Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-premenstrual-syndrome-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder

  Epidemiology and pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder […] INTRODUCTION […] The premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the more severe variant of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), also called late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in previous versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), are characterized by the presence of physical and/or behavioral symptoms that occur repetitively in the second half of the menstrual cycle and often the first few days of menses. The severity of PMS or PMDD symptoms lead to interference with some aspects of the female’s life, including social relations, work in or outside the home, etc. The most common physical manifestation is abdominal bloating. Breast tenderness and headaches are also common. The emotional symptoms lead to greater impairment than do physical symptoms.

• #2 Epidemiology of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common health problem in women in reproductive age. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS using meta-analysis method. Overall, 17 studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. Considering that different tools have been used in studies and many studies have been designed based on a limited sample, therefore, future research needs to consider the prevalence of PMS in different countries of world. The prevalence of PMS has been reported in 20 to 32 % of premenopausal and 30-40% of the reproductive female population. PMS affects women’s quality of life, economic and social performance. In other study, about 23-31 % of reproductive aged women experience PMS to a degree that affects their daily lives. This study evaluated the prevalence of PMS in different areas in world wide. Based our results, the pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. The prevalence of PMS is presented in 17 articles. The pooled of PMS rate is 48% (95% CI: 33-63). The prevalence of PMS according to continent is presented in the retrieved studies Iran has been the highest prevalence of PMS. Based our results the global prevalence of PMS is high and about half of women of reproductive age who experience this symptoms.

• #3 Epidemiology of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common health problem in women in reproductive age. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS using meta-analysis method. Overall, 17 studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. Considering that different tools have been used in studies and many studies have been designed based on a limited sample, therefore, future research needs to consider the prevalence of PMS in different countries of world. The prevalence of PMS has been reported in 20 to 32 % of premenopausal and 30-40% of the reproductive female population. PMS affects women’s quality of life, economic and social performance. In other study, about 23-31 % of reproductive aged women experience PMS to a degree that affects their daily lives. This study evaluated the prevalence of PMS in different areas in world wide. Based our results, the pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. The prevalence of PMS is presented in 17 articles. The pooled of PMS rate is 48% (95% CI: 33-63). The prevalence of PMS according to continent is presented in the retrieved studies Iran has been the highest prevalence of PMS. Based our results the global prevalence of PMS is high and about half of women of reproductive age who experience this symptoms.

• #4 Premenstrual syndrome mechanism in the brain | 2021, Volume 7 – Issue 2 | Demiroglu Science University Florence Nightingale Journal of Medicine

  https://journalmeddbu.com/full-text/250

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder in which a set of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms, mostly seen in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, disappear with the onset of menstruation. It has a high incidence in society, and it causes problems in a person’s daily life. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 199 million women suffer from PMS in 2010. During their luteal phase, an estimated 80% of menstruating women around the world experience one or more PMS symptoms. […] The pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% in a meta-analysis study based on 17 papers, with France having the lowest prevalence at 12% and Iran having the highest at 98%. […] Premenstrual syndrome has a wide range of prevalence. The mental, neurological, and endocrine systems all have a role in the etiology of PMS.

• #5 Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its association with psychosocial and lifestyle variables: a cross-sectional study from Palestine | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-021-01374-6

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a very common problem with symptoms that can negatively affect normal daily life. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS symptoms and their relationship with psychosocial status and lifestyle of female students at An-Najah National University in Palestine. A sample of 398 female students was randomly selected to participate in the study. The 398 participants (100%) suffered from some kind of PMS symptoms; 398 (100%) had physical symptoms, 397 (99.7%) had psychological symptoms, and 339 (85.2%) had behavioral PMS symptoms. All PMS symptoms were significantly associated with student psychosocial status (p<0.01). The findings of the study revealed a relatively high prevalence of PMS syndrome with a significant relationship with dietary habits and psychosocial status. Epidemiological data shows that 75% of women in reproductive age suffer from some PMS symptoms, while 3% to 8% reported extremely severe PMS symptoms. A study on PMS prevalence among different countries worldwide found that 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9) of women have PMS. Other several studies on the PMS prevalence in Middle Eastern countries had been conducted in the past 20 years. For instance, PMS percentages among university students were 71.9% in Palestine, 92.3% in Jordan, 80.2% in Egypt, and 63% in Lebanon. PMS diagnosis depends on PMS symptoms and relationship with the luteal phase because there is no objective chemical biomarker of PMS. Most women can manage their PMS symptoms through conservative treatments and changes in lifestyle such as dietary modifications, stress management, daily charting of symptoms, exercising, relaxation, education, and sleep hygiene. Literature on PMS shows that this problem overlooked in developing countries, including Palestine. There is an urgent need to collect data on the PMS prevalence among young women in Palestine and find its effect on their health.

• #6 Epidemiology of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common health problem in women in reproductive age. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS using meta-analysis method. Overall, 17 studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. Considering that different tools have been used in studies and many studies have been designed based on a limited sample, therefore, future research needs to consider the prevalence of PMS in different countries of world. The prevalence of PMS has been reported in 20 to 32 % of premenopausal and 30-40% of the reproductive female population. PMS affects women’s quality of life, economic and social performance. In other study, about 23-31 % of reproductive aged women experience PMS to a degree that affects their daily lives. This study evaluated the prevalence of PMS in different areas in world wide. Based our results, the pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. The prevalence of PMS is presented in 17 articles. The pooled of PMS rate is 48% (95% CI: 33-63). The prevalence of PMS according to continent is presented in the retrieved studies Iran has been the highest prevalence of PMS. Based our results the global prevalence of PMS is high and about half of women of reproductive age who experience this symptoms.

• #7 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0801/p236.html

  Premenstrual disorders affect up to 12% of women. […] The burden of disease can be high; women with PMS have higher rates of work absences, higher medical expenses, and lower health-related quality of life. […] In a study of 2,800 French women, about 12% met the diagnostic criteria for PMS, and 4% reported severe symptoms. […] The prevalence of PMS is not associated with age, educational achievement, or employment status. […] Fewer patients meet the more rigorous diagnostic criteria for PMDD; its prevalence is 1.3% to 5.3%. […] About 80% of women report at least one physical or psychiatric symptom during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle; however, most do not report significant impairment in their daily life. […] Symptom persistence and severity tend to fluctuate. One study found that only 36% of women who were diagnosed with PMS continued to meet the diagnostic criteria one year later. […] Women who gained weight or had a stressful event in the past year are more likely to be diagnosed with PMS.

• #8 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0801/p236.html

  Premenstrual disorders affect up to 12% of women. […] The burden of disease can be high; women with PMS have higher rates of work absences, higher medical expenses, and lower health-related quality of life. […] In a study of 2,800 French women, about 12% met the diagnostic criteria for PMS, and 4% reported severe symptoms. […] The prevalence of PMS is not associated with age, educational achievement, or employment status. […] Fewer patients meet the more rigorous diagnostic criteria for PMDD; its prevalence is 1.3% to 5.3%. […] About 80% of women report at least one physical or psychiatric symptom during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle; however, most do not report significant impairment in their daily life. […] Symptom persistence and severity tend to fluctuate. One study found that only 36% of women who were diagnosed with PMS continued to meet the diagnostic criteria one year later. […] Women who gained weight or had a stressful event in the past year are more likely to be diagnosed with PMS.

• #9 Premenstrual Disorders: Epidemiology and Disease Burden

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/dec05-2235ps473-s479

  Many women of childbearing age experience a variety of symptoms related to the menstrual cycle that may be limited to mild discomfort or extend to premenstrual syndrome or, depending on the degree of emotional and somatic impairment, to the most severe premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). […] Approximately 70% to 90% of women of childbearing age in the United States experience at least some uncomfortable symptoms during the premenstrual phase of their cycles; this percentage can be extrapolated to approximately 43 million to 55 million women (annual estimates). […] Between 20% and 40% of this group, or approximately 12 million to 25 million women (annual estimates), believe that they have symptoms sufficiently bothersome to qualify as PMS. […] In addition, an estimated 3% to 8% of US reproductive-age women, numbering 2 million to 5 million (annual estimates), have symptoms of sufficient severity to be classified as PMDD.

• #10 Epidemiology of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common health problem in women in reproductive age. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS using meta-analysis method. Overall, 17 studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. Considering that different tools have been used in studies and many studies have been designed based on a limited sample, therefore, future research needs to consider the prevalence of PMS in different countries of world. The prevalence of PMS has been reported in 20 to 32 % of premenopausal and 30-40% of the reproductive female population. PMS affects women’s quality of life, economic and social performance. In other study, about 23-31 % of reproductive aged women experience PMS to a degree that affects their daily lives. This study evaluated the prevalence of PMS in different areas in world wide. Based our results, the pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. The prevalence of PMS is presented in 17 articles. The pooled of PMS rate is 48% (95% CI: 33-63). The prevalence of PMS according to continent is presented in the retrieved studies Iran has been the highest prevalence of PMS. Based our results the global prevalence of PMS is high and about half of women of reproductive age who experience this symptoms.

• #11 Factors Associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and its Different Symptom Domains among University Students in Lebanon

  https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijwhw/international-journal-of-womens-health-and-wellness-ijwhw-4-068.php?jid=ijwhw

  This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and examine the characteristics of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among female university students. […] Almost 63% of participants reported having PMS with 42.5% having severe PMS. […] PMS prevalence varies worldwide, ranging from 12% (95% CI: 11-13) in France to 98% (95% CI: 97-100) in Iran. […] Research describing PMS in Lebanon is limited to two brief communications aimed to assess menstrual cycle abnormalities and PMS prevalence respectively. […] The proportion of Lebanese females with PMS and affective and somatic symptoms are notably high. […] The findings showed that PMS is present in 62.5% of participants. […] The factors positively related to PMS included obesity, having unemployed fathers, caffeine consumption, and medication use for pain and sleeping pills.

• #12 Epidemiology and pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-premenstrual-syndrome-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder

  PMS is described in diverse cultural settings, even among females who are not generally aware of the disorder. As an example, similar rates of the disorder are reported in Mediterranean countries, the Middle East, Iceland, Kenya, New Zealand, and Asia. The point prevalence of retrospectively reported symptoms range from 2.8 to 6.4 percent. In an international survey of 7226 females in Europe, South America, and Asia, the frequency of PMS symptoms is similar across countries and regions, but females in some countries, such as Pakistan, are less familiar with the term PMS when compared with European females. Symptoms that are most commonly reported are abdominal bloating, cramps, irritability, mastalgia, and joint and back pains.

• #13 Epidemiology and pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-premenstrual-syndrome-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder/print

  PMS is described in diverse cultural settings, even among females who are not generally aware of the disorder. As an example, similar rates of the disorder are reported in Mediterranean countries, the Middle East, Iceland, Kenya, New Zealand, and Asia. The point prevalence of retrospectively reported symptoms range from 2.8 to 6.4 percent. In an international survey of 7226 females in Europe, South America, and Asia, the frequency of PMS symptoms is similar across countries and regions, but females in some countries, such as Pakistan, are less familiar with the term PMS when compared with European females. Symptoms that are most commonly reported are abdominal bloating, cramps, irritability, mastalgia, and joint and back pains.

• #14 Epidemiology and pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-premenstrual-syndrome-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder/print

  PMS is described in diverse cultural settings, even among females who are not generally aware of the disorder. As an example, similar rates of the disorder are reported in Mediterranean countries, the Middle East, Iceland, Kenya, New Zealand, and Asia. The point prevalence of retrospectively reported symptoms range from 2.8 to 6.4 percent. In an international survey of 7226 females in Europe, South America, and Asia, the frequency of PMS symptoms is similar across countries and regions, but females in some countries, such as Pakistan, are less familiar with the term PMS when compared with European females. Symptoms that are most commonly reported are abdominal bloating, cramps, irritability, mastalgia, and joint and back pains.

• #15 Epidemiology and pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-premenstrual-syndrome-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder/print

  PMS is described in diverse cultural settings, even among females who are not generally aware of the disorder. As an example, similar rates of the disorder are reported in Mediterranean countries, the Middle East, Iceland, Kenya, New Zealand, and Asia. The point prevalence of retrospectively reported symptoms range from 2.8 to 6.4 percent. In an international survey of 7226 females in Europe, South America, and Asia, the frequency of PMS symptoms is similar across countries and regions, but females in some countries, such as Pakistan, are less familiar with the term PMS when compared with European females. Symptoms that are most commonly reported are abdominal bloating, cramps, irritability, mastalgia, and joint and back pains.

• #16 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Female university students are affected the most by PMS. The rate of PMS is believed to be high among this population, and it adversely affects their life and academic performance. The prevalence of PMS among the university students of different countries are as follows; for example, 33.82% in China, 37% in Ethiopia, 39.9% in Taiwan, 65% in Egypt, 72.1% to 91.8% in Turkey, and 79% in Japan. […] This geographical difference in the prevalence of PMS may be attributed to disparities in genetic, dietary, and lifestyle factors among young adult females and also may be attributable to various community-adopted practices before and during menstruation.

• #17 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Female university students are affected the most by PMS. The rate of PMS is believed to be high among this population, and it adversely affects their life and academic performance. The prevalence of PMS among the university students of different countries are as follows; for example, 33.82% in China, 37% in Ethiopia, 39.9% in Taiwan, 65% in Egypt, 72.1% to 91.8% in Turkey, and 79% in Japan. […] This geographical difference in the prevalence of PMS may be attributed to disparities in genetic, dietary, and lifestyle factors among young adult females and also may be attributable to various community-adopted practices before and during menstruation.

• #18 Factors Associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and its Different Symptom Domains among University Students in Lebanon

  https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijwhw/international-journal-of-womens-health-and-wellness-ijwhw-4-068.php?jid=ijwhw

  This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and examine the characteristics of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among female university students. […] Almost 63% of participants reported having PMS with 42.5% having severe PMS. […] PMS prevalence varies worldwide, ranging from 12% (95% CI: 11-13) in France to 98% (95% CI: 97-100) in Iran. […] Research describing PMS in Lebanon is limited to two brief communications aimed to assess menstrual cycle abnormalities and PMS prevalence respectively. […] The proportion of Lebanese females with PMS and affective and somatic symptoms are notably high. […] The findings showed that PMS is present in 62.5% of participants. […] The factors positively related to PMS included obesity, having unemployed fathers, caffeine consumption, and medication use for pain and sleeping pills.

• #19 Factors Associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and its Different Symptom Domains among University Students in Lebanon

  https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijwhw/international-journal-of-womens-health-and-wellness-ijwhw-4-068.php?jid=ijwhw

  A high proportion of participants reported having PMS (62.5%). […] The most frequent affective symptoms were angry outbursts (77.4%) and irritability (66.8%) and the most common somatic symptoms were abdominal bloating (70.8%) and breast tenderness (50.1%). […] PMS etiology is multifactorial. […] The findings of this study have important implications for PMS screening and management, as they highlight the importance of engaging in healthy behaviors such as weight management to minimize PMS symptoms and enhance quality of life.

• #20 Prevalence, impacts and medical managements of premenstrual syndrome among female students: cross-sectional study in college of health sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6874-14-52

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is used to describe physical, cognitive, affective, and behavioral symptoms that occur cyclically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolve quickly at or within a few days of the onset of menstruation. […] The prevalence of PMS according to DSM-IV was 37.0%. […] Our study revealed a high prevalence and negative impact of PMS on students of Mekelle University. […] Epidemiological surveys have estimated that the frequency of PMS symptoms is quite high about 80-90%, and about 5% of women experience severe symptoms that the symptoms interfere with their daily activities. […] The true prevalence of PMS is difficult to determine because of self-treatment, difference in availability and access to medical care, definition diagnostic criteria and cultural practices.

• #21 A Study on Premenstrual Syndrome among Female Students of a Private University of Delhi NCR

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/a-study-on-premenstrual-syndrome-among-female-students-of-a-private-university-of-delhi-ncr.html

  The most frequent impairments seen in this study were: Concentration impairment (53.8%), College/work efficiency/productivity impairment (53.8%) and Social life activities impairment (49.2%). […] A positive attitude towards PMS was noted in our study with (90%) of female participants think that PMS is an important issue that should be discussed. […] Despite of the positive response only (10.8%) of female participants seeks gynecologist to relieve their premenstrual symptoms. […] Based on the findings of the present study, it can be said that: PMS is a common problem affecting the educational activities and interpersonal relationships of female participants significantly.

• #22 Premenstrual Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953696-overview

  Individual symptoms of PMS have been reported to affect as many as 90% of women of reproductive age sometime during their lives. An estimated 20-30% of women may meet criteria for PMS based on symptoms with 2-5% of women meeting symptomatic criteria for PMDD. […] Two known risk factors for PMS are obesity and smoking. Research reveals that women with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above are nearly three times as likely to have PMS than women who are not obese. Women who smoke cigarettes are more than twice as likely to have more severe PMS symptoms. […] Life experiences may also be a risk factor for PMS. The results of a large longitudinal study carried out by Bertone-Johnson et al suggested that the experience of abuse (emotional, sexual, or physical) in early life places women at higher risk for PMS in the middle-to-late reproductive years. […] PMS affects women with ovulatory cycles. Older adolescents tend to have more severe symptoms than younger adolescents do. Women in their fourth decade of life tend to be affected most severely. PMS resolves completely at menopause.

• #23 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder as Centrally Based Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/3/1/12

  Behavioral risk factors, especially smoking and adiposity, are overrepresented in women with PMS/PMDD, confirming their link to emotional vulnerability. […] A strong linear relationship between body mass index (BMI) at baseline and risk of incident PMS, with each 1 kg/m² increase in BMI associated with a significant 3% increase in PMS risk, was evident. […] Other proven risk factors include traumatic events, which greatly increased the odds of developing PMDD at follow-up. […] The co-occurrence with pathological manifestations displaying premenstrual exacerbations supports a common neuroendocrine etiology. […] Medical conditions such as anemia and endocrine disorders (namely thyroid and adrenal dysfunctions and hyperprolactinemia), as well as chronic pelvic pain, fibromyalgia and any other inflammatory disorders, may mimic PMS/PMDD symptoms. […] HCPs should make a differential diagnosis to establish an individualized treatment plan.

• #24 Premenstrual Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953696-overview

  Individual symptoms of PMS have been reported to affect as many as 90% of women of reproductive age sometime during their lives. An estimated 20-30% of women may meet criteria for PMS based on symptoms with 2-5% of women meeting symptomatic criteria for PMDD. […] Two known risk factors for PMS are obesity and smoking. Research reveals that women with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above are nearly three times as likely to have PMS than women who are not obese. Women who smoke cigarettes are more than twice as likely to have more severe PMS symptoms. […] Life experiences may also be a risk factor for PMS. The results of a large longitudinal study carried out by Bertone-Johnson et al suggested that the experience of abuse (emotional, sexual, or physical) in early life places women at higher risk for PMS in the middle-to-late reproductive years. […] PMS affects women with ovulatory cycles. Older adolescents tend to have more severe symptoms than younger adolescents do. Women in their fourth decade of life tend to be affected most severely. PMS resolves completely at menopause.

• #25 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder as Centrally Based Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/3/1/12

  Behavioral risk factors, especially smoking and adiposity, are overrepresented in women with PMS/PMDD, confirming their link to emotional vulnerability. […] A strong linear relationship between body mass index (BMI) at baseline and risk of incident PMS, with each 1 kg/m² increase in BMI associated with a significant 3% increase in PMS risk, was evident. […] Other proven risk factors include traumatic events, which greatly increased the odds of developing PMDD at follow-up. […] The co-occurrence with pathological manifestations displaying premenstrual exacerbations supports a common neuroendocrine etiology. […] Medical conditions such as anemia and endocrine disorders (namely thyroid and adrenal dysfunctions and hyperprolactinemia), as well as chronic pelvic pain, fibromyalgia and any other inflammatory disorders, may mimic PMS/PMDD symptoms. […] HCPs should make a differential diagnosis to establish an individualized treatment plan.

• #26 Epidemiology and Etiology of Premenstrual Syndromes

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/553603

  Population-based studies have not consistently found strong association between PMS and standard demographic risk factors such as education, income, employment, marital status, or number of children. […] Higher levels of perceived stress and higher „daily hassles” scores have been identified as risk factors for PMS by population-based studies. […] Studies of twins have significantly contributed to data related to possible genetic factors in PMS. […] A strong association between PMS and a body mass index 30 is reported in a recent population-based study. […] Women with other health problems are more likely to have PMS. […] Current mood and anxiety disorders or history of mood or anxiety disorders are common in women with PMS.

• #27 Epidemiology and Etiology of Premenstrual Syndromes

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/553603

  Population-based studies have not consistently found strong association between PMS and standard demographic risk factors such as education, income, employment, marital status, or number of children. […] Higher levels of perceived stress and higher „daily hassles” scores have been identified as risk factors for PMS by population-based studies. […] Studies of twins have significantly contributed to data related to possible genetic factors in PMS. […] A strong association between PMS and a body mass index 30 is reported in a recent population-based study. […] Women with other health problems are more likely to have PMS. […] Current mood and anxiety disorders or history of mood or anxiety disorders are common in women with PMS.

• #28 Premenstrual Disorders: Epidemiology and Disease Burden

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/dec05-2235ps473-s479

  Premenstrual disorders can affect a woman at any stage in her reproductive life beginning around age 14, or about 2 years after menarche, and persist until around age 51, when menopause typically occurs. […] Thus PMS/PMDD can cause distress or even impairment of functioning over a significant fraction of a woman’s lifetime. […] It appears likely that many women with PMS and PMDD may be misdiagnosed, because symptoms can mimic organic disorders or worsen existing psychiatric conditions (known as premenstrual magnification), and often they may not receive adequate counseling to assuage their concerns. […] The high prevalence of premenstrual disorders and their negative impact on women’s QOL has been an ongoing concern for patients and their physicians. […] However, diagnostic criteria developed for PMS and PMDD have made it possible to consider more objectively the somatic, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that cause long-term distress for so many women.

• #29 Premenstrual Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953696-overview

  Individual symptoms of PMS have been reported to affect as many as 90% of women of reproductive age sometime during their lives. An estimated 20-30% of women may meet criteria for PMS based on symptoms with 2-5% of women meeting symptomatic criteria for PMDD. […] Two known risk factors for PMS are obesity and smoking. Research reveals that women with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above are nearly three times as likely to have PMS than women who are not obese. Women who smoke cigarettes are more than twice as likely to have more severe PMS symptoms. […] Life experiences may also be a risk factor for PMS. The results of a large longitudinal study carried out by Bertone-Johnson et al suggested that the experience of abuse (emotional, sexual, or physical) in early life places women at higher risk for PMS in the middle-to-late reproductive years. […] PMS affects women with ovulatory cycles. Older adolescents tend to have more severe symptoms than younger adolescents do. Women in their fourth decade of life tend to be affected most severely. PMS resolves completely at menopause.

• #30

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-022-01261-5

  Premenstrual symptoms, including physical and mood symptoms, affect a large proportion of women worldwide. […] Data on premenstrual symptoms across nations and age groups is limited. […] Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) includes mild to moderate physical and/or mood symptoms and occurs in roughly 20% of women, while premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), at the severe end of the continuum, includes more impairing symptoms and is found in 3 to 8% of women. […] Premenstrual symptoms may occur at any point during the female reproductive years, from menarche to menopause. […] A large study of over 3500 women reported the prevalence of moderate to severe mood-based PMS as 10.7% in women aged 15-24, 8.6% in women aged 25-34, 11.2% in women aged 35-44, and 10.8% in women aged 45-54. […] Premenstrual symptoms occur across cultures and nationalities.

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-022-01261-5

  Our results were similar to that of Schoep and colleagues, who in 2019 published a study on the premenstrual symptoms among 42,879 women in the Netherlands. […] Participants in our sample also reported significant interference with daily activities due to their premenstrual symptoms. […] Regarding changes in symptoms with age, we found that symptom frequency increased with age for absentmindedness, low libido, sleep changes, gastrointestinal symptoms, weight gain, headaches, sweating or hot flashes, fatigue, hair changes, and swelling. […] Intriguingly, mood swings and anxiety did not differ significantly by age group. […] Finally, the prevalence of mood swings and anxiety symptoms varied widely between countries.

• #32 Epidemiology and Etiology of Premenstrual Syndromes

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/553603

  Population-based studies have not consistently found strong association between PMS and standard demographic risk factors such as education, income, employment, marital status, or number of children. […] Higher levels of perceived stress and higher „daily hassles” scores have been identified as risk factors for PMS by population-based studies. […] Studies of twins have significantly contributed to data related to possible genetic factors in PMS. […] A strong association between PMS and a body mass index 30 is reported in a recent population-based study. […] Women with other health problems are more likely to have PMS. […] Current mood and anxiety disorders or history of mood or anxiety disorders are common in women with PMS.

• #33 Epidemiology and Etiology of Premenstrual Syndromes

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/553603

  Population-based studies have not consistently found strong association between PMS and standard demographic risk factors such as education, income, employment, marital status, or number of children. […] Higher levels of perceived stress and higher „daily hassles” scores have been identified as risk factors for PMS by population-based studies. […] Studies of twins have significantly contributed to data related to possible genetic factors in PMS. […] A strong association between PMS and a body mass index 30 is reported in a recent population-based study. […] Women with other health problems are more likely to have PMS. […] Current mood and anxiety disorders or history of mood or anxiety disorders are common in women with PMS.

• #34 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome

  Yes. PMS symptoms may get worse as you reach your late 30s or 40s and approach menopause and are in the transition to menopause, called perimenopause. […] PMS stops after menopause when you no longer get a period. […] About half of women who need relief from PMS also have another health problem, which may get worse in the time before their menstrual period. These health problems share many symptoms with PMS and include depression and anxiety disorders. […] PMS may also worsen some health problems, such as asthma, allergies, and migraines. […] Researchers continue to search for new ways to treat PMS.

• #35 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

  https://womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome

  Yes. PMS symptoms may get worse as you reach your late 30s or 40s and approach menopause and are in the transition to menopause, called perimenopause. […] PMS stops after menopause when you no longer get a period. […] About half of women who need relief from PMS also have another health problem, which may get worse in the time before their menstrual period. These health problems share many symptoms with PMS and include depression and anxiety disorders. […] PMS may also worsen some health problems, such as asthma, allergies, and migraines. […] Researchers continue to search for new ways to treat PMS.

• #36 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/122/en-US

  OBJECTIVE: This article aims to review the comorbidity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), identify variables requiring further investigation and to remind physicians that special care is required for diagnosis and therapy. […] The aim of this article is to evaluate the comorbidity of PMS or PMDD with Bipolar Disorder (BD), to identify variables requiring further investigation and to remind physicians that special care is required for diagnosis and therapy. Therefore, this is the first systematic review of the association between BD and PMS/PMDD. […] The studies analyzed suggest increased risks among women either the PMS or PMDD for BD-I or BD-II and a greater risk of women with BD-II of having PMS or PMDD. Furthermore, women with BD and PMS report increased mood lability, anger, irritability, severe symptoms and frequent relapses of their BD illness and a worse therapeutic response.

• #37 Premenstrual Disorders: Epidemiology and Disease Burden

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/dec05-2235ps473-s479

  In addition to interfering with a woman’s QOL, PMS and PMDD can have both direct and indirect economic consequences. […] It was concluded that PMS has a significant impact on a woman’s health-related QOL and may lead to reduced productivity at work and increased healthcare costs. […] It was concluded that a diagnosis of PMS was associated with modest increases in direct medical costs and a considerable increase in indirect costs stemming from missed workdays and lower productivity when the women were at work.

• #38 Premenstrual Disorders: Epidemiology and Disease Burden

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/dec05-2235ps473-s479

  In addition to interfering with a woman’s QOL, PMS and PMDD can have both direct and indirect economic consequences. […] It was concluded that PMS has a significant impact on a woman’s health-related QOL and may lead to reduced productivity at work and increased healthcare costs. […] It was concluded that a diagnosis of PMS was associated with modest increases in direct medical costs and a considerable increase in indirect costs stemming from missed workdays and lower productivity when the women were at work.

• #39 Epidemiology and Etiology of Premenstrual Syndromes

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/553603

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by significant mood, behavioral, and physical changes that occur several days to 2 weeks before menses and abate during the menstrual flow. […] Surveys indicate that PMS is among the most common health problems reported by reproductive age women. Current estimates of the prevalence of clinically significant PMS vary from 12.6% to 31% of menstruating women. […] Epidemiologic studies have identified approximately 20% of reproductive age women as having moderate to severe PMS. […] The prevalence of PMDD is estimated to affect 5% to 8% of menstruating women. […] The morbidity of PMS is due to severity of symptoms, chronicity, and the resulting emotional distress or impairment in work, relationships, and activities. […] Current clinical evidence suggests that PMS tends to be a chronic illness with little spontaneous recovery.

• #40 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0801/p236.html

  Premenstrual disorders affect up to 12% of women. […] The burden of disease can be high; women with PMS have higher rates of work absences, higher medical expenses, and lower health-related quality of life. […] In a study of 2,800 French women, about 12% met the diagnostic criteria for PMS, and 4% reported severe symptoms. […] The prevalence of PMS is not associated with age, educational achievement, or employment status. […] Fewer patients meet the more rigorous diagnostic criteria for PMDD; its prevalence is 1.3% to 5.3%. […] About 80% of women report at least one physical or psychiatric symptom during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle; however, most do not report significant impairment in their daily life. […] Symptom persistence and severity tend to fluctuate. One study found that only 36% of women who were diagnosed with PMS continued to meet the diagnostic criteria one year later. […] Women who gained weight or had a stressful event in the past year are more likely to be diagnosed with PMS.

• #41

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-022-01261-5

  In a meta-analysis assessing the prevalence of PMS in twelve countries, the highest prevalence was reported in Iran (98%) and the lowest prevalence was reported in France (12%). […] In a study of over 4000 women from 19 different countries, those with moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms showed increased absenteeism and decreased productivity at work. […] Among adolescents, at least 20% reported PMS symptoms associated with functional impairment. […] The aims of the present study were to leverage a large international dataset, collected via a mobile application (app) Flo, to explore prevalence of premenstrual symptoms across ages ranging from 18 to 55 and explore prevalence of premenstrual symptoms by nation. […] Within a large international sample of 238,114 adults experiencing menstrual cycles, the majority reported experiencing premenstrual food cravings, mood swings or anxiety, and fatigue.

• #42 Prevalence, impacts and medical managements of premenstrual syndrome among female students: cross-sectional study in college of health sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6874-14-52

  PMS is related to high suicide and accident rates, employment and school absentee rates, poor academic performance and acute psychiatric problems. […] The common treatment modalities used were pain killers, 63(36.4%), hot drinks like coffee and tea, 13(7.5%), and massage therapy, 4(2.3%). […] The prevalence of PMS in general is high among health sciences students of Mekelle University with prevalence of 37.0%.

• #43 A Study on Premenstrual Syndrome among Female Students of a Private University of Delhi NCR

  http://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/a-study-on-premenstrual-syndrome-among-female-students-of-a-private-university-of-delhi-ncr.html

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is one of the most common disorders of reproductive age. […] Epidemiological Surveys have estimated that the frequency of PMS symptoms is quite high about 80-90 % and about 5 % of women experience severe symptoms that the symptoms interfere with their daily activities. […] The PMS symptoms could impact an individual’s interpersonal relationships, social interactions, occupational activities and productivity for her entire reproductive age life. […] This disorder in young women is a significant public health problem, as increased incidence of depression and anxiety disorders were found in women suffering with PMS, which could economically burden the society indirectly in the form of absenteeism at work, frequent hospitalization and suicides. […] The majority (80%) of female participants knew about PMS while only (43.8%) knew about PMDD.

• #44 Prevalence, impacts and medical managements of premenstrual syndrome among female students: cross-sectional study in college of health sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6874-14-52

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is used to describe physical, cognitive, affective, and behavioral symptoms that occur cyclically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolve quickly at or within a few days of the onset of menstruation. […] The prevalence of PMS according to DSM-IV was 37.0%. […] Our study revealed a high prevalence and negative impact of PMS on students of Mekelle University. […] Epidemiological surveys have estimated that the frequency of PMS symptoms is quite high about 80-90%, and about 5% of women experience severe symptoms that the symptoms interfere with their daily activities. […] The true prevalence of PMS is difficult to determine because of self-treatment, difference in availability and access to medical care, definition diagnostic criteria and cultural practices.

• #45 Epidemiology and pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-pathogenesis-of-premenstrual-syndrome-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder/print

  Epidemiology and pathogenesis of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder […] Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), as defined by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), can be differentiated from premenstrual syndrome (PMS) by the presence of at least five symptoms, including one affective symptom, such as mood swings, irritability, and/or depression. […] The prevalence of PMS and PMDD in the population have been overestimated because of the failure to apply strict diagnostic criteria. Estimates as high as 80 percent have been reported for PMS, based upon the inclusion of females who have any form of premenstrual mood or physical symptoms. When one applies strict inclusion criteria, estimates for PMS are around 20 to 30 percent and 2 percent for PMDD, as illustrated by three community studies that used prospective ratings to determine the diagnosis.

• #46 Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its association with psychosocial and lifestyle variables: a cross-sectional study from Palestine | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-021-01374-6

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a very common problem with symptoms that can negatively affect normal daily life. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS symptoms and their relationship with psychosocial status and lifestyle of female students at An-Najah National University in Palestine. A sample of 398 female students was randomly selected to participate in the study. The 398 participants (100%) suffered from some kind of PMS symptoms; 398 (100%) had physical symptoms, 397 (99.7%) had psychological symptoms, and 339 (85.2%) had behavioral PMS symptoms. All PMS symptoms were significantly associated with student psychosocial status (p<0.01). The findings of the study revealed a relatively high prevalence of PMS syndrome with a significant relationship with dietary habits and psychosocial status. Epidemiological data shows that 75% of women in reproductive age suffer from some PMS symptoms, while 3% to 8% reported extremely severe PMS symptoms. A study on PMS prevalence among different countries worldwide found that 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9) of women have PMS. Other several studies on the PMS prevalence in Middle Eastern countries had been conducted in the past 20 years. For instance, PMS percentages among university students were 71.9% in Palestine, 92.3% in Jordan, 80.2% in Egypt, and 63% in Lebanon. PMS diagnosis depends on PMS symptoms and relationship with the luteal phase because there is no objective chemical biomarker of PMS. Most women can manage their PMS symptoms through conservative treatments and changes in lifestyle such as dietary modifications, stress management, daily charting of symptoms, exercising, relaxation, education, and sleep hygiene. Literature on PMS shows that this problem overlooked in developing countries, including Palestine. There is an urgent need to collect data on the PMS prevalence among young women in Palestine and find its effect on their health.

• #47 Premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/419

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by repetitive, cyclical, physical, and behavioral symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle. […] PMS and PMDD are diagnoses of exclusion, confirmed by a prospective symptom diary that verifies their repetitive, cyclical nature. […] The criteria for PMS were outlined by the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders in 2011. […] PMS is not classified as a mental illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists defines PMS as the cyclic recurrence of symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, are variable in intensity and effect on daily life, and cease shortly after the onset of menstruation.

• #48 Premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/419

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterised by repetitive, cyclical, physical, and behavioural symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle. […] PMS and PMDD are diagnoses of exclusion, confirmed by a prospective symptom diary that verifies their repetitive, cyclical nature. […] The criteria for PMS were outlined by the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders in 2011. […] PMS is not classified as a mental illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists defines PMS as the cyclic recurrence of symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, are variable in intensity and effect on daily life, and cease shortly after the onset of menstruation.

• #49 Premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/419

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by repetitive, cyclical, physical, and behavioral symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle. […] PMS and PMDD are diagnoses of exclusion, confirmed by a prospective symptom diary that verifies their repetitive, cyclical nature. […] The criteria for PMS were outlined by the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders in 2011. […] PMS is not classified as a mental illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists defines PMS as the cyclic recurrence of symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, are variable in intensity and effect on daily life, and cease shortly after the onset of menstruation.

• #50 Premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/419

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterised by repetitive, cyclical, physical, and behavioural symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle. […] PMS and PMDD are diagnoses of exclusion, confirmed by a prospective symptom diary that verifies their repetitive, cyclical nature. […] The criteria for PMS were outlined by the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders in 2011. […] PMS is not classified as a mental illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists defines PMS as the cyclic recurrence of symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, are variable in intensity and effect on daily life, and cease shortly after the onset of menstruation.

• #51 Premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/419

  PMDD, the more severe form of the disorder, is classified in the DSM-5-TR as a mental illness. […] The criteria for PMDD require that the woman experience at least 5 of 11 cognitive-affective, behavioral, and physical symptoms during the final week of the luteal phase that resolve with or near the onset of menses.

• #52 Premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/419

  PMDD, the more severe form of the disorder, is classified in the DSM-5-TR as a mental illness. […] The criteria for PMDD require that the woman experience at least 5 of 11 cognitive-affective, behavioural, and physical symptoms during the final week of the luteal phase that resolve with or near the onset of menses.

• #53 Epidemiology of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common health problem in women in reproductive age. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS using meta-analysis method. Overall, 17 studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. Considering that different tools have been used in studies and many studies have been designed based on a limited sample, therefore, future research needs to consider the prevalence of PMS in different countries of world. The prevalence of PMS has been reported in 20 to 32 % of premenopausal and 30-40% of the reproductive female population. PMS affects women’s quality of life, economic and social performance. In other study, about 23-31 % of reproductive aged women experience PMS to a degree that affects their daily lives. This study evaluated the prevalence of PMS in different areas in world wide. Based our results, the pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. The prevalence of PMS is presented in 17 articles. The pooled of PMS rate is 48% (95% CI: 33-63). The prevalence of PMS according to continent is presented in the retrieved studies Iran has been the highest prevalence of PMS. Based our results the global prevalence of PMS is high and about half of women of reproductive age who experience this symptoms.

• #54 Factors Associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and its Different Symptom Domains among University Students in Lebanon

  https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijwhw/international-journal-of-womens-health-and-wellness-ijwhw-4-068.php?jid=ijwhw

  This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and examine the characteristics of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among female university students. […] Almost 63% of participants reported having PMS with 42.5% having severe PMS. […] PMS prevalence varies worldwide, ranging from 12% (95% CI: 11-13) in France to 98% (95% CI: 97-100) in Iran. […] Research describing PMS in Lebanon is limited to two brief communications aimed to assess menstrual cycle abnormalities and PMS prevalence respectively. […] The proportion of Lebanese females with PMS and affective and somatic symptoms are notably high. […] The findings showed that PMS is present in 62.5% of participants. […] The factors positively related to PMS included obesity, having unemployed fathers, caffeine consumption, and medication use for pain and sleeping pills.

• #55 Epidemiology of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common health problem in women in reproductive age. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS using meta-analysis method. Overall, 17 studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. Considering that different tools have been used in studies and many studies have been designed based on a limited sample, therefore, future research needs to consider the prevalence of PMS in different countries of world. The prevalence of PMS has been reported in 20 to 32 % of premenopausal and 30-40% of the reproductive female population. PMS affects women’s quality of life, economic and social performance. In other study, about 23-31 % of reproductive aged women experience PMS to a degree that affects their daily lives. This study evaluated the prevalence of PMS in different areas in world wide. Based our results, the pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. The prevalence of PMS is presented in 17 articles. The pooled of PMS rate is 48% (95% CI: 33-63). The prevalence of PMS according to continent is presented in the retrieved studies Iran has been the highest prevalence of PMS. Based our results the global prevalence of PMS is high and about half of women of reproductive age who experience this symptoms.

• #56 Factors Associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and its Different Symptom Domains among University Students in Lebanon

  https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijwhw/international-journal-of-womens-health-and-wellness-ijwhw-4-068.php?jid=ijwhw

  This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and examine the characteristics of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among female university students. […] Almost 63% of participants reported having PMS with 42.5% having severe PMS. […] PMS prevalence varies worldwide, ranging from 12% (95% CI: 11-13) in France to 98% (95% CI: 97-100) in Iran. […] Research describing PMS in Lebanon is limited to two brief communications aimed to assess menstrual cycle abnormalities and PMS prevalence respectively. […] The proportion of Lebanese females with PMS and affective and somatic symptoms are notably high. […] The findings showed that PMS is present in 62.5% of participants. […] The factors positively related to PMS included obesity, having unemployed fathers, caffeine consumption, and medication use for pain and sleeping pills.

• #57 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Female university students are affected the most by PMS. The rate of PMS is believed to be high among this population, and it adversely affects their life and academic performance. The prevalence of PMS among the university students of different countries are as follows; for example, 33.82% in China, 37% in Ethiopia, 39.9% in Taiwan, 65% in Egypt, 72.1% to 91.8% in Turkey, and 79% in Japan. […] This geographical difference in the prevalence of PMS may be attributed to disparities in genetic, dietary, and lifestyle factors among young adult females and also may be attributable to various community-adopted practices before and during menstruation.

• #58 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Female university students are affected the most by PMS. The rate of PMS is believed to be high among this population, and it adversely affects their life and academic performance. The prevalence of PMS among the university students of different countries are as follows; for example, 33.82% in China, 37% in Ethiopia, 39.9% in Taiwan, 65% in Egypt, 72.1% to 91.8% in Turkey, and 79% in Japan. […] This geographical difference in the prevalence of PMS may be attributed to disparities in genetic, dietary, and lifestyle factors among young adult females and also may be attributable to various community-adopted practices before and during menstruation.

• #59 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Female university students are affected the most by PMS. The rate of PMS is believed to be high among this population, and it adversely affects their life and academic performance. The prevalence of PMS among the university students of different countries are as follows; for example, 33.82% in China, 37% in Ethiopia, 39.9% in Taiwan, 65% in Egypt, 72.1% to 91.8% in Turkey, and 79% in Japan. […] This geographical difference in the prevalence of PMS may be attributed to disparities in genetic, dietary, and lifestyle factors among young adult females and also may be attributable to various community-adopted practices before and during menstruation.

• #60 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Female university students are affected the most by PMS. The rate of PMS is believed to be high among this population, and it adversely affects their life and academic performance. The prevalence of PMS among the university students of different countries are as follows; for example, 33.82% in China, 37% in Ethiopia, 39.9% in Taiwan, 65% in Egypt, 72.1% to 91.8% in Turkey, and 79% in Japan. […] This geographical difference in the prevalence of PMS may be attributed to disparities in genetic, dietary, and lifestyle factors among young adult females and also may be attributable to various community-adopted practices before and during menstruation.

• #61 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Female university students are affected the most by PMS. The rate of PMS is believed to be high among this population, and it adversely affects their life and academic performance. The prevalence of PMS among the university students of different countries are as follows; for example, 33.82% in China, 37% in Ethiopia, 39.9% in Taiwan, 65% in Egypt, 72.1% to 91.8% in Turkey, and 79% in Japan. […] This geographical difference in the prevalence of PMS may be attributed to disparities in genetic, dietary, and lifestyle factors among young adult females and also may be attributable to various community-adopted practices before and during menstruation.

• #62 Premenstrual Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560698/

  Female university students are affected the most by PMS. The rate of PMS is believed to be high among this population, and it adversely affects their life and academic performance. The prevalence of PMS among the university students of different countries are as follows; for example, 33.82% in China, 37% in Ethiopia, 39.9% in Taiwan, 65% in Egypt, 72.1% to 91.8% in Turkey, and 79% in Japan. […] This geographical difference in the prevalence of PMS may be attributed to disparities in genetic, dietary, and lifestyle factors among young adult females and also may be attributable to various community-adopted practices before and during menstruation.

• #63 Factors Associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and its Different Symptom Domains among University Students in Lebanon

  https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijwhw/international-journal-of-womens-health-and-wellness-ijwhw-4-068.php?jid=ijwhw

  This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and examine the characteristics of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among female university students. […] Almost 63% of participants reported having PMS with 42.5% having severe PMS. […] PMS prevalence varies worldwide, ranging from 12% (95% CI: 11-13) in France to 98% (95% CI: 97-100) in Iran. […] Research describing PMS in Lebanon is limited to two brief communications aimed to assess menstrual cycle abnormalities and PMS prevalence respectively. […] The proportion of Lebanese females with PMS and affective and somatic symptoms are notably high. […] The findings showed that PMS is present in 62.5% of participants. […] The factors positively related to PMS included obesity, having unemployed fathers, caffeine consumption, and medication use for pain and sleeping pills.

• #64 Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its association with psychosocial and lifestyle variables: a cross-sectional study from Palestine | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-021-01374-6

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a very common problem with symptoms that can negatively affect normal daily life. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS symptoms and their relationship with psychosocial status and lifestyle of female students at An-Najah National University in Palestine. A sample of 398 female students was randomly selected to participate in the study. The 398 participants (100%) suffered from some kind of PMS symptoms; 398 (100%) had physical symptoms, 397 (99.7%) had psychological symptoms, and 339 (85.2%) had behavioral PMS symptoms. All PMS symptoms were significantly associated with student psychosocial status (p<0.01). The findings of the study revealed a relatively high prevalence of PMS syndrome with a significant relationship with dietary habits and psychosocial status. Epidemiological data shows that 75% of women in reproductive age suffer from some PMS symptoms, while 3% to 8% reported extremely severe PMS symptoms. A study on PMS prevalence among different countries worldwide found that 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9) of women have PMS. Other several studies on the PMS prevalence in Middle Eastern countries had been conducted in the past 20 years. For instance, PMS percentages among university students were 71.9% in Palestine, 92.3% in Jordan, 80.2% in Egypt, and 63% in Lebanon. PMS diagnosis depends on PMS symptoms and relationship with the luteal phase because there is no objective chemical biomarker of PMS. Most women can manage their PMS symptoms through conservative treatments and changes in lifestyle such as dietary modifications, stress management, daily charting of symptoms, exercising, relaxation, education, and sleep hygiene. Literature on PMS shows that this problem overlooked in developing countries, including Palestine. There is an urgent need to collect data on the PMS prevalence among young women in Palestine and find its effect on their health.

• #65 Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its association with psychosocial and lifestyle variables: a cross-sectional study from Palestine | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-021-01374-6

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a very common problem with symptoms that can negatively affect normal daily life. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS symptoms and their relationship with psychosocial status and lifestyle of female students at An-Najah National University in Palestine. A sample of 398 female students was randomly selected to participate in the study. The 398 participants (100%) suffered from some kind of PMS symptoms; 398 (100%) had physical symptoms, 397 (99.7%) had psychological symptoms, and 339 (85.2%) had behavioral PMS symptoms. All PMS symptoms were significantly associated with student psychosocial status (p<0.01). The findings of the study revealed a relatively high prevalence of PMS syndrome with a significant relationship with dietary habits and psychosocial status. Epidemiological data shows that 75% of women in reproductive age suffer from some PMS symptoms, while 3% to 8% reported extremely severe PMS symptoms. A study on PMS prevalence among different countries worldwide found that 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9) of women have PMS. Other several studies on the PMS prevalence in Middle Eastern countries had been conducted in the past 20 years. For instance, PMS percentages among university students were 71.9% in Palestine, 92.3% in Jordan, 80.2% in Egypt, and 63% in Lebanon. PMS diagnosis depends on PMS symptoms and relationship with the luteal phase because there is no objective chemical biomarker of PMS. Most women can manage their PMS symptoms through conservative treatments and changes in lifestyle such as dietary modifications, stress management, daily charting of symptoms, exercising, relaxation, education, and sleep hygiene. Literature on PMS shows that this problem overlooked in developing countries, including Palestine. There is an urgent need to collect data on the PMS prevalence among young women in Palestine and find its effect on their health.

• #66 Assessment of premenstrual syndrome among female students in Southeast Nigeria

  https://www.termedia.pl/Assessment-of-premenstrual-syndrome-among-female-students-in-Southeast-Nigeria,113,34067,1,1.html

  During reproductive age, women generally experience one or more symptoms including psychological, behavioral and physical symptoms regularly during the early menstruation period. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a commonly used term that has been variably defined. The PMS is a condition characterized by distressing psychological, behavioral and physical symptoms in the absence of any underlying diseases, which develops within the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and resolves shortly after menstruation. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2009) includes mainly psychiatric and physical symptoms in defining PMS, and stipulated that 85% of menstruating women experience at least one premenstrual symptom which may manifest in varying degrees during their reproductive lives. A study reported that 36% of women met the criteria for diagnosis of PMS at a 1-year follow-up. Studies have shown that approximately 30-50% of women experience a mild to moderate form of PMS for several days, and PMDD is prevalent in 38% of women. The PMS is likely cross-cultural, with PMS reported across different ethnic and cultural societies. The diagnostic criteria are worthy of mention. There is no single symptom characteristic for diagnosis of PMS or PMDD, but, rather, the cyclic occurrence of a symptom complex. Diagnosis focuses on the symptom complex which includes physical and behavioral symptoms for PMS, and mood symptoms for PMDD. The prevalence of PMS in our study was 42.9%. According to ACOG, 30-40% of menstruating women have premenstrual symptoms severe enough to affect their daily life activities. The prevalence in our study (42.9%) did not differ much from the prevalence stated by ACOG. However, the prevalence of PMDD among PMS women in the present study differs greatly from the ACOG report. The present study reported 47.6% prevalence of PMDD among PMS women, while ACOG estimated 34% prevalence. The PMS estimates vary widely in the literature because of differences in study instruments, symptom patterns, and the use of prospective or retrospective protocols. Findings from these studies suggest that the prevalence of PMS varies greatly. An explanation for this great disparity lies in the study tool utilized and difference in sample populations.

• #67 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome and Associated Factors Among Academics of a University in Midwest Brazil Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome and Associated Factors Among Academics of a University in Midwest Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgo/a/XwcjFFvbkNJj6fXsGFfnJ3g/

  The prevalence of PMS was 46.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 44.0-49.8), and of PMDD, 11.1% (95% CI 9.3-13.0). […] More than 30% of the patients reported that the symptoms interfered in a moderate-to-severe way in their social and academic activities. […] After adjusted analysis, PMS was more prevalent in those who were attending the 1st/2nd semester of college (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.44; 95% CI 1.14-1.80), those who consumed alcohol in the last 30 days (PR 1.23; 95% CI 1.04-1.47), and those who had depression (PR 1.49; 95% CI 1.30-1.71). […] The identification of risk factors for PMS is essential to prevent symptoms and reduce the impact of the syndrome. […] The prevalence of PMS (46.9%) identified in the present study is consistent with that in the literature. […] The prevalence of PMDD (11.1%) was lower than that reported in a study conducted in the Northeast of Brazil, with health professionals and university students (16.5%).

• #68 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among high school students | IJWH

  https://www.dovepress.com/premenstrual-syndrome-pms-among-high-school-students-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJWH

  Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common health problem among adolescents. […] The prevalence of PMS among adolescents varies from 10% to 53%, depending on the population studied and diagnostic measures used. […] The prevalence of PMS in Thai high school students was 29.8% (95% CI, 24.5%35.4%). […] PMS was significantly associated with several problems regarding educational activity, as shown by lack of concentration and motivation, poor work performance, and low scores. […] The notably high prevalence of PMS in Thai adolescents observed in this study warrants further large-scale study to evaluate the impact of PMS on their academic performance, quality of life, and effective interventions for alleviating PMS among this high-risk population.

• #69 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/293257-overview

  Epidemiologic studies indicate that as many as 80% of individuals in the United States experience emotional, behavioral, or physical premenstrual symptoms. Between 3% and 8% of individuals meet the diagnostic criteria for PMDD. […] Worldwide, PMDD affects 38% of individuals in their reproductive years, imposing an enormous burden on those affected, their families, and the healthcare system. A study from India reported a frequency of 6%. […] A population-based sample from Switzerland, covering the entire reproductive age range, found that 3% of the sample population fulfilled criteria for PMDD. […] A cross-sectional study of Nigerian medical students showed that 36% of the respondents met the criteria for the diagnosis of PMDD. […] Apparently, individuals in their late thirties to early forties are most vulnerable to experiencing PMDD. Although premenstrual clinics are reported to be almost exclusively attended by White individuals, community-based studies found no difference between Black and White individuals with respect to the prevalence or severity of premenstrual symptoms.

• #70 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/293257-overview

  Epidemiologic studies indicate that as many as 80% of individuals in the United States experience emotional, behavioral, or physical premenstrual symptoms. Between 3% and 8% of individuals meet the diagnostic criteria for PMDD. […] Worldwide, PMDD affects 38% of individuals in their reproductive years, imposing an enormous burden on those affected, their families, and the healthcare system. A study from India reported a frequency of 6%. […] A population-based sample from Switzerland, covering the entire reproductive age range, found that 3% of the sample population fulfilled criteria for PMDD. […] A cross-sectional study of Nigerian medical students showed that 36% of the respondents met the criteria for the diagnosis of PMDD. […] Apparently, individuals in their late thirties to early forties are most vulnerable to experiencing PMDD. Although premenstrual clinics are reported to be almost exclusively attended by White individuals, community-based studies found no difference between Black and White individuals with respect to the prevalence or severity of premenstrual symptoms.

• #71 Epidemiology of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common health problem in women in reproductive age. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS using meta-analysis method. Overall, 17 studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. Considering that different tools have been used in studies and many studies have been designed based on a limited sample, therefore, future research needs to consider the prevalence of PMS in different countries of world. The prevalence of PMS has been reported in 20 to 32 % of premenopausal and 30-40% of the reproductive female population. PMS affects women’s quality of life, economic and social performance. In other study, about 23-31 % of reproductive aged women experience PMS to a degree that affects their daily lives. This study evaluated the prevalence of PMS in different areas in world wide. Based our results, the pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. The prevalence of PMS is presented in 17 articles. The pooled of PMS rate is 48% (95% CI: 33-63). The prevalence of PMS according to continent is presented in the retrieved studies Iran has been the highest prevalence of PMS. Based our results the global prevalence of PMS is high and about half of women of reproductive age who experience this symptoms.

• #72 Epidemiology of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common health problem in women in reproductive age. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS using meta-analysis method. Overall, 17 studies met our inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. Considering that different tools have been used in studies and many studies have been designed based on a limited sample, therefore, future research needs to consider the prevalence of PMS in different countries of world. The prevalence of PMS has been reported in 20 to 32 % of premenopausal and 30-40% of the reproductive female population. PMS affects women’s quality of life, economic and social performance. In other study, about 23-31 % of reproductive aged women experience PMS to a degree that affects their daily lives. This study evaluated the prevalence of PMS in different areas in world wide. Based our results, the pooled prevalence of PMS was 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9). The lowest and highest prevalence were reported in France 12% (95% CI: 11-13) and Iran 98% (95% CI: 97-100) respectively. The prevalence of PMS is presented in 17 articles. The pooled of PMS rate is 48% (95% CI: 33-63). The prevalence of PMS according to continent is presented in the retrieved studies Iran has been the highest prevalence of PMS. Based our results the global prevalence of PMS is high and about half of women of reproductive age who experience this symptoms.

• #73 PMT, PMS and PMDD: is there a difference? – O&G Magazine

  https://www.ogmagazine.org.au/20/3-20/pmt-pms-and-pmdd-is-there-a-difference/

  It has long been recognised that many women experience a predictable, cyclic pattern of moliminal symptoms, which begin in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and end shortly after menstruation begins. […] Overall, diagnostically, it is a loose and informal label, as it only requires one or two symptoms to qualify and is reported to be experienced by up to 50 per cent of women globally. […] While PMS is generally manageable and minimally impairs psychosocial functioning, it has been recognised that three to eight per cent of women experience multiple symptoms that can significantly affect their quality of life and daily interpersonal and occupational functioning, to the point of transient impairment. […] The aetiology of PMS and PMDD remains an active area of research. […] A greater understanding of aetiology is essential before we commit to these diagnostic categories unconditionally. Hopefully, research into genetics, epigenetics, neurobiology and population epidemiology will allow a conceptual reconciliation between the emerging continuum and dimensional view of the variation in symptomatology, and the categorical approach embodied in current classifications such as ICD-10 and DSM-5.

• #74 PMT, PMS and PMDD: is there a difference? – O&G Magazine

  https://www.ogmagazine.org.au/20/3-20/pmt-pms-and-pmdd-is-there-a-difference/

  It has long been recognised that many women experience a predictable, cyclic pattern of moliminal symptoms, which begin in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and end shortly after menstruation begins. […] Overall, diagnostically, it is a loose and informal label, as it only requires one or two symptoms to qualify and is reported to be experienced by up to 50 per cent of women globally. […] While PMS is generally manageable and minimally impairs psychosocial functioning, it has been recognised that three to eight per cent of women experience multiple symptoms that can significantly affect their quality of life and daily interpersonal and occupational functioning, to the point of transient impairment. […] The aetiology of PMS and PMDD remains an active area of research. […] A greater understanding of aetiology is essential before we commit to these diagnostic categories unconditionally. Hopefully, research into genetics, epigenetics, neurobiology and population epidemiology will allow a conceptual reconciliation between the emerging continuum and dimensional view of the variation in symptomatology, and the categorical approach embodied in current classifications such as ICD-10 and DSM-5.

• #75 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder as Centrally Based Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/3/1/12

  Premenstrual symptoms are very common, affecting about half of women in reproductive age worldwide. […] Available surveys in community populations indicate that PMS affects 20–30% of women, whereas PMDD ranges between 1.2 and 6.4%. […] Both conditions significantly reduce quality of life and raise societal costs associated with decreased work productivity, work absenteeism and increased use of health care services. […] Prevalence and impact of PMS/PMDD are strong priorities to implement preventive strategies in young women. […] Health care providers (HCPs) should be aware that premenstrual symptoms might fluctuate over time with no clear impact of age or reproductive stage, apart from menopausal transition. […] Another relevant factor is that combined oral contraceptives (COCs), the most studied type of combined hormonal contraception (CHC), may improve overall premenstrual symptomatology in women with PMS/PMDD, but not premenstrual depressive symptoms.

• #76 Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder as Centrally Based Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/3/1/12

  Premenstrual symptoms are very common, affecting about half of women in reproductive age worldwide. […] Available surveys in community populations indicate that PMS affects 20–30% of women, whereas PMDD ranges between 1.2 and 6.4%. […] Both conditions significantly reduce quality of life and raise societal costs associated with decreased work productivity, work absenteeism and increased use of health care services. […] Prevalence and impact of PMS/PMDD are strong priorities to implement preventive strategies in young women. […] Health care providers (HCPs) should be aware that premenstrual symptoms might fluctuate over time with no clear impact of age or reproductive stage, apart from menopausal transition. […] Another relevant factor is that combined oral contraceptives (COCs), the most studied type of combined hormonal contraception (CHC), may improve overall premenstrual symptomatology in women with PMS/PMDD, but not premenstrual depressive symptoms.

• #77 Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its association with psychosocial and lifestyle variables: a cross-sectional study from Palestine | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-021-01374-6

  Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a very common problem with symptoms that can negatively affect normal daily life. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PMS symptoms and their relationship with psychosocial status and lifestyle of female students at An-Najah National University in Palestine. A sample of 398 female students was randomly selected to participate in the study. The 398 participants (100%) suffered from some kind of PMS symptoms; 398 (100%) had physical symptoms, 397 (99.7%) had psychological symptoms, and 339 (85.2%) had behavioral PMS symptoms. All PMS symptoms were significantly associated with student psychosocial status (p<0.01). The findings of the study revealed a relatively high prevalence of PMS syndrome with a significant relationship with dietary habits and psychosocial status. Epidemiological data shows that 75% of women in reproductive age suffer from some PMS symptoms, while 3% to 8% reported extremely severe PMS symptoms. A study on PMS prevalence among different countries worldwide found that 47.8% (95% CI: 32.6-62.9) of women have PMS. Other several studies on the PMS prevalence in Middle Eastern countries had been conducted in the past 20 years. For instance, PMS percentages among university students were 71.9% in Palestine, 92.3% in Jordan, 80.2% in Egypt, and 63% in Lebanon. PMS diagnosis depends on PMS symptoms and relationship with the luteal phase because there is no objective chemical biomarker of PMS. Most women can manage their PMS symptoms through conservative treatments and changes in lifestyle such as dietary modifications, stress management, daily charting of symptoms, exercising, relaxation, education, and sleep hygiene. Literature on PMS shows that this problem overlooked in developing countries, including Palestine. There is an urgent need to collect data on the PMS prevalence among young women in Palestine and find its effect on their health.

• #78 Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry

  http://bjp.org.br/details/122/en-US

  Future research should attempt to stabilize hormonal levels with continuous use of contraceptives or naturally, as in gestation and menopause, to see if this causes a reduction in the severity of illness. […] This review demonstrates the importance of diagnosing PMS/PMDD comorbidity, the worse course of disease, the higher number of coexisting psychiatric diseases and the need for a consensus about the PMS/PMDD criteria and the evaluation tools. […] This overview points to an established correlation between BD and PMS/PMDD. Nevertheless, this is still an under-studied topic.

• #79 Factors Associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and its Different Symptom Domains among University Students in Lebanon

  https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijwhw/international-journal-of-womens-health-and-wellness-ijwhw-4-068.php

  A high proportion of participants reported having PMS (62.5%). […] The variation in PMS prevalence within and between countries might be due to diagnostic criteria and assessment tools. […] The association between smoking status and PMS is inconsistent. […] This study has several strengths. […] The findings of this study have important implications for PMS screening and management, as they highlight the importance of engaging in healthy behaviors such as weight management to minimize PMS symptoms and enhance quality of life. […] More studies are needed to fully explore the factors related to PMS and its symptoms in Lebanon.

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