Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-antiphospholipid-syndrome

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune multisystem disorder characterized by arterial, venous, or small vessel thromboembolic events, pregnancy morbidity, and/or nonthrombotic manifestations (eg, thrombocytopenia) in the presence of persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) [1]. […] In a large retrospective analysis including patients without known autoimmune diseases, antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) were present in approximately 9 percent of patients with pregnancy losses, 14 percent with stroke, 11 percent with myocardial infarction (MI), and 10 percent with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) [2].

• #2 Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8727975/

  The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is poorly understood. Here, we review the current understanding of the epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome in the general population and the frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in the general population in patients with obstetric morbidity, arterial events, and venous thromboembolism. […] There have been few population-based studies that estimated the prevalence and incidence of APS. The estimated incidence and prevalence among most these studies ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000 respectively. The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with obstetric morbidity was 69%, while in arterial events and venous thromboembolism is 910%. However, this data remains limited. Mortality of patients with APS is 5080% higher than the general population.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-021-01038-2

  The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is poorly understood. […] There have been few population-based studies that estimated the prevalence and incidence of APS. The estimated incidence and prevalence among most these studies ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000 respectively. […] The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with obstetric morbidity was 69%, while in arterial events and venous thromboembolism is 910%. However, this data remains limited. Mortality of patients with APS is 5080% higher than the general population. […] The epidemiology of APS has been difficult to elucidate. Population-based studies patients with diverse age, racial, and ethnic backgrounds are needed.

• #4 Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8727975/

  The epidemiology of APS has been difficult to elucidate. Population-based studies patients with diverse age, racial, and ethnic backgrounds are needed. […] Estimating the frequency of APS has been challenging given the changes in the definition of the APS classification criteria, the lack of standardization to detect aPL, differences in laboratory cutoffs, and other difficulties such as confirming aPL positivity 12 weeks after the initial measurement. […] The epidemiological data remains limited, but the characterization of the incidence and prevalence of APS in the general population has improved with several new publications in the recent years. […] The first study to report the incidence and prevalence of APS was from the USA. In this study, a population-based cohort of newly diagnosed APS patients from 2000 to 2015 in Olmsted County, Minnesota, was assembled. This study used the Rochester epidemiology project, a record-linkage system that captures virtually all the APS cases in Olmsted County. The Sydney 2006 criteria were used as case definition, and cases were confirmed by medical record review. The reported annual incidence of APS was 2.1 per 100,000, while the estimated prevalence was 50 per 100,000 population.

• #5 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Comprehensive Clinical Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/3/733

  In light of the fact that the APS classification criteria have been subject to alterations, the lack of standardization to detect aPL, and other challenges, such as verifying aPL positivity twelve weeks after the original test, it has been difficult to estimate the exact frequency of APS. According to population studies, the estimated incidence and prevalence ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000, respectively. The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies was 10 percent in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 14 percent in patients with stroke, while in cases of obstetric morbidity, it ranged from 6 to 9 percent. […] Approximately 50 percent of individuals diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have “primary APS”, while the remaining 50 percent of patients have “secondary APS” due to a concomitant systemic autoimmune illness—more commonly as a consequence of SLE. The cardinal clinical manifestations of APS, including arterial or venous thrombosis and pregnancy complications, exhibit minimal variation overall, irrespective of whether the illness is primary or due to an underlying connective tissue disorder.

• #6 About APS | antiphospholipid syndrome | How common is it?

  https://aps-support.org.uk/about-aps/how-common-is-it

  This is difficult to gauge as the condition is often under-recognised and undiagnosed, and few large-scale epidemiological studies have been conducted to provide prevalence data. […] However, evidence from a robust study carried out in 2019: „The Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome. A PopulationBased Study”, indicates that the prevalence of APS in the population is 1 in every 2000, which means it can be classified as a rare disease. […] APS can affect all age groups, from infancy to old age, but most patients are diagnosed when they are between 20 and 50 years old. It is more common among women for every two men with APS, seven women are affected.

• #7 APS Support UK – Self help | antiphospholipid syndrome – APS | FAQs

  https://aps-support.org.uk/self-help/faqs

  How common is APS? […] However, evidence from a robust study carried out in 2019: „The Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome. A PopulationBased Study” indicates that the prevalence of APS in the population is 1 in every 2000, which means it can be classified as a rare disease. […] APS can affect all age groups, from infancy to old age, but the majority of patients are aged between 20 and 50 years old. It is more common among women for every two men with APS, seven women are affected.

• #8 Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8727975/

  The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is poorly understood. Here, we review the current understanding of the epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome in the general population and the frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in the general population in patients with obstetric morbidity, arterial events, and venous thromboembolism. […] There have been few population-based studies that estimated the prevalence and incidence of APS. The estimated incidence and prevalence among most these studies ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000 respectively. The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with obstetric morbidity was 69%, while in arterial events and venous thromboembolism is 910%. However, this data remains limited. Mortality of patients with APS is 5080% higher than the general population.

• #9

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-021-01038-2

  The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is poorly understood. […] There have been few population-based studies that estimated the prevalence and incidence of APS. The estimated incidence and prevalence among most these studies ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000 respectively. […] The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with obstetric morbidity was 69%, while in arterial events and venous thromboembolism is 910%. However, this data remains limited. Mortality of patients with APS is 5080% higher than the general population. […] The epidemiology of APS has been difficult to elucidate. Population-based studies patients with diverse age, racial, and ethnic backgrounds are needed.

• #10 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  Epidemiology […] The incidence of APS is believed to be around 2.1 in 100,000 individuals in the United States, with a prevalence of 50 per 100,000. In Europe, rates are lower, with an incidence of 1.1 per 100,000. Rates are also believed to be lower in Asia; South Korea has an incidence of 0.75 per 100,000, with a prevalence of 6.19 per 100,000. […] Low-titer anticardiolipin antibodies can be observed in up to 10% of healthy individuals, and the prevalence of a positive APLA test increases with age. In fact, a study involving centenarians without known autoimmune disease showed that 54% were positive for anti-2GPI-IgG and 21% were positive for anticardiolipin-IgG. None were positive for the lupus anticoagulant test, possibly making this a more specific marker. However, high titers and persistent positivity are rare among healthy individuals, occurring in less than 1%. Patients with SLE are at a high risk of having a positive APLA test and an APLA-related clinical outcome, such as thrombosis or pregnancy-related morbidity. About 50% to 70% of the patients with SLE with positive APLA progress to APS.

• #11 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  Epidemiology […] The incidence of APS is believed to be around 2.1 in 100,000 individuals in the United States, with a prevalence of 50 per 100,000. In Europe, rates are lower, with an incidence of 1.1 per 100,000. Rates are also believed to be lower in Asia; South Korea has an incidence of 0.75 per 100,000, with a prevalence of 6.19 per 100,000. […] Low-titer anticardiolipin antibodies can be observed in up to 10% of healthy individuals, and the prevalence of a positive APLA test increases with age. In fact, a study involving centenarians without known autoimmune disease showed that 54% were positive for anti-2GPI-IgG and 21% were positive for anticardiolipin-IgG. None were positive for the lupus anticoagulant test, possibly making this a more specific marker. However, high titers and persistent positivity are rare among healthy individuals, occurring in less than 1%. Patients with SLE are at a high risk of having a positive APLA test and an APLA-related clinical outcome, such as thrombosis or pregnancy-related morbidity. About 50% to 70% of the patients with SLE with positive APLA progress to APS.

• #12 Incidence and prevalence of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in the USA (2016–2019): a retrospective database study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/12/e084563

  Few epidemiological studies are reported in the published literature on the incidence or prevalence of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and available results are heterogeneous. […] In total, 1708 cases of APS were identified during the study period (20162019), of which 83% were women. The overall annual standardised incidence rate of APS per 100000 person-years increased slightly over the study period, from 2.31 in 2016 to 2.71 in 2019. In 2019, the estimated annual prevalence of APS per 100000 persons was 10.42 per 100000 persons (95% CI 9.9610.90). Based on this and US census data, we have estimated that 34000 persons in the USA were affected by APS in 2019. […] These data add to the estimates of prevalence and incidence of APS in the literature, all of which have different strengths and limitations of the different data sources and case ascertainment methods.

• #13 Incidence and prevalence of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in the USA (2016–2019): a retrospective database study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/12/e084563

  Few epidemiological studies are reported in the published literature on the incidence or prevalence of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and available results are heterogeneous. […] In total, 1708 cases of APS were identified during the study period (20162019), of which 83% were women. The overall annual standardised incidence rate of APS per 100000 person-years increased slightly over the study period, from 2.31 in 2016 to 2.71 in 2019. In 2019, the estimated annual prevalence of APS per 100000 persons was 10.42 per 100000 persons (95% CI 9.9610.90). Based on this and US census data, we have estimated that 34000 persons in the USA were affected by APS in 2019. […] These data add to the estimates of prevalence and incidence of APS in the literature, all of which have different strengths and limitations of the different data sources and case ascertainment methods.

• #14 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  Epidemiology […] The incidence of APS is believed to be around 2.1 in 100,000 individuals in the United States, with a prevalence of 50 per 100,000. In Europe, rates are lower, with an incidence of 1.1 per 100,000. Rates are also believed to be lower in Asia; South Korea has an incidence of 0.75 per 100,000, with a prevalence of 6.19 per 100,000. […] Low-titer anticardiolipin antibodies can be observed in up to 10% of healthy individuals, and the prevalence of a positive APLA test increases with age. In fact, a study involving centenarians without known autoimmune disease showed that 54% were positive for anti-2GPI-IgG and 21% were positive for anticardiolipin-IgG. None were positive for the lupus anticoagulant test, possibly making this a more specific marker. However, high titers and persistent positivity are rare among healthy individuals, occurring in less than 1%. Patients with SLE are at a high risk of having a positive APLA test and an APLA-related clinical outcome, such as thrombosis or pregnancy-related morbidity. About 50% to 70% of the patients with SLE with positive APLA progress to APS.

• #15 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  Epidemiology […] The incidence of APS is believed to be around 2.1 in 100,000 individuals in the United States, with a prevalence of 50 per 100,000. In Europe, rates are lower, with an incidence of 1.1 per 100,000. Rates are also believed to be lower in Asia; South Korea has an incidence of 0.75 per 100,000, with a prevalence of 6.19 per 100,000. […] Low-titer anticardiolipin antibodies can be observed in up to 10% of healthy individuals, and the prevalence of a positive APLA test increases with age. In fact, a study involving centenarians without known autoimmune disease showed that 54% were positive for anti-2GPI-IgG and 21% were positive for anticardiolipin-IgG. None were positive for the lupus anticoagulant test, possibly making this a more specific marker. However, high titers and persistent positivity are rare among healthy individuals, occurring in less than 1%. Patients with SLE are at a high risk of having a positive APLA test and an APLA-related clinical outcome, such as thrombosis or pregnancy-related morbidity. About 50% to 70% of the patients with SLE with positive APLA progress to APS.

• #16 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e35

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by arterial and venous thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity in patients with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. However, nationwide population-based epidemiology studies regarding APS are still unavailable. […] This research aims to conduct the first nationwide population-based study of prevalence, incidence, and related complications of APS based on the database of the National Health Insurance (NHI), which is a nationwide mandatory insurance scheme provided by the Korean government and covering more than 52 million Koreans. […] The incidence rate was 0.75 per 105 person-year (95% CI, 0.730.78), with men and women at 0.59 (95% CI, 0.560.62) and 0.91 per 105 person-year (95% CI, 0.870.96), respectively. […] The prevalence during the 1-year period of 2016 was 6.19 per 105 people (95% CI, 5.986.41), with men and women at 4.76 (95% CI, 4.505.03) and 7.62 per 105 people (95% CI, 7.297.96), respectively. […] The incidence of primary APS was higher than that of secondary APS in both gender. Furthermore, as already reported, secondary APS is highly associated with SLE; however, we observed that rheumatoid arthritis is also highly related.

• #17 The Epidemiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the UK, 1990 – 2016 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/the-epidemiology-of-the-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-the-uk-1990-2016/

  The Epidemiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the UK, 1990 2016 […] Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterised by recurrent vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in the presence of persistently positive antiphospholipid autoantibodies. It is estimated to account for 6% of all pregnancy morbidity, 13.5% of stroke, 11% of myocardial infarction and 9.5% of all deep vein thromboses. […] This study aimed to estimate the incidence of APS and its complications in a large UK population. […] Data were analysed for 2,606 participants recorded with APS. In women, a peak incidence of 7.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.2 to 8.9) APS cases per 100,000 person-years was observed at 35-39 years; in men, incidence reached a maximum of 2.2 (95% CI 1.2 3.5) per 100,000 at 55 to 59 years. […] The overall estimated incidence is 1.8 and point prevalence of 43 per 100,000 persons in 2015. APS patients have elevated rates of thromboses, miscarriage and death compared to the general population.

• #18 Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8727975/

  Data from the United Kingdom (UK) was presented during the American College of Rheumatology Scientific Meeting in 2019 by Rodziewicz et al. Using UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a UK population health dataset, they identified patients with APS from 1990 to 2016 using Read codes. […] The last study available from Europe used a large dataset from Catalonia in Spain to identify patients with autoimmune diseases including APS. From 2012 to 2017, they identified patients with autoimmune diseases based on the presence of one or more ICD-9 codes. The estimated prevalence of APS was 40 per 100,000 in Catalonia. […] The mortality of APS has been shown to be higher than that of the general population both in population-based studies and in referral cohorts. […] Our understanding of the epidemiology of APS remains limited, and many challenges and gaps in knowledge remain. The estimated incidence and prevalence ranges between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000, respectively. The mortality of patients with APS is 5080% higher than the general population. aPL may be associated with up to 10% of the cases of obstetric morbidity, arterial events, and venous thromboembolism. The data however remains limited and fraught with methodological issues.

• #19 Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) Diagnostics

  https://www.diagnostic.grifols.com/en/-/learning/antiphospholipid-syndrome-aps-diagnostics

  Antiphospholipid antibodies have been reported to occur in about 5% of the general population. However, the incidence of APS is much lower. APS has been reported at 25 new cases per 100,000 individuals per year, while the estimated prevalence is 40-50 cases per 100,000 population. […] Patients with another autoimmune disease are at particular risk of APS. Women are more prone to autoimmune disease than men and, consistent with this, the incidence of APS is higher in women than men. […] The high-risk profile is associated with elevated risk of thrombosis and obstetric APS.

• #20 About APS | antiphospholipid syndrome | How common is it?

  https://aps-support.org.uk/about-aps/how-common-is-it

  This is difficult to gauge as the condition is often under-recognised and undiagnosed, and few large-scale epidemiological studies have been conducted to provide prevalence data. […] However, evidence from a robust study carried out in 2019: „The Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome. A PopulationBased Study”, indicates that the prevalence of APS in the population is 1 in every 2000, which means it can be classified as a rare disease. […] APS can affect all age groups, from infancy to old age, but most patients are diagnosed when they are between 20 and 50 years old. It is more common among women for every two men with APS, seven women are affected.

• #21 APS Support UK – Self help | antiphospholipid syndrome – APS | FAQs

  https://aps-support.org.uk/self-help/faqs

  How common is APS? […] However, evidence from a robust study carried out in 2019: „The Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome. A PopulationBased Study” indicates that the prevalence of APS in the population is 1 in every 2000, which means it can be classified as a rare disease. […] APS can affect all age groups, from infancy to old age, but the majority of patients are aged between 20 and 50 years old. It is more common among women for every two men with APS, seven women are affected.

• #22 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-overview

  The approximate frequency of positive aPL titers in patients with other disorders is as follows: Stroke: 13%, Myocardial infarction: 11%, Deep venous thrombosis: 9.5%, Pregnancy morbidity: 6%. […] No defined racial predominance for primary APS has been documented, although SLE is more common in African-American and Hispanic populations. […] A female predominance has been documented, particularly for secondary APS. This parallels the association of APS with SLE and other connective-tissue diseases, which also have a female predominance. […] APS is more common in young to middle-aged adults; however, it also manifests in children and elderly people. Disease onset has been reported in children as young as 8 months. […] In an international registry of pediatric APS cases, patients without associated rheumatic disease were younger and had a higher frequency of arterial thrombotic events, whereas patients with associated rheumatic disease were older and had a higher frequency of venous thrombotic events associated with hematologic and skin manifestations.

• #23 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Diagnosis & Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_antiphospholipid-syndrome.asp

  Epidemiology studies range widely, with APS affecting anywhere between 0.001% to as many as 0.05% of people. […] Persistent, high-titer aPL positivity is found in about 1% to 2% of people with no other systemic autoimmune diseases. […] Clinically significant aPL is much higher in people with other autoimmune diseases. About 20% to 30% of people with lupus, especially, have clinically significant aPL positivity for aPL. […] Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur in otherwise healthy individuals, or in patients with other autoimmune disorders. […] Among people with no other systemic autoimmune disease, APS affects males and females about equally. […] APS is more common among people with primarily White or Asian descent than in people with African descent. […] Antiphospholipid antibodies can be detected in approximately 15% of all stroke patients in the general population, 10% of heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and blood clots in large veins, and 9% of recurrent miscarriages.

• #24 The Epidemiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the UK, 1990 – 2016 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/the-epidemiology-of-the-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-the-uk-1990-2016/

  The Epidemiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the UK, 1990 2016 […] Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterised by recurrent vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in the presence of persistently positive antiphospholipid autoantibodies. It is estimated to account for 6% of all pregnancy morbidity, 13.5% of stroke, 11% of myocardial infarction and 9.5% of all deep vein thromboses. […] This study aimed to estimate the incidence of APS and its complications in a large UK population. […] Data were analysed for 2,606 participants recorded with APS. In women, a peak incidence of 7.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.2 to 8.9) APS cases per 100,000 person-years was observed at 35-39 years; in men, incidence reached a maximum of 2.2 (95% CI 1.2 3.5) per 100,000 at 55 to 59 years. […] The overall estimated incidence is 1.8 and point prevalence of 43 per 100,000 persons in 2015. APS patients have elevated rates of thromboses, miscarriage and death compared to the general population.

• #25 About APS | antiphospholipid syndrome | How common is it?

  https://aps-support.org.uk/about-aps/how-common-is-it

  This is difficult to gauge as the condition is often under-recognised and undiagnosed, and few large-scale epidemiological studies have been conducted to provide prevalence data. […] However, evidence from a robust study carried out in 2019: „The Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome. A PopulationBased Study”, indicates that the prevalence of APS in the population is 1 in every 2000, which means it can be classified as a rare disease. […] APS can affect all age groups, from infancy to old age, but most patients are diagnosed when they are between 20 and 50 years old. It is more common among women for every two men with APS, seven women are affected.

• #26 APS Support UK – Self help | antiphospholipid syndrome – APS | FAQs

  https://aps-support.org.uk/self-help/faqs

  How common is APS? […] However, evidence from a robust study carried out in 2019: „The Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome. A PopulationBased Study” indicates that the prevalence of APS in the population is 1 in every 2000, which means it can be classified as a rare disease. […] APS can affect all age groups, from infancy to old age, but the majority of patients are aged between 20 and 50 years old. It is more common among women for every two men with APS, seven women are affected.

• #27

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antiphospholipid-syndrome/

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), sometimes known as Hughes syndrome, is a disorder of the immune system that causes an increased risk of blood clots. […] But most people are diagnosed with APS between 20 and 50 years of age, and it affects 3 to 5 times as many women as men. […] It’s not clear how many people in the UK have the condition.

• #28 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-overview

  The approximate frequency of positive aPL titers in patients with other disorders is as follows: Stroke: 13%, Myocardial infarction: 11%, Deep venous thrombosis: 9.5%, Pregnancy morbidity: 6%. […] No defined racial predominance for primary APS has been documented, although SLE is more common in African-American and Hispanic populations. […] A female predominance has been documented, particularly for secondary APS. This parallels the association of APS with SLE and other connective-tissue diseases, which also have a female predominance. […] APS is more common in young to middle-aged adults; however, it also manifests in children and elderly people. Disease onset has been reported in children as young as 8 months. […] In an international registry of pediatric APS cases, patients without associated rheumatic disease were younger and had a higher frequency of arterial thrombotic events, whereas patients with associated rheumatic disease were older and had a higher frequency of venous thrombotic events associated with hematologic and skin manifestations.

• #29 Antiphospholipid syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphospholipid_syndrome

  Factors associated with developing antiphospholipid syndrome include: […] In a study of 1000 patients, only 12.7% were diagnosed after the age of 50.

• #30 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Diagnosis & Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_antiphospholipid-syndrome.asp

  Epidemiology studies range widely, with APS affecting anywhere between 0.001% to as many as 0.05% of people. […] Persistent, high-titer aPL positivity is found in about 1% to 2% of people with no other systemic autoimmune diseases. […] Clinically significant aPL is much higher in people with other autoimmune diseases. About 20% to 30% of people with lupus, especially, have clinically significant aPL positivity for aPL. […] Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur in otherwise healthy individuals, or in patients with other autoimmune disorders. […] Among people with no other systemic autoimmune disease, APS affects males and females about equally. […] APS is more common among people with primarily White or Asian descent than in people with African descent. […] Antiphospholipid antibodies can be detected in approximately 15% of all stroke patients in the general population, 10% of heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and blood clots in large veins, and 9% of recurrent miscarriages.

• #31 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-overview

  The frequency of APS is likely similar in the United States and internationally. The actual frequency of APS in the general population is unknown. The annual incidence of APS has been estimated at approximately 5 cases per 100,000 persons, and the prevalence is approximately 40-50 cases per 100,000 persons. […] One to 5% of healthy individuals have aPL antibodies. aPL antibodies tend to be found more frequently in elderly persons; thus, positive titer results should be interpreted with caution in this population. aPL antibodies are found in approximately 30-40% of patients with SLE, but only about 10% have APS. […] Approximately half of APS cases are not associated with another rheumatic disease. In a study of 100 patients with confirmed venous thrombosis and no history of SLE, anticardiolipin antibodies were found in 24% and lupus anticoagulant in 4%.

• #32 Antiphospholipid syndrome in dermatology: An update – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-dermatology-an-update/

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, recurrent thrombosis, and fetal loss. […] Several studies have been conducted to establish the prevalence of aPL in cohorts of healthy subjects. […] Most studies report a frequency of elevated aPL between 1% and 5%. […] The presence of aPL in pregnant women has been associated with pregnancy morbidity and the prevalence of aPL in healthy pregnant women has been reported to be as high as 5.3%. […] The elderly have many autoantibodies which increase with age and most studies report a higher prevalence of aPL in the elderly than in younger adults. […] Among patients with SLE, the prevalence of aPL is much higher, ranging from 12 to 30% for aCL and 15 to 34% for lupus anticoagulant antibodies. […] In contrast, the APS may develop in 50 to 70 % of patients with both SLE and aPL after 20 years of follow-up.

• #33 Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) Diagnostics

  https://www.diagnostic.grifols.com/en/-/learning/antiphospholipid-syndrome-aps-diagnostics

  Antiphospholipid antibodies have been reported to occur in about 5% of the general population. However, the incidence of APS is much lower. APS has been reported at 25 new cases per 100,000 individuals per year, while the estimated prevalence is 40-50 cases per 100,000 population. […] Patients with another autoimmune disease are at particular risk of APS. Women are more prone to autoimmune disease than men and, consistent with this, the incidence of APS is higher in women than men. […] The high-risk profile is associated with elevated risk of thrombosis and obstetric APS.

• #34 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  Epidemiology […] The incidence of APS is believed to be around 2.1 in 100,000 individuals in the United States, with a prevalence of 50 per 100,000. In Europe, rates are lower, with an incidence of 1.1 per 100,000. Rates are also believed to be lower in Asia; South Korea has an incidence of 0.75 per 100,000, with a prevalence of 6.19 per 100,000. […] Low-titer anticardiolipin antibodies can be observed in up to 10% of healthy individuals, and the prevalence of a positive APLA test increases with age. In fact, a study involving centenarians without known autoimmune disease showed that 54% were positive for anti-2GPI-IgG and 21% were positive for anticardiolipin-IgG. None were positive for the lupus anticoagulant test, possibly making this a more specific marker. However, high titers and persistent positivity are rare among healthy individuals, occurring in less than 1%. Patients with SLE are at a high risk of having a positive APLA test and an APLA-related clinical outcome, such as thrombosis or pregnancy-related morbidity. About 50% to 70% of the patients with SLE with positive APLA progress to APS.

• #35 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  Epidemiology […] The incidence of APS is believed to be around 2.1 in 100,000 individuals in the United States, with a prevalence of 50 per 100,000. In Europe, rates are lower, with an incidence of 1.1 per 100,000. Rates are also believed to be lower in Asia; South Korea has an incidence of 0.75 per 100,000, with a prevalence of 6.19 per 100,000. […] Low-titer anticardiolipin antibodies can be observed in up to 10% of healthy individuals, and the prevalence of a positive APLA test increases with age. In fact, a study involving centenarians without known autoimmune disease showed that 54% were positive for anti-2GPI-IgG and 21% were positive for anticardiolipin-IgG. None were positive for the lupus anticoagulant test, possibly making this a more specific marker. However, high titers and persistent positivity are rare among healthy individuals, occurring in less than 1%. Patients with SLE are at a high risk of having a positive APLA test and an APLA-related clinical outcome, such as thrombosis or pregnancy-related morbidity. About 50% to 70% of the patients with SLE with positive APLA progress to APS.

• #36 Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/antiphospholipid-syndrome-and-its-management

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity coupled with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. The incidence of APS is estimated to be approximately five cases per 100,000 persons per year, and its prevalence in the general population is estimated at 40 to 50 per 100,000. aPLs occur in 1% to 5% of the general population, and their prevalence increases with age. […] In 2023, the American College of Rheumatology and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology jointly published updated classification criteria for APS. […] The 2023 ACR/EULAR criteria can help ensure future higher-quality, risk-stratified epidemiologic studies and clinical trials on APS, leading to improved patient care and management recommendations.

• #37 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  Epidemiology […] The incidence of APS is believed to be around 2.1 in 100,000 individuals in the United States, with a prevalence of 50 per 100,000. In Europe, rates are lower, with an incidence of 1.1 per 100,000. Rates are also believed to be lower in Asia; South Korea has an incidence of 0.75 per 100,000, with a prevalence of 6.19 per 100,000. […] Low-titer anticardiolipin antibodies can be observed in up to 10% of healthy individuals, and the prevalence of a positive APLA test increases with age. In fact, a study involving centenarians without known autoimmune disease showed that 54% were positive for anti-2GPI-IgG and 21% were positive for anticardiolipin-IgG. None were positive for the lupus anticoagulant test, possibly making this a more specific marker. However, high titers and persistent positivity are rare among healthy individuals, occurring in less than 1%. Patients with SLE are at a high risk of having a positive APLA test and an APLA-related clinical outcome, such as thrombosis or pregnancy-related morbidity. About 50% to 70% of the patients with SLE with positive APLA progress to APS.

• #38 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  Epidemiology […] The incidence of APS is believed to be around 2.1 in 100,000 individuals in the United States, with a prevalence of 50 per 100,000. In Europe, rates are lower, with an incidence of 1.1 per 100,000. Rates are also believed to be lower in Asia; South Korea has an incidence of 0.75 per 100,000, with a prevalence of 6.19 per 100,000. […] Low-titer anticardiolipin antibodies can be observed in up to 10% of healthy individuals, and the prevalence of a positive APLA test increases with age. In fact, a study involving centenarians without known autoimmune disease showed that 54% were positive for anti-2GPI-IgG and 21% were positive for anticardiolipin-IgG. None were positive for the lupus anticoagulant test, possibly making this a more specific marker. However, high titers and persistent positivity are rare among healthy individuals, occurring in less than 1%. Patients with SLE are at a high risk of having a positive APLA test and an APLA-related clinical outcome, such as thrombosis or pregnancy-related morbidity. About 50% to 70% of the patients with SLE with positive APLA progress to APS.

• #39 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Diagnosis & Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_antiphospholipid-syndrome.asp

  Epidemiology studies range widely, with APS affecting anywhere between 0.001% to as many as 0.05% of people. […] Persistent, high-titer aPL positivity is found in about 1% to 2% of people with no other systemic autoimmune diseases. […] Clinically significant aPL is much higher in people with other autoimmune diseases. About 20% to 30% of people with lupus, especially, have clinically significant aPL positivity for aPL. […] Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur in otherwise healthy individuals, or in patients with other autoimmune disorders. […] Among people with no other systemic autoimmune disease, APS affects males and females about equally. […] APS is more common among people with primarily White or Asian descent than in people with African descent. […] Antiphospholipid antibodies can be detected in approximately 15% of all stroke patients in the general population, 10% of heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and blood clots in large veins, and 9% of recurrent miscarriages.

• #40 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Comprehensive Clinical Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/3/733

  In light of the fact that the APS classification criteria have been subject to alterations, the lack of standardization to detect aPL, and other challenges, such as verifying aPL positivity twelve weeks after the original test, it has been difficult to estimate the exact frequency of APS. According to population studies, the estimated incidence and prevalence ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000, respectively. The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies was 10 percent in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 14 percent in patients with stroke, while in cases of obstetric morbidity, it ranged from 6 to 9 percent. […] Approximately 50 percent of individuals diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have “primary APS”, while the remaining 50 percent of patients have “secondary APS” due to a concomitant systemic autoimmune illness—more commonly as a consequence of SLE. The cardinal clinical manifestations of APS, including arterial or venous thrombosis and pregnancy complications, exhibit minimal variation overall, irrespective of whether the illness is primary or due to an underlying connective tissue disorder.

• #41 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-overview

  The frequency of APS is likely similar in the United States and internationally. The actual frequency of APS in the general population is unknown. The annual incidence of APS has been estimated at approximately 5 cases per 100,000 persons, and the prevalence is approximately 40-50 cases per 100,000 persons. […] One to 5% of healthy individuals have aPL antibodies. aPL antibodies tend to be found more frequently in elderly persons; thus, positive titer results should be interpreted with caution in this population. aPL antibodies are found in approximately 30-40% of patients with SLE, but only about 10% have APS. […] Approximately half of APS cases are not associated with another rheumatic disease. In a study of 100 patients with confirmed venous thrombosis and no history of SLE, anticardiolipin antibodies were found in 24% and lupus anticoagulant in 4%.

• #42 Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) Diagnostics

  https://www.diagnostic.grifols.com/en/-/learning/antiphospholipid-syndrome-aps-diagnostics

  Antiphospholipid antibodies have been reported to occur in about 5% of the general population. However, the incidence of APS is much lower. APS has been reported at 25 new cases per 100,000 individuals per year, while the estimated prevalence is 40-50 cases per 100,000 population. […] Patients with another autoimmune disease are at particular risk of APS. Women are more prone to autoimmune disease than men and, consistent with this, the incidence of APS is higher in women than men. […] The high-risk profile is associated with elevated risk of thrombosis and obstetric APS.

• #43 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-overview

  The frequency of APS is likely similar in the United States and internationally. The actual frequency of APS in the general population is unknown. The annual incidence of APS has been estimated at approximately 5 cases per 100,000 persons, and the prevalence is approximately 40-50 cases per 100,000 persons. […] One to 5% of healthy individuals have aPL antibodies. aPL antibodies tend to be found more frequently in elderly persons; thus, positive titer results should be interpreted with caution in this population. aPL antibodies are found in approximately 30-40% of patients with SLE, but only about 10% have APS. […] Approximately half of APS cases are not associated with another rheumatic disease. In a study of 100 patients with confirmed venous thrombosis and no history of SLE, anticardiolipin antibodies were found in 24% and lupus anticoagulant in 4%.

• #44 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Diagnosis & Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_antiphospholipid-syndrome.asp

  Epidemiology studies range widely, with APS affecting anywhere between 0.001% to as many as 0.05% of people. […] Persistent, high-titer aPL positivity is found in about 1% to 2% of people with no other systemic autoimmune diseases. […] Clinically significant aPL is much higher in people with other autoimmune diseases. About 20% to 30% of people with lupus, especially, have clinically significant aPL positivity for aPL. […] Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur in otherwise healthy individuals, or in patients with other autoimmune disorders. […] Among people with no other systemic autoimmune disease, APS affects males and females about equally. […] APS is more common among people with primarily White or Asian descent than in people with African descent. […] Antiphospholipid antibodies can be detected in approximately 15% of all stroke patients in the general population, 10% of heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and blood clots in large veins, and 9% of recurrent miscarriages.

• #45 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  Epidemiology […] The incidence of APS is believed to be around 2.1 in 100,000 individuals in the United States, with a prevalence of 50 per 100,000. In Europe, rates are lower, with an incidence of 1.1 per 100,000. Rates are also believed to be lower in Asia; South Korea has an incidence of 0.75 per 100,000, with a prevalence of 6.19 per 100,000. […] Low-titer anticardiolipin antibodies can be observed in up to 10% of healthy individuals, and the prevalence of a positive APLA test increases with age. In fact, a study involving centenarians without known autoimmune disease showed that 54% were positive for anti-2GPI-IgG and 21% were positive for anticardiolipin-IgG. None were positive for the lupus anticoagulant test, possibly making this a more specific marker. However, high titers and persistent positivity are rare among healthy individuals, occurring in less than 1%. Patients with SLE are at a high risk of having a positive APLA test and an APLA-related clinical outcome, such as thrombosis or pregnancy-related morbidity. About 50% to 70% of the patients with SLE with positive APLA progress to APS.

• #46 Antiphospholipid syndrome in dermatology: An update – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology

  https://ijdvl.com/antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-dermatology-an-update/

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, recurrent thrombosis, and fetal loss. […] Several studies have been conducted to establish the prevalence of aPL in cohorts of healthy subjects. […] Most studies report a frequency of elevated aPL between 1% and 5%. […] The presence of aPL in pregnant women has been associated with pregnancy morbidity and the prevalence of aPL in healthy pregnant women has been reported to be as high as 5.3%. […] The elderly have many autoantibodies which increase with age and most studies report a higher prevalence of aPL in the elderly than in younger adults. […] Among patients with SLE, the prevalence of aPL is much higher, ranging from 12 to 30% for aCL and 15 to 34% for lupus anticoagulant antibodies. […] In contrast, the APS may develop in 50 to 70 % of patients with both SLE and aPL after 20 years of follow-up.

• #46 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  Epidemiology […] The incidence of APS is believed to be around 2.1 in 100,000 individuals in the United States, with a prevalence of 50 per 100,000. In Europe, rates are lower, with an incidence of 1.1 per 100,000. Rates are also believed to be lower in Asia; South Korea has an incidence of 0.75 per 100,000, with a prevalence of 6.19 per 100,000. […] Low-titer anticardiolipin antibodies can be observed in up to 10% of healthy individuals, and the prevalence of a positive APLA test increases with age. In fact, a study involving centenarians without known autoimmune disease showed that 54% were positive for anti-2GPI-IgG and 21% were positive for anticardiolipin-IgG. None were positive for the lupus anticoagulant test, possibly making this a more specific marker. However, high titers and persistent positivity are rare among healthy individuals, occurring in less than 1%. Patients with SLE are at a high risk of having a positive APLA test and an APLA-related clinical outcome, such as thrombosis or pregnancy-related morbidity. About 50% to 70% of the patients with SLE with positive APLA progress to APS.

• #47 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e35

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by arterial and venous thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity in patients with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. However, nationwide population-based epidemiology studies regarding APS are still unavailable. […] This research aims to conduct the first nationwide population-based study of prevalence, incidence, and related complications of APS based on the database of the National Health Insurance (NHI), which is a nationwide mandatory insurance scheme provided by the Korean government and covering more than 52 million Koreans. […] The incidence rate was 0.75 per 105 person-year (95% CI, 0.730.78), with men and women at 0.59 (95% CI, 0.560.62) and 0.91 per 105 person-year (95% CI, 0.870.96), respectively. […] The prevalence during the 1-year period of 2016 was 6.19 per 105 people (95% CI, 5.986.41), with men and women at 4.76 (95% CI, 4.505.03) and 7.62 per 105 people (95% CI, 7.297.96), respectively. […] The incidence of primary APS was higher than that of secondary APS in both gender. Furthermore, as already reported, secondary APS is highly associated with SLE; however, we observed that rheumatoid arthritis is also highly related.

• #48 Clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-antiphospholipid-syndrome

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune multisystem disorder characterized by arterial, venous, or small vessel thromboembolic events, pregnancy morbidity, and/or nonthrombotic manifestations (eg, thrombocytopenia) in the presence of persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) [1]. […] In a large retrospective analysis including patients without known autoimmune diseases, antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) were present in approximately 9 percent of patients with pregnancy losses, 14 percent with stroke, 11 percent with myocardial infarction (MI), and 10 percent with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) [2].

• #49 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-overview

  The approximate frequency of positive aPL titers in patients with other disorders is as follows: Stroke: 13%, Myocardial infarction: 11%, Deep venous thrombosis: 9.5%, Pregnancy morbidity: 6%. […] No defined racial predominance for primary APS has been documented, although SLE is more common in African-American and Hispanic populations. […] A female predominance has been documented, particularly for secondary APS. This parallels the association of APS with SLE and other connective-tissue diseases, which also have a female predominance. […] APS is more common in young to middle-aged adults; however, it also manifests in children and elderly people. Disease onset has been reported in children as young as 8 months. […] In an international registry of pediatric APS cases, patients without associated rheumatic disease were younger and had a higher frequency of arterial thrombotic events, whereas patients with associated rheumatic disease were older and had a higher frequency of venous thrombotic events associated with hematologic and skin manifestations.

• #50 The Epidemiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the UK, 1990 – 2016 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/the-epidemiology-of-the-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-the-uk-1990-2016/

  The Epidemiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the UK, 1990 2016 […] Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterised by recurrent vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in the presence of persistently positive antiphospholipid autoantibodies. It is estimated to account for 6% of all pregnancy morbidity, 13.5% of stroke, 11% of myocardial infarction and 9.5% of all deep vein thromboses. […] This study aimed to estimate the incidence of APS and its complications in a large UK population. […] Data were analysed for 2,606 participants recorded with APS. In women, a peak incidence of 7.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.2 to 8.9) APS cases per 100,000 person-years was observed at 35-39 years; in men, incidence reached a maximum of 2.2 (95% CI 1.2 3.5) per 100,000 at 55 to 59 years. […] The overall estimated incidence is 1.8 and point prevalence of 43 per 100,000 persons in 2015. APS patients have elevated rates of thromboses, miscarriage and death compared to the general population.

• #51 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – ERN ReCONNET | European Reference Network on Rare and Complex Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases

  https://reconnet.ern-net.eu/disease-aps/

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is more common in women than in men. Estimates have indicated an incidence of around 5 new cases per 100,000 persons per year, with a prevalence of around 40-50 cases per 100,000 persons. aPL are positive in approximately 13.5% of patients with stroke, 11% with myocardial infarction, 9.5% of patients with deep vein thrombosis, and 6% of women with pregnancy morbidity. […] The actual incidence of APS is unknown. Having another autoimmune condition, such as SLE, increases the risk of APS. […] The severity of APS varies from person to person, so the prognosis is also variable. APS can cause life-threatening or life-limiting illnesses depending on the location and the extent of the thrombosis. In rare instances, a catastrophic APS supervenes. A higher risk of recurrent thrombosis is associated with the presence of lupus anticoagulant and triple antiphospholipid antibodies positivity. Long-term anticoagulation does seem to improve prognosis in APS.

• #52 Clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-of-antiphospholipid-syndrome

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune multisystem disorder characterized by arterial, venous, or small vessel thromboembolic events, pregnancy morbidity, and/or nonthrombotic manifestations (eg, thrombocytopenia) in the presence of persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) [1]. […] In a large retrospective analysis including patients without known autoimmune diseases, antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) were present in approximately 9 percent of patients with pregnancy losses, 14 percent with stroke, 11 percent with myocardial infarction (MI), and 10 percent with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) [2].

• #53 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-overview

  The approximate frequency of positive aPL titers in patients with other disorders is as follows: Stroke: 13%, Myocardial infarction: 11%, Deep venous thrombosis: 9.5%, Pregnancy morbidity: 6%. […] No defined racial predominance for primary APS has been documented, although SLE is more common in African-American and Hispanic populations. […] A female predominance has been documented, particularly for secondary APS. This parallels the association of APS with SLE and other connective-tissue diseases, which also have a female predominance. […] APS is more common in young to middle-aged adults; however, it also manifests in children and elderly people. Disease onset has been reported in children as young as 8 months. […] In an international registry of pediatric APS cases, patients without associated rheumatic disease were younger and had a higher frequency of arterial thrombotic events, whereas patients with associated rheumatic disease were older and had a higher frequency of venous thrombotic events associated with hematologic and skin manifestations.

• #54 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Comprehensive Clinical Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/3/733

  In light of the fact that the APS classification criteria have been subject to alterations, the lack of standardization to detect aPL, and other challenges, such as verifying aPL positivity twelve weeks after the original test, it has been difficult to estimate the exact frequency of APS. According to population studies, the estimated incidence and prevalence ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000, respectively. The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies was 10 percent in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 14 percent in patients with stroke, while in cases of obstetric morbidity, it ranged from 6 to 9 percent. […] Approximately 50 percent of individuals diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have “primary APS”, while the remaining 50 percent of patients have “secondary APS” due to a concomitant systemic autoimmune illness—more commonly as a consequence of SLE. The cardinal clinical manifestations of APS, including arterial or venous thrombosis and pregnancy complications, exhibit minimal variation overall, irrespective of whether the illness is primary or due to an underlying connective tissue disorder.

• #55 The Epidemiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the UK, 1990 – 2016 – ACR Meeting Abstracts

  https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/the-epidemiology-of-the-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-the-uk-1990-2016/

  The Epidemiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the UK, 1990 2016 […] Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterised by recurrent vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in the presence of persistently positive antiphospholipid autoantibodies. It is estimated to account for 6% of all pregnancy morbidity, 13.5% of stroke, 11% of myocardial infarction and 9.5% of all deep vein thromboses. […] This study aimed to estimate the incidence of APS and its complications in a large UK population. […] Data were analysed for 2,606 participants recorded with APS. In women, a peak incidence of 7.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.2 to 8.9) APS cases per 100,000 person-years was observed at 35-39 years; in men, incidence reached a maximum of 2.2 (95% CI 1.2 3.5) per 100,000 at 55 to 59 years. […] The overall estimated incidence is 1.8 and point prevalence of 43 per 100,000 persons in 2015. APS patients have elevated rates of thromboses, miscarriage and death compared to the general population.

• #56 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – ERN ReCONNET | European Reference Network on Rare and Complex Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases

  https://reconnet.ern-net.eu/disease-aps/

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is more common in women than in men. Estimates have indicated an incidence of around 5 new cases per 100,000 persons per year, with a prevalence of around 40-50 cases per 100,000 persons. aPL are positive in approximately 13.5% of patients with stroke, 11% with myocardial infarction, 9.5% of patients with deep vein thrombosis, and 6% of women with pregnancy morbidity. […] The actual incidence of APS is unknown. Having another autoimmune condition, such as SLE, increases the risk of APS. […] The severity of APS varies from person to person, so the prognosis is also variable. APS can cause life-threatening or life-limiting illnesses depending on the location and the extent of the thrombosis. In rare instances, a catastrophic APS supervenes. A higher risk of recurrent thrombosis is associated with the presence of lupus anticoagulant and triple antiphospholipid antibodies positivity. Long-term anticoagulation does seem to improve prognosis in APS.

• #57 Antiphospholipid syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/antiphospholipid-syndrome/

  Antiphospholipid syndrome is estimated to affect 1 in 2,000 people. This condition may be responsible for up to one percent of all thromboses. It is estimated that 20 percent of individuals younger than age 50 who have a stroke have antiphospholipid syndrome. Ten to 15 percent of people with systemic lupus erythematosus have antiphospholipid syndrome. Similarly, 10 to 15 percent of women with recurrent miscarriages likely have this condition. Approximately 70 percent of individuals diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome are female. […] Most cases of antiphospholipid syndrome are sporadic, which means they occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. Rarely, the condition has been reported to run in families; however, it does not have a clear pattern of inheritance. Multiple genetic and environmental factors likely play a part in determining the risk of developing antiphospholipid syndrome.

• #58 Antiphospholipid syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/antiphospholipid-syndrome/

  Antiphospholipid syndrome is estimated to affect 1 in 2,000 people. This condition may be responsible for up to one percent of all thromboses. It is estimated that 20 percent of individuals younger than age 50 who have a stroke have antiphospholipid syndrome. Ten to 15 percent of people with systemic lupus erythematosus have antiphospholipid syndrome. Similarly, 10 to 15 percent of women with recurrent miscarriages likely have this condition. Approximately 70 percent of individuals diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome are female. […] Most cases of antiphospholipid syndrome are sporadic, which means they occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. Rarely, the condition has been reported to run in families; however, it does not have a clear pattern of inheritance. Multiple genetic and environmental factors likely play a part in determining the risk of developing antiphospholipid syndrome.

• #59 Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS): An In-depth Overview

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-ss-medicine/rheumatology/antiphospholipid-syndrome-aps

  Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) is more not uncommon in ladies than adult males. […] APS is a substantial reason of recurrent miscarriages, accounting for up to fifteen% of instances.

• #60 Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a comprehensive literature review | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-025-07471-w

  This gender disparity has drawn focus to pregnancy outcomes, revealing that women with prior thrombotic events face a high risk of complications. […] Pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction (FGR), occur in 28% of pregnancies in developed countries but are reported in 1230% of OAPS cases. […] As regards pregnancy loss, it is considered that APS contributes to approximately 15% of cases. […] However, pregnancy loss occurs in 34 up to 76% of APS cases. […] Another complication of pregnancy in women with APS is preeclampsia, with a frequency between 10 and 48%. […] The most severe form of APS, the so-called catastrophic APS appears in just 1% of APS cases, with an overall mortality rate of approximately 36%, primarily characterized by rapid-onset multiple organ microthromboses.

• #61 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430980/

  APLA positivity has also been demonstrated in up to 20% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A study involving 197 couples with a history of frequent abortions found that 20% of them tested positive for APLA. Another study identified the presence of APLA, such as lupus anticoagulant or anticardiolipin antibodies, in 14% of patients with recurrent venous thromboembolism.

• #62 Antiphospholipid syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/antiphospholipid-syndrome/

  Antiphospholipid syndrome is estimated to affect 1 in 2,000 people. This condition may be responsible for up to one percent of all thromboses. It is estimated that 20 percent of individuals younger than age 50 who have a stroke have antiphospholipid syndrome. Ten to 15 percent of people with systemic lupus erythematosus have antiphospholipid syndrome. Similarly, 10 to 15 percent of women with recurrent miscarriages likely have this condition. Approximately 70 percent of individuals diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome are female. […] Most cases of antiphospholipid syndrome are sporadic, which means they occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. Rarely, the condition has been reported to run in families; however, it does not have a clear pattern of inheritance. Multiple genetic and environmental factors likely play a part in determining the risk of developing antiphospholipid syndrome.

• #63 Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a comprehensive literature review | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-025-07471-w

  This gender disparity has drawn focus to pregnancy outcomes, revealing that women with prior thrombotic events face a high risk of complications. […] Pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction (FGR), occur in 28% of pregnancies in developed countries but are reported in 1230% of OAPS cases. […] As regards pregnancy loss, it is considered that APS contributes to approximately 15% of cases. […] However, pregnancy loss occurs in 34 up to 76% of APS cases. […] Another complication of pregnancy in women with APS is preeclampsia, with a frequency between 10 and 48%. […] The most severe form of APS, the so-called catastrophic APS appears in just 1% of APS cases, with an overall mortality rate of approximately 36%, primarily characterized by rapid-onset multiple organ microthromboses.

• #64 Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a comprehensive literature review | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-025-07471-w

  This gender disparity has drawn focus to pregnancy outcomes, revealing that women with prior thrombotic events face a high risk of complications. […] Pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction (FGR), occur in 28% of pregnancies in developed countries but are reported in 1230% of OAPS cases. […] As regards pregnancy loss, it is considered that APS contributes to approximately 15% of cases. […] However, pregnancy loss occurs in 34 up to 76% of APS cases. […] Another complication of pregnancy in women with APS is preeclampsia, with a frequency between 10 and 48%. […] The most severe form of APS, the so-called catastrophic APS appears in just 1% of APS cases, with an overall mortality rate of approximately 36%, primarily characterized by rapid-onset multiple organ microthromboses.

• #65 Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a comprehensive literature review | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-025-07471-w

  This gender disparity has drawn focus to pregnancy outcomes, revealing that women with prior thrombotic events face a high risk of complications. […] Pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction (FGR), occur in 28% of pregnancies in developed countries but are reported in 1230% of OAPS cases. […] As regards pregnancy loss, it is considered that APS contributes to approximately 15% of cases. […] However, pregnancy loss occurs in 34 up to 76% of APS cases. […] Another complication of pregnancy in women with APS is preeclampsia, with a frequency between 10 and 48%. […] The most severe form of APS, the so-called catastrophic APS appears in just 1% of APS cases, with an overall mortality rate of approximately 36%, primarily characterized by rapid-onset multiple organ microthromboses.

• #66 Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8727975/

  The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is poorly understood. Here, we review the current understanding of the epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome in the general population and the frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in the general population in patients with obstetric morbidity, arterial events, and venous thromboembolism. […] There have been few population-based studies that estimated the prevalence and incidence of APS. The estimated incidence and prevalence among most these studies ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000 respectively. The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with obstetric morbidity was 69%, while in arterial events and venous thromboembolism is 910%. However, this data remains limited. Mortality of patients with APS is 5080% higher than the general population.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-021-01038-2

  The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is poorly understood. […] There have been few population-based studies that estimated the prevalence and incidence of APS. The estimated incidence and prevalence among most these studies ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000 respectively. […] The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with obstetric morbidity was 69%, while in arterial events and venous thromboembolism is 910%. However, this data remains limited. Mortality of patients with APS is 5080% higher than the general population. […] The epidemiology of APS has been difficult to elucidate. Population-based studies patients with diverse age, racial, and ethnic backgrounds are needed.

• #68 Time to Address the Management of Antiphospholipid Syndrome

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/time-to-address-the-management-of-antiphospholipid-syndrome

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombotic or obstetrical complications due to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. […] The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies is not well established in the general population. […] However, a 2019 population-based study that looked at 33 cases of APS from 2000 to 2015 demonstrated APS occurring in 2 persons per 1,000,000 per year, with an estimated prevalence of 50 per 1,000,000 per year. […] APS is a rare autoimmune disorder that requires proper medical management. With a morality rate that is 50%-80% higher than the general population, it is vital for health care teams to recognize the signs and symptoms of APS and to identify the severity of a patients diagnosis based on their aPL profile. […] Dabit, J.Y., Valenzuela-Almada, M.O., Vallejo-Ramos, S. et al. Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the General Population. Curr Rheumatol Rep 23, 85 (2021).

• #69 Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8727975/

  Data from the United Kingdom (UK) was presented during the American College of Rheumatology Scientific Meeting in 2019 by Rodziewicz et al. Using UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), a UK population health dataset, they identified patients with APS from 1990 to 2016 using Read codes. […] The last study available from Europe used a large dataset from Catalonia in Spain to identify patients with autoimmune diseases including APS. From 2012 to 2017, they identified patients with autoimmune diseases based on the presence of one or more ICD-9 codes. The estimated prevalence of APS was 40 per 100,000 in Catalonia. […] The mortality of APS has been shown to be higher than that of the general population both in population-based studies and in referral cohorts. […] Our understanding of the epidemiology of APS remains limited, and many challenges and gaps in knowledge remain. The estimated incidence and prevalence ranges between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000, respectively. The mortality of patients with APS is 5080% higher than the general population. aPL may be associated with up to 10% of the cases of obstetric morbidity, arterial events, and venous thromboembolism. The data however remains limited and fraught with methodological issues.

• #70 Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a comprehensive literature review | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-025-07471-w

  This gender disparity has drawn focus to pregnancy outcomes, revealing that women with prior thrombotic events face a high risk of complications. […] Pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction (FGR), occur in 28% of pregnancies in developed countries but are reported in 1230% of OAPS cases. […] As regards pregnancy loss, it is considered that APS contributes to approximately 15% of cases. […] However, pregnancy loss occurs in 34 up to 76% of APS cases. […] Another complication of pregnancy in women with APS is preeclampsia, with a frequency between 10 and 48%. […] The most severe form of APS, the so-called catastrophic APS appears in just 1% of APS cases, with an overall mortality rate of approximately 36%, primarily characterized by rapid-onset multiple organ microthromboses.

• #71 Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (CAPS) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/caps/

  CAPS is extremely rare. […] CAPS is the initial manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome in about half of diagnosed CAPS patients. Remaining patients will carry a history of pre-existing antiphospholipid syndrome. […] Most patients with CAPS have isolated antiphospholipid syndrome. […] ~30% of patients also have lupus. […] 70% of patients are women. […] Patients are often relatively young (~40s), but there is a broad age range. […] A precipitating factor is present in about half of cases. […] Infection (49%): […] Surgery or trauma (17%): […] Malignancy (16%): […] Anticoagulation withdrawal, or subtherapeutic anticoagulation (8%). […] Pregnancy complications or initiation of oral contraception (8%): […] Flare of underlying autoimmune disease (e.g., lupus)(3%).

• #72 Antiphospholipid Syndrome & COVID-19: What to Know | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-series-antiphospholipid-syndrome-coronavirus-covid-19.asp

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune condition, in which individuals make antibodies that target their own body cells. […] A diagnosis of APS requires both clinical symptoms and positive antibodies. […] A severe manifestation of APS is called catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS), which can develop in less than 1% of APS patients. […] Emerging evidence suggests COVID-19 is associated with blood clots. […] COVID-19 was initially thought to be primarily a respiratory infection. […] This leads to small blood clots (microthrombi) in various organs. […] The mechanism of blood clot formation in patients with COVID-19 remains yet to be fully elucidated. […] Several studies have examined aPL as contributing factors in patients who are seriously ill from COVID-19 and requiring admission to the intensive care unit.

• #73 Diagnosis and Management of Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome and the Potential Impact of the 2023 ACR/EULAR Antiphospholipid Syndrome Classification Criteria

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4468/13/1/21

  CAPS accounts for only 1% of reported APS cases, making systematic study challenging. In the overall CAPS Registry cohort, 60% had primary APS, while 30% were observed in patients with secondary APS. […] The overall annual incidence of APS is approximately five per 100,000 inhabitants, varying significantly with age, gender, and country of origin. […] The 2023 ACR/EULAR APS classification is likely to contribute to the revision of CAPS classification criteria, providing a better understanding of APS and its various clinical and biological phenotypes.

• #74 Movement Disorders in Antiphospholipid Syndrome & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-sept/movement-disorders-in-antiphospholipid-syndrome-systemic-lupus-erythematosus

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by venous and arterial thromboses and pregnancy morbidity in association with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). […] The Euro-Phospholipid Project was initiated in 1999 to classify the prevalence and characteristics of the major clinical and immunologic manifestations of APS in 1,000 individuals. […] Approximately 1% of people with APS develop catastrophic APS, a severe subset of disease characterized by multiple small vessel thromboses with multi-organ involvement over a short period of time. […] The pathophysiology of movement disorders in APS and SLE is not completely understood, and multiple mechanisms may play a role. […] Classically, aPL antibody-antigen binding affects coagulation to result in thrombosis.

• #75 Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a comprehensive literature review | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-025-07471-w

  This gender disparity has drawn focus to pregnancy outcomes, revealing that women with prior thrombotic events face a high risk of complications. […] Pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction (FGR), occur in 28% of pregnancies in developed countries but are reported in 1230% of OAPS cases. […] As regards pregnancy loss, it is considered that APS contributes to approximately 15% of cases. […] However, pregnancy loss occurs in 34 up to 76% of APS cases. […] Another complication of pregnancy in women with APS is preeclampsia, with a frequency between 10 and 48%. […] The most severe form of APS, the so-called catastrophic APS appears in just 1% of APS cases, with an overall mortality rate of approximately 36%, primarily characterized by rapid-onset multiple organ microthromboses.

• #76 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-overview

  APS may contribute to an increased frequency of stroke or MI, especially in younger individuals. […] Catastrophic APS (CAPS) is a rare, serious, and often fatal manifestation characterized by multiorgan infarctions over a period of days to weeks. Mortality rates of 50% have been reported; however, with triple therapy (anticoagulation, corticosteroids, plasma exchange and/or intravenous immunoglobulin) data from an international registry showed a mortality rate of 28.6%. […] Late spontaneous fetal loss (second or third trimester) is common; however, it can occur at any time during pregnancy. Recurrent early fetal loss (10 weeks gestation) is also possible.

• #77 Diagnosis and Management of Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome and the Potential Impact of the 2023 ACR/EULAR Antiphospholipid Syndrome Classification Criteria

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4468/13/1/21

  CAPS accounts for only 1% of reported APS cases, making systematic study challenging. In the overall CAPS Registry cohort, 60% had primary APS, while 30% were observed in patients with secondary APS. […] The overall annual incidence of APS is approximately five per 100,000 inhabitants, varying significantly with age, gender, and country of origin. […] The 2023 ACR/EULAR APS classification is likely to contribute to the revision of CAPS classification criteria, providing a better understanding of APS and its various clinical and biological phenotypes.

• #78 Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (CAPS) – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/caps/

  CAPS is extremely rare. […] CAPS is the initial manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome in about half of diagnosed CAPS patients. Remaining patients will carry a history of pre-existing antiphospholipid syndrome. […] Most patients with CAPS have isolated antiphospholipid syndrome. […] ~30% of patients also have lupus. […] 70% of patients are women. […] Patients are often relatively young (~40s), but there is a broad age range. […] A precipitating factor is present in about half of cases. […] Infection (49%): […] Surgery or trauma (17%): […] Malignancy (16%): […] Anticoagulation withdrawal, or subtherapeutic anticoagulation (8%). […] Pregnancy complications or initiation of oral contraception (8%): […] Flare of underlying autoimmune disease (e.g., lupus)(3%).

• #79 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/333221-overview

  The approximate frequency of positive aPL titers in patients with other disorders is as follows: Stroke: 13%, Myocardial infarction: 11%, Deep venous thrombosis: 9.5%, Pregnancy morbidity: 6%. […] No defined racial predominance for primary APS has been documented, although SLE is more common in African-American and Hispanic populations. […] A female predominance has been documented, particularly for secondary APS. This parallels the association of APS with SLE and other connective-tissue diseases, which also have a female predominance. […] APS is more common in young to middle-aged adults; however, it also manifests in children and elderly people. Disease onset has been reported in children as young as 8 months. […] In an international registry of pediatric APS cases, patients without associated rheumatic disease were younger and had a higher frequency of arterial thrombotic events, whereas patients with associated rheumatic disease were older and had a higher frequency of venous thrombotic events associated with hematologic and skin manifestations.

• #80 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Diagnosis & Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_antiphospholipid-syndrome.asp

  Epidemiology studies range widely, with APS affecting anywhere between 0.001% to as many as 0.05% of people. […] Persistent, high-titer aPL positivity is found in about 1% to 2% of people with no other systemic autoimmune diseases. […] Clinically significant aPL is much higher in people with other autoimmune diseases. About 20% to 30% of people with lupus, especially, have clinically significant aPL positivity for aPL. […] Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur in otherwise healthy individuals, or in patients with other autoimmune disorders. […] Among people with no other systemic autoimmune disease, APS affects males and females about equally. […] APS is more common among people with primarily White or Asian descent than in people with African descent. […] Antiphospholipid antibodies can be detected in approximately 15% of all stroke patients in the general population, 10% of heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and blood clots in large veins, and 9% of recurrent miscarriages.

• #81 Antiphospholipid syndrome: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/antiphospholipid-syndrome/

  Antiphospholipid syndrome is estimated to affect 1 in 2,000 people. This condition may be responsible for up to one percent of all thromboses. It is estimated that 20 percent of individuals younger than age 50 who have a stroke have antiphospholipid syndrome. Ten to 15 percent of people with systemic lupus erythematosus have antiphospholipid syndrome. Similarly, 10 to 15 percent of women with recurrent miscarriages likely have this condition. Approximately 70 percent of individuals diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome are female. […] Most cases of antiphospholipid syndrome are sporadic, which means they occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. Rarely, the condition has been reported to run in families; however, it does not have a clear pattern of inheritance. Multiple genetic and environmental factors likely play a part in determining the risk of developing antiphospholipid syndrome.

• #82 Antiphospholipid syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphospholipid_syndrome

  Factors associated with developing antiphospholipid syndrome include: […] In a study of 1000 patients, only 12.7% were diagnosed after the age of 50.

• #83 Antiphospholipid Syndrome

  https://rheumatology.org/patients/antiphospholipid-syndrome

  Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease mostly affecting women between ages 30 and 40. […] About 40% of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients also test positive for antiphospholipid antibodies, but only a few develop blood clots. […] Risk factors for developing blood clots include high blood pressure, obesity, smoking, atherosclerosis, birth control pills, or having an associated autoimmune disease like SLE. […] APS increases the risk of blood clots, so treatment focuses on preventing clot-related complications. […] For pregnant women with APS, low molecular weight heparin with or without low-dose aspirin may be recommended to help prevent miscarriage. […] Individuals who take blood thinners long term must see their healthcare provider regularly to monitor the drug.

• #84 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – APS | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/antiphospholipid-syndrome

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), also known as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, is an autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies are directed against phospholipid-protein complexes. APS is characterized by thromboses (arterial, venous, or small vessel) and/or pregnancy complications and persistently positive tests for antiphospholipid-protein (aPL) antibodies. […] Those at increased risk for APS include patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), infections, malignancy, and liver or vascular disease. […] Currently, no formal diagnostic criteria exist for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). […] Although a new classification system for APS was released in 2023 by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR), experts disagree about the use of these criteria in clinical practice.

• #85 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – APS | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/antiphospholipid-syndrome

  Three test groups, used together, are recommended for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) diagnosis. […] Testing during acute thrombotic episodes is not recommended, as the presence of acute phase reactants (eg, factor VIII or C-reactive protein) can lead to false-positive and false-negative lupus anticoagulant (LA) test results. […] Because antiphospholipid-protein (aPL) antibodies can occur transiently, persistent positivity on consecutive testing occasions is required for classification as antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). […] Laboratory testing for APS is appropriate in individuals who have an increased likelihood of the disorder, including those with arterial thrombosis, unprovoked venous thrombosis, or evidence of brain ischemia before 50 years of age. […] Although no formal diagnostic criteria exist for APS, the following classification system (which includes clinical and laboratory criteria intended for clinical research studies) can be used to inform diagnosis.

• #86 Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/antiphospholipid-syndrome-and-its-management

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity coupled with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. The incidence of APS is estimated to be approximately five cases per 100,000 persons per year, and its prevalence in the general population is estimated at 40 to 50 per 100,000. aPLs occur in 1% to 5% of the general population, and their prevalence increases with age. […] In 2023, the American College of Rheumatology and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology jointly published updated classification criteria for APS. […] The 2023 ACR/EULAR criteria can help ensure future higher-quality, risk-stratified epidemiologic studies and clinical trials on APS, leading to improved patient care and management recommendations.

• #87 Diagnosis and management of antiphospholipid syndrome – Australian Prescriber

  https://australianprescriber.tg.org.au/articles/diagnosis-and-management-of-antiphospholipid-syndrome.html

  Screening for antiphospholipid antibodies in asymptomatic individuals is not recommended, including in those with a family history of APS, or who are pregnant or planning pregnancy. […] The 2023 classification criteria apply weighting to individual criteria and have a higher specificity (99%) but lower sensitivity (86%) compared with the 2006 criteria. […] The detection of persistent antiphospholipid antibodies is key to the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with APS.

• #88 Antiphospholipid Syndrome – APS | Choose the Right Test

  https://arupconsult.com/content/antiphospholipid-syndrome

  Recommended first-line testing for possible APS includes LA clot-based assays, tests for aCL IgG and IgM antibodies, and tests for anti-2GP1 IgG and IgM antibodies, which are available separately or as a panel. […] In recent decades, noncriteria aPL tests have been investigated for their potential value in APS diagnosis or risk assessment.

• #89 Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the General Population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8727975/

  The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is poorly understood. Here, we review the current understanding of the epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome in the general population and the frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in the general population in patients with obstetric morbidity, arterial events, and venous thromboembolism. […] There have been few population-based studies that estimated the prevalence and incidence of APS. The estimated incidence and prevalence among most these studies ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000 respectively. The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with obstetric morbidity was 69%, while in arterial events and venous thromboembolism is 910%. However, this data remains limited. Mortality of patients with APS is 5080% higher than the general population.

• #90

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-021-01038-2

  The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is poorly understood. […] There have been few population-based studies that estimated the prevalence and incidence of APS. The estimated incidence and prevalence among most these studies ranged between 1 and 2 cases per 100,000 and 40 and 50 cases per 100,000 respectively. […] The prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with obstetric morbidity was 69%, while in arterial events and venous thromboembolism is 910%. However, this data remains limited. Mortality of patients with APS is 5080% higher than the general population. […] The epidemiology of APS has been difficult to elucidate. Population-based studies patients with diverse age, racial, and ethnic backgrounds are needed.

• #91 Incidence and prevalence of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in the USA (2016–2019): a retrospective database study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/12/e084563

  The overall annual incidence rate of APS per 100 000 PY (95% CI) standardised to the US 2020 population census increased slightly over the study period, from 2.31 (2.112.53) in 2016 to 2.84 (2.593.11) and 2.71 (2.452.99) in 2018 and 2019, respectively. […] The estimated annual prevalence of APS per 100000 persons (95%CI) was 10.42 per 100000 persons (9.9610.90) in 2019. […] The incidence and prevalence of APS in the USA have been assessed using the large CCAE and MDCR databases, which include claims data on more than 60million insured US employees and their dependents. Our data suggest there is a trend towards a yearly increase in the incidence and prevalence of APS over time, which may be a product of generally increased awareness of the disease. […] This study identified a trend towards a yearly increase in the incidence and prevalence of APS in the USA over the study period.

• #92 The trends in the incidence and thrombosis-related comorbidities of antiphospholipid syndrome: a 14-year nationwide population-based study | Thrombosis Journal | Full Text

  https://thrombosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12959-022-00409-8

  Our study discovered that patients with APS suffered more comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and chronic kidney disease. […] Our current findings indicate a relationship between APS and nonautoimmune comorbidities, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and chronic kidney disease.

• #93 Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Its Management

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/antiphospholipid-syndrome-and-its-management

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity coupled with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. The incidence of APS is estimated to be approximately five cases per 100,000 persons per year, and its prevalence in the general population is estimated at 40 to 50 per 100,000. aPLs occur in 1% to 5% of the general population, and their prevalence increases with age. […] In 2023, the American College of Rheumatology and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology jointly published updated classification criteria for APS. […] The 2023 ACR/EULAR criteria can help ensure future higher-quality, risk-stratified epidemiologic studies and clinical trials on APS, leading to improved patient care and management recommendations.

• #94 Movement Disorders in Antiphospholipid Syndrome & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-sept/movement-disorders-in-antiphospholipid-syndrome-systemic-lupus-erythematosus

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by venous and arterial thromboses and pregnancy morbidity in association with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). […] The Euro-Phospholipid Project was initiated in 1999 to classify the prevalence and characteristics of the major clinical and immunologic manifestations of APS in 1,000 individuals. […] Approximately 1% of people with APS develop catastrophic APS, a severe subset of disease characterized by multiple small vessel thromboses with multi-organ involvement over a short period of time. […] The pathophysiology of movement disorders in APS and SLE is not completely understood, and multiple mechanisms may play a role. […] Classically, aPL antibody-antigen binding affects coagulation to result in thrombosis.

• #95

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-021-01008-8

  APS ACTION is an international research network created to design and conduct large-scale, multicenter research in persistently antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) positive patients. […] The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome: a population-based study. […] Antiphospholipid syndrome is still a rare disease-estimated prevalence in the Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions of Northwest Italy. […] The estimated frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in young adults with cerebrovascular events: a systematic review. […] The epidemiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome in the UK, 1990-2016.

• #96 Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): Clinical and immunoserological differences between primary and secondary APS in a Colombian cohort | Revista Colombiana de Reumatología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-colombiana-reumatologia-english-edition–474-articulo-antiphospholipid-syndrome-aps-clinical-immunoserological-S2444440521000509

  APS is characterized by the development of venous or arterial thrombosis, morbidity in pregnancy and presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. The Euro-Phospholipid Project has provided a large part of the descriptive data from the sociodemographic, clinical and immunological aspects. The results presented in this cohort are similar to those reported, which confirms several characteristics of the disease independently of the geographic location. […] We present one of the largest Colombian cohorts of patients with APS reported so far in the literature. The population is clinically and sociodemographically comparable with that found in other studies, although the prevalence of primary APS was higher and the prevalence of thrombotic complications was lower. The frequency of pulmonary thromboembolism was significantly higher in the group with primary APS, while the female gender was associated with a higher risk of CVA and deep vein thrombosis.

• #97 Movement Disorders in Antiphospholipid Syndrome & Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-sept/movement-disorders-in-antiphospholipid-syndrome-systemic-lupus-erythematosus

  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by venous and arterial thromboses and pregnancy morbidity in association with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). […] The Euro-Phospholipid Project was initiated in 1999 to classify the prevalence and characteristics of the major clinical and immunologic manifestations of APS in 1,000 individuals. […] Approximately 1% of people with APS develop catastrophic APS, a severe subset of disease characterized by multiple small vessel thromboses with multi-organ involvement over a short period of time. […] The pathophysiology of movement disorders in APS and SLE is not completely understood, and multiple mechanisms may play a role. […] Classically, aPL antibody-antigen binding affects coagulation to result in thrombosis.

• #98

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11926-021-01008-8

  APS ACTION is an international research network created to design and conduct large-scale, multicenter research in persistently antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) positive patients. […] The epidemiology of antiphospholipid syndrome: a population-based study. […] Antiphospholipid syndrome is still a rare disease-estimated prevalence in the Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions of Northwest Italy. […] The estimated frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in young adults with cerebrovascular events: a systematic review. […] The epidemiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome in the UK, 1990-2016.

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