequate, weight loss is excessive, the infant appears dehydrated, or the jaundice is severe.

• #7

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abn3017

  Phototherapy is a treatment for newborns who have a condition called jaundice. Jaundice is yellowing of your baby’s skin and the whites of the eyes. It’s caused by a pigment, or colouring, called bilirubin. […] Treatment with phototherapy can help get your baby’s bilirubin to a normal level. […] Phototherapy exposes your baby to a special type of light. When this happens, the bilirubin changes to another form. In this new form, the excess bilirubin comes out in your baby’s stool and urine. […] Your baby may need to stay under this light for several days. This treatment doesn’t damage a baby’s skin. […] During phototherapy your baby is undressed. This exposes as much skin as possible to the light. […] It’s important that your baby gets plenty of fluid. Fluid helps remove extra bilirubin. […] Your baby may be able to be treated with phototherapy at home. If so, you will be shown how to use the equipment and care for your baby. Home therapy is only used for healthy babies who have mild jaundice. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety.

• #8 Neonatal Jaundice Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Phototherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974786-treatment

  Intravenous immunoglobulin has been proposed as a way to avoid exchange transfusions in hemolytic disease of the newborn. […] Exchange transfusion is indicated for avoiding bilirubin neurotoxicity when other therapeutic modalities have failed or are not sufficient. […] In infants with breast milk jaundice, interruption of breastfeeding for 24-48 hours and feeding with breast milk substitutes often helps to reduce the bilirubin level. […] Infants who have been treated for neonatal jaundice can be discharged when they are feeding adequately and have had two successive serum bilirubin levels demonstrating a trend toward lower values. […] A predischarge bilirubin measurement, obtained by transcutaneous or serum measurement and plotted into an hour-specific nomogram, has been shown to be a useful tool in distinguishing infants with a low risk of subsequently developing high bilirubin values.

• #9 Jaundice in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/jaundice

  Fiberoptic blanket is a type of phototherapy in which a fiberoptic blanket, also known as a biliblanket, is placed under your baby. The fiberoptic blanket bathes the baby in light to reduce bilirubin. It can be used alone or in combination with standard phototherapy. […] Exchange transfusion is a medical procedure used to reduce levels of bilirubin. During the treatment, a clinician gives and withdraws blood from the child in small amounts. This treatment may need to be repeated if bilirubin levels remain high. […] Discontinued breastfeeding for breast-milk jaundice is usually only necessary for one or two days. Breastfeeding can be resumed after bilirubin levels go down. […] Other treatments focus on managing the underlying cause of jaundice and reducing bilirubin levels.

• #10 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics/print

  Jaundice treatment is aimed at efficiently and safely reducing the level of bilirubin in the blood before it becomes toxic. […] Babies with mild hyperbilirubinemia may need no treatment at all other than increasing milk intake. […] Babies with higher bilirubin levels benefit from frequent assessment, and some will need treatment (which is usually brief). […] Phototherapy is the most common medical treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in babies. […] The blue light breaks down bilirubin into compounds that are easier for a baby’s body to eliminate in stool and urine. […] In almost all babies, treatment with phototherapy is successful in decreasing bilirubin levels within 24 to 48 hours. […] Phototherapy is usually given in a hospital. […] For the treatment to be successful, babies should have as much skin as possible exposed to the light.

• #11 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Neonatal jaundice is usually a mild, transient, and self-limiting condition known as physiologic jaundice. […] Phototherapy and exchange transfusions are the mainstays of treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and a subset of patients also respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is more complex and depends on the etiology of the jaundice. […] Phototherapy (PT) remains the first-line treatment for managing pathologic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. […] Exchange transfusion (ET) was the first successful treatment for jaundice. […] IVIG is used when immune-mediated hemolysis is the cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which prevents RBC hemolysis by coating Fc receptors on RBCs. […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is tailored to the specific etiology of the jaundice.

• #12 Phototherapy for Jaundice: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894477-overview

  At its most basic, phototherapy refers to the use of light to convert bilirubin molecules in the body into water soluble isomers that can be excreted by the body. […] Prior studies have shown that approximately 5-40 infants per 1,000 in the United States require phototherapy in the newborn nursery, and an equal number require readmission to the hospital for phototherapy after discharge from the nursery. […] To aid physicians in the decision on when to initiate phototherapy, the American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia developed guidelines on the management of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns 35 or more weeks gestation. […] Few contraindications to phototherapy are recognized. […] The effectiveness of phototherapy at converting bilirubin into configurational isomers, structural isomers, and photooxidation products is determined by the dose of phototherapy provided to the infant. […] Eye protection should be placed on all infants receiving phototherapy. […] Phototherapy has been safely used for the treatment of neonatal jaundice for over 40 years.

• #13 Infant jaundice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373870

  Mild infant jaundice often disappears on its own within two or three weeks. For moderate or severe jaundice, your baby may need to stay longer in the newborn nursery or be readmitted to the hospital. […] Treatments to lower the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood may include: […] Enhanced nutrition. To prevent weight loss, your doctor may recommend more-frequent feeding or supplementation to ensure that your baby receives adequate nutrition. […] Light therapy (phototherapy). Your baby may be placed under a special lamp that emits light in the blue-green spectrum. The light changes the shape and structure of bilirubin molecules in such a way that they can be excreted in both the urine and stool. During treatment, your baby will wear only a diaper and protective eye patches. Light therapy may be supplemented with the use of a light-emitting pad or mattress.

• #14 Your Baby, Jaundice and Phototherapy

  https://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/pa/umphototherapy.htm

  Phototherapy (light treatment) is the process of using light to eliminate bilirubin in the blood. Your baby’s skin and blood absorb these light waves. These light waves are absorbed by your baby’s skin and blood and change bilirubin into products, which can pass through their system. […] Your doctor may prescribe the biliblanket as an alternative and/or additional treatment for your child’s jaundice. This system uses fiber optics and represents advanced technology in phototherapy treatment given in the hospital or at home. The biliblanket provides the highest level of therapeutic light available to treat your baby. This form of light is also found in sunlight. The strength of light from the biliblanket is about the same as you would get in the shade on a sunny day, yet is safer because the biliblanket filters out potentially harmful ultraviolet and infrared energy.

• #15 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics/print

  Jaundice treatment is aimed at efficiently and safely reducing the level of bilirubin in the blood before it becomes toxic. […] Babies with mild hyperbilirubinemia may need no treatment at all other than increasing milk intake. […] Babies with higher bilirubin levels benefit from frequent assessment, and some will need treatment (which is usually brief). […] Phototherapy is the most common medical treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in babies. […] The blue light breaks down bilirubin into compounds that are easier for a baby’s body to eliminate in stool and urine. […] In almost all babies, treatment with phototherapy is successful in decreasing bilirubin levels within 24 to 48 hours. […] Phototherapy is usually given in a hospital. […] For the treatment to be successful, babies should have as much skin as possible exposed to the light.

• #16 Jaundice in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/jaundice

  Fiberoptic blanket is a type of phototherapy in which a fiberoptic blanket, also known as a biliblanket, is placed under your baby. The fiberoptic blanket bathes the baby in light to reduce bilirubin. It can be used alone or in combination with standard phototherapy. […] Exchange transfusion is a medical procedure used to reduce levels of bilirubin. During the treatment, a clinician gives and withdraws blood from the child in small amounts. This treatment may need to be repeated if bilirubin levels remain high. […] Discontinued breastfeeding for breast-milk jaundice is usually only necessary for one or two days. Breastfeeding can be resumed after bilirubin levels go down. […] Other treatments focus on managing the underlying cause of jaundice and reducing bilirubin levels.

• #17 Phototherapy for Newborn Jaundice | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/phototherapy-newborn-jaundice

  If the bilirubin levels are not severe, treatment may be paused for feeding and skin-to-skin care. […] Another way to treat jaundice is with a lighted pad called a bili blanket. It’s a portable phototherapy device that uses light from tiny fiberoptic cables or LED lights. […] Always wash your hands before taking care of your baby’s needs. Feed your baby often. This will help lower bilirubin levels. […] Your baby will need a follow-up blood test to check bilirubin levels. […] Phototherapy may be needed for a few days to a week. Your doctor will tell you how long your baby needs therapy and if it can be done at home. […] If the bilirubin levels are not too high, you may be able to hold your baby for feedings and skin-to-skin care.

• #18 Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia: Evaluation and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0500/neonatal-hyperbilirubinemia.html

  Neonatal jaundice due to hyperbilirubinemia is common, and most cases are benign. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) revised its clinical practice guideline in 2022 and reconfirmed its recommendation for universal neonatal hyperbilirubinemia screening in newborns 35 weeks’ gestational age or greater. […] Phototherapy decreases the need for an exchange transfusion but has the potential for short- and long-term adverse effects, including diarrhea and increased risk of seizures. […] Phototherapy should be used only for newborns who exceed thresholds recommended by the current AAP hour-specific phototherapy nomograms. […] The AAP neonatal hyperbilirubinemia guideline provides hour-specific thresholds for initiation of phototherapy based on gestational age and the presence or absence of neurotoxicity risk factors.

• #19 CG-DME-12 Home Phototherapy Devices for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

  https://www.anthem.com/dam/medpolicies/abc/active/guidelines/gl_pw_a053626.html

  Discontinuing phototherapy is an option when the TSB has decreased by at least 2 mg/dL below the hour-specific threshold at the initiation of phototherapy. […] The AAP/American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines for perinatal care (2017) state that home phototherapy is a therapy option and eligible candidates require proper home care follow-up and supervision including obtaining blood samples to measure TSB levels. […] In conclusion, this study adds to the growing body of literature demonstrating the efficacy of home phototherapy as an effective treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. […] This meta-analysis further confirms the efficacy of home-based phototherapy as an effective alternative to hospital-based phototherapy for the reduction of TSB concentrations with comparable durations of therapy.

• #20 Jaundice in babies | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/jaundice-in-babies

  Jaundice in babies shows up as a yellowish tinge to the skin and eyes. […] In babies where jaundice levels are very high in the days after birth, treatment using blue lights (phototherapy) may be required. […] Treatment for jaundice in babies depends on the cause, but may include: mild jaundice if the baby is otherwise healthy and well, no treatment is necessary. […] moderate jaundice phototherapy is the most common treatment. […] severe jaundice sometimes babies need treatment with more than one blue light at a time (multiple phototherapy). […] Treatments for rare conditions that cause jaundice may include: haemolytic anaemia treatment depends on the cause. […] neonatal hepatitis there is no specific medical treatment. […] galactosaemia the principal treatment is to make sure the baby’s diet contains no galactose or lactose. […] biliary atresia treatment involves surgery to connect a section of the liver to the gut (small intestine) to allow the bilirubin and other products to drain effectively.

• #21 Treating jaundice | Information for the public | Jaundice in newborn babies under 28 days | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg98/ifp/chapter/treating-jaundice

  If your baby’s bilirubin level is very high or rising quickly, or if your baby’s jaundice does not improve after phototherapy, your baby’s treatment should be stepped up. The healthcare team should offer 'intensified’ phototherapy. This involves increasing the amount of light used in phototherapy. […] The level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood will need to be checked with a blood test every 46 hours after starting phototherapy to see if the treatment is working. […] If the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood is very high, your baby might need a complete changeover of blood (an exchange transfusion) because this is the quickest way to lower the bilirubin levels. […] The doctor may suggest a treatment called intravenous immunoglobulin (sometimes called IVIG), which is a blood product.

• #22 Phototherapy for Newborn Jaundice | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/phototherapy-for-newborn-jaundice

  Phototherapy may be needed for a few days to a week. Your doctor will tell you how long your baby needs therapy and if it can be done at home. Your baby’s bilirubin level, temperature, and hydration will be watched closely during treatment. This will help the doctor know when therapy can be stopped.

• #23 CG-DME-12 Home Phototherapy Devices for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

  https://provider.healthybluela.com/dam/medpolicies/abcbs/active/guidelines/gl_pw_a053626.html

  In the home setting, phototherapy is accomplished by using a blanket or a neck ring that emits fiber optic light. […] For home phototherapy to be safe and effective, the caregivers must be compliant with the treatment protocol and daily follow-up appointments must be kept. […] If the serum bilirubin level is rising in spite of home phototherapy, the infant may be treated with intensive phototherapy in the inpatient setting. […] Home phototherapy can be less costly and disruptive to family routines and breastfeeding and may help improve bonding and reduce stress compared with readmission for phototherapy. […] Home phototherapy should not be used if there is any question about the quality of the home phototherapy device, the ability to have the device delivered to the home rapidly, concerns about the family’s ability to use the device, or concerns about the ability to measure bilirubin concentrations daily.

• #24 CG-DME-12 Home Phototherapy Devices for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

  https://www.anthem.com/dam/medpolicies/abc/active/guidelines/gl_pw_a053626.html

  In the home setting, phototherapy is accomplished by using a blanket or a neck ring that emits fiber optic light. […] For home phototherapy to be safe and effective, the caregivers must be compliant with the treatment protocol and daily follow-up appointments must be kept. […] If the serum bilirubin level is rising in spite of home phototherapy, the infant may be treated with intensive phototherapy in the inpatient setting. […] Home phototherapy can be less costly and disruptive to family routines and breastfeeding and may help improve bonding and reduce stress compared with readmission for phototherapy. […] Home phototherapy should not be used if there is any question about the quality of the home phototherapy device, the ability to have the device delivered to the home rapidly, concerns about the family’s ability to use the device, or concerns about the ability to measure bilirubin concentrations daily.

• #25 CG-DME-12 Home Phototherapy Devices for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

  https://provider.healthybluela.com/dam/medpolicies/abcbs/active/guidelines/gl_pw_a053626.html

  In the home setting, phototherapy is accomplished by using a blanket or a neck ring that emits fiber optic light. […] For home phototherapy to be safe and effective, the caregivers must be compliant with the treatment protocol and daily follow-up appointments must be kept. […] If the serum bilirubin level is rising in spite of home phototherapy, the infant may be treated with intensive phototherapy in the inpatient setting. […] Home phototherapy can be less costly and disruptive to family routines and breastfeeding and may help improve bonding and reduce stress compared with readmission for phototherapy. […] Home phototherapy should not be used if there is any question about the quality of the home phototherapy device, the ability to have the device delivered to the home rapidly, concerns about the family’s ability to use the device, or concerns about the ability to measure bilirubin concentrations daily.

• #26 CG-DME-12 Home Phototherapy Devices for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

  https://www.provider.wellpoint.com/dam/medpolicies/wellpoint/active/guidelines/gl_pw_a053626.html

  This document addresses the use of home phototherapy and the devices used for the treatment of neonatal jaundice that is physiologic (that is, non-pathologic) in nature. […] Home phototherapy devices are considered medically necessary when the criteria below are met: […] Home phototherapy devices for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are considered not medically necessary when the criteria above have not been met. […] Home phototherapy can be less costly and disruptive to family routines and breastfeeding and may help improve bonding and reduce stress compared with readmission for phototherapy. However, its effectiveness depends on the quality of the home phototherapy device as well as the ability of the family to appropriately use it. […] Home phototherapy should not be used if there is any question about the quality of the home phototherapy device, the ability to have the device delivered to the home rapidly, concerns about the family’s ability to use the device, or concerns about the ability to measure bilirubin concentrations daily.

• #27 CG-DME-12 Home Phototherapy Devices for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

  https://www.provider.wellpoint.com/dam/medpolicies/wellpoint/active/guidelines/gl_pw_a053626.html

  The AAP/American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines for perinatal care (2017) state that home phototherapy is a therapy option and eligible candidates require proper home care follow-up and supervision including obtaining blood samples to measure TSB levels. […] In conclusion, this study adds to the growing body of literature demonstrating the efficacy of home phototherapy as an effective treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. […] This meta-analysis further confirms the efficacy of home-based phototherapy as an effective alternative to hospital-based phototherapy for the reduction of TSB concentrations with comparable durations of therapy. […] The authors concluded that for otherwise healthy newborns who have hyperbilirubinemia, home phototherapy could be a safe alternative to inpatient phototherapy if daily checkups and around-the-clock telephone support can be provided.

• #28 Infant jaundice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373870

  Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Jaundice may be related to blood type differences between mother and baby. This condition results in the baby carrying antibodies from the mother that contribute to the rapid breakdown of the baby’s red blood cells. Intravenous transfusion of an immunoglobulin a blood protein that can reduce levels of antibodies may decrease jaundice and lessen the need for an exchange transfusion, although results are not conclusive. […] Exchange transfusion. Rarely, when severe jaundice doesn’t respond to other treatments, a baby may need an exchange transfusion of blood. This involves repeatedly withdrawing small amounts of blood and replacing it with donor blood, thereby diluting the bilirubin and maternal antibodies a procedure that’s performed in a newborn intensive care unit.

• #29 Does My Baby Have Jaundice? What Are the Treatments?

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/digestive-diseases-jaundice

  In many cases, jaundice goes away on its own in 1 to 2 weeks. Your doctor will decide whether your baby should wait it out or start treatments, such as: […] Extra feedings. Taking in more breast milk or formula will help your baby poop more often, which can help clear out bilirubin from the body. Or, if your baby is having trouble breastfeeding, your doctor may recommend you feed them breast milk from a bottle or also feed them formula. […] Phototherapy. The doctor puts your baby under blue-green lights. It can help bilirubin leave their body in their urine. They’ll wear only a diaper so that most of their skin can soak up the light. Theyll wear patches to protect their eyes. The light may come from a special pad or mattress that puts out blue-green light. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). If your baby’s jaundice happens because they have a different blood type from their mom, your doctor may need to give them a blood protein through an IV that helps stop the breakdown of red blood cells.

• #30 Infant jaundice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373870

  Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Jaundice may be related to blood type differences between mother and baby. This condition results in the baby carrying antibodies from the mother that contribute to the rapid breakdown of the baby’s red blood cells. Intravenous transfusion of an immunoglobulin a blood protein that can reduce levels of antibodies may decrease jaundice and lessen the need for an exchange transfusion, although results are not conclusive. […] Exchange transfusion. Rarely, when severe jaundice doesn’t respond to other treatments, a baby may need an exchange transfusion of blood. This involves repeatedly withdrawing small amounts of blood and replacing it with donor blood, thereby diluting the bilirubin and maternal antibodies a procedure that’s performed in a newborn intensive care unit.

• #31 Neonatal Jaundice | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23803

  Phototherapy and exchange transfusions are the mainstays of treatment of UHB, and a subset of patients also respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). […] Treatment of CHB is more complex and depends on the etiology of the jaundice. […] Phototherapy remains the first-line treatment for managing pathologic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. […] The TSB level at which PT is indicated is determined based on the risk factors for neurotoxicity present, the infant’s gestational age, and hour-specific TSB. […] Exchange transfusion (ET) is the second-line treatment for severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia since phototherapy was developed in the 1950s. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used when immune-mediated hemolysis is the cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which prevents RBC hemolysis by coating Fc receptors on RBCs. […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is tailored to the specific etiology of the jaundice. […] To achieve the best outcomes, patients diagnosed with biliary atresia require a Kasai operation (hepatic portoenterostomy) within the first 2 months of life to prevent irreversible liver damage.

• #32 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics/print

  Phototherapy is stopped when bilirubin levels in the blood drop to a safe level. […] Babies whose bilirubin levels increase to toxic levels despite other treatments, or who have signs of or are at significant risk for brain damage, may need something called „emergency exchange transfusion.” […] This is a life-saving procedure that is used to rapidly decrease dangerously high levels of bilirubin.

• #33

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/treatment/

  Phototherapy is generally very effective for newborn jaundice and has few side effects. […] If your baby has a very high level of bilirubin in their blood or phototherapy has not been effective, they may need a complete blood transfusion, known as an exchange transfusion. […] Your baby’s blood will be tested within 2 hours of treatment to check if it’s been successful. […] If the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood remains high, the procedure may need to be repeated. […] If jaundice is caused by an underlying health problem, such as an infection, this usually needs to be treated. […] If the jaundice is caused by rhesus disease (when the mother has rhesus-negative blood and the baby has rhesus-positive blood), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be used.

• #34 Infant jaundice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373870

  Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Jaundice may be related to blood type differences between mother and baby. This condition results in the baby carrying antibodies from the mother that contribute to the rapid breakdown of the baby’s red blood cells. Intravenous transfusion of an immunoglobulin a blood protein that can reduce levels of antibodies may decrease jaundice and lessen the need for an exchange transfusion, although results are not conclusive. […] Exchange transfusion. Rarely, when severe jaundice doesn’t respond to other treatments, a baby may need an exchange transfusion of blood. This involves repeatedly withdrawing small amounts of blood and replacing it with donor blood, thereby diluting the bilirubin and maternal antibodies a procedure that’s performed in a newborn intensive care unit.

• #35 Infant jaundice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/165358

  Exchange blood transfusion the babys blood is repeatedly withdrawn and then replaced (exchanged) with donor blood. This procedure will only be considered if phototherapy does not work because the baby would need to be in an intensive care unit (ICU) for newborns. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in cases of rhesus or ABO incompatibility, the infant may have a transfusion of immunoglobulin; this is a protein in the blood that lowers the levels of antibodies from the mother, which are attacking the infants red blood cells. […] If jaundice is caused by something else, surgery or drug treatment may be required.

• #36 Evaluation and Treatment of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0601/p873.html

  Phototherapy is an effective treatment for hyperbilirubinemia, but the number needed to treat varies widely depending on sex, gestational age, and time since delivery. […] Phototherapy decreases the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. […] Phototherapy decreases the need for exchange transfusion in newborns with severe hyperbilirubinemia. […] Phototherapy has short- and long-term adverse effects. […] Although phototherapy is effective in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia, exchange transfusion is occasionally indicated. […] Exchange transfusion should be performed in infants with TSB levels in the range indicated by the nomogram, with TSB levels of 25 mg per dL or greater, and with jaundice and signs of acute bilirubin encephalopathy. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends promoting breastfeeding for infants with jaundice, assessing for the adequacy of breastfeeding, and increasing the frequency to eight to 12 times per day. […] Supplementation with formula may be considered if the infant’s intake is inadequate, weight loss is excessive, the infant appears dehydrated, or the jaundice is severe.

• #37

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/treatment/

  Phototherapy is generally very effective for newborn jaundice and has few side effects. […] If your baby has a very high level of bilirubin in their blood or phototherapy has not been effective, they may need a complete blood transfusion, known as an exchange transfusion. […] Your baby’s blood will be tested within 2 hours of treatment to check if it’s been successful. […] If the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood remains high, the procedure may need to be repeated. […] If jaundice is caused by an underlying health problem, such as an infection, this usually needs to be treated. […] If the jaundice is caused by rhesus disease (when the mother has rhesus-negative blood and the baby has rhesus-positive blood), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be used.

• #38 Neonatal Jaundice | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23803

  Phototherapy and exchange transfusions are the mainstays of treatment of UHB, and a subset of patients also respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). […] Treatment of CHB is more complex and depends on the etiology of the jaundice. […] Phototherapy remains the first-line treatment for managing pathologic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. […] The TSB level at which PT is indicated is determined based on the risk factors for neurotoxicity present, the infant’s gestational age, and hour-specific TSB. […] Exchange transfusion (ET) is the second-line treatment for severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia since phototherapy was developed in the 1950s. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used when immune-mediated hemolysis is the cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which prevents RBC hemolysis by coating Fc receptors on RBCs. […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is tailored to the specific etiology of the jaundice. […] To achieve the best outcomes, patients diagnosed with biliary atresia require a Kasai operation (hepatic portoenterostomy) within the first 2 months of life to prevent irreversible liver damage.

• #39 Jaundice in babies | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/jaundice-in-babies

  Jaundice in babies shows up as a yellowish tinge to the skin and eyes. […] In babies where jaundice levels are very high in the days after birth, treatment using blue lights (phototherapy) may be required. […] Treatment for jaundice in babies depends on the cause, but may include: mild jaundice if the baby is otherwise healthy and well, no treatment is necessary. […] moderate jaundice phototherapy is the most common treatment. […] severe jaundice sometimes babies need treatment with more than one blue light at a time (multiple phototherapy). […] Treatments for rare conditions that cause jaundice may include: haemolytic anaemia treatment depends on the cause. […] neonatal hepatitis there is no specific medical treatment. […] galactosaemia the principal treatment is to make sure the baby’s diet contains no galactose or lactose. […] biliary atresia treatment involves surgery to connect a section of the liver to the gut (small intestine) to allow the bilirubin and other products to drain effectively.

• #40 Jaundice in babies | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/jaundice-in-babies

  Jaundice in babies shows up as a yellowish tinge to the skin and eyes. […] In babies where jaundice levels are very high in the days after birth, treatment using blue lights (phototherapy) may be required. […] Treatment for jaundice in babies depends on the cause, but may include: mild jaundice if the baby is otherwise healthy and well, no treatment is necessary. […] moderate jaundice phototherapy is the most common treatment. […] severe jaundice sometimes babies need treatment with more than one blue light at a time (multiple phototherapy). […] Treatments for rare conditions that cause jaundice may include: haemolytic anaemia treatment depends on the cause. […] neonatal hepatitis there is no specific medical treatment. […] galactosaemia the principal treatment is to make sure the baby’s diet contains no galactose or lactose. […] biliary atresia treatment involves surgery to connect a section of the liver to the gut (small intestine) to allow the bilirubin and other products to drain effectively.

• #41 Jaundice in newborn babies | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/jaundice-in-newborn-babies-/

  Mild jaundice does not normally need any treatment. Your midwife may need to give you extra advice and support with breastfeeding to make sure that your baby is feeding adequately. […] If the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood is high, your baby may need to stay in hospital to have treatment. Your baby may be given a treatment called phototherapy, which involves placing your baby under a lamp that shines a special type of blue light onto the skin. This light helps to break down the bilirubin, which will then be passed out of your baby’s body in the urine and stools. […] Blood samples will usually be taken every 6 to 12 hours in order to measure the amount of bilirubin in your baby’s blood. The frequency of blood taking and the length of time that your baby will require the light therapy will vary according to the rate at which the bilirubin level in the blood decreases, but may vary from hours to days.

• #42 Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice

  https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/phototherapy_for_neonatal_jaundice/

  Commence phototherapy once SBR is greater than the appropriate reference range for neonates gestation/weight and presence of risk factors. […] Ensure that phototherapy unit is turned off during collection of blood for SBR levels, as both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin are photo-oxidized when exposed to white or ultraviolet light.

• #43 Newborn jaundice – discharge – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/care-sheets/newborn-jaundice-discharge

  The health care provider may stop phototherapy and send your child home when their bilirubin level is low enough to be safe. Your child’s bilirubin level will need to be checked in the provider’s office, 24 hours after therapy stops, to make sure the level is not rising again. […] If the bilirubin level is not too high or not rising quickly, you can do phototherapy at home with a fiber optic blanket, which has tiny bright lights in it. […] You must keep the light therapy on your child’s skin and feed your child every 2 to 3 hours (10 to 12 times a day). Feeding prevents dehydration and helps bilirubin leave the body. […] Therapy will continue until your baby’s bilirubin level lowers enough to be safe. Your baby’s provider will want to check the level again in 2 to 3 days. […] Exchange transfusion – series Using bili lights is a therapeutic procedure performed on newborn or premature infants to reduce elevated levels of bilirubin. If blood levels of bilirubin become too high, the bilirubin begins to dissolve in the body tissues, producing the characteristic yellow eyes and skin of jaundice.

• #44 Jaundice in newborn babies | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/jaundice-in-newborn-babies-/

  Babies with extremely high bilirubin levels may need to be treated in an intensive care unit. These babies may need an exchange transfusion which involves replacing the baby’s blood with new blood from a donor. This is very rare; with the appropriate use of phototherapy only very few babies with jaundice need this invasive treatment. […] If your baby has jaundice for more than two weeks (or for more than three weeks for babies born earlier than 37 completed weeks), make sure that you tell your midwife or doctor. They will check for pale, chalky stools and/or dark urine, and will refer your baby for further tests at the hospital within a week or so. Your baby may need tests to check for other medical problems. In most cases these tests are normal and usually no further action is required.

• #45 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics/print

  Phototherapy is stopped when bilirubin levels in the blood drop to a safe level. […] Babies whose bilirubin levels increase to toxic levels despite other treatments, or who have signs of or are at significant risk for brain damage, may need something called „emergency exchange transfusion.” […] This is a life-saving procedure that is used to rapidly decrease dangerously high levels of bilirubin.

• #46 Neonates with Hyperbilirubinemia/Jaundice Clinical Pathway | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/neonates-hyperbilirubinemia-jaundice-clinical-pathway

  Infants 35 Weeks Gestation with Hyperbilirubinemia/Jaundice Summary of Changes AAP 2022 Guidance […] Phototherapy based on TSB, risk factor […] Discontinue when TSB is 2 mg/dL below the hour-specific threshold used to initiate Phototherapy, not current hour-of-life threshold.

• #47 Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia) | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/jaundice

  Many babies wont need treatment. If they do, a special light, called a bili light or phototherapy, is used. To help bilirubin leave the body, your baby will: […] After your babys bilirubin level has gone down and the bili light is turned off, theyll go home unless they have other problems.

• #48 Neonatal Jaundice Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Phototherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974786-treatment

  Intravenous immunoglobulin has been proposed as a way to avoid exchange transfusions in hemolytic disease of the newborn. […] Exchange transfusion is indicated for avoiding bilirubin neurotoxicity when other therapeutic modalities have failed or are not sufficient. […] In infants with breast milk jaundice, interruption of breastfeeding for 24-48 hours and feeding with breast milk substitutes often helps to reduce the bilirubin level. […] Infants who have been treated for neonatal jaundice can be discharged when they are feeding adequately and have had two successive serum bilirubin levels demonstrating a trend toward lower values. […] A predischarge bilirubin measurement, obtained by transcutaneous or serum measurement and plotted into an hour-specific nomogram, has been shown to be a useful tool in distinguishing infants with a low risk of subsequently developing high bilirubin values.

• #49 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Most infants born between 35 weeks’ gestation and full term need no treatment for jaundice. […] High levels of bilirubin that cause severe jaundice can result in serious complications if not treated. […] Prompt treatment may prevent significant lasting damage. […] The best preventive of infant jaundice is adequate feeding.

• #50 Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/metabolic-electrolyte-and-toxic-disorders-in-neonates/neonatal-hyperbilirubinemia

  Treatment of hyperbilirubinemia is directed at the underlying disorder. In addition, treatment for hyperbilirubinemia itself may be necessary. […] Physiologic jaundice usually is not clinically significant and resolves within 1 week. Frequent formula or human milk feedings can reduce the incidence and severity of hyperbilirubinemia by increasing gastrointestinal motility and frequency of stools, thereby minimizing the enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin. The type of formula does not seem important in increasing bilirubin excretion. […] Breastfeeding jaundice may be prevented or reduced by increasing the frequency of feedings. If the bilirubin level continues to increase 18 mg/dL (308 micromol/L) in a term infant with early breastfeeding jaundice, a temporary change from human milk to formula may be appropriate; phototherapy also may be indicated at higher levels. Stopping breastfeeding is necessary for only 1 or 2 days, and the mother should be encouraged to continue expressing her milk regularly so she can resume nursing as soon as the infant’s bilirubin level starts to decline.

• #51 Jaundice in Newborn Babies: Causes, Treatment and More

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/baby-health-and-safety/newborn-jaundice.aspx

  Red cell exchange transfusion. This treatment is called upon if bilirubin levels are abnormally high. In an exchange transfusion, your baby’s blood is replaced with fresh donor blood or plasma. The need for this treatment is rare. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (also called IVIg). This is a product made up of antibodies that can be given intravenously (through a vein). This is also only used rarely. […] Typically, jaundice goes away in a week to 10 days, though it sticks around for longer in premature babies. […] If your baby is breastfed, jaundice can last a month or occasionally longer. If your baby is formula-fed, jaundice typically clears up within two weeks. If it lasts three weeks or longer, be sure to call the doctor for a follow-up. […] You can reduce your baby’s risk of jaundice by getting a RHo-GAM shot, if your blood type is identified as Rh-negative during pregnancy and again 72 hours after delivery if your baby is Rh-positive. […] Feeding your baby at least eight to 12 times a day, which helps her have regular bowel movements and removes bilirubin from her body.

• #52 Hyperbilirubinemia

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/hyperbilirubinemia?srsltid=AfmBOopFXHWHMnssf5qxMq2RueHDcnN62EfhXJyLkpncSli4-dCQJnd4

  This AAP clinical guidance assists pediatricians with the diagnosis and management of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. […] In August 2022, the Academy released updated clinical guidance on the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns greater than 35 weeks of gestational age. […] Of note, this revised clinical guidance raises phototherapy thresholds by a narrow range that the guideline committee considered to be safe. […] The guideline committee also used new research findings to revise the risk-assessment approach based on the difference between the phototherapy threshold and hour-specific bilirubin levels and provided a more explicit approach to rapidly address severely elevated bilirubin levels, defined as escalation of care. […] Patient Handout – Jaundice and Your Newborn: View information about jaundice, bilirubin levels, treatment of jaundice, when to follow up after discharge, and when to call the doctor.

• #53 What to expect with jaundice in babies | Ohio State Health & Discovery

  https://health.osu.edu/health/family-health/getting-rid-of-jaundice-in-babies

  Phototherapy can effectively lower bilirubin in most babies, but there are certain things to be aware of with jaundice. […] Jaundice needs to be treated if bilirubin levels get too high in baby’s blood. When the level is too high, it can cause harm in the baby’s eyes and brain and deposit into their skin. If jaundice isn’t treated and bilirubin is too high for too long, it can cause a disease called kernicterus, causing brain damage and potentially leading to intellectual disabilities, vision problems, cerebral palsy or hearing loss. […] If a baby isn’t efficiently removing bilirubin from their blood naturally, we can help them with special lights called bili lights. This phototherapy is a blue light that’s safe for babies and doesn’t include ultraviolet light. Bili lights help babies convert bilirubin to a more easily excretable form so that they can get rid of the chemical in their urine or stool.

• #54 Jaundice in Newborns: Causes & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/jaundice-in-newborns

  Jaundice in infants, also called hyperbilirubinemia, is common and can be remedied quickly in most cases. […] There are a couple treatments for jaundice, which can be performed in the hospital, at home, or both. These treatments include: […] Light Therapy (Phototherapy): Your baby will be placed under a lamp, or lay on a pad with lights, that emit a blue-green color that change the shape and structure of the bilirubin molecules so they can easily be excreted through the urine and stool. […] Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg): When mother and baby have different blood types, the baby can carry antibodies from the mothers blood, which causes red blood cells in the baby to burst with more frequency and release excess bilirubin. […] Exchange Transfusion: In severe cases of jaundice, a newborn will visit an intensive care unit to receive an exchange of blood. […] In addition to the therapies above, you can also help lower the amount of bilirubin by encouraging more feedings to flush out the bilirubin quickly through urine and stool. […] Fast treatment of jaundice can reduce the risk of developing acute bilirubin encephalopathy.

• #55 Jaundice in Newborn Babies: Causes, Treatment and More

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/baby-health-and-safety/newborn-jaundice.aspx

  Your pediatrician may also tell you to feed your baby as often as possible, without overfeeding, to encourage frequent bowel movements. That will also help get rid of the excess bilirubin, which gives stools a brownish-yellowish color. […] In the most extreme form of jaundice, when bilirubin levels are abnormally high, the chemical can build up in the brain. Left untreated, very severe jaundice can lead to an extremely rare condition called kernicterus, which can result in permanent brain damage. […] If your baby has more severe jaundice, she may need treatments such as phototherapy treatment (also called light therapy or bili lights). Your baby will be undressed and put under special lights, but fear not: The lights don’t hurt. […] Supplementing breast milk with formula. This is done on a case-by-case basis at the recommendation of your pediatrician and can sometimes help lower the bilirubin level and prevent the need for phototherapy.

• #56 Jaundice in Newborns: Causes & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/jaundice-in-newborns

  Jaundice in infants, also called hyperbilirubinemia, is common and can be remedied quickly in most cases. […] There are a couple treatments for jaundice, which can be performed in the hospital, at home, or both. These treatments include: […] Light Therapy (Phototherapy): Your baby will be placed under a lamp, or lay on a pad with lights, that emit a blue-green color that change the shape and structure of the bilirubin molecules so they can easily be excreted through the urine and stool. […] Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg): When mother and baby have different blood types, the baby can carry antibodies from the mothers blood, which causes red blood cells in the baby to burst with more frequency and release excess bilirubin. […] Exchange Transfusion: In severe cases of jaundice, a newborn will visit an intensive care unit to receive an exchange of blood. […] In addition to the therapies above, you can also help lower the amount of bilirubin by encouraging more feedings to flush out the bilirubin quickly through urine and stool. […] Fast treatment of jaundice can reduce the risk of developing acute bilirubin encephalopathy.

• #57 Neonatal Jaundice – Toronto Centre for Neonatal Health

  https://torontocentreforneonatalhealth.com/education-opportunities/elearning/neonatal-jaundice/

  Jaundice may be a sign of pathology, and demands appropriate evaluation and rational management. […] The traditional, well established modalities of treatment for neonatal jaundice are phototherapy and exchange transfusion. […] Phototherapy, which is the primary treatment for neonatal jaundice, has proven to be a generally safe procedure although rare complications can occur. […] The purpose of phototherapy is to prevent the need for exchange transfusion. […] The SBR threshold for exchange transfusion should be individualised and must consider the factors that alter the potential for the development of bilirubin toxicity. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) acts as a competitive inhibitor for antibodies that cause haemolysis. […] The inhibition of haeme oxygenase and bilirubin production by Sn-Mesoporphyrin represents a novel pharmacological intervention for the prevention and treatment of neonatal jaundice.

• #58 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Neonatal jaundice is usually a mild, transient, and self-limiting condition known as physiologic jaundice. […] Phototherapy and exchange transfusions are the mainstays of treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and a subset of patients also respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is more complex and depends on the etiology of the jaundice. […] Phototherapy (PT) remains the first-line treatment for managing pathologic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. […] Exchange transfusion (ET) was the first successful treatment for jaundice. […] IVIG is used when immune-mediated hemolysis is the cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which prevents RBC hemolysis by coating Fc receptors on RBCs. […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is tailored to the specific etiology of the jaundice.

• #59 Jaundice in Newborns (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/jaundice.html

  Most types of jaundice go away on their own. Others need treatment to lower bilirubin levels. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the jaundice, the bilirubin levels, and a baby’s age. […] Mild jaundice goes away after 1 or 2 weeks as a baby’s body gets rid of the extra bilirubin on its own. For newborns with breastfeeding jaundice, mothers should breastfeed the baby more often. If the baby is not getting enough breast milk, the doctor may suggest supplementing with formula. […] For more serious cases of jaundice, treatment should start as soon as possible. Babies may get: fluids. A loss of fluids (dehydration) will cause bilirubin levels to rise. phototherapy. Babies lie under lights with little clothing so their skin is exposed. The light changes the bilirubin to a form that can easily pass out of the body. Light-therapy blankets may also be used. exchange blood transfusion. This emergency procedure is done if very high bilirubin levels do not come down with phototherapy. The baby’s blood is replaced with blood from a donor to quickly lower bilirubin levels. intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Babies with blood type incompatibilities get this through an IV (into a vein). IVIg blocks antibodies that attack red blood cells and reduces the need for an exchange transfusion.

• #60 Jaundice in newborns: Causes and treatment – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/jaundice-in-newborns-causes-and-treatments

  For more serious cases of jaundice, a child may need a blood transfusion or surgery. Additional plasma or immunoglobin can help the body get rid of bilirubin. […] „The earlier you diagnose the problem, the better the outcome will be,” Dr. Aqul says. „It’s crucial that whenever an infant has jaundice, parents bring it to the pediatrician’s attention so that appropriate testing can be done.”

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