Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Achilles Tendinopathy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538149/

  The causes and mechanisms of Achilles tendinopathy include the following: […] Intrinsic factors: These include anatomic factors, age, sex, metabolic dysfunction, foot cavity, dysmetria, muscle weakness, imbalance, gastrocnemius dysfunction, anatomical variation of the plantaris muscle, tendon vascularization, torsion of the Achilles tendons, slippage of the fascicle, and lateral instability of the ankle. […] Extrinsic factors: These include mechanical overload, constant effort, inadequate equipment, obesity, medications (corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, fluoroquinolones), improper footwear, insufficient warming or stretching, hard training surfaces, and direct trauma, among others. […] Several factors increase the risk of Achilles tendon rupture, including older age, tendon inhomogeneity, fascicle slippage, and excessive exercise in athletes. […] Various factors can contribute to Achilles tendon injuries, with specific locations being more commonly affected.

• #2

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/achilles-tendonitis/symptoms-causes

  Achilles tendonitis occurs when the muscles and the Achilles tendon are overused, causing irritation and swelling of the tendon. […] Achilles tendonitis is an inflammation of the achilles tendon due to overuse or injury. […] Achilles tendonitis is usually caused by: Overuse or continuous stress (repetitive, small impact) on the affected area, Sudden injury. […] Risk factors for Achilles Tendonitis include: Age. Achilles tendonitis is more likely to occur in older persons. […] Bone spurs. These bony growth form at the back of the heel and irritate the Achilles tendon, causing pain and swelling. This is also more likely with age. […] Gender. Achilles tendonitis is more common in men. […] High impact sports or activities. The repeated impact of jumping and landing in sports like basketball or running on hard surfaces can injure the Achilles tendon.

• #3 Achilles Tendinitis – Novus Spine & Pain Center

  https://novusspinecenter.com/pain-conditions/what-is-achilles-tendinitis

  Several factors can increase your risk of developing Achilles tendinitis, including: Age: The risk of Achilles tendinitis increases with age. This is because the tendon becomes less flexible and more prone to injury as you age. Gender: Men are more likely to develop Achilles tendinitis than women. Activity Level: People active in sports or other activities that put a lot of stress on the Achilles tendon are at increased risk for Achilles tendinitis. Certain Medical Conditions: People with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, are also at increased risk for Achilles tendinitis. […] Achilles tendinitis is primarily an overuse injury that develops from repetitive strain and stress on the Achilles tendon. This commonly occurs due to a sudden increase in exercise intensity or duration, especially in running, jumping, or pivoting activities.

• #4 Achilles Tendonitis Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | OrthoVirginiaSearch

  https://www.orthovirginia.com/blog/achilles-tendonitis-symptoms-causes-treatment/

  Achilles tendonitis is an overuse injury of the Achilles, the band of tissue connecting the calf muscles to the heel bone. […] Achilles tendonitis is often not related to any specific injury or event. John D. Duerden, MD, an orthopedic surgeon specializing in the foot and ankle, states, „Usually, it occurs from repetitive stress being placed upon the tendon. Athletes and active individuals are hard to slow down, and they tend to push their bodies to do too much, too soon.” […] Common causes of Achilles tendonitis are sudden increase in intensity or duration of exercise, lack of stretching before exercise leading to tight calf muscles, and growth of extra bones called bone spurs in the heel that rub against the tendon. […] Other factors may increase your risk of developing Achilles tendinitis. Men are more commonly affected. Patients diagnosed with psoriasis or high blood pressure are a higher risk. Older age raises your risk. Naturally flat feet and obesity put more strain on the tendon.

• #5 Achilles tendinopathy: aetiology and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1079614/

  In the past three decades, the incidence of Achilles tendinopathy has risen as a result of greater participation in recreational and competitive sporting activities. The rate of Achilles tendon injuries in runners is about ten times that in age-matched controls. Achilles tendinopathy is also common among athletes participating in racquet sports, track and field, volleyball and soccer. However, the condition is by no means confined to athletes: in one series of 58 patients, nearly one-third did not participate in vigorous physical activity. […] Tendon injuries can be acute or chronic. Clearly, in acute trauma extrinsic factors predominate, whereas in chronic disorders intrinsic and extrinsic factors commonly interact. Examples of intrinsic factors are tendon vascularity, gastrocnemiussoleus dysfunction, age, gender, body weight and height, pes cavus, and lateral ankle instability. Excessive motion of the hindfoot in the frontal plane, especially a lateral heel strike with compensatory pronation, is thought to cause a whipping action on the Achilles tendon and predispose it to tendinopathy. Also, forefoot varus is frequent in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Extrinsic factors that may predispose to Achilles tendinopathy in athletes are changes in training pattern, poor technique, previous injuries, footwear and training on hard, slippery or slanting surfaces. Excessive loading of tendons during vigorous physical training is regarded as the main pathological stimulus for degeneration. Tendons respond to repetitive overload beyond physiological threshold by inflammation of their sheath, degeneration of their body, or a combination of the two. Whether different stresses induce different responses remains unclear.

• #6 Achilles tendinopathy | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/achilles-tendonitis

  Achilles tendinopathy is a painful syndrome affecting the Achilles tendon (which attaches your calf muscles to your heel bone). […] In most cases, Achilles tendinopathy is an overuse injury. […] Some of the causes of Achilles tendonitis include: […] overuse injury this occurs when the Achilles tendon is stressed until it develops small tears and degeneration. Runners seem to be the most susceptible. People who play sports that involve jumping, such as basketball, are also at increased risk […] arthritis Achilles tendonitis can be a part of generalised inflammatory arthritis, such as ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis. In these conditions, both tendons can be affected […] foot problems some people with flat feet or hyperpronated feet (feet that turn inward while walking) are prone to Achilles tendonitis. The flattened arch pulls on calf muscles and keeps the Achilles tendon under tight strain. This constant mechanical stress on the heel and tendon can cause inflammation, pain and swelling of the tendon. Being overweight can make the problem worse

• #7 Achilles Tendinitis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/achilles-tendinitis/

  Achilles tendinitis is a common condition that occurs when the large tendon that runs down the back of the lower leg becomes irritated and inflamed. […] Although the Achilles tendon can withstand great stresses from running and jumping, it is also prone to tendinitis, a condition associated with overuse. […] Achilles tendinitis is typically not related to a specific injury. The problem results from repetitive stress to the tendon. This often happens when we push our bodies to do too much, too quickly. Other factors can also make a person more likely to develop Achilles tendinitis, including: A sudden increase in the amount or intensity of exercise activity. For example, increasing the distance you run every day by a few miles without giving your body a chance to adjust to the new distance may cause irritation and inflammation. […] Tight calf muscles put extra stress on the Achilles tendon, especially where it inserts into the heel bone. […] Haglund’s deformity is a condition in which there is enlargement of the bone on the back of the heel. This can rub on the Achilles tendon and cause inflammation and pain.

• #8 Causes and Risk Factors for Achilles Tendon Damage

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/ankle-and-foot-injuries/causes-and-risk-factors-achilles-tendon-damage

  Chronic degeneration of the Achilles tendon causes pain and discomfort in the calf and foot. […] A change in the athletes training schedule and/or intensity level, such as adding another few miles to a daily running routine or participating in plyometric exercises that require explosive movement, such as burpees or box jumps […] A change in playing surface, such as when a tennis player shifts from playing on grass courts to clay courts, or when the athlete changes footwear […] Tight or weak calf muscles can be overstretched, resulting in soft-tissue damage. […] Excessive pronation, defined as rolling inward on the foot when walking or running […] Chronic ankle instability, or a recurrent giving way or rolling of the ankle […] Leg-length discrepancy, even if quite small, can cause the body to compensate and put soft-tissue structures like the Achilles tendon at risk for injury

• #9 Achilles tendinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendinitis

  Achilles tendinopathy is idiopathic, meaning the cause is not well understood. Theories of causation include overuse such as running, a lifestyle that includes little exercise, high-heel shoes, rheumatoid arthritis, and medications of the fluoroquinolone or steroid class. […] Achilles tendinitis is thought to have physiological, mechanical, or extrinsic (i.e. footwear or training) causes. The Achilles tendon has a generally poor blood supply throughout its length, as measured by the number of vessels per cross-sectional area. […] Tightness in the calf muscles has also been known to be involved in the onset of Achilles tendinitis. […] An overuse injury refers to repeated stress and strain, which is likely the case in endurance runners. Overuse can simply mean an increase in running, jumping or plyometric exercise intensity too soon.

• #10

  https://www.parkwayeast.com.sg/conditions-diseases/achilles-tendonitis/symptoms-causes

  Intensive activity. Running too much, suddenly increasing the level of activity or running on hilly terrain can increase the risk of tendon strain or injury. […] Certain medical conditions. Individuals with psoriasis or high blood pressure have a higher risk of developing Achilles tendonitis. […] Certain medications. Fluoroquinolones, a type of antibiotics, is linked to higher rates of Achilles tendonitis. […] Obesity. Additional weight increases the risk of tendon strain. […] Physical traits. Flat foot arches place more strain on the Achilles tendon. […] Poor stretching or warming up prior to exercise. Tight calf muscles contribute to strained tendons. […] Worn-out shoes. Poor support contributes to strained tendons.

• #11 Achilles tendinopathy | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/achilles-tendonitis

  footwear wearing shoes with minimal support while walking or running can increase the risk, as can wearing high heels […] overweight and obesity being overweight places more strain on many parts of the body, including the Achilles tendon […] quinolone antibiotics can in some instances be associated with Achilles tendinopathy or Achilles tendon rupture (tear) soon after exposure to the medication.

• #12 Achilles Tendonitis Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/achilles-tendonitis

  Achilles tendonitis is a common overuse injury. […] Overuse of this tendon will cause it to swell and ache. Obesity or flat feet can also contribute to the condition. […] Some common causes include: Exercising in cold weather or in hilly areas. Inappropriate or worn shoes. […] Some common risk factors include: Runners who increase the intensity of their workouts. New runners, or those who have not adequately prepared.

• #13 Achilles tendinopathy: aetiology and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1079614/

  The aetiology of tendinopathy remains uncertain and many factors have been implicated, including free radical damage occurring on reperfusion after ischaemia, hypoxia, hyperthermia and impaired tenocyte apoptosis. In animals, tendinopathy can be induced by local administration of cytokines and prostaglandins. Fluoroquinolones have also been implicated: ciprofloxacin enhances interleukin-1 mediated release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP3) release, inhibits tenocyte proliferation and reduces collagen and matrix synthesis. Changes in the expression of genes regulating cellcell and cellmatrix interactions have been reported, with down-regulation of MMP3 mRNA in tendinopathic Achilles tendon samples. Type I and type III collagen mRNAs have been found at higher levels in tendinopathic samples than in normal samples. In tendinopathic Achilles tendons, upregulation of MMP2 and vascular endothelial growth factor has been described, whilst MMP3 was downregulated. Imbalance in MMP activity in response to repeated injury or mechanical strain may result in tendon degeneration.

• #14 Tendonitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10919-tendonitis

  Tendonitis (tendinitis) is the inflammation or irritation of a tendon that makes it swell. Tendons are strands of connective tissue between muscles and bones that help you move. This condition usually happens after a repetitive strain or overuse injury. […] What causes tendonitis? Causes of tendonitis could include: Overuse or repetitive movements over time (like running or throwing). Strain from sudden movements. An injury. […] In addition, tendonitis could be a side effect of a medication, including statins or drugs that lower cholesterol or fluoroquinolone antibiotics. […] Certain underlying medical conditions can also cause tendonitis, such as: Diabetes. Rheumatoid arthritis. Gout/pseudo gout. Osteoarthritis. An infection.

• #15 Achilles Tendinopathy | NHS Lanarkshire

  https://www.nhslanarkshire.scot.nhs.uk/services/physiotherapy-msk/achilles-tendinopathy/

  Achilles tendinopathy is a common disorder that can cause pain, stiffness, swelling and weakness of the Achilles tendon. […] It is thought to be caused by repetitive stress and micro-trauma to the tendon as a result of a sudden increase in loading activities. A weakened or deconditioned tendon can be more easily injured. […] The repetitive stress and microtrauma causes the normal ability to heal to slow which results in a painful Achilles tendon. […] Other important contributing factors: Older age. Being overweight. Diabetes has been linked to increased risk of developing tendon problems. Inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis etc. Weakness and/or tightness in the muscles within your feet or leg. Wearing unsupportive footwear such as shoes or sandals which have a low heel. Spending long periods of time standing or walking, especially with a sudden increase in these activities. Sudden increase in physical activity levels for example, recently started running. Poor exercising/training technique and lack of recovery between activities. Prolonged use of oral corticosteroids and a certain family of antibiotics (Fluoroquinolones) can increase the risk of tendon problems. Smoking.

• #16 Achilles tendinopathy | Symptoms, causes | Versus Arthritis

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/achilles-tendinopathy/

  Achilles tendinopathy is caused by damage or inflammation in the tendon that runs from the calf in the lower leg, down the back of the ankle to the bone in the heel. […] It’s commonly caused by a tear or over-use of the Achilles tendon. It can affect anyone doing sports involving lots of running or jumping. People with very high or low arches in their feet can be prone to this problem, because this puts strain on the tendon. […] It can also be a problem for people with ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and reactive arthritis.

• #17

  https://www.hingehealth.com/resources/articles/achilles-tendonitis/

  Repetitive motions. Repetitive activities, like running and jumping, are often implicated in Achilles tendinitis. […] Tight calf muscles. A lack of flexibility limits ankle mobility. […] Weak calves. Every time your foot lands on the ground, forces are absorbed throughout your body. […] Flat feet. When your feet are flat, they can be more mobile, which, in turn, can require your Achilles tendon to work harder to control motion, leading to inflammation and injuries. […] Poor circulation. People with medical conditions like diabetes and hypertension are at greater risk because they dont have as much blood flow to their lower legs and feet.

• #18 Achilles Tendinitis: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21553-achilles-tendinitis

  Achilles tendinitis (also spelled tendonitis) is inflammation of the tissue that connects your calf muscle to your heel (Achilles tendon). […] With Achilles tendinitis, overuse of your Achilles tendon causes swelling, irritation and inflammation. You can get Achilles tendinitis by being active on your feet. Its usually not related to a specific injury it happens because of stressing your tendon repeatedly. Because its difficult to avoid using your Achilles tendon, your body doesnt have time to repair the injured tissue. […] Achilles tendinitis is a common sports injury. People at high risk for Achilles tendinitis include those who: […] Achilles tendinitis is a common condition. It most often affects active people and athletes. About 24% of athletes will develop an Achilles tendon injury in their lifetimes.

• #19 Achilles Tendonitis | Causes & Treatments Available in DFW | Alliance Foot & Ankle Specialists

  https://www.footdoc.org/faqs/what-causes-achilles-tendonitis-and-how-is-it-treated-alliance-foot-amp-ankle-specialists-podiat.cfm

  Achilles tendonitis happens when the thick band of tissue that attaches your calf muscle to the heel bone in your foot becomes inflamed. […] If you’re a runner, a dancer, you participate in sports, or are otherwise quite active, you’re at a greater risk of developing Achilles tendonitis. […] There are two types of Achilles tendonitis: noninsertional and insertional. […] If your tendon is inflamed where it attaches to your heel, you have insertional Achilles tendonitis. […] This type of tendonitis affects the middle of your Achilles tendon. You develop small tears in the fiber of the tendon, which causes it to swell and thicken.

• #20 Achilles Tendonitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/achilles-tendonitis/

  Achilles tendonitis most often occurs when the tendon becomes inflamed or damaged through overuse. […] Risk factors for developing Achilles tendonitis include: Suddenly increasing the amount or intensity of exercise, Not stretching out the calf muscles properly after exercise, Running or exercising to excess, Running on hard surfaces, Jumping repeatedly during exercise or sports, Manual labour which puts stress on ankles and feet, Having bone spurs (osteophytes) which rub against the Achilles tendon, Not wearing sufficiently supportive shoes for exercise, Having flattened arches in the foot. […] Although Achilles tendonitis is commonly referred to as tendonitis, the condition does not always involve inflammation of the tendon. […] 55 to 65 percent of Achilles tendonitis cases are classified as noninsertional Achilles tendonitis: the fibers in the center of the Achilles tendon begin to degenerate or become inflamed, swell and become thicker.

• #21 Achilles Tendonitis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/achilles-tendonitis/

  Insertional Achilles tendonitis occurs when the Achilles tendon degenerates or gets inflamed at the point where the tendon attaches, or inserts, to the heel bone. […] A complication of Achilles tendonitis can be an Achilles tendon rupture. A rupture occurs when a tendon tears, partially or completely, after being stretched beyond its capacity. Achilles tendonitis can increase the chances of a rupture occurring. […] The antibiotic class fluoroquinolones which, among many others, includes ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin, may cause Achilles tendon rupture, even after a short course.

• #22 Chronic Achilles Tendon Pain: Diagnosis & Treatment | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_chronic-achilles-tendon-problems-overview.asp

  Pain in the heel is often caused by a combination of both acute and chronic problems. These include inflammatory conditions such as chronic Achilles tendonitis, paratenonitis, insertional Achilles tendonitis and retrocalcaneal bursitis as well as the degenerative condition known as tendinosis. […] Achilles tendinosis is a degeneration of the Achilles tendon. Most pain in the Achilles tendon may be classified as tendinosis because this pain is related to tendon degeneration rather than inflammation. In addition, the tendon may become weakened and lose its structure. Although aging may play a part in this process, repetitive minor trauma, such as playing sports that involve running or jumping, without proper healing can also play a role. Areas of tendinosis may eventually progress to partial or complete ruptures if they experience high loads, as are seen with physically demanding sports such as football and basketball, especially during push-off and landing activities.

• #23 Achilles tendinopathy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/achilles-tendinopathy

  Achilles tendinopathy affects competitive and recreational athletes as well as people who are not active. […] Overuse, vascular diseases, neuropathy, and rheumatologic diseases may cause tendon degeneration. […] Although evidence is limited, a number of conditions and environmental exposures may be associated with an increased risk of developing Achilles tendinopathy. […] Cold-weather training is associated with higher rates of tendon pain generally and Achilles tendinopathy specifically.

• #24 Achilles Tendon Pain: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Orthopedic Institute of NJ

  https://orthopedicnj.com/news/achilles-tendon-pain-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  The most common cause is the so-called Achilles tendonitis. This condition is caused by the inflammation in the Achilles tendon region and it is common with athletes and those leading a more dynamic lifestyle, but also occurs with overuse. […] There are several known causes of Achilles tendonitis and the majority of them are completely preventable. For instance, an Achilles tendon pain can happen if you: Fail to stretch before training Train in cold weather Wear improper footwear Have a poor running form Constant high impact activity without rest. […] At the same time, different foot deformities (flat feet and high arches) may cause this type of pain, as well.

• #25 Achilles Tendonitis – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Options | Fort Worth Bone & Joint Clinic

  https://thcboneandjoint.com/what-hurts/foot-ankle/achilles-tendonitis.html

  Achilles tendonitis results when the tendon is overused and small tears occur in the tissue, which leads to swelling and pain in the back of the ankle. […] Achilles tendonitis is an overuse injury resulting from repetitive stress to the tendon. Too much too soon is the basic cause of overuse injuries, however there are other factors that can contribute to the development the condition: […] Sudden increase in amount or intensity of exercise activity. […] Not allowing for adequate recovery time between activities. […] Change of footwear or training surface. […] Weak or overly tight calf muscles. […] Bone spurs can develop where the Achilles tendon attaches to the heel bone and rub against the tendon causing pain. […] Running up hills causes the Achilles tendon to stretch more than normal on every stride, increasing tendon fatigue. […] Wearing high heels constantly shortens the tendon and calf muscles. When exercising in flat running shoes, the tendon is stretched beyond its normal range which places an abnormal strain on the tendon.

• #26

  https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7022/achilles-tendonitis

  Achilles Tendonitis consists of a series of 3 conditions affecting the achilles tendon which include: insertional Achilles tendonitis, retrocalcaneal bursitis Haglund deformity, and Achilles tendonitis. […] Mechanism: repetitive trauma leads to inflammation followed by cartilagenous then bony metaplasia. […] Achilles Tendonopathy: Mechanism: overuse, imbalance of dorsiflexors and plantar flexors, poor tendon blood supply, genetic predisposition, fluoroquinolone antibiotics, inflammatory arthropathy. […] Pathophysiology: theorized to be due to abnormal vascularity 2 to 6 cm proximal to Achilles insertion in response to repetitive microscopic tearing of the tendon. […] Achilles tendinosis: tendon thickening, thought to be caused by anaerobic degeneration in portion of tendon with poor blood supply.

• #27 Non-Insertional and Insertional Achilles Tendonitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment Options and Exercises

  https://www.alleviatepainclinic.com/blog/understanding-non-insertional-and-insertional-achilles-tendonitis/

  Non-insertional Achilles tendonitis is often attributed to overuse, excessive physical activity, and tight calf muscles. It typically affects active individuals who place a significant load on their Achilles tendon. […] The pathogenesis of Achilles tendonitis involves the breakdown of collagen fibers within the tendon due to repetitive microtrauma. This results in inflammation and pain. For non-insertional Achilles tendonitis, the damage occurs in the middle part of the tendon, away from the heel bone, while insertional Achilles tendonitis involves damage at the tendons attachment site to the heel bone. […] Insertional Achilles tendonitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including chronic pressure on the heel bone, calcification within the tendon, Haglunds deformity, an abnormal bony growth on the back of the heel, and sudden increases in physical activity.

• #28 5 Potential Causes of Achilles Tendon Pain | Rehab Access

  https://rehabaccess.com/5-potential-causes-of-achilles-tendon-pain/

  Achilles tendon pain most often occurs due to injury, and athletes are most likely to experience it. […] While there are many different things that can cause Achilles tendon pain, tendinitis is one of the most common ones. It often occurs due to overuse or damage to the tendon and is an inflammation-based condition. […] Noninsertional Achilles tendinitis tends to affect highly active people, especially younger people and runners. […] Insertional Achilles tendinitis is still common with runners, but it can also affect people of any age and activity level. […] Achilles tendinitis means that the tendons are inflamed, which is generally a short-term condition. […] Achilles tendinosis, on the other hand, means that a person is experiencing long-term, ongoing tendinitis. […] While tendinitis is a frequent cause of Achilles tendon pain, there are other possible causes. […] Achilles bursitis can also occur due to gout, arthritis, or wearing shoes that are too tight and rub against your heel. […] An Achilles rupture is different and more serious than Achilles tendinitis.

• #29 Achilles Tendon Disorders

  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/achilles-tendon-disorders

  The Achilles tendon where Achilles tendon disorders occur – is the band of tissue that runs down the back of the lower leg, connecting the calf muscle to the heel bone. […] Achilles tendonitis is an inflammation of the Achilles tendon. This inflammation is typically short-lived. Over time, if not resolved, the condition may progress to a degeneration of the tendon (Achilles tendonosis), in which the tendon loses its organized structure and is likely to develop microscopic tears. […] As „overuse” disorders, Achilles tendonitis and tendonosis are usually caused by a sudden increase of a repetitive activity involving the Achilles tendon. Such activity puts too much stress on the tendon too quickly, leading to micro-injury of the tendon fibers. […] In addition, people with excessive pronation (flattening of the arch) have a tendency to develop Achilles tendonitis and tendonosis due to the greater demands placed on the tendon when walking.

• #30 Achilles tendinopathy: aetiology and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1079614/

  The main symptom of Achilles tendinopathy is pain, but again the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In the past it was assumed to arise through inflammation or via collagen fibre separation or degeneration, but chronically painful Achilles tendons show no evidence of inflammation, and some that show clear intratendinous defects on MRI or ultrasound are not painful. Since tendinopathies are degenerative rather than inflammatory conditions, pain may originate from a combination of mechanical and biochemical factors.

• #31 Achilles Tendinopathy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/foot-care/heel-and-foot-pain-plantar-fasciitis/achilles-tendinopathy

  Achilles tendinopathy is a condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness of the Achilles tendon that joins the heel bone to the calf muscles. It is thought to be caused by repeated tiny injuries to the Achilles tendon. These may occur for a number of reasons, including overuse of the tendon – for example, in runners. […] Achilles tendinopathy is now thought to be a better term to use because it is thought that there is little or no inflammation that causes the problem. […] There are a number of things that may lead to these repeated tiny injuries to the Achilles tendon. For example: Overuse of the Achilles tendon. This can be a problem for people who run regularly. […] Achilles tendinopathy affects more than 150,000 people in the UK every year. It’s becoming more frequent, which is thought to be due to the increase in people engaging in sport and participating in more strenuous training.

• #32 Causes and Risk Factors for Achilles Tendon Damage

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/ankle-and-foot-injuries/causes-and-risk-factors-achilles-tendon-damage

  Wearing high heels regularly can shorten the Achilles tendon, making it more prone to injury. […] Excessive training, particularly running on hills, exposes the Achilles tendon to repeated micro-traumas that may add up to a symptomatic injury. […] Increasing age (over 30 years of age) contributes to decreased blood supply to tendons, making them more prone to injury. […] Use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), gemifloxacin (Factive), or levofloxacin (Levaquin), puts a person at temporary risk of tendon injury. […] High-arched feet are associated with a higher risk of developing Achilles tendinopathy. […] Certain types of arthritis, such as ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis, may also put a person at a greater risk of Achilles tendinopathy.

• #33 Achilles Tendonitis: Symptoms, Causes, and Podiatry Treatments | Tendinitis Achilles Clinic

  https://bellevuepodiatry.com.au/achilles-tendonitis-symptoms-causes-and-podiatry-treatments/

  Did you know that at some point in their training, Achilles tendinitis affects up to 30% of runners? […] Factors such as overuse and inappropriate footwear often contribute, with increased risk emerging from intensified training regimens and pre-existing health issues. […] Achilles tendinitis often stems from overuse, where repetitive strain and increased training frequency without proper rest become detrimental to the tendon. […] Sports-related activities, like running and jumping, place continuous stress on the Achilles, making it susceptible to damage. […] However, remember that incorrect foot biomechanics, such as flat feet or improper footwear, can exacerbate the strain on your tendons. […] Moreover, muscle imbalances play a significant role. The risk of developing tendinitis increases when calf muscles are too tight or your lower leg muscles aren’t properly coordinated.

• #34 Achilles tendinitis – podimedic

  https://www.podimedic.com/en/foot-problems/sportsman/achilles-tendinitis/

  A condition characterized by the presence of pain behind the heel originating in the Achilles tendon, the most important tendon in the calf region. […] The Achilles tendon is the most commonly injured tendon among runners. […] The Achilles tendon is the cord-like tissue located behind the ankle that connects the calf to the heel. […] The blood supply to the Achilles tendon is poor. As a result, it is more prone to injury and heals relatively slowly. When the Achilles tendon suffers repeated and excessive force, microtears can form, leading to inflammation. This stage is referred to as Achilles tendinitis. […] Excessive force in the Achilles tendon can be caused by: Poor foot mechanics (high arches, flat feet, fallen arches, hyperpronation, leg-length discrepancy, etc.), Lack of flexibility in the tendon (insufficient elasticity, genetics, inadequate stretching, etc.), Repeated excessive stress (running, speed training, high-impact sports, sports involving jumps or sudden changes in direction of movement, mountain trekking, training on uneven or inclined surfaces, etc.), Improper exercise technique, Inadequate warm-up prior to physical activity, Inappropriate training program, Unsuitable footwear, Being overweight, Modified gait due to another injury.

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