Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Toxic Shock Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459345/

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute-onset illness characterized by fever, hypotension, sunburn-like rash, and end-organ damage. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of toxic shock syndrome and discusses the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating this condition. […] Describe the management of toxic shock syndrome. […] Explain the importance of improving care coordination among the interprofessional team to enhance the delivery of care for patients with toxic shock syndrome. […] Early recognition and antibiotic administration are key to improving patient outcomes and reducing mortality. […] Patients should receive aggressive intravenous (IV) fluid hydration with crystalloids. […] Any source of bacteria such as tampons or nasal packing should immediately be removed.

• #2 Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/toxic-shock-syndrome-tss

  Toxic shock syndrome is caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal exotoxins. […] Treatment includes antibiotics, intensive support, and IV immune globulin. […] Patients suspected of having TSS should be hospitalized immediately and treated intensively. Tampons, diaphragms, and other foreign bodies should be removed at once. […] Provide aggressive supportive care, and decontaminate and/or debride the source site. […] Give antibiotics (eg, clindamycin or linezolid plus vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, or ceftaroline) pending culture and susceptibility testing. […] Give IV immune globulin if TSS is severe.

• #3 Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

  https://healthlibrary.overlakehospital.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Orthopedic/85,P00653

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an illness that produces symptoms in many systems of the body. Certain bacterial infections release toxins into the bloodstream. These toxins can spread to many body organs. This can cause severe damage and illness. […] TSS can result in amputations of fingers, toes, or limbs, or even death. […] Because reinfection is common, don’t use tampons if you have had tampon-related TSS. You can also prevent TSS with correct and thorough wound care. […] TSS may start like other infections. But it can quickly progress to a life-threatening disease. If a mild illness quickly becomes severe with whole-body symptoms, seek care right away. […] Toxic shock syndrome is a serious illness. It’s a cluster of symptoms that involve many systems of the body. […] TSS can be life-threatening and needs medical care right away.

• #4 Toxic shock syndrome – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/toxic-shock-syndrome

  Toxic shock syndrome is a serious disease that involves fever, shock, and problems with several body organs. […] Toxic shock syndrome is caused by a toxin produced by some types of staphylococcus bacteria. […] The earliest cases of toxic shock syndrome involved women who used tampons during their menstrual periods. […] Toxic shock syndrome can also occur with skin infections, burns, and after surgery. […] Risk factors include recent childbirth, infection with Staphylococcus aureus, foreign bodies or packings inside the body, menstrual period, recent surgery, tampon use, and wound infection after surgery. […] Symptoms include confusion, diarrhea, general ill feeling, headaches, high fever, low blood pressure, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, organ failure, redness of eyes, mouth, throat, seizures, and widespread red rash.

• #5 Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15437-toxic-shock-syndrome

  No, toxic shock syndrome won’t go away on its own. Prompt treatment is necessary to avoid potentially deadly complications. […] You can take steps to lower your risk for toxic shock syndrome. […] Toxic shock syndrome is more likely to recur in people who’ve already had it. […] Most cases of toxic shock syndrome are associated with the use of highly absorbent tampons. […] Toxic shock syndrome can lead to death in 30% to 70% of cases. Prompt diagnosis and treatment lead to the best outcomes. […] Contact your healthcare provider if you have signs of toxic shock syndrome, especially if you use tampons, have a skin wound or recently had surgery. […] TSS requires prompt treatment with antibiotics, fluids and medication for the best outcomes.

• #6 Toxic Shock Syndrome: Keys in Diagnosis and Management – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/toxic-shock-syndrome-keys-in-diagnosis-and-management/

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute, toxin-mediated sickness with fever, hypotension, multi-organ dysfunction, and a diffuse rash with desquamation. TSS is treatable if diagnosed, but if missed, it can be rapidly lethal. The annual incidence is between 1.5-11 per 100,000 people. Cases occur most commonly at the extremes of age, with one study finding that the highest incidence occurred in adults aged > 45 years, followed by children < 5 years. Another study found higher rates among children < 2 years of age and adults ≥ 65 years of age. [...] These patients can decompensate quickly and need immediate resuscitation. Fluid resuscitation with multiple fluid boluses is often needed due to severe volume depletion and third spacing from capillary leakage. Broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage is a must. Antibiotics must be started with coverage targeting S. aureus and S. pyogenes.

• #7 Toxic shock syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/329

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an exotoxin-mediated illness caused by bacterial infection, most commonly group A streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus. […] Early diagnosis and treatment is essential. […] Treatment includes supportive care in an intensive care unit, early empiric antibiotic treatment, and further culture-sensitive antibiotic treatment. Surgical debridement may be needed for deep-seated streptococcal infections.

• #8 Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS): Signs, Causes and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/toxic-shock-syndrome

  Toxic shock syndrome is a life threatening response to a bacterial infection. The bacteria release toxins, possibly leading to rapid organ failure, shock, and even death. […] TSS is most commonly associated with extended and super absorbency tampons. […] TSS occurs when bacteria enter the body’s deep tissues and eventually into the bloodstream. […] A cytokine cascade can lead to TSS symptoms, including shock and multiple organ system failures. […] You should always contact a doctor if you develop toxic shock syndrome (TSS) symptoms. This is especially true if you have had a recent infection, surgery, regularly use tampons incorrectly, or have a skin injury. […] TSS is a medical emergency, and prompt treatment is necessary to help increase the chances of recovering. […] Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is always a serious, life threatening condition that will require treatment in a hospital. With treatment, the condition can resolve.

• #9 Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/toxic-shock-syndrome-tss

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare and potentially life-threatening illness that is thought to be caused by infection with certain types of bacteria. […] Women who have their period (are menstruating) are most at risk of getting TSS, as it is thought to be associated with tampon use. […] Suggestions for reducing the risk of TSS include changing tampons regularly and using pads instead of tampons overnight. […] If you think you could have toxic shock syndrome, stop using tampons immediately and go to the emergency department of your nearest hospital. […] Suggestions to reduce the risk include: Change tampons regularly (at least every four hours). […] Use pads (sanitary napkins) instead of tampons overnight. […] There are no clinical trials supporting the use of menstrual cups to reduce the risk of TSS.

• #10 Toxic shock syndrome | Lima Memorial Health System

  https://www.limamemorial.org/m/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia/1/000653

  Toxic shock syndrome is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease that involves fever, shock, and problems with several body organs. […] Toxic shock syndrome is caused by a toxin produced by some types of staphylococcus bacteria. […] Toxic shock syndrome can also occur with skin infections, burns, and after surgery. […] Risk factors include: Recent childbirth, Infection with Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), commonly called a staph infection, Foreign bodies or packings (such as those used to stop nosebleeds) inside the body, Recent surgery, Tampon use (with higher risk if you leave one in for a long time), Wound infection after surgery. […] Symptoms include: Confusion, Diarrhea, General ill feeling, Headaches, High fever, sometimes accompanied by chills, Low blood pressure, Muscle aches, Nausea and vomiting, Organ failure (most often kidneys and liver), Redness of eyes, mouth, throat, Seizures, Widespread red rash that looks like a sunburn — skin peeling occurs 1 or 2 weeks after the rash, particularly on the palms of the hand or bottom of the feet.

• #11 Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15437-toxic-shock-syndrome

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but serious condition caused by certain strains of bacteria. […] Knowing the signs of TSS and seeking prompt treatment results in the best outcomes. […] The symptoms of TSS happen suddenly and worsen quickly. However, most people recover if TSS is diagnosed and treated quickly. […] Treatment typically involves hospitalization due to the potentially life-threatening nature of toxic shock syndrome. First, your healthcare provider will remove any tampons or contraceptive devices from your vagina if that is suspected to be the cause. Then, you’ll be given intravenous (IV) fluids and possibly medications to raise your blood pressure if it’s low. […] Toxic shock syndrome is serious and life-threatening. Symptoms can progress quickly, and immediate treatment is necessary.

• #12 Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

  https://healthlibrary.ecuhealth.org/library/Wellness/Parenting/85,P00653

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an illness that produces symptoms in many systems of the body. Certain bacterial infections release toxins into the bloodstream. These toxins can spread to many body organs. This can cause severe damage and illness. […] TSS can result in amputations of fingers, toes, or limbs, or even death. […] Because reinfection is common, don’t use tampons if you have had tampon-related TSS. You can also prevent TSS with correct and thorough wound care. […] TSS may start like other infections. But it can quickly progress to a life-threatening disease. If a mild illness quickly becomes severe with whole-body symptoms, seek care right away. […] Toxic shock syndrome is a serious illness. It’s a cluster of symptoms that involve many systems of the body. […] It can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, or Clostridium sordellii. […] Early symptoms are similar to other infections. But they can progress quickly to become life-threatening. […] TSS can be life-threatening and needs medical care right away.

• #13 NURSE MANAGEMENT OF TSS – TSSIS

  https://www.tssis.com/nurse_management/

  A recent case review showed that nurses play an important role in diagnosing toxic shock syndrome, or TSS. […] Some knowledge of toxic shock syndrome is important because early diagnosis and treatment may be life-saving. […] The first problems nursing staff or parents might notice are fever and drowsiness, perhaps with a rash and diarrhoea. This is toxic shock syndrome. […] With the early use of standard supportive treatments most patients will recover without the need for intensive care or ventilation and should demonstrate no long-term sequelae. […] The value of nurses in making the diagnosis of this acute medical condition, and in particular accurately measuring blood pressure, cannot be underestimated, as demonstrated in this survey. […] TSS may be difficult to diagnose, but a better awareness of this condition, and skill in measuring the blood pressure in sick patients will save lives and reduce morbidity. TSS may be rare, but nurses have an important role in its diagnosis and management!

• #14

  https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/121794/toxic-shock-syndrome

  A 19-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for worsening myalgias, chills, nausea, and generalized weakness. Her symptoms began approximately 5 days ago. She denies any recent travel history or sick contacts and states she is currently menstruating and using tampons. Her temperature is 102.0F (38.9C), blood pressure is 88/55 mmHg, and pulse is 115/min. Physical examination is remarkable for confusion and widespread macular blanching erythroderma that appears like a sunburn. Laboratory studies are significant for a leukocyte count of 17,000/mm3 with a neutrophilic predominance. Blood and urine cultures are obtained. She is admitted to the medical intensive care unit and is receiving aggressive fluid resuscitation and intravenous vancomycin and clindamycin. (Toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus)

• #15 Toxic Shock Syndrome: Keys in Diagnosis and Management – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/toxic-shock-syndrome-keys-in-diagnosis-and-management/

  Management involves IV fluids, source control, and antibiotics. Antibiotics should include a penicillinase-resistant penicillin or cephalosporin (piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime), vancomycin (in methicillin-resistant S. aureus prevalent areas), and clindamycin or linezolid. IVIG is an adjunctive therapy. […] Knowledge of the clinical features, laboratory testing, and treatment can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and management this condition. […] The key in management is to suspect the disease based on the clinical situation, rather than meeting all CDC criteria for diagnosis.

• #16 Managing toxic shock syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cancer/managing-toxic-shock-syndrome-04-02-2003/

  The value of nurses in making a diagnosis of TSS and particularly in measuring blood pressure accurately cannot be underestimated. […] TSS may be difficult to diagnose but a better awareness of this condition and skill in measuring blood pressure in sick patients will save lives and reduce morbidity. TSS may be rare, but nurses have an important role in its diagnosis and management.

• #17 Managing toxic shock syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/cancer/managing-toxic-shock-syndrome-04-02-2003/

  Toxic shock syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal condition which may develop in individuals of all ages. […] Although it is an unusual condition, TSS is diagnosed mainly in AE. It causes between two and five deaths annually in the UK. […] Most patients will recover without the need for intensive care or ventilation and should demonstrate no long-term sequelae following the early use of standard supportive treatments. These are: Rapid recognition, diagnosis and hospitalisation; Investigation, including blood tests, swabs, radiograph and echocardiograph; Supportive therapy and monitoring, for example oxygen and intravenous fluids to maintain blood pressure, routines to support major organ systems; Antimicrobials (remove the bacteria making the toxin), treat with clindamycin or flucloxacillin, treat the nasal carriage with rifampicin or mupirocin; Antitoxin therapy, use intravenous immunoglobulin if the diagnosis is made early; Ensure follow-up, consider psychological support, check an echocardiograph.

• #18 Toxic shock syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/toxic-shock-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355390

  If you develop toxic shock syndrome, you’ll likely be hospitalized. In the hospital, you’ll: […] Be treated with antibiotics while doctors seek the infection source […] Receive medication to stabilize your blood pressure if it’s low and fluids to treat dehydration […] Receive supportive care to treat other signs and symptoms. […] Surgery may be necessary to remove nonliving tissue from the site of infection or to drain the infection. […] Toxic shock syndrome usually is diagnosed in an emergency setting. However, if you’re concerned about your risk of toxic shock syndrome, see your doctor to check your risk factors and talk about prevention.

• #19 Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in the intensive care unit | Annals of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-018-0438-y

  In the case of STSS, the admission to the ICU, and the initiation of supportive treatment of several dysfunctional organs, is usually necessary. […] The addition of clindamycin to penicillin may improve patient outcomes and reduce mortality. […] Antibiotic therapy should be given rapidly, associating high doses of parenteral beta-lactams plus clindamycin for its anti-toxin effect. […] Secondary surgery for lavage and debridement is also frequently needed to control STSS. […] Clinical decisions need to be multidisciplinary, involving a team of intensivists, infectiologists, and surgeons. Surgical look and aggressive debridement of the infected site(s) is frequently required in necrotizing fasciitis.

• #20 Toxic Shock Syndrome Nursing Diagnosis and Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/toxic-shock-syndrome-nursing-diagnosis/

  Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a rare but life-threatening condition caused by bacterial toxins, primarily associated with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. […] This nursing diagnosis focuses on identifying, assessing, and managing patients with TSS, providing comprehensive care plans to address the multisystem effects of this severe condition. […] A thorough nursing assessment is crucial for early detection and management of Toxic Shock Syndrome. The following assessments should be performed: […] Effective nursing interventions are crucial in managing Toxic Shock Syndrome and preventing complications. The following interventions should be implemented: […] Toxic Shock Syndrome is a severe, life-threatening condition that requires prompt recognition and comprehensive nursing care. By implementing these nursing care plans and interventions, nurses can be crucial in improving patient outcomes and preventing complications associated with TSS.

• #21 FloridaHealthFinder | Toxic shock syndrome | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/000653

  Toxic shock syndrome is a serious disease that involves fever, shock, and problems with several body organs. […] Toxic shock syndrome is a medical emergency. Seek medical help right away if you develop a rash, fever, and feel ill, particularly during menstruation and tampon use or if you have had recent surgery. […] Treatment includes: Removal of materials, such as tampons, vaginal sponges, or nasal packing. […] The goal of treatment is to maintain important body functions. This may include: Antibiotics for any infection (may be given through an IV), Dialysis (if severe kidney problems are present), Fluids through a vein (IV), Medicines to control blood pressure, Intravenous gamma globulin in severe cases, Staying in the hospital intensive care unit (ICU) for monitoring. […] You can lower your risk for menstrual toxic shock syndrome by: Avoiding highly absorbent tampons, Changing tampons frequently (at least every 8 hours), Only using tampons once in awhile during menstruation.

• #22 Toxic shock syndrome | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/toxic-shock-syndrome

  Toxic shock syndrome requires immediate emergency care in a hospital. Call 9-1-1 or go to the nearest emergency department right away if you think you have TSS. […] If you experience any of the symptoms of TSS while using a tampon or menstrual cup, remove the tampon or menstrual cup and see your health care provider right away. Inform them that you were using a tampon or menstrual cup when the symptoms started. […] TSS cannot be treated at home. Hospital care is required to treat a staph infection and related complications caused by TSS, such as shock. You will be given antibiotics to kill the bacteria and stop further release of toxins. […] If the source of infection involves a tampon, menstrual cup, diaphragm or contraceptive sponge, it should be removed as soon as possible.

• #23 Toxic Shock Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/169177-treatment

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) has a rapid, dramatic, and fulminant onset. Quick recognition of the syndrome is important for enabling appropriate and prompt treatment. […] Most patients who develop TSS are critically ill and should be transferred to an intensive care unit of an institution capable of caring for these patients. […] The administration of empiric broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics in addition to clindamycin or linezolid (as antitoxin) is recommended. […] TSS causes refractory hypotension and diffuse capillary leak; therefore, judicious and even large-volume intravenous fluid resuscitation and invasive hemodynamic monitoring may be necessary. […] Patients with TSS will require supportive measures, including intubation and mechanical ventilation, dialysis in patients who have developed renal failure, and adequate nutritional support.

• #24 Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/toxic-shock-syndrome-tss

  Toxic shock syndrome is caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal exotoxins. […] Treatment includes antibiotics, intensive support, and IV immune globulin. […] Patients suspected of having TSS should be hospitalized immediately and treated intensively. Tampons, diaphragms, and other foreign bodies should be removed at once. […] Provide aggressive supportive care, and decontaminate and/or debride the source site. […] Give antibiotics (eg, clindamycin or linezolid plus vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, or ceftaroline) pending culture and susceptibility testing. […] Give IV immune globulin if TSS is severe.

• #25 Toxic Shock Syndrome Management: A tale of two patients

  https://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/toxic-shock-syndrome-management-a-tale-of-two-patients/

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a true resuscitationist’s disease. It is potentially quite lethal, with many series of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome reporting mortality in the range of 30-50%. However, recent observational studies suggest that treatment with modern critical care, toxin-suppressive antibiotics, and IVIG may reduce the mortality to 10% (Linner 2014). […] Treatment primarily consists of high-quality sepsis care, but there are some important points that are unique to TSS. […] These patients are often much younger and fitter than most patients with septic shock. They often have enormous physiologic reserve, and may look deceptively OK. This may cause delays in providing adequate supportive therapies such as vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. […] Patients with severe TSS will often require rapid escalation to very aggressive vasoactive support in addition to volume resuscitation (e.g., norepinephrine, vasopressin, and stress-dose hydrocortisone). Renal failure is very common in TSS, so a perfusing MAP should be aggressively pursued.

• #26 Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/toxic-shock-syndrome

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but life-threatening complication of bacterial infection or colonization. […] Symptoms usually evolve very quickly and treatment almost always requires hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics, and IV fluids, often with medicines to increase blood pressure. […] If you or your child has TSS, hospitalization will likely be needed. Treatment for TSS may include: Intravenous (IV) antibiotics, Intravenous (IV) fluids, Cardiac medications (if blood pressure is very low), Dialysis (for children who develop kidney failure), Administration of blood products, Supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation (to assist with breathing), Deep surgical cleaning of an infected wound, Consultation with an infectious diseases specialist. […] The following may help prevent TSS: If you’ve had TSS before, avoid using tampons, as reinfection is common. Clean and take care of any wounds immediately. Keep vaginal foreign body items (diaphragms, tampons, sponges) to a minimum.

• #27 Toxic Shock Syndrome Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/toxic-shock-syndrome

  Toxic shock syndrome is associated with: […] Typically, with TSS, hospitalization is required. […] While at the hospital, various forms of treatment will be administered, depending on the bacterial infection and the severity. Treatments include: […] Antibiotics will be administered intravenously while the source of the infection is found (once the bacteria is identified, the antibiotics will be specified for the bacteria type) […] IV fluids may be administered to treat dehydration […] Medication will be given to improve blood pressure if it is low […] Any tampon or contraceptive device will be removed […] Infusions of intravenous immune globulins may be given in severe cases […] Surgically removing infected deep tissue […] Drain puss or blood from the wound to clear the infection.

• #28 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Toxic-Shock-Syndrome-Treatment.aspx

  Patients with toxic shock syndrome are usually admitted to hospital. While in the hospitals, patients may need intensive care for the necessary interventions including intravenous antibiotics, ventilation and symptomatic support. […] The initial step in the management of a patient with toxic shock syndrome is to remove any material that may be responsible for the growth of the infection. […] Following the removal of foreign materials from the body, the infection site should be drained to reduce the colonization of the bacteria. […] As bacteria are the primary cause of toxic shock syndrome, antibiotics are indicated to help control the infection. […] Each patient suffering from toxic shock syndrome presents with a unique situation that needs specific management to be addressed. […] The intravenous administration of fluids is commonly practiced to prevent dehydration.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Toxic-Shock-Syndrome-Treatment.aspx

  Some patients may experience severe malfunction of the kidney, such that they are unable to successfully filter urine of their own accord. In this instance, dialysis may be required to help them filter urine and excrete unneeded electrolytes. […] Blood pressure can also vary considerably as a result of the shock, which may indicate the need of specific medications to manage this effect of the infection. […] Additionally, some patients require hyperbaric oxygen administration to help support breathing and ensure adequate supply of oxygen to the bodily organs.

• #30 Toxic Shock Syndrome – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=toxic-shock-syndrome-90-P02550

  Specific treatment for streptococcal and staphylococcal TSS will be determined by your doctor based on: […] Treatment for TSS may include: […] Administration of IV antibiotics […] Administration of intravenous fluid to treat shock and prevent organ damage […] Cardiac medications in patients with very low blood pressure […] Dialysis may be required in people who develop kidney failure […] Administration of blood products […] Supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation to assist with breathing […] Deep surgical cleaning of an infected wound. […] The following may help prevent TSS: […] Since reinfection is common, menstruating girls and women should avoid using tampons if they have had TSS. […] Prompt and thorough wound care is crucial in avoiding TSS. […] Minimal usage of vaginal foreign body items, such as diaphragms, tampons, or sponges helps to reduce the risk of TSS. If a woman chooses to use tampons, she should change them frequently.

• #31

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/infections/Pages/Toxic-Shock-Syndrome.aspx

  Toxic shock syndrome can affect many organs in the body, including the lungs, bowel, brain, and kidneys. […] If your child develops TSS, she will need to be hospitalized. She will be treated with antibacterials such as nafcillin, penicillin, or clindamycin for at least 10 to 14 days. […] Supportive treatment, such as giving intravenous fluids and stabilizing blood pressure with medicines, will be necessary. Kidney dialysis may be required in cases of kidney failure and ventilators (respirators) are used for failure of the lungs. […] Intravenous immune globulin treatment may be given to get rid of bacterial toxins in the bloodstream and help speed up recovery.

• #32 Toxic Shock Syndrome Management: A tale of two patients

  https://emcrit.org/pulmcrit/toxic-shock-syndrome-management-a-tale-of-two-patients/

  Early pre-emptive airway control may be advisable for several reasons. Ventilatory support may relieve the patient’s work of breathing, allowing blood to be directed to vital organs rather than the diaphragm. […] The primary problem in TSS is often not the presence of bacteria in the tissues, but rather toxin secretion causing massive cytokine release. Therefore, antibiotic therapy focuses on protein-synthesis inhibiting drugs which act immediately to shut off toxin synthesis. […] Clindamycin is the most widely recommended antibiotic for toxin suppression. […] TSS may occur due to staph infection including MRSA, or rarely Group A streptococci resistant to clindamycin. Therefore, adding a second antibiotic is advisable. […] Toxic shock occurs in a minority of people who lack protective antibodies. Pooled immunoglobulin (IVIG) provides such antibodies, and in theory could be a powerful treatment.

• #33 Toxic Shock Syndrome Nursing Diagnosis and Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/toxic-shock-syndrome-nursing-diagnosis/

  Early detection of symptoms, aggressive shock management, meticulous skin care, pain control, and rigorous infection prevention measures are components of successful TSS management. […] Healthcare providers need to maintain a high index of suspicion for TSS, especially in patients with recent tampon use, surgical procedures, or skin infections. Ongoing education for healthcare professionals and the public about TSS’s risk factors and prevention strategies is essential in reducing the incidence of this potentially fatal condition.

• #34 Toxic Shock Syndrome (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/tss.html

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but very serious infection. TSS is a medical emergency. So it’s important to know how to prevent it and what signs to watch for. With prompt treatment, it’s usually cured. […] If doctors think someone has toxic shock syndrome, they’ll start intravenous (IV) fluids and antibiotics as soon as possible, even before they’re sure the person has TSS. […] Besides giving antibiotics and IV fluids, as needed doctors will: remove tampons, contraceptive devices, or wound packing; clean wounds; drain a pocket of infection (an abscess). […] People with TSS usually need to stay in the hospital, often in the intensive care unit (ICU), for several days. There, doctors can watch their blood pressure and breathing and check for signs of other problems, such as organ damage.

• #35 Toxic Shock Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459345/

  Emergent surgical consultation should be obtained for any wound debridement or surgical cause. This is critical in the early management of toxic shock syndrome. […] Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be administered for those with an unidentified organism, if possible after blood cultures and cultures from the suspected source have been drawn. […] Once the organism is identified, and sensitivities have been determined, antibiotics should be optimized and narrowed in the spectrum. […] All patients should be admitted to the intensive care unit. […] The key in the management of TSS is prevention. […] These patients need rapid resuscitation and admission to the ICU. Only with aggressive treatment can the high mortality rates be prevented.

• #36 Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in the intensive care unit | Annals of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13613-018-0438-y

  The streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is a severe complication associated with invasive infections by group A streptococci. […] Early recognition and multidisciplinary management are key to the care of patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, with intensive and appropriate intensive support of failing organs, rapid diagnosis of infectious source(s), and surgical management. […] Admission to the ICU is usually necessary for patients with STSS. Treatment usually requires the control of the infectious source, which is particularly important in patients with myositis and/or necrotizing fasciitis, as well as the support of failing organs. […] The management of STSS requires a multidisciplinary team involving intensivists, specialists in infectious diseases, microbiologists, and surgeons. Early identification of the disease, as well as rapid treatment, is key to minimize both morbidity and mortality in this deadly disease.

• #37 Toxic Shock Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/169177-treatment

  Consultation with a surgeon should occur early. […] A consultation with an infectious diseases specialist is mandatory, and a consultation with an intensivist also is required for management of these patients in an intensive care unit. […] Patients who recover from TSS are at risk of recurrent episodes of STSS. Consider or recommend preventive therapy (eg, discontinuation of tampon usage, administration of antistaphylococcal antibiotics) before and during each menstrual period for several months. […] Patient education about early signs and symptoms, risk factors, and avoidance of tampon use may help prevent relapses.

• #38 Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/toxic+shock+syndrome/toxic+shock+syndrome+tss+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Take special care with personal hygiene during menstruation. Bathe or shower daily. […] Wash your hands before as well as after inserting a tampon. Unwrap a fresh, clean tampon just before insertion and do not handle it more than is necessary. Discard any tampons you may have unwrapped and not used immediately. Insert the tampon gently and carefully. […] Use the lowest absorbency tampon necessary. […] Do not leave the tampon in for a prolonged duration. Change the tampon as directed by the manufacturers instructions. […] Never insert more than one tampon at a time. […] Remove tampons at the end of a period.

• #39 What You Need To Know About Toxic Shock Syndrome | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2018/07/what-you-need-know-about-toxic-shock-syndrome

  „TSS is a rare but serious bacterial illness. In the U.S., TSS is estimated to affect 3-6 people per 100,000 per year.” […] „The National Organization for Rare Disorders estimates that TSS related to tampon use occurs in about 1 in 100,000 menstruating women.” […] „TSS is treated with a combination of intravenous fluids, medications to increase blood pressure, and antibiotics.” […] „Because people with TSS are very sick, these treatments are usually given in an intensive care unit.” […] „If infected tissue (like an infected surgical wound) is present, then sometimes surgery to remove the infected tissue is also necessary for people to recover.” […] „There are ways to reduce your risk of contracting TSS linked to tampon use.” […] „Follow the instructions on the package when it comes to length of usage – usually between four and eight hours.”

• #40 DHS Monitoring Increase in Toxic Shock Syndrome Cases | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/news/releases/020723.htm

  Toxic shock syndrome can progress rapidly leading to complications such as shock, organ failure, and death, said State Health Officer Paula Tran. […] Its important for those who use tampons to use the lowest absorbency, change their tampon every 4-6 hours, and avoid using tampons overnight. […] Anyone with symptoms of TSS should seek immediate medical care. […] Treatment includes the use of antibiotics and supportive treatment to prevent dehydration and organ failure. […] DHS advises health care providers to be alert to the early signs of TSS in patients who use tampons. […] Providers must report cases of TSS, a category II reportable condition, to their local health department.

• #41 Toxic Shock Syndrome (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/tss.html

  Washing hands well and often can help prevent the bacteria that cause toxic shock syndrome from spreading. […] Any female who has had TSS should not use tampons. […] Clean and bandage all skin wounds as quickly as possible. Call your doctor if a wound gets red, swollen, or tender, or if a fever begins.

• #42 Toxic Shock Syndrome Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/toxic-shock-syndrome/

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare illness that happens suddenly after an infection. It quickly can harm several different organs, including the lungs, the kidneys, and the liver. And it can be deadly. Since toxic shock syndrome gets worse quickly, it requires medical treatment right away. […] Treatment for toxic shock syndrome (TSS) almost always takes place in a hospital. Treatment includes: Removing the source of the infection or cleaning the wound. Treating complications, such as shock or liver, kidney, and lung failure. Using antibiotics and other medicines to fight the infection. […] You can take steps to prevent toxic shock syndrome (TSS): Keep all skin wounds clean to help prevent infection. This includes cuts, punctures, scrapes, burns, sores from shingles, insect or animal bites, and surgical wounds. Help keep children from scratching chickenpox sores by managing itching. After childbirth, talk to your doctor before you use tampons or some barrier forms of birth control. Follow the directions on package inserts for tampons, diaphragms, and contraceptive sponges. If you have had menstrual TSS, do not use tampons or barrier contraceptives.

• #43 Toxic Shock Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/toxic-shock.html

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but very serious infection. TSS is a medical emergency. So it’s important to know how to prevent it and what signs to watch for. With prompt treatment, it’s usually cured. […] If toxic shock syndrome isn’t treated: Organs such as the liver and kidneys may begin to fail. Problems such as seizures, bleeding, and heart failure can happen. […] Besides giving antibiotics and IV fluids, as needed doctors will: remove tampons, contraceptive devices, or wound packing; clean wounds; drain a pocket of infection (an abscess). People with TSS usually need to stay in the hospital, often in the intensive care unit (ICU), for several days. There, doctors can watch their blood pressure and breathing and check for signs of other problems, such as organ damage. […] Washing hands well and often can help prevent the bacteria that cause toxic shock syndrome from spreading. […] Any female who has had TSS should not use tampons. Clean and bandage all skin wounds as quickly as possible. Call your doctor if a wound gets red, swollen, or tender, or if a fever begins.

• #44 Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/toxic+shock+syndrome/toxic+shock+syndrome+tss+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a very rare but potentially serious illness that can affect males or females at any age, but is more common during adolescence. […] The majority of cases of TSS occur in women during menstruation, mostly associated with tampon use. […] Antibiotics are given. If severely ill, patients may need to be supported in the intensive care unit in a hospital. […] Women who have had an episode of TSS are at increased risk of a second episode. Therefore a doctor may advise against tampon use in women who have had TSS. […] If high fever, vomiting or diarrhoea develops during menstruation, stop using tampons and seek medical advice immediately. It may not be TSS but this must be verified because TSS can be dangerous if not treated in its early stages. […] The risk of TSS may be reduced by using tampons intermittently during menstruation. Overnight, it is advisable to use a pad.

• #45 Toxic Shock Syndrome: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.toxic-shock-syndrome-care-instructions.zc1905

  Toxic shock syndrome needs treatment right away in a hospital. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Talk to your doctor before you use tampons or some barrier forms of birth control. These include a diaphragm and the cervical cap or sponge. They can increase your chances of getting toxic shock syndrome again. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have a new or worse rash. You have a new or higher fever. You are dizzy or lightheaded, or you feel like you might faint. You are short of breath. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #46

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zc1905

  Toxic shock syndrome needs treatment right away in a hospital. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. […] Talk to your doctor before you use tampons or some barrier forms of birth control. These include a diaphragm and the cervical cap or sponge. They can increase your chances of getting toxic shock syndrome again. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have a new or worse rash. You have a new or higher fever. You are dizzy or light-headed, or you feel like you might faint. You are short of breath. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #47 Toxic Shock Syndrome – Symptoms and Causes | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/toxic-shock-syndrome/

  Toxic shock syndrome is a medical emergency. Call your doctor right away if you are having symptoms. You’ll probably need to go to the hospital. Once there, the medical staff may start an IV to give you fluids, antibiotics, and blood pressure medicine. If your kidneys are failing, you also may be given blood plasma and kidney dialysis. If you are a woman who has a tampon, diaphragm, sponge, or cervical cap in place, it will be removed. If your infection is due to an infected wound, the wound will be cleaned thoroughly. Once you are stable, you may be moved to the intensive care unit for monitoring. […] Toxic shock syndrome can lead to death in up to 50% of cases. There may be significant challenges if you survive the initial infection. This may include recovering from organ failure or from being on life support.

• #48 Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/toxic-shock-syndrome-tss.html

  Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is an illness that produces symptoms in many systems of the body. […] Treatment for TSS may include: Hospital stay, IV (intravenous) antibiotics and possibly immune globulin (antibody therapy), IV fluid to treat shock and prevent organ damage, heart medicines in people with very low blood pressure, dialysis in people who develop kidney failure, blood products, supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation to assist with breathing, deep surgical cleaning of an infected wound. […] Because reinfection is common, don’t use tampons if you have had tampon-related TSS. You can also prevent TSS with correct and thorough wound care. […] TSS may start like other infections. But it can quickly progress to a life-threatening disease. If a mild illness quickly becomes severe with whole-body symptoms, seek care right away. […] Toxic shock syndrome is a serious illness. It’s a cluster of symptoms that involve many systems of the body. […] TSS can be life-threatening and needs medical care right away.

• #49 What You Need To Know About Toxic Shock Syndrome | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2018/07/what-you-need-know-about-toxic-shock-syndrome

  „Don’t use higher absorbency tampons if you don’t need them.” […] „Also, know what your tampons are made of as certain materials, like rayon, can increase the risk.” […] „Manufacturers have reduced the absorbency of tampons and have changed the materials in order to decrease the risk.” […] „By changing the type of tampons on the market, and through public education, the incidence of TSS in menstruating women declined dramatically.” […] „However, if you experience a sudden high fever, chills, vomiting or diarrhea, rash, headaches or seizures, you should seek professional medical help as those are all symptoms of TSS.”

• #50

  https://sciencescholar.us/journal/index.php/ijhs/article/view/15386

  Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a life-threatening condition characterized by rapid-onset fever, hypotension, widespread rash, and multi-organ dysfunction, most often caused by infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are vital in reducing the mortality rate, especially in pediatric patients. […] This review aims to explore the pathophysiology, clinical features, and management strategies for Toxic Shock Syndrome, focusing on nursing interventions and the importance of early recognition. […] The article reviews available evidence on effective nursing care interventions, including fluid resuscitation, antibiotic therapy, and supportive care, to ensure positive outcomes. […] Antibiotic therapy, including beta-lactamase-resistant agents and clindamycin, is crucial for the management of TSS. […] Early diagnosis, aggressive fluid resuscitation, and source control significantly improve survival rates.

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