Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gilbert syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gilbert-syndrome/print

  Gilbert syndrome is the most common inherited disorder of bilirubin glucuronidation, with an estimated prevalence of 6 to 14 percent. Patients typically present during adolescence when alterations in sex steroid concentrations affect bilirubin metabolism, leading to increased plasma bilirubin concentrations. As a result, it is rarely diagnosed prior to puberty. The disorder is more commonly diagnosed in males, possibly due to a relatively higher level of daily bilirubin production.

• #2 Gilbert Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470200/

  Gilbert syndrome has a prevalence rate between 4% and 16%, but this can vary depending on ethnic ancestry. In the White population, the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome has been estimated to be 2% to 10%. Japan and East Asia have a prevalence of about 2%, while India, Southern Asia, and the Middle East have rates of up to 20%. Clinical manifestations are characteristically present during early adolescence and are more frequently found in men. Most likely, differences in sex steroid concentrations and higher bilirubin production in males account for higher prevalence rates. Most cases are diagnosed around puberty due to higher hemoglobin turnover and endogenous steroid hormone-induced inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation. […] This activity for healthcare professionals reviews the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, recommended evaluation, and management of Gilbert syndrome and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving the quality of life and outcomes for patients with this genetic disorder.

• #3 Gilbert Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22249

  Gilbert syndrome has a prevalence rate between 4% and 16%, but this can vary depending on ethnic ancestry. […] In the White population, the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome has been estimated to be 2% to 10%. Japan and East Asia have a prevalence of about 2%, while India, Southern Asia, and the Middle East have rates of up to 20%. […] Clinical manifestations are characteristically present during early adolescence and are more frequently found in men. […] Most likely, differences in sex steroid concentrations and higher bilirubin production in males account for higher prevalence rates. […] Most cases are diagnosed around puberty due to higher hemoglobin turnover and endogenous steroid hormone-induced inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation.

• #4 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v17/i2/98503.htm

  Gilberts syndrome (GS) is a common hereditary condition characterized by mild increases in serum bilirubin levels due to inherited defects in bilirubin metabolism. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that GS affects approximately 2%-13% of the population, with a higher prevalence observed in individuals without liver disease or hemolysis. […] The prevalence of GS appears to be higher in men compared to women, and fasting has been shown to increase serum bilirubin levels. […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing GS remains challenging due to variable diagnostic criteria and the influence of factors such as sex, age, and ethnicity on bilirubin levels. […] These findings underscore the necessity for sex-specific and possibly ethnicity-specific diagnostic criteria, considering factors like circadian rhythms, nutrition, and smoking, to accurately understand GS epidemiology.

• #5 Gilbert’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17661-gilberts-syndrome

  An estimated 3% to 7% of Americans have Gilbert’s syndrome. This type of liver disease is more common in males than in females. It affects all ages, races and ethnicities. […] As a genetic condition, Gilbert’s syndrome is present at birth. It often remains undiagnosed until blood tests detect high bilirubin levels. Diagnosis most commonly occurs when people are in their teens or early adulthood and getting blood tests for something else. […] Gilbert’s syndrome is a mild condition. It doesnt cause long-term complications or serious health problems. […] People with Gilbert’s syndrome can lead long, healthy lives. They dont experience long-term health problems from the disease.

• #6 Gilbert’s Syndrome | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/gilberts-syndrome-pro

  Homozygous Gilbert’s syndrome affects 2-10% of the Caucasian population in the West. The worldwide prevalence of Gilbert’s syndrome varies considerably depending on which diagnostic criteria are used. Men are more commonly affected than women. […] However, many cases remain undiagnosed so its true prevalence is unknown.

• #7 Gilbert Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470200/

  Gilbert syndrome has a prevalence rate between 4% and 16%, but this can vary depending on ethnic ancestry. In the White population, the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome has been estimated to be 2% to 10%. Japan and East Asia have a prevalence of about 2%, while India, Southern Asia, and the Middle East have rates of up to 20%. Clinical manifestations are characteristically present during early adolescence and are more frequently found in men. Most likely, differences in sex steroid concentrations and higher bilirubin production in males account for higher prevalence rates. Most cases are diagnosed around puberty due to higher hemoglobin turnover and endogenous steroid hormone-induced inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation. […] This activity for healthcare professionals reviews the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, recommended evaluation, and management of Gilbert syndrome and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving the quality of life and outcomes for patients with this genetic disorder.

• #8 Gilbert Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22249

  Gilbert syndrome has a prevalence rate between 4% and 16%, but this can vary depending on ethnic ancestry. […] In the White population, the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome has been estimated to be 2% to 10%. Japan and East Asia have a prevalence of about 2%, while India, Southern Asia, and the Middle East have rates of up to 20%. […] Clinical manifestations are characteristically present during early adolescence and are more frequently found in men. […] Most likely, differences in sex steroid concentrations and higher bilirubin production in males account for higher prevalence rates. […] Most cases are diagnosed around puberty due to higher hemoglobin turnover and endogenous steroid hormone-induced inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation.

• #9 Gilbert Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470200/

  Gilbert syndrome has a prevalence rate between 4% and 16%, but this can vary depending on ethnic ancestry. In the White population, the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome has been estimated to be 2% to 10%. Japan and East Asia have a prevalence of about 2%, while India, Southern Asia, and the Middle East have rates of up to 20%. Clinical manifestations are characteristically present during early adolescence and are more frequently found in men. Most likely, differences in sex steroid concentrations and higher bilirubin production in males account for higher prevalence rates. Most cases are diagnosed around puberty due to higher hemoglobin turnover and endogenous steroid hormone-induced inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation. […] This activity for healthcare professionals reviews the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, recommended evaluation, and management of Gilbert syndrome and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving the quality of life and outcomes for patients with this genetic disorder.

• #10 Gilbert Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22249

  Gilbert syndrome has a prevalence rate between 4% and 16%, but this can vary depending on ethnic ancestry. […] In the White population, the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome has been estimated to be 2% to 10%. Japan and East Asia have a prevalence of about 2%, while India, Southern Asia, and the Middle East have rates of up to 20%. […] Clinical manifestations are characteristically present during early adolescence and are more frequently found in men. […] Most likely, differences in sex steroid concentrations and higher bilirubin production in males account for higher prevalence rates. […] Most cases are diagnosed around puberty due to higher hemoglobin turnover and endogenous steroid hormone-induced inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation.

• #11 Gilbert Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22249

  Gilbert syndrome has a prevalence rate between 4% and 16%, but this can vary depending on ethnic ancestry. […] In the White population, the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome has been estimated to be 2% to 10%. Japan and East Asia have a prevalence of about 2%, while India, Southern Asia, and the Middle East have rates of up to 20%. […] Clinical manifestations are characteristically present during early adolescence and are more frequently found in men. […] Most likely, differences in sex steroid concentrations and higher bilirubin production in males account for higher prevalence rates. […] Most cases are diagnosed around puberty due to higher hemoglobin turnover and endogenous steroid hormone-induced inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation.

• #12 The frequency, clinical course, and health related quality of life in adults with Gilbert’s syndrome: a longitudinal study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-019-0931-2

  Gilbert syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of bilirubin glucuronidation which has not been investigated in Egypt. This longitudinal study investigated the frequency, clinical course, genetic profile and health related quality of life in Egyptian adults. […] An initial cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the frequency of Gilbert syndrome among Egyptian adults. […] One hundred and one subjects fulfilled the criteria of GS with a prevalence of 8.016%. […] Gilbert syndrome is a frequent inherited disorder in Egypt. […] Screening, counseling, monitoring and individualized health care are recommended for subjects with GS in the setting of anesthesia, pregnancy, treatment with DAAs, deliveries, surgery and weight loss plans. […] In Egypt, no studies have been conducted to investigate any epidemiologic, clinical or genetic aspects of GS.

• #13

  https://childshealth.zaslavsky.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/931?articlesBySameAuthorPage=4

  The aim of the review was the analysis of the literature about the prevalence, etiology, genetics and pathogenesis of Gilberts syndrome (GS). […] The prevalence of the mutant gene in European countries reaches 3540 %, in certain ethnic groups in Africa more than 50 %, in Asian countries it is slightly lower (1633 %). […] The prevalence of GS in Ukraine has not been studied. […] The ratio of male and female patients with GS is 34 : 1.

• #14

  https://childshealth.zaslavsky.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/931?articlesBySameAuthorPage=4

  The aim of the review was the analysis of the literature about the prevalence, etiology, genetics and pathogenesis of Gilberts syndrome (GS). […] The prevalence of the mutant gene in European countries reaches 3540 %, in certain ethnic groups in Africa more than 50 %, in Asian countries it is slightly lower (1633 %). […] The prevalence of GS in Ukraine has not been studied. […] The ratio of male and female patients with GS is 34 : 1.

• #15

  https://childshealth.zaslavsky.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/931?articlesBySameAuthorPage=4

  The aim of the review was the analysis of the literature about the prevalence, etiology, genetics and pathogenesis of Gilberts syndrome (GS). […] The prevalence of the mutant gene in European countries reaches 3540 %, in certain ethnic groups in Africa more than 50 %, in Asian countries it is slightly lower (1633 %). […] The prevalence of GS in Ukraine has not been studied. […] The ratio of male and female patients with GS is 34 : 1.

• #16 KAKEN — Research Projects | Molecular epidemiology of neonatal Gilbert’s syndrome in Malaysia (KAKENHI-PROJECT-15406036)

  https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15406036/

  To clarify whether the UGT1A1 mutations contribute to the high incidence of neonatal jaundice in Southeast Asian populations, we screened for the mutations in the Malay-Malaysian populations. […] The UGT1A1 mutations were not rare in Malay-Malaysian infants (30%), indicating the high incidence of Gilbert syndrome in the Malaysian population. […] The UGT1A1 mutations, especially variant TATA-box, were found more frequently in the jaundice group, suggesting that they are risk factors for the development of neonatal jaundice.

• #17 Gilbert Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470200/

  Gilbert syndrome has a prevalence rate between 4% and 16%, but this can vary depending on ethnic ancestry. In the White population, the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome has been estimated to be 2% to 10%. Japan and East Asia have a prevalence of about 2%, while India, Southern Asia, and the Middle East have rates of up to 20%. Clinical manifestations are characteristically present during early adolescence and are more frequently found in men. Most likely, differences in sex steroid concentrations and higher bilirubin production in males account for higher prevalence rates. Most cases are diagnosed around puberty due to higher hemoglobin turnover and endogenous steroid hormone-induced inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation. […] This activity for healthcare professionals reviews the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, recommended evaluation, and management of Gilbert syndrome and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving the quality of life and outcomes for patients with this genetic disorder.

• #18 Gilbert syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gilbert-syndrome/print

  Gilbert syndrome is the most common inherited disorder of bilirubin glucuronidation, with an estimated prevalence of 6 to 14 percent. Patients typically present during adolescence when alterations in sex steroid concentrations affect bilirubin metabolism, leading to increased plasma bilirubin concentrations. As a result, it is rarely diagnosed prior to puberty. The disorder is more commonly diagnosed in males, possibly due to a relatively higher level of daily bilirubin production.

• #19 Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178841-overview

  In Gilbert syndrome, differences exist in the mutation of the UGT1A1 gene in certain ethnic groups; the TATAA element in the promoter region is the most common mutation site in the white population. […] A racial variation exists in the development of neonatal jaundice. A common mutation in the UGT gene (Gly71Arg) leads to an increased incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (approximately 20%) in Asians. […] Gilbert syndrome is diagnosed more commonly in boys after puberty than in girls. The apparent sex difference is due to the fact that the daily bilirubin production is lower in women than in men. The male-to-female ratio for Gilbert syndrome ranges from 2:1 to 7:1. […] The age at which symptoms of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia appear varies as follows: Gilbert syndrome: This is usually diagnosed around puberty, possibly because of the inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation by endogenous steroid hormones.

• #20 Gilbert Syndrome | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688024/all/Gilbert_Syndrome

  Predominant age: present from birth but most often presents in the 2nd or 3rd decade of life. […] Predominant sex: male female (2 to 7:1). […] The reported prevalence of Gilbert syndrome (GS) is between 510% in different populations, with most presentations during or after adolescence (1).

• #21 Gilbert’s syndrome

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/gilberts_syndrome/

  Gilbert’s syndrome is a fairly common liver disorder that is present at birth, but usually only becomes apparent in the teens or early adulthood. […] It is estimated that between three and seven per cent of people have Gilbert’s syndrome, and it is more common in males than females. The condition is thought to be inherited. […] Gilbert’s syndrome needs to be diagnosed with blood tests to ensure that your child does not have a more serious liver disease. […] Gilbert’s syndrome does not require treatment and will not interfere with a normal lifestyle.

• #22 Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178841-overview

  In Gilbert syndrome, differences exist in the mutation of the UGT1A1 gene in certain ethnic groups; the TATAA element in the promoter region is the most common mutation site in the white population. […] A racial variation exists in the development of neonatal jaundice. A common mutation in the UGT gene (Gly71Arg) leads to an increased incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (approximately 20%) in Asians. […] Gilbert syndrome is diagnosed more commonly in boys after puberty than in girls. The apparent sex difference is due to the fact that the daily bilirubin production is lower in women than in men. The male-to-female ratio for Gilbert syndrome ranges from 2:1 to 7:1. […] The age at which symptoms of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia appear varies as follows: Gilbert syndrome: This is usually diagnosed around puberty, possibly because of the inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation by endogenous steroid hormones.

• #23 Gilbert Syndrome | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688024/all/Gilbert_Syndrome

  Predominant age: present from birth but most often presents in the 2nd or 3rd decade of life. […] Predominant sex: male female (2 to 7:1). […] The reported prevalence of Gilbert syndrome (GS) is between 510% in different populations, with most presentations during or after adolescence (1).

• #24

  https://childshealth.zaslavsky.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/931?articlesBySameAuthorPage=4

  The aim of the review was the analysis of the literature about the prevalence, etiology, genetics and pathogenesis of Gilberts syndrome (GS). […] The prevalence of the mutant gene in European countries reaches 3540 %, in certain ethnic groups in Africa more than 50 %, in Asian countries it is slightly lower (1633 %). […] The prevalence of GS in Ukraine has not been studied. […] The ratio of male and female patients with GS is 34 : 1.

• #25 Gilbert Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470200/

  Gilbert syndrome has a prevalence rate between 4% and 16%, but this can vary depending on ethnic ancestry. In the White population, the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome has been estimated to be 2% to 10%. Japan and East Asia have a prevalence of about 2%, while India, Southern Asia, and the Middle East have rates of up to 20%. Clinical manifestations are characteristically present during early adolescence and are more frequently found in men. Most likely, differences in sex steroid concentrations and higher bilirubin production in males account for higher prevalence rates. Most cases are diagnosed around puberty due to higher hemoglobin turnover and endogenous steroid hormone-induced inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation. […] This activity for healthcare professionals reviews the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, recommended evaluation, and management of Gilbert syndrome and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving the quality of life and outcomes for patients with this genetic disorder.

• #26 Gilbert syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gilbert-syndrome/print

  Gilbert syndrome is the most common inherited disorder of bilirubin glucuronidation, with an estimated prevalence of 6 to 14 percent. Patients typically present during adolescence when alterations in sex steroid concentrations affect bilirubin metabolism, leading to increased plasma bilirubin concentrations. As a result, it is rarely diagnosed prior to puberty. The disorder is more commonly diagnosed in males, possibly due to a relatively higher level of daily bilirubin production.

• #27 Gilbert’s Syndrome | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/gilberts-syndrome-pro

  Homozygous Gilbert’s syndrome affects 2-10% of the Caucasian population in the West. The worldwide prevalence of Gilbert’s syndrome varies considerably depending on which diagnostic criteria are used. Men are more commonly affected than women. […] However, many cases remain undiagnosed so its true prevalence is unknown.

• #28 Effect of bilirubin and Gilbert syndrome on health: cohort analysis of observational, genetic, and Mendelian randomisation associations | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000467

  In a large cohort study (n=463060), around 10% of patients were homozygous for the Gilbert syndrome genotype. […] Only 3% of participants who carry this genotype were diagnosed with Gilbert syndrome. […] More participants with the Gilbert syndrome genotype had biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea, but no other health conditions. […] Only 3% of participants who are homozygous for rs887829-T have a recorded diagnosis of Gilbert syndrome. […] Carriers of this genotype have modest increases in the odds of developing biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea. […] Evidence from the analyses of genetic data suggests that bilirubin has no likely causal role in protection from cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or other key healthcare outcomes and therefore represents a poor target for therapeutic intervention for these outcomes.

• #29 Effect of bilirubin and Gilbert syndrome on health: cohort analysis of observational, genetic, and Mendelian randomisation associations | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000467

  In a large cohort study (n=463060), around 10% of patients were homozygous for the Gilbert syndrome genotype. […] Only 3% of participants who carry this genotype were diagnosed with Gilbert syndrome. […] More participants with the Gilbert syndrome genotype had biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea, but no other health conditions. […] Only 3% of participants who are homozygous for rs887829-T have a recorded diagnosis of Gilbert syndrome. […] Carriers of this genotype have modest increases in the odds of developing biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea. […] Evidence from the analyses of genetic data suggests that bilirubin has no likely causal role in protection from cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or other key healthcare outcomes and therefore represents a poor target for therapeutic intervention for these outcomes.

• #30 Effect of bilirubin and Gilbert syndrome on health: cohort analysis of observational, genetic, and Mendelian randomisation associations | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000467

  In a large cohort study (n=463060), around 10% of patients were homozygous for the Gilbert syndrome genotype. […] Only 3% of participants who carry this genotype were diagnosed with Gilbert syndrome. […] More participants with the Gilbert syndrome genotype had biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea, but no other health conditions. […] Only 3% of participants who are homozygous for rs887829-T have a recorded diagnosis of Gilbert syndrome. […] Carriers of this genotype have modest increases in the odds of developing biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea. […] Evidence from the analyses of genetic data suggests that bilirubin has no likely causal role in protection from cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or other key healthcare outcomes and therefore represents a poor target for therapeutic intervention for these outcomes.

• #31 Gilbert’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17661-gilberts-syndrome

  An estimated 3% to 7% of Americans have Gilbert’s syndrome. This type of liver disease is more common in males than in females. It affects all ages, races and ethnicities. […] As a genetic condition, Gilbert’s syndrome is present at birth. It often remains undiagnosed until blood tests detect high bilirubin levels. Diagnosis most commonly occurs when people are in their teens or early adulthood and getting blood tests for something else. […] Gilbert’s syndrome is a mild condition. It doesnt cause long-term complications or serious health problems. […] People with Gilbert’s syndrome can lead long, healthy lives. They dont experience long-term health problems from the disease.

• #32

  https://omim.org/entry/143500

  A number sign (#) is used with this entry because Gilbert syndrome is caused by homozygous, compound heterozygous, or heterozygous mutation in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene (UGT1A1; 191740) on chromosome 2q37. […] The hereditary hyperbilirubinemias include (1) those resulting in predominantly unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Gilbert or Arias syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I (218800), and Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II (606785); and (2) those resulting in predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia: Dubin-Johnson syndrome (237500), Rotor syndrome (237450), and several forms of intrahepatic cholestasis (147480, 211600, 214950, 243300) (Wolkoff et al., 1983). Detailed studies show that patients with Gilbert syndrome have reduced activity of bilirubin glucuronosyltransferase (Bosma et al., 1995, Koiwai et al., 1995).

• #33 A Severe Hyperbilirubenmia in Gilbert Syndrome

  https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/a-severe-hyperbilirubenmia-in-gilbert-syndrome.html

  Gilbert Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the liver’s ability to process bilirubin, a waste product produced by the breakdown of red blood cells. […] Gilbert syndrome is often misdiagnosed for a more serious liver disorder, however, it is a benign syndrome. […] Gilbert Syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition that is the result of decreased activity of uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), an enzyme that plays a role in the conjugation of bilirubin. […] Patients with Gilbert Syndrome and severe hyperbilirubinemia should have their bilirubin regularly checked. […] This case study illustrates the importance of considering Gilbert Syndrome in the differential diagnosis of jaundice and abdominal pain, even in the absence of other signs of liver disease.

• #34 Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178841-overview

  In Gilbert syndrome, differences exist in the mutation of the UGT1A1 gene in certain ethnic groups; the TATAA element in the promoter region is the most common mutation site in the white population. […] A racial variation exists in the development of neonatal jaundice. A common mutation in the UGT gene (Gly71Arg) leads to an increased incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (approximately 20%) in Asians. […] Gilbert syndrome is diagnosed more commonly in boys after puberty than in girls. The apparent sex difference is due to the fact that the daily bilirubin production is lower in women than in men. The male-to-female ratio for Gilbert syndrome ranges from 2:1 to 7:1. […] The age at which symptoms of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia appear varies as follows: Gilbert syndrome: This is usually diagnosed around puberty, possibly because of the inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation by endogenous steroid hormones.

• #35 Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178841-overview

  In Gilbert syndrome, differences exist in the mutation of the UGT1A1 gene in certain ethnic groups; the TATAA element in the promoter region is the most common mutation site in the white population. […] A racial variation exists in the development of neonatal jaundice. A common mutation in the UGT gene (Gly71Arg) leads to an increased incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (approximately 20%) in Asians. […] Gilbert syndrome is diagnosed more commonly in boys after puberty than in girls. The apparent sex difference is due to the fact that the daily bilirubin production is lower in women than in men. The male-to-female ratio for Gilbert syndrome ranges from 2:1 to 7:1. […] The age at which symptoms of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia appear varies as follows: Gilbert syndrome: This is usually diagnosed around puberty, possibly because of the inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation by endogenous steroid hormones.

• #36 Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178841-overview

  In Gilbert syndrome, differences exist in the mutation of the UGT1A1 gene in certain ethnic groups; the TATAA element in the promoter region is the most common mutation site in the white population. […] A racial variation exists in the development of neonatal jaundice. A common mutation in the UGT gene (Gly71Arg) leads to an increased incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (approximately 20%) in Asians. […] Gilbert syndrome is diagnosed more commonly in boys after puberty than in girls. The apparent sex difference is due to the fact that the daily bilirubin production is lower in women than in men. The male-to-female ratio for Gilbert syndrome ranges from 2:1 to 7:1. […] The age at which symptoms of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia appear varies as follows: Gilbert syndrome: This is usually diagnosed around puberty, possibly because of the inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation by endogenous steroid hormones.

• #37 Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178841-overview

  There have been fewer than 50 known cases of Crigler-Najjar syndrome in the United States, and only a few hundred cases have been described in the world literature. In the United States, the prevalence of Gilbert syndrome is 3-7%. […] The estimated incidence of Crigler-Najjar syndrome is 1 case per 1,000,000 births, with only several hundred people worldwide having been reported to have this disease. The syndrome is mostly encountered in communities where high rates of consanguineous marriages prevail. […] The prevalence of Gilbert syndrome varies considerably around the world, depending on which diagnostic criteria are used (eg, number of bilirubin determinations, method of analysis, bilirubin levels used for diagnosis, whether the patient was fasting). Estimates of prevalence may be complicated further by molecular genetic studies of polymorphisms in the TATAA promoter region, which affect as many as 36% of Africans but only 3% of Asians.

• #38 Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178841-overview

  In Gilbert syndrome, differences exist in the mutation of the UGT1A1 gene in certain ethnic groups; the TATAA element in the promoter region is the most common mutation site in the white population. […] A racial variation exists in the development of neonatal jaundice. A common mutation in the UGT gene (Gly71Arg) leads to an increased incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (approximately 20%) in Asians. […] Gilbert syndrome is diagnosed more commonly in boys after puberty than in girls. The apparent sex difference is due to the fact that the daily bilirubin production is lower in women than in men. The male-to-female ratio for Gilbert syndrome ranges from 2:1 to 7:1. […] The age at which symptoms of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia appear varies as follows: Gilbert syndrome: This is usually diagnosed around puberty, possibly because of the inhibition of bilirubin glucuronidation by endogenous steroid hormones.

• #39

  https://omim.org/entry/143500

  Gilbert syndrome is generally considered to be an autosomal recessive disorder (Chowdhury et al., 2001). However, there have been cases of heterozygosity and compound heterozygosity reported in patients with Gilbert syndrome, particularly among the Asian population. […] Schmid (1995) pointed out that Gilbert syndrome is an entirely benign and clinically inconsequential entity, requiring neither treatment nor long-term medical attention. Its clinical importance lies in the fact that the mild hyperbilirubinemia may be mistaken for a sign of occult, chronic, or progressive liver disease. Since the diagnosis is largely one of exclusion, clinicians sometimes find it difficult to dispel lingering fears of serious liver disease, causing patients unwarranted anxiety.

• #40 Gilbert Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470200/

  Patients with Gilbert syndrome do not require treatment. Therefore, management primarily consists of reassuring patients and their families that this is a benign condition that does not require further testing. However, patients, family members, and clinicians should be counseled that individuals with Gilbert syndrome may be at an increased risk of drug toxicity when exposed to medications that suppress or affect UGT1A1 activity.

• #41 Living with Gilbert’s syndrome – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/gilberts-syndrome/living-with/

  For most people, Gilberts syndrome does not affect their everyday life. Or cause any long term problems. […] There is some evidence that people with Gilberts syndrome may have a higher risk of developing gallstones. […] The medical guidelines for Gilberts all state that it is a harmless condition. Most people with the condition will have no symptoms, or they will be very mild. This is backed up by scientific research. […] It is very important to make sure that you do not have any other conditions that are causing your symptoms or making them worse. It is possible to have other medical problems, including other liver conditions, at the same time as Gilberts syndrome. You should have more tests to make sure that other serious medical conditions can be ruled out. […] Doctors, including GPs, follow NICE guidelines. These set out the clinical information about a condition and how it should be treated. For Gilberts syndrome the NICE guidelines say that the only symptom is mild jaundice that comes and goes. They also state that if you have any other symptoms, you should be tested for other possible conditions. And if your doctor is not certain about the diagnosis you should be referred to a specialist.

• #42 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v17/i2/98503.htm

  Gilberts syndrome (GS) is a common hereditary condition characterized by mild increases in serum bilirubin levels due to inherited defects in bilirubin metabolism. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that GS affects approximately 2%-13% of the population, with a higher prevalence observed in individuals without liver disease or hemolysis. […] The prevalence of GS appears to be higher in men compared to women, and fasting has been shown to increase serum bilirubin levels. […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing GS remains challenging due to variable diagnostic criteria and the influence of factors such as sex, age, and ethnicity on bilirubin levels. […] These findings underscore the necessity for sex-specific and possibly ethnicity-specific diagnostic criteria, considering factors like circadian rhythms, nutrition, and smoking, to accurately understand GS epidemiology.

• #43 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v17/i2/98503.htm

  Gilberts syndrome (GS) is a common hereditary condition characterized by mild increases in serum bilirubin levels due to inherited defects in bilirubin metabolism. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that GS affects approximately 2%-13% of the population, with a higher prevalence observed in individuals without liver disease or hemolysis. […] The prevalence of GS appears to be higher in men compared to women, and fasting has been shown to increase serum bilirubin levels. […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing GS remains challenging due to variable diagnostic criteria and the influence of factors such as sex, age, and ethnicity on bilirubin levels. […] These findings underscore the necessity for sex-specific and possibly ethnicity-specific diagnostic criteria, considering factors like circadian rhythms, nutrition, and smoking, to accurately understand GS epidemiology.

• #44 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v17/i2/98503.htm

  Gilberts syndrome (GS) is a common hereditary condition characterized by mild increases in serum bilirubin levels due to inherited defects in bilirubin metabolism. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that GS affects approximately 2%-13% of the population, with a higher prevalence observed in individuals without liver disease or hemolysis. […] The prevalence of GS appears to be higher in men compared to women, and fasting has been shown to increase serum bilirubin levels. […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing GS remains challenging due to variable diagnostic criteria and the influence of factors such as sex, age, and ethnicity on bilirubin levels. […] These findings underscore the necessity for sex-specific and possibly ethnicity-specific diagnostic criteria, considering factors like circadian rhythms, nutrition, and smoking, to accurately understand GS epidemiology.

• #45 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v17/i2/98503.htm

  Gilberts syndrome (GS) is a common hereditary condition characterized by mild increases in serum bilirubin levels due to inherited defects in bilirubin metabolism. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that GS affects approximately 2%-13% of the population, with a higher prevalence observed in individuals without liver disease or hemolysis. […] The prevalence of GS appears to be higher in men compared to women, and fasting has been shown to increase serum bilirubin levels. […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing GS remains challenging due to variable diagnostic criteria and the influence of factors such as sex, age, and ethnicity on bilirubin levels. […] These findings underscore the necessity for sex-specific and possibly ethnicity-specific diagnostic criteria, considering factors like circadian rhythms, nutrition, and smoking, to accurately understand GS epidemiology.

• #46 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11866151/

  Gilberts syndrome (GS) is a common hereditary condition characterized by mild increases in serum bilirubin levels due to inherited defects in bilirubin metabolism. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that GS affects approximately 2%-13% of the population, with a higher prevalence observed in individuals without liver disease or hemolysis. […] The prevalence of GS appears to be higher in men compared to women, and fasting has been shown to increase serum bilirubin levels. […] These findings underscore the necessity for sex-specific and possibly ethnicity-specific diagnostic criteria, considering factors like circadian rhythms, nutrition, and smoking, to accurately understand GS epidemiology. […] The clinical significance of GS lies in the potential for mild hyperbilirubinemia to be mistaken for a sign of liver disease highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis and patient education.

• #47 A Severe Hyperbilirubenmia in Gilbert Syndrome

  https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/a-severe-hyperbilirubenmia-in-gilbert-syndrome.html

  Gilbert Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the liver’s ability to process bilirubin, a waste product produced by the breakdown of red blood cells. […] Gilbert syndrome is often misdiagnosed for a more serious liver disorder, however, it is a benign syndrome. […] Gilbert Syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition that is the result of decreased activity of uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), an enzyme that plays a role in the conjugation of bilirubin. […] Patients with Gilbert Syndrome and severe hyperbilirubinemia should have their bilirubin regularly checked. […] This case study illustrates the importance of considering Gilbert Syndrome in the differential diagnosis of jaundice and abdominal pain, even in the absence of other signs of liver disease.

• #48 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v17/i2/98503.htm

  Gilberts syndrome (GS) is a common hereditary condition characterized by mild increases in serum bilirubin levels due to inherited defects in bilirubin metabolism. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that GS affects approximately 2%-13% of the population, with a higher prevalence observed in individuals without liver disease or hemolysis. […] The prevalence of GS appears to be higher in men compared to women, and fasting has been shown to increase serum bilirubin levels. […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing GS remains challenging due to variable diagnostic criteria and the influence of factors such as sex, age, and ethnicity on bilirubin levels. […] These findings underscore the necessity for sex-specific and possibly ethnicity-specific diagnostic criteria, considering factors like circadian rhythms, nutrition, and smoking, to accurately understand GS epidemiology.

• #49 The frequency, clinical course, and health related quality of life in adults with Gilbert’s syndrome: a longitudinal study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-019-0931-2

  Gilbert syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of bilirubin glucuronidation which has not been investigated in Egypt. This longitudinal study investigated the frequency, clinical course, genetic profile and health related quality of life in Egyptian adults. […] An initial cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the frequency of Gilbert syndrome among Egyptian adults. […] One hundred and one subjects fulfilled the criteria of GS with a prevalence of 8.016%. […] Gilbert syndrome is a frequent inherited disorder in Egypt. […] Screening, counseling, monitoring and individualized health care are recommended for subjects with GS in the setting of anesthesia, pregnancy, treatment with DAAs, deliveries, surgery and weight loss plans. […] In Egypt, no studies have been conducted to investigate any epidemiologic, clinical or genetic aspects of GS.

• #50 A Severe Hyperbilirubenmia in Gilbert Syndrome

  https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/a-severe-hyperbilirubenmia-in-gilbert-syndrome.html

  Gilbert Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the liver’s ability to process bilirubin, a waste product produced by the breakdown of red blood cells. […] Gilbert syndrome is often misdiagnosed for a more serious liver disorder, however, it is a benign syndrome. […] Gilbert Syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition that is the result of decreased activity of uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), an enzyme that plays a role in the conjugation of bilirubin. […] Patients with Gilbert Syndrome and severe hyperbilirubinemia should have their bilirubin regularly checked. […] This case study illustrates the importance of considering Gilbert Syndrome in the differential diagnosis of jaundice and abdominal pain, even in the absence of other signs of liver disease.

• #51 The frequency, clinical course, and health related quality of life in adults with Gilbert’s syndrome: a longitudinal study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-019-0931-2

  Gilbert syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of bilirubin glucuronidation which has not been investigated in Egypt. This longitudinal study investigated the frequency, clinical course, genetic profile and health related quality of life in Egyptian adults. […] An initial cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the frequency of Gilbert syndrome among Egyptian adults. […] One hundred and one subjects fulfilled the criteria of GS with a prevalence of 8.016%. […] Gilbert syndrome is a frequent inherited disorder in Egypt. […] Screening, counseling, monitoring and individualized health care are recommended for subjects with GS in the setting of anesthesia, pregnancy, treatment with DAAs, deliveries, surgery and weight loss plans. […] In Egypt, no studies have been conducted to investigate any epidemiologic, clinical or genetic aspects of GS.

• #52 Gilbert Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470200/

  Patients with Gilbert syndrome do not require treatment. Therefore, management primarily consists of reassuring patients and their families that this is a benign condition that does not require further testing. However, patients, family members, and clinicians should be counseled that individuals with Gilbert syndrome may be at an increased risk of drug toxicity when exposed to medications that suppress or affect UGT1A1 activity.

• #53 The frequency, clinical course, and health related quality of life in adults with Gilbert’s syndrome: a longitudinal study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-019-0931-2

  The current study consists of an initial cross-sectional screening phase followed by a prospective, longitudinal phase. […] The prevalence of GS among the Egyptian population is 8.016% with slight predominance among males which is comparable to the prevalence rates in previous Western studies. […] The study identified several symptoms that occur with jaundice and impair several domains of HRQOL during the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia episodes. […] The current study is particularly concerned with the clinical aspects, risk factors for exacerbation of unconjugated bilirubin and impact of GS on the quality of life rather than extensive genetic analysis. […] Gilbert syndrome has long been described is an asymptomatic disorder that does not have clinical implications and no monitoring is recommended. However, the current study showed that the quality of life in GS subjects is affected particularly during the jaundice episodes. […] The current study has several strengths. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that investigates the frequency, clinical course of GS in Egyptians and the risk factors for clinical unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia episodes utilizing a longitudinal and cross sectional study design.

• #54 The frequency, clinical course, and health related quality of life in adults with Gilbert’s syndrome: a longitudinal study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-019-0931-2

  The current study consists of an initial cross-sectional screening phase followed by a prospective, longitudinal phase. […] The prevalence of GS among the Egyptian population is 8.016% with slight predominance among males which is comparable to the prevalence rates in previous Western studies. […] The study identified several symptoms that occur with jaundice and impair several domains of HRQOL during the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia episodes. […] The current study is particularly concerned with the clinical aspects, risk factors for exacerbation of unconjugated bilirubin and impact of GS on the quality of life rather than extensive genetic analysis. […] Gilbert syndrome has long been described is an asymptomatic disorder that does not have clinical implications and no monitoring is recommended. However, the current study showed that the quality of life in GS subjects is affected particularly during the jaundice episodes. […] The current study has several strengths. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that investigates the frequency, clinical course of GS in Egyptians and the risk factors for clinical unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia episodes utilizing a longitudinal and cross sectional study design.

• #55 Perfluorocarbons and Gilbert syndrome (phenotype) in the C8 Health Study Population (Journal Article) | OSTI.GOV

  https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22447552

  Gilbert syndrome (GS) is an inherited defect of bilirubin conjugation, most commonly caused by a gene mutation for the enzyme UGT1A. GS is known to affect the metabolism and excretion of drugs and xenobiotics. […] In this study, we examined the associations of GS phenotype and serum PFCs in the C8 Health Study Population. […] Among 10 PFC compounds considered, only perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) was seen at a significantly higher concentration in GS men and women. […] Our findings do not support increased exposure in GS for other PFCs. […] Most serum PFCs are not associated with clinically evident Gilbert syndrome. However, serum perfluorohexanoic acid is positively associated.

• #56

  https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1395060/

  Gilbert’s syndrome is a common familial hyperbilirubinemia that may reduce the risk of various age-related diseases because of the antioxidant properties of bilirubin. […] We conducted a large cohort study using The Health Improvement Network primary care database and compared all-cause mortality rates in those with and without Gilbert’s syndrome.

• #57 The frequency, clinical course, and health related quality of life in adults with Gilbert’s syndrome: a longitudinal study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-019-0931-2

  The current study consists of an initial cross-sectional screening phase followed by a prospective, longitudinal phase. […] The prevalence of GS among the Egyptian population is 8.016% with slight predominance among males which is comparable to the prevalence rates in previous Western studies. […] The study identified several symptoms that occur with jaundice and impair several domains of HRQOL during the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia episodes. […] The current study is particularly concerned with the clinical aspects, risk factors for exacerbation of unconjugated bilirubin and impact of GS on the quality of life rather than extensive genetic analysis. […] Gilbert syndrome has long been described is an asymptomatic disorder that does not have clinical implications and no monitoring is recommended. However, the current study showed that the quality of life in GS subjects is affected particularly during the jaundice episodes. […] The current study has several strengths. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that investigates the frequency, clinical course of GS in Egyptians and the risk factors for clinical unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia episodes utilizing a longitudinal and cross sectional study design.

• #58 Gilbert’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17661-gilberts-syndrome

  An estimated 3% to 7% of Americans have Gilbert’s syndrome. This type of liver disease is more common in males than in females. It affects all ages, races and ethnicities. […] As a genetic condition, Gilbert’s syndrome is present at birth. It often remains undiagnosed until blood tests detect high bilirubin levels. Diagnosis most commonly occurs when people are in their teens or early adulthood and getting blood tests for something else. […] Gilbert’s syndrome is a mild condition. It doesnt cause long-term complications or serious health problems. […] People with Gilbert’s syndrome can lead long, healthy lives. They dont experience long-term health problems from the disease.

• #59

  https://omim.org/entry/143500

  Gilbert syndrome is generally considered to be an autosomal recessive disorder (Chowdhury et al., 2001). However, there have been cases of heterozygosity and compound heterozygosity reported in patients with Gilbert syndrome, particularly among the Asian population. […] Schmid (1995) pointed out that Gilbert syndrome is an entirely benign and clinically inconsequential entity, requiring neither treatment nor long-term medical attention. Its clinical importance lies in the fact that the mild hyperbilirubinemia may be mistaken for a sign of occult, chronic, or progressive liver disease. Since the diagnosis is largely one of exclusion, clinicians sometimes find it difficult to dispel lingering fears of serious liver disease, causing patients unwarranted anxiety.

• #60 The frequency, clinical course, and health related quality of life in adults with Gilbert’s syndrome: a longitudinal study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-019-0931-2

  The current study consists of an initial cross-sectional screening phase followed by a prospective, longitudinal phase. […] The prevalence of GS among the Egyptian population is 8.016% with slight predominance among males which is comparable to the prevalence rates in previous Western studies. […] The study identified several symptoms that occur with jaundice and impair several domains of HRQOL during the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia episodes. […] The current study is particularly concerned with the clinical aspects, risk factors for exacerbation of unconjugated bilirubin and impact of GS on the quality of life rather than extensive genetic analysis. […] Gilbert syndrome has long been described is an asymptomatic disorder that does not have clinical implications and no monitoring is recommended. However, the current study showed that the quality of life in GS subjects is affected particularly during the jaundice episodes. […] The current study has several strengths. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that investigates the frequency, clinical course of GS in Egyptians and the risk factors for clinical unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia episodes utilizing a longitudinal and cross sectional study design.

• #61 The frequency, clinical course, and health related quality of life in adults with Gilbert’s syndrome: a longitudinal study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-019-0931-2

  The current study consists of an initial cross-sectional screening phase followed by a prospective, longitudinal phase. […] The prevalence of GS among the Egyptian population is 8.016% with slight predominance among males which is comparable to the prevalence rates in previous Western studies. […] The study identified several symptoms that occur with jaundice and impair several domains of HRQOL during the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia episodes. […] The current study is particularly concerned with the clinical aspects, risk factors for exacerbation of unconjugated bilirubin and impact of GS on the quality of life rather than extensive genetic analysis. […] Gilbert syndrome has long been described is an asymptomatic disorder that does not have clinical implications and no monitoring is recommended. However, the current study showed that the quality of life in GS subjects is affected particularly during the jaundice episodes. […] The current study has several strengths. This is the first study, to our knowledge, that investigates the frequency, clinical course of GS in Egyptians and the risk factors for clinical unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia episodes utilizing a longitudinal and cross sectional study design.

• #62

  https://omim.org/entry/143500

  Gilbert syndrome is generally considered to be an autosomal recessive disorder (Chowdhury et al., 2001). However, there have been cases of heterozygosity and compound heterozygosity reported in patients with Gilbert syndrome, particularly among the Asian population. […] Schmid (1995) pointed out that Gilbert syndrome is an entirely benign and clinically inconsequential entity, requiring neither treatment nor long-term medical attention. Its clinical importance lies in the fact that the mild hyperbilirubinemia may be mistaken for a sign of occult, chronic, or progressive liver disease. Since the diagnosis is largely one of exclusion, clinicians sometimes find it difficult to dispel lingering fears of serious liver disease, causing patients unwarranted anxiety.

• #63 Gilbert’s syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%27s_syndrome

  Gilbert syndrome affects about 5% of people in the United States. […] Males are more often diagnosed than females. […] It is often not noticed until late childhood to early adulthood. […] Gilbert syndrome has been linked to an increased risk of gallstones, schizophrenia, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. […] The frequency of Gilbert syndrome is approximately 5%.

• #64 Effect of bilirubin and Gilbert syndrome on health: cohort analysis of observational, genetic, and Mendelian randomisation associations | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000467

  In a large cohort study (n=463060), around 10% of patients were homozygous for the Gilbert syndrome genotype. […] Only 3% of participants who carry this genotype were diagnosed with Gilbert syndrome. […] More participants with the Gilbert syndrome genotype had biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea, but no other health conditions. […] Only 3% of participants who are homozygous for rs887829-T have a recorded diagnosis of Gilbert syndrome. […] Carriers of this genotype have modest increases in the odds of developing biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea. […] Evidence from the analyses of genetic data suggests that bilirubin has no likely causal role in protection from cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or other key healthcare outcomes and therefore represents a poor target for therapeutic intervention for these outcomes.

• #65 Gilbert’s syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%27s_syndrome

  Gilbert syndrome affects about 5% of people in the United States. […] Males are more often diagnosed than females. […] It is often not noticed until late childhood to early adulthood. […] Gilbert syndrome has been linked to an increased risk of gallstones, schizophrenia, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. […] The frequency of Gilbert syndrome is approximately 5%.

• #66 Living with Gilbert’s syndrome – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/gilberts-syndrome/living-with/

  For most people, Gilberts syndrome does not affect their everyday life. Or cause any long term problems. […] There is some evidence that people with Gilberts syndrome may have a higher risk of developing gallstones. […] The medical guidelines for Gilberts all state that it is a harmless condition. Most people with the condition will have no symptoms, or they will be very mild. This is backed up by scientific research. […] It is very important to make sure that you do not have any other conditions that are causing your symptoms or making them worse. It is possible to have other medical problems, including other liver conditions, at the same time as Gilberts syndrome. You should have more tests to make sure that other serious medical conditions can be ruled out. […] Doctors, including GPs, follow NICE guidelines. These set out the clinical information about a condition and how it should be treated. For Gilberts syndrome the NICE guidelines say that the only symptom is mild jaundice that comes and goes. They also state that if you have any other symptoms, you should be tested for other possible conditions. And if your doctor is not certain about the diagnosis you should be referred to a specialist.

• #67 Gilbert’s syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%27s_syndrome

  Gilbert syndrome affects about 5% of people in the United States. […] Males are more often diagnosed than females. […] It is often not noticed until late childhood to early adulthood. […] Gilbert syndrome has been linked to an increased risk of gallstones, schizophrenia, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. […] The frequency of Gilbert syndrome is approximately 5%.

• #68 Effect of bilirubin and Gilbert syndrome on health: cohort analysis of observational, genetic, and Mendelian randomisation associations | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000467

  In a large cohort study (n=463060), around 10% of patients were homozygous for the Gilbert syndrome genotype. […] Only 3% of participants who carry this genotype were diagnosed with Gilbert syndrome. […] More participants with the Gilbert syndrome genotype had biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea, but no other health conditions. […] Only 3% of participants who are homozygous for rs887829-T have a recorded diagnosis of Gilbert syndrome. […] Carriers of this genotype have modest increases in the odds of developing biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea. […] Evidence from the analyses of genetic data suggests that bilirubin has no likely causal role in protection from cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or other key healthcare outcomes and therefore represents a poor target for therapeutic intervention for these outcomes.

• #69 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11866151/

  Despite the presence of elevated bilirubin levels, the prognosis for individuals with GS is excellent, with no long-term sequelae reported. […] In fact, individuals with GS have been reported to have mortality rates that are nearly half those of individuals without the syndrome, suggesting a potential protective effect against all-cause mortality in the general population. […] Recent studies have suggested a potential inverse relationship between unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), particularly in the context of GS. […] The effect of GS on other liver diseases like hepatitis B and C are not well established. […] GS poses various clinical implications, ranging from altered drug metabolism to potential complications during pregnancy and the neonatal period. […] In liver transplantation, the presence of GS in the donor liver can have implications for post-transplant outcomes.

• #70 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11866151/

  Despite the presence of elevated bilirubin levels, the prognosis for individuals with GS is excellent, with no long-term sequelae reported. […] In fact, individuals with GS have been reported to have mortality rates that are nearly half those of individuals without the syndrome, suggesting a potential protective effect against all-cause mortality in the general population. […] Recent studies have suggested a potential inverse relationship between unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), particularly in the context of GS. […] The effect of GS on other liver diseases like hepatitis B and C are not well established. […] GS poses various clinical implications, ranging from altered drug metabolism to potential complications during pregnancy and the neonatal period. […] In liver transplantation, the presence of GS in the donor liver can have implications for post-transplant outcomes.

• #71 Effect of bilirubin and Gilbert syndrome on health: cohort analysis of observational, genetic, and Mendelian randomisation associations | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000467

  In a large cohort study (n=463060), around 10% of patients were homozygous for the Gilbert syndrome genotype. […] Only 3% of participants who carry this genotype were diagnosed with Gilbert syndrome. […] More participants with the Gilbert syndrome genotype had biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea, but no other health conditions. […] Only 3% of participants who are homozygous for rs887829-T have a recorded diagnosis of Gilbert syndrome. […] Carriers of this genotype have modest increases in the odds of developing biliary pathology and pityriasis rosea. […] Evidence from the analyses of genetic data suggests that bilirubin has no likely causal role in protection from cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or other key healthcare outcomes and therefore represents a poor target for therapeutic intervention for these outcomes.

• #72 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11866151/

  Despite the presence of elevated bilirubin levels, the prognosis for individuals with GS is excellent, with no long-term sequelae reported. […] In fact, individuals with GS have been reported to have mortality rates that are nearly half those of individuals without the syndrome, suggesting a potential protective effect against all-cause mortality in the general population. […] Recent studies have suggested a potential inverse relationship between unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), particularly in the context of GS. […] The effect of GS on other liver diseases like hepatitis B and C are not well established. […] GS poses various clinical implications, ranging from altered drug metabolism to potential complications during pregnancy and the neonatal period. […] In liver transplantation, the presence of GS in the donor liver can have implications for post-transplant outcomes.

• #73 Gilbert’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17661-gilberts-syndrome

  An estimated 3% to 7% of Americans have Gilbert’s syndrome. This type of liver disease is more common in males than in females. It affects all ages, races and ethnicities. […] As a genetic condition, Gilbert’s syndrome is present at birth. It often remains undiagnosed until blood tests detect high bilirubin levels. Diagnosis most commonly occurs when people are in their teens or early adulthood and getting blood tests for something else. […] Gilbert’s syndrome is a mild condition. It doesnt cause long-term complications or serious health problems. […] People with Gilbert’s syndrome can lead long, healthy lives. They dont experience long-term health problems from the disease.

• #74 Gilbert’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17661-gilberts-syndrome

  An estimated 3% to 7% of Americans have Gilbert’s syndrome. This type of liver disease is more common in males than in females. It affects all ages, races and ethnicities. […] As a genetic condition, Gilbert’s syndrome is present at birth. It often remains undiagnosed until blood tests detect high bilirubin levels. Diagnosis most commonly occurs when people are in their teens or early adulthood and getting blood tests for something else. […] Gilbert’s syndrome is a mild condition. It doesnt cause long-term complications or serious health problems. […] People with Gilbert’s syndrome can lead long, healthy lives. They dont experience long-term health problems from the disease.

• #75 Gilbert’s syndrome

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/gilberts_syndrome/

  Gilbert’s syndrome is a fairly common liver disorder that is present at birth, but usually only becomes apparent in the teens or early adulthood. […] It is estimated that between three and seven per cent of people have Gilbert’s syndrome, and it is more common in males than females. The condition is thought to be inherited. […] Gilbert’s syndrome needs to be diagnosed with blood tests to ensure that your child does not have a more serious liver disease. […] Gilbert’s syndrome does not require treatment and will not interfere with a normal lifestyle.

• #76 Gilbert’s syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11866151/

  Despite the presence of elevated bilirubin levels, the prognosis for individuals with GS is excellent, with no long-term sequelae reported. […] In fact, individuals with GS have been reported to have mortality rates that are nearly half those of individuals without the syndrome, suggesting a potential protective effect against all-cause mortality in the general population. […] Recent studies have suggested a potential inverse relationship between unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), particularly in the context of GS. […] The effect of GS on other liver diseases like hepatitis B and C are not well established. […] GS poses various clinical implications, ranging from altered drug metabolism to potential complications during pregnancy and the neonatal period. […] In liver transplantation, the presence of GS in the donor liver can have implications for post-transplant outcomes.

• #77 Gilbert syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/346

  Gilbert syndrome (GS) is a genetic syndrome of mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, by definition 6 mg/dL (rarely exceeding 4 mg/dL). The liver function is otherwise normal. […] Common syndrome affecting approximately 6% of the general population. […] Prognosis is excellent. Some patients with Gilbert syndrome may have abnormalities in the metabolism of certain drugs.

• #78 Living with Gilbert’s syndrome – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/gilberts-syndrome/living-with/

  For most people, Gilberts syndrome does not affect their everyday life. Or cause any long term problems. […] There is some evidence that people with Gilberts syndrome may have a higher risk of developing gallstones. […] The medical guidelines for Gilberts all state that it is a harmless condition. Most people with the condition will have no symptoms, or they will be very mild. This is backed up by scientific research. […] It is very important to make sure that you do not have any other conditions that are causing your symptoms or making them worse. It is possible to have other medical problems, including other liver conditions, at the same time as Gilberts syndrome. You should have more tests to make sure that other serious medical conditions can be ruled out. […] Doctors, including GPs, follow NICE guidelines. These set out the clinical information about a condition and how it should be treated. For Gilberts syndrome the NICE guidelines say that the only symptom is mild jaundice that comes and goes. They also state that if you have any other symptoms, you should be tested for other possible conditions. And if your doctor is not certain about the diagnosis you should be referred to a specialist.

• #79 Gilbert Syndrome: Symptoms & Complications

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/rare-disease/gilbert-syndrome/

  Gilbert Syndrome affects three to seven percent of people in the United States. Gilbert Syndrome is more common in men than women. […] The disorder affects approximately 3-7 % of the general population. […] Doctors usually diagnose Gilbert Syndrome after reviewing blood test results and ruling out other liver diseases. In people with Gilbert Syndrome, liver function levels will usually be in normal ranges except for the bilirubin level. However, the level of bilirubin in the blood may change frequently and a doctor may repeat the blood tests a few times. […] Since Gilbert Syndrome is a mild and manageable condition, it does not need treatment.

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