Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a group of physical and behavioral symptoms that occur in a cyclic pattern during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the severe form of PMS. Common symptoms include anger, irritability, depression, and internal tension that are severe enough to interfere with daily activities. […] Mild PMS is common, affecting up to 75 percent of women with regular menstrual cycles; PMDD affects only 3 to 8 percent of women. This condition can affect women of any socioeconomic, cultural, or ethnic background. […] PMDD is usually a chronic condition and can have a serious impact on a woman’s quality of life. Fortunately, a variety of treatments and self-care measures can effectively control the symptoms in most women. […] Conservative treatments for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may be recommended first, including regular exercise, relaxation techniques, and vitamin and mineral supplementation. These therapies relieve symptoms in some women and have few or no side effects. If these therapies do not bring sufficient relief, prescription medication can be considered as a second option.

• #2 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a combination of symptoms that arrive before your period. Your symptoms may be physical (like bloating or sore breasts), emotional (like irritability or sadness) or a combination of both. Either way, PMS symptoms can disrupt your life. Lifestyle modifications and over-the-counter medications can often relieve PMS symptoms. […] Common symptoms of PMS are headaches, breast tenderness, irritability and mood swings. Premenstrual syndrome (or PMS) begins one to two weeks before you get your period. It can cause symptoms like headaches, breast soreness and mood swings. […] Almost 50% of people who menstruate say they have at least one PMS symptom. About 20% of those people have symptoms that are severe enough to disrupt their life. […] PMS symptoms can be physical, emotional or a mix of both. They can also be mild, severe or somewhere in between. Not everyone experiences PMS. If you do, your symptoms may change throughout your life.

• #3 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome

  The exact cause is unknown. But most healthcare providers believe PMS happens due to hormonal changes related to your menstrual cycle. […] Most people experience PMS symptoms about one to two weeks before their period. But the timing isn’t always exact. You can have PMS two weeks before your period or two days before your period. […] Healthcare providers most often diagnose PMS in people who are in their late 20s and early 30s. […] Your healthcare provider diagnoses PMS based on your symptoms. They’ll ask you about what symptoms you have, when you have them and how they impact your life. […] There are many treatment options for PMS. Some people may need to try several different treatments until they find one that relieves their symptoms. […] You can usually manage mild symptoms with over-the-counter (OTC) medications. More severe symptoms may require a prescription from a provider.

• #4 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://www.nj.gov/health/womenshealth/reproductive-health/periods-menstruation/pms/

  When seeking medical advice, providing basic information on your period is helpful for the evaluation. Track period dates and symptoms using a calendar, diary, or an app. Basic information should include: […] PMS can be overwhelming, but manageable and no single PMS treatment works for everyone. Less severe symptoms can be managed with: […] If your PMS symptoms are unmanageable with over-the-counter medications, your health care provider may suggest prescription medicines, such as: […] PMDD is a severe form of PMS. It’s a chronic medical condition that needs attention and treatment. PMDD can cause severe emotional and physical symptoms, or a combination of both. PMDD symptoms are severe enough to affect your quality of life. […] If you believe you suffer from PMDD, talk with your health care provider.

• #5 Premenstrual syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) can produce physical and emotional or behavioral symptoms in the days before menstruation. […] Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of emotional and physical symptoms that typically occur up to 5 days before a woman starts her monthly menstrual cycle. The symptoms usually stop when menstruation begins, or shortly thereafter. […] PMS is associated with the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, after ovulation. […] For many women, PMS symptoms can be relieved by lifestyle changes (food modifications, exercise, and possibly vitamin B-6 and calcium supplements). […] Women with more severe PMS whose symptoms have not been helped by lifestyle changes should discuss drug treatment options with their doctors. […] A healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a healthy diet, is the first step towards managing PMS.

• #6 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics/print

  Conservative treatments are also recommended for women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), along with a prescription medication. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a highly effective treatment for the symptoms of PMS and PMDD. The SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac and Sarafem), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), and paroxetine (Paxil). Studies showed that SSRIs reduced the symptoms of PMDD significantly compared with placebo; between 60 and 75 percent of women with PMDD improve with an SSRI. […] A medication is usually the best treatment for women with PMDD. […] The best medications for PMS or PMDD are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

• #7 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder as Centrally Based Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/3/1/12

  However, add-back therapies using a combination of estrogen and progestogen to minimize negative effects of prolonged low estrogenic state in fertile women may restore symptoms in PMDD women who are intolerant especially to progestogens. […] Chronic inflammation may represent the link between peripheral symptoms and central integrated responses to stressors with significant modulation by gonadal steroids. […] At present, therapeutic strategies address both the suppression of ovulatory function and the biochemistry of neural systems to manage PMS/PMDD.

• #8 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Gynecology Obstetrics Women’s Health | Mercy Health

  https://www.mercy.com/health-care-services/gynecology-obstetrics-womens-health/conditions/premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome, also known as PMS, is a combination of symptoms that women experience a week or more before their menstrual cycle. […] Some women experience debilitating PMS where they are unable to go to work or school. […] Symptoms of PMS may include: Tender breasts, Diarrhea, Abdominal cramping, Headache, Backache, Intolerance for noise or light, Clumsiness, Fatigue, Problems with sleep, Food cravings, Mood swings, Depression or feeling sad. […] Symptoms of PMS can change month to month and as you get older. No two women experience PMS exactly the same symptoms. […] Some women do not need to treat their PMS symptoms, while others need treatment to be able to continue their daily routine. Lifestyle changes such as reducing your sugar and sodium intake and eliminating smoking and alcohol consumption can help relieve your symptoms of PMS.

• #9 PMS (premenstrual syndrome)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pre-menstrual-syndrome/

  PMS (premenstrual syndrome) is the name for the symptoms women can experience in the weeks before their period. […] You can get help if it affects your daily life. […] There are things you can try to help ease your PMS (premenstrual syndrome) symptoms. […] A GP can advise you on treatments that can help. […] If you have PMS (premenstrual syndrome), a GP may recommend other treatments as well as making lifestyle changes. […] Complementary therapies and dietary supplements may help with PMS, but there’s not much evidence that they work. […] Check with a GP or pharmacist if you’re also taking medicines before starting to take regular supplements. […] A small number of women may experience more severe symptoms of PMS known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). […] Symptoms can include: headaches and joint and muscle pain, overeating and problems sleeping, feeling very anxious, angry, depressed or suicidal.

• #10 Non-Drug Ways to Manage Premenstrual Syndrome | Holland Hospital

  https://www.hollandhospital.org/news-and-stories/blogs/holland-hospital/non-drug-ways-to-manage-premenstrual-syndrome

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder that up to 40% of women of childbearing age experience. It causes emotional, behavioral and physical disruptions during the one to two weeks before the start of a menstrual cycle. The most common symptoms include: fatigue, irritability, abdominal bloating, breast tenderness and depression. […] Many women try to treat the symptoms of PMS with anti-inflammatory drugs like Ibuprofen or Naproxen, hormonal therapies or antidepressants. However, there are many natural ways to help prevent PMS. […] Exercising regularly is important. Making a habit of getting 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of aerobic exercise per week can reduce PMS symptoms. […] Calcium is a mineral that helps keep hormones at the right levels. Studies have shown that women who increase their calcium intake over time had less bloating, fewer food cravings and less cramping. A high fiber diet also may help reduce symptoms.

• #10 Non-Drug Ways to Manage Premenstrual Syndrome | Holland Hospital

  https://www.hollandhospital.org/news-and-stories/blogs/holland-hospital/non-drug-ways-to-manage-premenstrual-syndrome

  Acupuncture is another non-drug way of treating PMS symptoms. A study showed that women who received about 30 sessions of acupuncture over three menstrual cycles experienced less symptoms. […] For women who struggle with the emotional and behavioral effects of PMS, CBT can be very beneficial. CBT is a form of psychotherapy, which focuses on the way we think. This kind of therapy helps identify our difficulties and changes the way of think about them to improve the way we feel and act no matter the situation. Therapy that focuses on acceptance and mindfulness is most helpful for treating PMS symptoms.

• #11 Premenstrual syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/premenstrual-syndrome

  Women should follow the general guidelines for a healthy diet. […] Exercise, especially aerobic exercise, increases natural opioids in the brain (endorphins) and improves mood. […] Many women with PMS suffer from sleep problems, either sleeping too much or too little. Achieving better sleep habits may help relieve symptoms. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to help reduce pain. […] Antidepressants for PMDD and severe PMS. […] Hormone therapies are used to interrupt the hormonal cycle that triggers PMS symptoms. […] Diuretics are drugs that increase urination and help eliminate water and salt from the body. They reduce bloating and breast tenderness in women with PMS. […] Acupuncture has not been compared to other standard treatments for premenstrual syndrome.

• #12 5 Steps For Relieving Your PMS Symptoms | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2021/03/relieving-pms-symptoms

  „True premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, describes emotional and physical changes in the days leading up to a woman’s period that interfere with her ability to perform daily activities,” says Page Animadu, M.D., an obstetrician/gynecologist at Henry Ford Health. „So while many women have premenstrual symptoms, only about 3 to 8% experience symptoms that are so severe that they can’t perform daily activities.” […] PMS is a syndrome caused by changing hormone levels during the luteal phase. After ovulation, women may feel tired, cranky and off-kilter. Those symptoms progress as you get closer to menstruation. […] „Sometimes women are so fatigued they aren’t able to work or even concentrate,” Dr. Animadu says. […] „Women need to be assured that nothing is wrong with them; they’re just experiencing a physiological response to the drop in hormones that cause joy and happiness,” Dr. Animadu says.

• #13 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in female nursing students at a public university: cross-sectional study Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in female nursing students at a public university: cross-sectional study

  https://www.scielo.br/j/brjp/a/3SKLmLDcj5YKLvCCghBsgGB/

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical, mood, cognitive and behavioral changes which happens between the two weeks before menstruation, which can hinder a womans personal, academic, and professional performance. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of PMS in female nursing students. […] The prevalence of PMS was 61.4%. The most frequent symptoms were physical symptoms (93.9%), anger/irritation (91.2%), urge to cry/increased sensitivity (88.6%), anxiety/tension (86.8%) and decreased interest in social activities (85.1%). These symptoms interfere with relationships with family (81.6%), social life activities (80.7%), efficiency at work or college/productivity (79.8%), relationships with colleagues at work/college (77.2%) and responsibilities at home (75.4%).

• #13 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in female nursing students at a public university: cross-sectional study Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in female nursing students at a public university: cross-sectional study

  https://www.scielo.br/j/brjp/a/3SKLmLDcj5YKLvCCghBsgGB/

  PMS is prevalent among female nursing students and its symptoms affect the daily lives of this population, interfering with their personal and social relationships as well as academic activities. […] The symptoms of premenstrual syndrome affect the daily lives of female nursing students. […] Physical symptoms are the most frequent among nursing students. […] The study showed that PMS was prevalent among female nursing students and that its symptoms affect the daily lives of this population, interfering with their relationships with family, social life activities, efficiency at work or college/productivity, relationships with colleagues at work/college and responsibilities at home. Thus, measures for a more accurate diagnosis and health interventions are needed for this population.

• #14 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premenstrual-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376787

  There are no unique physical findings or lab tests to positively diagnose premenstrual syndrome. Your doctor may attribute a particular symptom to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) if it’s part of your predictable premenstrual pattern. […] For many women, lifestyle changes can help relieve PMS symptoms. But depending on the severity of your symptoms, your doctor may prescribe one or more medications for premenstrual syndrome. […] Commonly prescribed medications for premenstrual syndrome include: […] You can sometimes manage or reduce the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome by making changes in the way you eat, exercise and approach daily life. […] Here’s what’s known about the effectiveness of complementary remedies used to soothe the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome: […] For premenstrual syndrome, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: […] Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:

• #15 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome

  Many women feel physical or mood changes during the days before menstruation. When these symptoms happen month after month, and they affect a woman’s normal life, they are known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). […] To diagnose PMS, an obstetrician-gynecologist (ob-gyn) must confirm a pattern of symptoms. A woman’s symptoms must be present in the 5 days before a period for at least three menstrual cycles in a row, end within 4 days after a period starts, and interfere with some normal activities. […] If your symptoms are mild to moderate, they often can be relieved by changes in lifestyle or diet. If your PMS symptoms begin to interfere with your life, you may decide to seek medical treatment. Treatment will depend on how severe your symptoms are. In more severe cases, your ob-gyn may recommend medication.

• #16 Premenstrual syndrome – self-care Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/selfcare-instructions/premenstrual-syndrome-self-care

  PMS – self-care; Premenstrual dysphoric disorder – self-care […] Keeping a calendar or diary of your symptoms can help you identify the symptoms that are causing you the most trouble. […] A healthy lifestyle is the first step to managing PMS. For many women, lifestyle changes alone are enough to control their symptoms. […] Your provider may recommend that you take vitamins or supplements. […] For some women, PMS affects their mood and sleep patterns. […] Contact your provider if: Your PMS does not go away with self-treatment.

• #17 Assessment and Management of PMS and PMDD in the Adolescent – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/assessment-and-management-of-pms-and-pmdd-in-the-adolescent/

  Healthcare providers caring for adolescents should guide the visit using an age-appropriate assessment tool such as HEADSSS, which includes talking about mental and sexual health. […] Discussing menstrual cycle-related mood symptoms provides an opportune time during the visit to complete depression screening. […] To make a diagnosis, PMS symptoms must be tracked and recorded prospectively for at least two menstrual cycles. […] Nonpharmacologic management should begin with a patient-centered approach, including the adolescent, her primary caregivers, and the nurse practitioner. […] Providing education on the menstrual cycle, including physiology, and hormonal changes and associated signs and symptoms can better help teens normalize their menstrual experience. […] Nonpharmacologic options for symptom management may include thermotherapy with heating pads, patches, or hot baths/showers, and the use of mineral and vitamin supplements.

• #18 Premenstrual syndrome – self-care: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000556.htm

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, refers to a set of symptoms that most often: […] A healthy lifestyle is the first step to managing PMS. For many women, lifestyle changes alone are enough to control their symptoms. […] Your provider may recommend that you take vitamins or supplements. […] For some women, PMS affects their mood and sleep patterns. […] Contact your provider if:

• #19 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/premenstrual-syndrome

  For many women, regular aerobic exercise lessens PMS symptoms. It may reduce fatigue and depression. […] Finding ways to relax and reduce stress can help women who have PMS. Your ob-gyn might suggest relaxation therapy to help lessen PMS symptoms. […] Simple changes in your diet may help relieve the symptoms of PMS. […] Taking 1,200 milligrams (mg) of calcium a day can help reduce the physical and mood symptoms that are part of PMS. […] Drugs that prevent ovulation, such as hormonal birth control methods, may lessen physical symptoms. But not all may relieve the mood symptoms of PMS. Antidepressants can be helpful in treating PMS in some women. These drugs can help lessen mood symptoms.

• #20 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to the emotional and physical symptoms that some people get before their period. […] Most of the time PMS can be easily managed. […] Many people have one or 2 premenstrual symptoms. Most of the time these can be easily managed. […] There are many things you can do to manage PMS. […] A healthy lifestyle can help reduce PMS symptoms. You can stay healthy by: doing about 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days, eating a balanced diet including fruit and vegetables, wholegrains, lean protein, and dairy, drinking lots of water and reduce sugary, caffeinated and alcoholic drinks, doing things you enjoy, trying relaxation techniques such as yoga and meditation, getting enough sleep and rest. […] Your doctor may recommend different medicines. For example: hormonal treatments to stop ovulation, antidepressants or anti-inflammatories to help with some symptoms.

• #21 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a recurrent luteal-phase disorder characterized by irritability, anxiety, emotional lability, depression, edema, breast pain, and headaches, occurring during the 5 days before and usually ending a few hours after onset of menses. […] Treatment is symptomatic and includes diet, medications, and counseling. […] PMS can be difficult to treat. No single treatment has proven efficacy for all women, and few woman have complete relief with any single type of treatment. Treatment can thus require trial and error, as well as patience. […] Treatment of PMS is symptomatic, beginning with adequate rest and sleep, regular exercise, and activities that are relaxing. Regular exercise may help alleviate bloating as well as irritability, anxiety, and insomnia. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy may help if mood issues are a major concern, including in women with PMDD.

• #22 Understand PMS: Causes, Symptoms, and How to Manage Them – EMC Healthcare – SAME

  https://www.emc.id/en/care-plus/what-is-premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-how-to-manage-it

  To prevent these symptoms from getting worse, limit consumption of alcoholic and caffeinated drinks, such as coffee and tea. […] A study shows that smoking habits can trigger PMS symptoms to become more severe. […] Another way to deal with PMS symptoms is to exercise regularly. […] Therefore, it is recommended to always get enough rest time of at least 7-8 hours every night to prevent these complaints from appearing. […] By adopting a healthy lifestyle and following proper management measures, women can minimize the impact that premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has on their daily activities.

• #23 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): What it is, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325314

  Managing stress and using relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or meditation, can help regulate emotional imbalances due to PMS. […] Exercising gently can increase estrogen and progesterone levels, which may help reduce PMS symptoms. […] Making some dietary changes may reduce mild to moderate PMS symptoms. […] Taking OTC pain relievers, making appropriate dietary changes, and managing stress may all help reduce PMS symptoms. […] People may wish to see their doctor if symptoms do not improve, if they worsen despite treatment, or if they interfere with their ability to perform daily tasks.

• #24 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/health-topics/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Exercise often. Eat healthy foods. […] Smoking can make PMS worse. It is best to stop smoking. […] Chart them each day. This will help to diagnosis PMS or PMDD. Bring this with you to your doctor appointments in the PMS Clinic. Period tracking apps are can also be used. […] Antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) change serotonin levels in the brain. They have also been shown to help some people with PMS and PMDD. […] Birth control pills (BCP), the patch, and the ring help suppress ovulation and lessen PMS. Many people find more benefit with continuous use of combined oral contraceptives (pills) so they do not have periods, instead of taking the usual way. […] Individual, group, and stress management counseling may also help.

• #25 Premenstrual syndrome: Learn More – Treatment for PMS – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279264/

  If premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is clearly affecting a woman’s mental health leading to things like depression, anxiety and feelings of despair antidepressants may be an option. […] Various painkillers are used in the treatment of PMS, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as acetylsalicylic acid (the drug in medications like Aspirin) and ibuprofen. […] Some women who have very swollen and sore breasts use diuretics. […] GnRH analogues are used to treat severe PMS in rare cases. […] Some women take the hormone progesterone in the days leading up to their period even though it hasn’t been approved for the treatment of PMS. […] Research has produced weak evidence suggesting that calcium can relieve PMS symptoms when taken at a dose of between 1,000 and 1,200 mg a day. […] It’s still not clear whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help women cope better with PMS.

• #26 Premenstrual syndrome – self-care | Lima Memorial Health System

  https://www.limamemorial.org/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia/60/000556

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, refers to a set of symptoms that most often: […] PMS – self-care; Premenstrual dysphoric disorder – self-care […] Keeping a calendar or diary of your symptoms can help you identify the symptoms that are causing you the most trouble. […] A healthy lifestyle is the first step to managing PMS. For many women, lifestyle changes alone are enough to control their symptoms. […] Your provider may recommend that you take vitamins or supplements. […] Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, and others), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve), and other medicines may help symptoms of headache, backache, menstrual cramping, and breast tenderness. […] For some women, PMS affects their mood and sleep patterns. […] To relieve anxiety and stress, try: […] Contact your provider if: […] Your PMS does not go away with self-treatment. […] You have symptoms of depression, such as feeling very sad, being easily frustrated, losing or gaining weight, sleep problems, and fatigue.

• #27 A Visual Guide to Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

  https://www.webmd.com/women/pms/ss/slideshow-premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Birth control pills prevent ovulation by regulating hormones. This usually leads to lighter periods and may reduce the symptoms of PMS. […] Antidepressants may help women with severe mood swings or PMDD. The most commonly used drugs are known as SSRIs. […] Studies suggest the following vitamin and mineral supplements may reduce PMS symptoms: Folic acid (400 mcg), Magnesium (400 mg), Vitamin E (400 IU), Calcium (1,000 mg to 1,300 mg), Vitamin B6 (50 mg to 100 mg). […] Herbal remedies for PMS haven’t been well studied, but some women get relief with chasteberry, black cohosh, and evening primrose oil. Check with your doctor before trying these herbs. They may interact with medications or be harmful for people with certain chronic conditions.

• #27 A Visual Guide to Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

  https://www.webmd.com/women/pms/ss/slideshow-premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  A week or two before your period starts, you may notice bloating, headaches, mood swings, or other physical and emotional changes. These monthly symptoms are known as premenstrual syndrome, or PMS. About 85% of women experience some degree of PMS. […] If you have any thoughts of harming yourself, call 911 or get emergency medical care. You should also see your doctor right away if your symptoms are causing problems with your job, personal relationships, or other daily activities. This may be a sign of a more severe form of PMS known as PMDD. […] Exercise can help boost your mood and fight fatigue. To get the benefits, you need to exercise regularly — not just when PMS symptoms appear. Aim for 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days of the week. […] Over-the-counter pain relievers can ease some of the physical symptoms of PMS, such as breast tenderness, headaches, back pain, or cramps.

• #28 Patient education: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd-beyond-the-basics

  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a highly effective treatment for the symptoms of PMS and PMDD. The SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac and Sarafem), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), and paroxetine (Paxil). Studies showed that SSRIs reduced the symptoms of PMDD significantly compared with placebo; between 60 and 75 percent of women with PMDD improve with an SSRI. […] A medication is usually the best treatment for women with PMDD. […] The best medications for PMS or PMDD are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

• #29 Premenstrual Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article//953696-treatment

  Medical care for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is primarily pharmacologic and behavioral, with an emphasis on relief of symptoms. No single pharmacologic treatment is universally effective, and studies of all therapies have produced inconsistent results. […] At present, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly considered the most appropriate first-line therapy for premenstrual disorders, especially where psychological or behavioral symptoms are prominent. […] Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists can be employed for adults with severe, refractory PMS with or without add-back therapy to address hypoestrogenic adverse effects and concerns about bone health. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may have a role for the management of premenstrual pain and inflammation in the late luteal phase.

• #30 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0801/p236.html

  Premenstrual syndrome can be diagnosed if the patient reports at least one of the following affective and somatic symptoms during the five days before menses in each of the three previous menstrual cycles. […] Treatment of PMS and PMDD focuses on relieving physical and psychiatric symptoms. Many of the medications used address the body’s hormonal activity through suppression of ovulation, whereas others affect the concentration of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine in the brain. A third group of complementary or alternative agents with varying mechanisms of action are also used. In the United States, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are approved for primary treatment. […] SSRIs are first-line treatment for severe symptoms of PMS and PMDD. Sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), fluoxetine (Prozac), citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro) can be used to treat the psychiatric symptoms of PMS and PMDD and have been shown to relieve some of the physical symptoms. […] Cognitive Behavior Therapy may improve PMS and PMDD symptoms.

• #31 Managing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/managing-premenstrual-syndrome-pms/

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the name given to a collection of physical and emotional symptoms that can occur in the two weeks before you have your period. These symptoms usually get better once your period starts and often disappear by the end of your period. […] Your healthcare team is there to support you in making decisions that are right for you. They can help by discussing your situation with you and answering your questions. […] There is a wide range of options to help manage your symptoms and allow you to get on with your daily life. […] Speak with your healthcare professional if you would like further information about ways to change your lifestyle and about treatments that can help. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is known to help PMS symptoms and should be offered to you as a treatment option. This involves discussing your symptoms with a therapist. It can help you learn new ways of managing some of your symptoms to reduce their impact on your daily life.

• #32 Managing premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/managing-premenstrual-syndrome-pms/

  Two types of antidepressant medications have been shown to help PMS symptoms, namely selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). […] If you are planning a pregnancy or if you get pregnant, you should talk to your healthcare professional before stopping any medication. […] Your healthcare professional will only suggest surgical treatment if you have severe symptoms and all other treatments have not helped. […] If you are considering surgical treatment, your healthcare professional will advise you to use GnRH analogues and HRT for 3-6 months before surgery. […] PMS is common and many women are affected by its symptoms. Treatment, information and support are available to enable you to manage your symptoms.

• #33 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS, PMT) | Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/periods-and-period-problems/premenstrual-syndrome

  CBT is a talking treatment (psychological treatment), during which, ways to find more adaptive ways of coping with premenstrual symptoms are explored. This has been shown to be effective for some women. […] An SSRI medicine (for example, fluoxetine or citalopram) may be prescribed to treat more severe PMS. These medicines were developed to treat depression. However, they have also been found to ease the symptoms of PMS, even if you are not depressed. […] In theory, preventing ovulation should help PMS. This is because ovulation, and the release of progesterone into the bloodstream after ovulation, seems to trigger symptoms of PMS. […] Oestrogen given via a patch or gel has been shown to improve symptoms by suppressing egg production. […] Surgery to remove the womb and both ovaries (hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) also prevents ovulation and will cure PMS, although is a drastic option. Because of this, it is only done in the most severe cases where nothing else has helped. […] Women with PMS tend to be affected throughout their reproductive lives, although symptoms usually settle during pregnancy. How troublesome or otherwise PMS is seems to fluctuate.

• #34 Establishing best practice for premenstrual syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/womens-health/establishing-best-practice-for-premenstrual-syndrome-15-05-2008/

  Recent guidance on the diagnosis and treatment of premenstrual syndrome provides a best-practice resource for this widespread condition. […] The morbidity associated with PMS is considerable and often poorly managed. […] The majority of PMS cases are dealt with in general practice but severe cases should be managed by a multidisciplinary team including a gynaecologist, psychiatrist or psychologist, dietitian and counsellor. […] The treatment of severe PMS focuses on suppressing ovulation and treating progesterone sensitivity. […] Exercise, diet, glycaemic control and stress reduction can help to manage symptoms before resorting to any treatment. […] Cognitive behavioural therapy has been shown to be effective for women with severe PMS, also known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and should be used as a routine treatment option.

• #35 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  This activity is a review of the existing literature on premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It summarizes the management of PMS by outlining the importance of taking a comprehensive history and performing a detailed physical examination and makes a note of necessary diagnostic tests to be done to rule out other conditions that may present with similar symptoms. Moreover, it describes the role of the interprofessional team in the diagnosis and providing the best possible care for the patient. […] The main intention to treat PMS is symptom relief and to reduce its effects on daily routine activities. Pharmacotherapy was always the first line of treatment for premenstrual syndrome, but recent research has suggested the superior benefits with combination therapy. […] The diagnosis of PMS is challenging due to the lack of explicit signs on physical examination and lack of diagnostic testing. Hence it requires the involvement of the patient, nurses, and physician to make a diagnosis. The role of the patients can include maintaining a diary which elaborates their symptoms and yield in early diagnosis whereas the nurses can be extremely helpful if they help in collecting a filled-in questionnaire from the patients during the monthly visit. Physicians on the other hand can use these tools in excluding other differentials which may produce better outcomes. […] Patient education involves discussing the problem with the patient with empathic hearing, providing insight on the reasons for her problems. The involvement of the partner in understanding the problem also assists the patient in seeking help at home or seek treatment with the health care provider.

• #36

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2003/11001/understanding_and_treating_pms_pmdd.5.aspx

  The key to using a symptom diary is to track when symptoms occur during the phases of the menstrual cycle. […] A careful history will help to differentiate between the two. […] What differentiates PMDD is a list of 11 groups of symptoms that, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), are used to make the diagnosis. […] According to the DSM-IV, a woman has PMDD if her symptom diary reports five of these symptoms during the luteal phase of her menstrual cycle in 2 months of keeping the diary, with symptoms disappearing between menstruation and ovulation. […] A woman with PMS may also have one or all of these symptoms occurring in the same pattern (luteal phase symptoms only). […] Lifestyle changes including dietary changes, exercise, vitamin B and calcium supplements, and stress reduction are the cornerstone of treatment for PMS.

• #37 The predictive role of common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in the clinical practice of nurses: a cross-sectional study | BMC Nursing | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-024-02280-6

  Female nurses with high occupational stress are one of the groups at risk of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). The symptoms of this syndrome may affect the reduction of work efficiency, accuracy in doing work, concentration, and increased absenteeism of nurses and can lead to significant economic losses. […] PMS symptoms may reduce job efficiency, decrease accuracy in doing work, decrease concentration, and increase nurses absenteeism, thus leading to significant economic losses. […] Therefore, paying attention to reducing or controlling PMS symptoms may help improve nurses performance. […] The findings showed that PMS has a significant inverse correlation with clinical performance and its components. […] The results of univariate linear regression showed that PMS could predict 26.5% of nurses clinical performance variance. […] Therefore, hospital and nursing managers can improve the performance and efficiency of their workforce by identifying nurses and other employees suffering from PMS and planning and using different methods to reduce its symptoms.

• #38 Nursing Intervention for Pre Menstrual Syndrome (PMS) | NursingAnswers.net

  https://nursinganswers.net/essays/examining-pre-menstrual-syndrome-and-need-for-study-nursing-essay.php

  The physical and emotional symptoms of PMS are common but it doesnt mean that all girls will develop PMS. The symptoms start about a week or two weeks prior to the period for most of the girls who experience PMS. Life style changes including dietary modifications are the commonly used to treat the symptoms. […] The treatment of PMS varies from woman to woman; the patient is advised on various treatment modalities like diet, home remedies, contraceptives, exercise, herbal treatment, dietary supplements, and diuretics. […] To manage PMS the initial step is daily regular exercise and change in diet. A life style changes is sufficient to control symptoms for women with mild symptoms. […] Research in this area can be given high priority since these symptoms will affect females daily routine activity. Several studies highlighted that the symptoms can be improved with plenty of sleep, vitamin supplements and exercise. Even non- pharmacological measure like healthy diet, life style changes, some home remedies which indirectly contribute to reduce the symptoms.

• #39 Nursing Intervention for Pre Menstrual Syndrome (PMS) | NursingAnswers.net

  https://nursinganswers.net/essays/examining-pre-menstrual-syndrome-and-need-for-study-nursing-essay.php

  Planned Nursing Intervention includes the teaching programme, follow up visits, reinforcement and encouragement given by researcher on management of PMS. The various aspects of PMS included were incidence, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, management, myths and facts about PMS. This was taught to college girls in groups (5 members) in their class room by lecture cum discussion method with visual aids (flash cards) for about 20 30 minutes. Pamphlet focusing on specific measures on management of PMS was distributed to all the samples. […] Planned Nursing Intervention may help to develop or modify the attitude and improve knowledge on the management of PMS among college girls.

• #40 Establishing best practice for premenstrual syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/womens-health/establishing-best-practice-for-premenstrual-syndrome-15-05-2008/

  The guidelines recommend the use of the antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). […] Women taking these drugs should be told of possible side-effects such as nausea, insomnia and reduced libido. […] The newer type of contraceptive pill appears to be effective in treating PMS and should be considered as a first-line intervention. […] The guidance places gonadotrophin-releasing (GnRH) analogues as a second- or third-line treatment. […] The report concludes that, at present, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of progesterone or progestogens for women with PMS. […] The nurses role Nurses can support women emotionally by demonstrating that their worries about PMS are taken seriously.

• #41 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/womens-health/girls-and-young-women-puberty-to-around-25/periods-and-menstrual-health/premenstrual-syndrome-pms/

  Changes in your bodys hormone levels before your period can cause physical and emotional changes. This is often known as Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). A more severe form of PMS is known as Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). […] There are lots of different things you can do to help try and ease the symptoms of PMS. You can get help if it impacts your daily life. […] It’s important you speak to your doctor if you feel you need help managing your symptoms. […] There are lots of different things you can do to help try and ease the symptoms of PMS: gentle exercise like going for a walk or cycle, eating a healthy, balanced diet, taking pain relief like paracetamol or ibuprofen always follow the manufacturers instructions, trying to get 7 to 8 hours of sleep a night, yoga, breathing exercises and meditation to help reduce stress, complementary therapies or supplements such as calcium and vitamin D.

• #42 Premenstrual Syndrome Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article//953696-treatment

  Because of the difficulty of treating PMS and the variations in response to treatments experienced by patients, complementary and alternative strategies have been explored for patients with PMS. […] Exercise may benefit patients with PMS with both direct symptom improvement as well as overall stress reduction. Regular aerobic exercise has been found to decrease symptoms in some adolescents and young women. […] PMS symptoms are often difficult to control. Some symptoms may respond well to treatment, whereas others remain refractory. It is important for patients to monitor their PMS symptoms over time, as this may help patients refine their pharmacologic treatments, incorporate additional holistic strategies, and fine-tune the interventions that have been most effective for their disease process.

• #43 Establishing best practice for premenstrual syndrome | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/womens-health/establishing-best-practice-for-premenstrual-syndrome-15-05-2008/

  The guidance gives nurses the opportunity to take a fresh look at their practice and update their knowledge of PMS. […] Well-women clinics have the scope to address PMS more specifically than at present and to offer health promotion and lifestyle advice in every consultation. […] There is a need for multidisciplinary services and evidence-based treatment so that the considerable morbidity and health burden caused by PMS can be treated effectively.

• #44 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24288-pms-premenstrual-syndrome

  You can modify your lifestyle to help relieve pain and combat the mood-related symptoms of PMS. […] You can’t prevent premenstrual syndrome, but you can manage symptoms with lifestyle changes, medications or a combination of both. […] PMS is common enough that many people accept it as an annoyance during that time of the month. Just because PMS is normal, it doesn’t mean you have to let it disrupt your life. […] Contact a healthcare provider if you’re unable to get relief from your PMS symptoms. […] If you have PMS, you may want to ask your provider: What lifestyle changes would you recommend to help PMS? Do I need medication to help my symptoms? Would you recommend herbal supplements to ease PMS symptoms? […] Just because premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is common, it doesn’t mean that you have to tolerate the unpleasant symptoms it can cause.

• #45 Premenstrual Syndrome | PMS | PMS Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/premenstrualsyndrome.html

  Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of physical and emotional symptoms that start one to two weeks before your period. Most women have at least some symptoms of PMS, and the symptoms go away after their periods start. The symptoms may range from mild to severe. […] You may wish to see your health care provider if your symptoms bother you or affect your daily life. […] No single PMS treatment works for everyone. If your symptoms are not severe, you may be able to manage them with: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen, aspirin, or naproxen, to help ease cramps, headaches, backaches, and breast tenderness. […] If you are not able to manage your PMS symptoms, your provider may suggest prescription medicines. These medicines may also be used to treat PMDD. They include: Hormonal birth control, which may help with the physical symptoms of PMS. But sometimes they may make the emotional symptoms worse. You may need to try several different types of birth control before you find the right one.

• #46 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore

  https://www.cham.org/health-library/article?id=hw139439

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of physical or mood-related symptoms that occur before your menstrual period each month. […] When symptoms interfere with your daily life, they are called PMS. […] No single treatment works for everyone. Lifestyle changes may help. […] If these changes don’t help to relieve your symptoms after a few menstrual cycles, your doctor can prescribe medicine for problems like bloating or for more severe PMS symptoms. […] Call your doctor if: PMS symptoms regularly disrupt your life. […] If you still have moderate to severe symptoms after you try home treatment for two or three cycles, talk to your doctor. You can try other treatment options. […] Self-care for PMS means practicing healthy habits, managing pain, and reducing stress. […] If you have moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms even after you’ve tried home treatment and lifestyle changes, talk to your doctor about using medicine.

• #47 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/premenstrual-syndrome-pms

  Natural therapies are part of a broad range of complementary and alternative medicines and therapies (CAM). […] Make sure you get advice from a qualified and experienced health practitioner before using complementary therapies. […] See your doctor if: PMS symptoms are bothering you, symptoms continue despite lifestyle changes, you have severe emotional and mood related symptoms, medicine or hormonal treatments don’t improve your symptoms, symptoms stop you from doing things you normally do.

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