Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labyrinthitis/

  Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis are types of inner ear infection that affect your balance. They usually get better on their own within a few weeks. […] Labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis is usually caused by a viral infection, such as a cold or flu, so antibiotics will not help. But a GP may prescribe antibiotics if they think your infection is bacterial.

• #1 Vestibular Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15227-vestibular-neuritis

  Vestibular neuritis is an inner ear disorder that causes symptoms such as sudden, severe vertigo, dizziness, balance problems, nausea and vomiting. Experts believe that viral infections cause vestibular neuritis. […] Experts believe vestibular neuritis results from viral infections that start in your inner ear or begin somewhere else in your body, like chickenpox or viral hepatitis. […] Having a viral infection is the main risk factor for vestibular neuritis. Examples of viral infections include: Flu (influenza), COVID-19, Herpes simplex virus type 1 (the same virus that causes cold sores), Hepatitis, Polio, Measles, Mumps. […] Vestibular neuritis causes include viruses that affect your inner ear or begin somewhere else in your body.

• #1 Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis – Vestibular Disorders Association

  https://vestibular.org/article/diagnosis-treatment/types-of-vestibular-disorders/labyrinthitis-and-vestibular-neuritis/

  Vestibular Neuritis (or neuronitis) is a vestibular condition that is commonly caused by the inflammation of the vestibular branch of the 8th cranial nerve, which is responsible for carrying the signals of the balance organs of the inner ear (commonly known as vestibular labyrinth). […] Labyrinthitis is caused by more extensive inflammation, typically involving both branches of the cochleovestibular nerve. […] Vestibular neuritis is most likely related to a viral etiology, similar to Bells palsy and some types of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. […] Recent studies implicate Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) to be the most common cause of vestibular neuritis. […] Other viruses that may lead to vestibular neuritis include EBV, polio, mumps, measles, hepatitis, and influenza viruses. […] Bacterial infections and autoimmune conditions are infrequent causes of inflammation of the inner ear and should also be investigated.

• #1 Labyrinthitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560506/

  Labyrinthitis is an inflammation of the membranous labyrinth. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or systemic diseases. In rare cases, it can result in labyrinthitis ossificans, wherein pathological new bone formation occurs within the membranous labyrinth. Vestibular neuritis (also termed vestibular neuronitis) is often used interchangeably with labyrinthitis as the symptoms and clinical picture are extremely similar. However, true vestibular neuritis is inflammation confined to the vestibular nerve itself, without membranous labyrinth inflammation. […] The most common cause of labyrinthitis is secondary to a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Labyrinthitis secondary to maternal rubella or cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections is one of the most common causes of congenital deafness. In the post-natal period, mumps and measles are the leading causes of viral hearing loss. Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, also known as herpes zoster oticus, is caused when a latent varicella-zoster virus infection becomes reactivated, often years after the primary viral infection. This classically produces a vesicular rash, usually in the oral mucosa or ear, along with peripheral facial nerve paralysis. The virus can also involve the vestibular and cochlear nerves in 25% of cases.

• #1 Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis | Otolaryngology | Loyola Medicine

  https://www.loyolamedicine.org/services/otolaryngology-ent/otolaryngology-conditions/labyrinthitis-vestibular-neuritis

  Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis occur when irritation, inflammation or infection of your inner ear affects the vestibular nerves. […] While bacterial and viral infections can cause labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis, often times an underlying cause of the condition is not identified. […] There are two main causes of labyrinthitis: bacteria and viruses. […] Specific viral infections linked to labyrinthitis include: Herpes, especially the types that cause shingles, chicken pox and cold sores, Measles, Hepatitis, Mumps, Stomach viruses. […] As for bacterial infections, they often start because of an infection in the middle ear. The bacteria here produce toxins that inflame the inner ear. Bacterial meningitis, which is an infection of the brain and spinal cord, can also be a cause.

• #1 Labyrinthitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/labyrinthitis.html

  Labyrinthitis often results from a viral infection of the eighth cranial nerve or the labyrinth. […] A viral infection of the eighth cranial nerve or labyrinth may cause the condition. […] Viruses known to cause labyrinthitis include: Herpes viruses, Influenza, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Polio, Hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, Varicella. […] In rare cases, an infection in the middle part of the ear can spread to the inner ear and cause labyrinthitis. […] In rare cases, bacterial meningitis, a head injury, or having a certain autoimmune condition may cause labyrinthitis. […] Having a viral infection that can cause labyrinthitis increases your risk.

• #1 What Is Vestibular Neuritis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/vestibular-neuritis/guide/

  Vestibular neuritis, also referred to as vestibular neuronitis, occurs when the nerve in the inner ear becomes inflamed, causing sudden, severe vertigo (a visual sensation of spinning or motion). Its usually caused by a viral infection, which then triggers swelling in the vestibulocochlear nerve the nerve thats responsible for relaying information about balance and head movement to the brain. […] Vestibular neuritis is thought to develop when a person catches a viral infection. The herpes virus, which causes cold sores or chickenpox and shingles, seems to be the most common cause, though measles, mumps, and hepatitis are also associated with the condition. […] Labyrinthitis is another disorder thats caused by an infection, which can then trigger inflammation in the inner ear. Labyrinthitis can be caused by both viral and bacterial infections.

• #1 Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/labyrinthitis-neuritis/

  Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis are two conditions of the inner ear and 8th cranial nerve that can lead to balance and hearing problems. Vestibular neuritis affects the vestibular portion of the inner ear/nerve, while labyrinthitis affects the entire inner ear/nerve, including both the balance and hearing organs. […] Both conditions are caused by inflammation resulting from inner ear infections. These infections are usually viral but may be caused by bacteria. The conditions can affect both ears, but more commonly occur in only one. […] Some common viral illnesses that can lead to labyrinthitis or neuritis include: Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex virus, Influenza, Measles, Mumps, Rubella. […] Bacterial inner ear infections occur less often than viral infections and are more common in young children. Young children are more susceptible to chronic middle ear infections caused by a buildup of bacteria behind the eardrum. If these infections are not treated, the bacteria can enter the surrounding bone or inner ear labyrinth, leading to an inner ear infection. Bacteria can also enter the inner ear as a result of bacterial meningitis.

• #1 Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis-pro

  Vestibular neuritis is most likely a vestibular neuropathy caused by reactivation of latent type 1 herpes simplex virus in the vestibular ganglion, although autoimmune and microvascular ischaemic insults are also possible mechanisms. It most commonly affects the superior division of the nerve, which is much longer than the inferior division and travels through a very narrow bony passage, making it more vulnerable to the effects of swelling or ischaemia. […] Many cases of labyrinthitis appear to be viral in origin and an upper respiratory tract infection precedes the onset of symptoms in about half of cases. […] Bacterial labyrinthitis is a dangerous disorder in which bacteria gain access to the membranous labyrinth through anatomical connections. […] Labyrinthitis may also be associated with systemic disease. Many factors can cause cochlear trauma, including vertebrobasilar ischaemia, meningitis, Mnire’s disease and medication (eg, aminoglycoside).

• #1 Vestibular Neuritis and Viral Labyrinthitis | Tampa Bay Hearing and Balance Center

  https://www.tampabayhearing.com/ear-education/vestibular-education/vestibular-neuritis-and-viral-labyrinthitis/

  Vestibular neuritis, inflammation of the balance nerve, is the second or third most common cause of peripheral vestibular vertigo with benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo thought to be the most common. […] The reactivation of a latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is thought to be likely cause. […] Studies have also shown evidence that at least some of the time, Herpes Simplex is the putative cause. […] However, other literature suggests that adenovirus, enterovirus, Epstein Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus, as well as coxsackie and zoster viruses can also cause vestibular neuritis. […] It is also clear that vestibular neuritis occurs in Ramsay Hunt syndrome implying that the Varicella Zoster virus (shingles virus) can cause vertigo. […] Our experience is that all patients who have vestibular neuritis whom we have checked have positive VZV IgG titers but not all have positive HSV IgG titers. […] An interesting question is whether the causative virus might sometimes or even often be VZV in at least some of the more severely affected persons.

• #1 Vestibular Neuritis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vestibular-neuritis

  Vestibular neuritis is often confused with labyrinthitis. […] Most cases of vestibular neuritis are caused by a viral infection, either in your inner ear or other part of your body. […] In some cases, bacterial infections can cause vestibular neuritis. However, labyrinthitis is more likely to be caused by bacteria.

• #1 Labyrinthitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560506/

  Bacterial labyrinthitis typically arises from either bacterial meningitis (20% of children with bacterial meningitis will develop auditory or vestibular symptoms) or otitis media. The inflammation can occur via two different mechanisms. In serous labyrinthitis, the inflammation is secondary to bacterial toxins and/or host cytokines and inflammatory mediators passing into the membranous labyrinth via the round or oval window. Suppurative labyrinthitis is inflammation caused directly by a bacterial infection. This will have entered the inner ear through the aforementioned oval window or round window, connecting the inner ear to the middle ear or via the central nervous system through the cochlear aqueduct or auditory canal. The round window is the most common entry point. They may also arise from acquired and congenital defects in the bony labyrinth.

• #1 Labyrinthitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22032-labyrinthitis

  Labyrinthitis is closely related to vestibular neuritis. Labyrinthitis is the swelling of both branches of your vestibulocochlear nerve. It affects both balance and hearing. Vestibular neuritis is the swelling of one branch of your vestibulocochlear nerve. It affects only balance. […] What causes labyrinthitis? Viral infections cause labyrinthitis in most cases. But bacterial infections can cause it, too. Some of the most common labyrinthitis causes include: Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex, Stomach flu, Upper respiratory infections. […] Less commonly, a head injury can result in labyrinthitis.

• #1 Vestibular Neuronitis – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/inner-ear-disorders/vestibular-neuronitis

  Vestibular neuronitis causes a self-limited episode of vertigo, presumably due to inflammation of the vestibular division of the 8th cranial nerve; some vestibular dysfunction may persist. […] Although etiology is unclear, a viral cause is suspected. Vestibular neuronitis is usually unilateral. […] The absence of concomitant tinnitus or hearing loss is a hallmark of vestibular neuronitis and helps distinguish it from Meniere disease as well as labyrinthitis. […] Vestibular neuronitis does not cause hearing loss or tinnitus.

• #1 Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis

  In vestibular neuritis or neuronitis, the area of nerve inflammation or damage is located on the branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that innervates the balance organ. The hearing remains normal, but the following symptoms occur: […] In labyrinthitis, both branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve are affected leading to same symptoms of neuritis (severe sudden vertigo or dizziness, nausea/vomiting, imbalance, nystagmus) along with hearing loss. […] Viral infections, and in rare cases, bacterial infections cause labyrinthitis and neuritis. Cold symptoms are typically noted one to two weeks prior to symptoms of dizziness. Common viral causes are herpes viruses (cold sores, chicken pox, shingles), influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis, and Epstein Barr virus (mono).

• #1 Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/dizziness/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis-causes-and-treatment

  Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis are thought to be caused by a viral infection that affects the inner ear. […] A common cause of vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis is infection with a virus. There are various viruses that can cause viral vestibular neuritis and viral labyrinthitis. […] The cold sore virus may also be a cause. The virus that causes shingles can be a cause too. […] Other causes of vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis are uncommon. However, the following conditions will all have other symptoms and problems but may also cause vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis as a complication: Infection with a bacterial infection in the middle ear. […] Meningitis: the infection may spread from the brain to the inner ear. […] Stroke: blockage of the blood circulation to part of the brain. […] Injury to the ear. […] Tumours. […] An uncommon side-effect of some medicines.

• #1 Labyrinthitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560506/

  Labyrinthitis has been demonstrated to be a rare complication of both polyarteritis nodosa and granulomatosis with polyangiitis. […] Both syphilis and HIV have been associated with labyrinthitis. However, there is limited research as to whether the inflammation is caused by opportunistic infections as a result of the HIV-related immunosuppression or the virus itself.

• #1 Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis – Vestibular Disorders Association

  https://vestibular.org/article/diagnosis-treatment/types-of-vestibular-disorders/labyrinthitis-and-vestibular-neuritis/

  A disruption of blood flow through the anterior/superior vestibular artery (a tiny artery that nourishes the inner ear) can also lead to similar symptoms. […] It is rare for a stroke to present with an isolated vertigo episode as the only symptom. However, a blood flow interruption to the vessel that nourishes the inner ear can cause the same symptoms as vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis. […] Viral etiologies are considered the primary cause of vestibular neuritis. […] We see bacterial infection more commonly with labyrinthitis. […] In suppurative labyrinthitis, the bacteria spreads into the fluid of the inner ear from a middle ear infection or from meningitis through cerebrospinal fluid.

• #1 Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis , ENT Consultant London MR Kiran Jumani – Ear nose and throat specialist

  https://www.entconsultantlondon.co.uk/symptoms/ear-problems/labyrinthitis-and-vestibular-neuritis/

  Labyrinthitis means inflammation of the labyrinth in the inner ear. […] Vestibular neuritis (sometimes called vestibular neuronitis) means inflammation of the vestibular nerve. This is the nerve that comes from the inner ear that takes messages from the semicircular canals to the brain. […] The common cause of labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis is a viral infection. This is called viral labyrinthitis and viral vestibular neuritis. There are various viruses that can cause these problems. […] Other causes are uncommon. Strictly speaking, 'itis’ at the end of a word means inflammation. However, the terms labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis are sometimes used for any damage or inflammation to the labyrinth or vestibular nerve, which can be due to various causes. […] Bacterial infection in the middle ear. Most ear infections do not spread into the inner ear but a labyrinthitis or vestibular neuritis are uncommon complications from a middle ear infection. […] Meningitis. The infection may spread from the brain to to the inner ear. […] Injury to the ear. […] Allergies. […] Tumours. […] An uncommon side effect of some drugs.

• #1 Labyrinthitis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/labyrinthitis

  Labyrinthitis is usually caused by a virus and sometimes by bacteria. Having a cold or flu can trigger the condition. Less often, an ear infection may lead to labyrinthitis. Other causes include allergies or certain medicines that are bad for the inner ear. […] These factors raise your risk for labyrinthitis: Drinking large amounts of alcohol, Fatigue, History of allergies, Recent viral illness, respiratory infection, or ear infection, Smoking, Stress, Using certain prescription or nonprescription medicines (such as aspirin).

• #1 Labyrinthitis

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/encyclopedia/134,550

  Labyrinthitis is the inflammation of part of the inner ear called the labyrinth. The eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) may also be inflamed. The inflammation of these causes symptoms such as a feeling of spinning (vertigo), hearing loss, nausea, vomiting, impaired hearing, and tinnitus (ringing in the ear). […] A viral infection of the eighth cranial nerve or labyrinth may cause the condition. The virus may have spread all over your body. Or it may affect only the eighth cranial nerve and labyrinth. In most cases, only one nerve is affected. Viruses known to cause labyrinthitis include: […] Bacterial infections of the middle ear are fairly common in children. In rare cases, an infection in the middle part of the ear can spread to the inner ear and cause labyrinthitis. […] Having a viral infection that can cause labyrinthitis increases your risk. Your child’s risk may increase if they haven’t had the advised vaccines or if they have long-lasting, untreated, middle-ear infections.

• #1 Labyrinthitis | Berger Henry ENT

  https://www.bergerhenryent.com/labyrinthitis/

  Though labyrinthitis can occur in anyone at any time, several factors may increase the risk of developing this condition, such as: Recent viral infections, including the common cold, Cholesteatoma, History of ear surgery, Meningitis, Middle ear infection (otitis media), Smoking, Excessive alcohol consumption, Allergies, Stress and fatigue, Certain medications, Traumatic injury to the skull or inner ear.

• #1 Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis

  https://www.myactivehealth.com/hwcontent/content/special/hw265594.html

  The causes of labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis are not clear. They can happen after a viral infection or, more rarely, after an infection caused by bacteria. The trigger may be an upper respiratory infection, such as the flu or a cold. Less often, it may start after a middle ear infection. […] The infection inflames the vestibular nerve. This causes the nerve to send incorrect signals to the brain that the body is moving. But your other senses (such as vision) don’t detect the same movement. The confusion in signals can make you feel that the room is spinning or that you have lost your balance (vertigo).

• #1 Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis

  Vestibular neuritis is generally understood to be a viral or postviral inflammatory disorder affecting the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve. […] There are few pathologic data to support this mechanism in patients with this disorder, and a history of a preceding viral illness is elicited in less than one-half of patients. […] One advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study revealed a pattern of enhancement consistent with an inflammatory process in 20 of 29 patients with vestibular neuritis.

• #1 Viral labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/viral-labyrinthitis-and-vestibular-neuritis

  This article discusses viral infections of the membranous labyrinth or eighth nerve acquired after birth and without associated neurologic symptoms or signs: vestibular neuritis (ie, vestibular loss alone) and viral labyrinthitis (ie, cochleovestibular loss). […] Multiple viruses have been implicated with viral labyrinthitis, but the evidence supporting a viral etiology is often circumstantial. […] Viral reactivation of latent herpes simplex type 1 in vestibular ganglia is a suspected cause of vestibular neuritis. […] Clinical and serologic studies of patients with vestibular neuritis suggest that the viruses are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, but the exact pathophysiologic mechanisms are unclear. Proposed theories of causation have included viral reactivation, vascular occlusion, and immune-mediated mechanisms. […] Multiple viruses have been implicated in viral labyrinthitis, but the evidence supporting a viral etiology is often circumstantial.

• #1 Vestibular Neuritis: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatment | BenchMark Physical Therapy

  https://www.benchmarkpt.com/blog/vestibular-neuritis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Vestibular neuritis is commonly caused by viruses and bacterial infections, including: Chickenpox, Flu, Mononucleosis, Mumps, Rubella, Shingles. […] When invaders are introduced to the body, they trigger an immune process at the vestibular nerve. This reduces blood flow and damages nerve cells, causing intense acute symptoms. […] However, unlike vestibular neuritis, which affects the vestibular nerve, labyrinthitis affects the labyrinth, the part of the ear that contains organs that help with hearing and balance.

• #1 Labyrinthitis: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and recovery

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323606

  This form of labyrinthitis occurs when bacteria in the middle ear enter the inner ear. […] A doctor can determine whether a viral or bacterial infection is responsible for the symptoms. They may prescribe antibiotics for bacterial labyrinthitis. […] Labyrinthitis can also lead to a condition known as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). […] In severe cases, untreated labyrinthitis can lead to serious long-term health complications, such as permanent damage to the inner ear and hearing loss.

• #1 Labyrinthitis – Balance & Dizziness Canada

  https://balanceanddizziness.org/disorders/vestibular-disorders/labyrinthitis/

  Rarely, autoimmune disorders can also cause labyrinthitis. In these disorders, the immune system sees the body’s organs and tissues as invaders and attacks them. […] Bacterial labyrinthitis sometimes causes permanent changes in the inner ear, where bone grows inside the cochlea and can cause permanent hearing loss. This is a serious complication of bacterial meningitis. It is more common in children.

• #1 Labyrinthitis Causes, Ear Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/labyrinthitis_inner_ear_inflammation/article.htm

  Labyrinthitis itself is not contagious; however, viral infections that lead to labyrinthitis are. […] The symptoms of labyrinthitis are very similar to another inner ear disorder called vestibular neuritis. The two conditions have similar symptoms, but vestibular neuritis does not include hearing loss. […] Complications of labyrinthitis include: Labyrinthitis can lead to an increased risk of hearing loss, especially in children who develop the condition as a complication of meningitis. Labyrinthitis can lead to a condition called BPPV (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo), which causes brief episodes of dizziness and vertigo. The dizziness can be mild to severe. Labyrinthitis may also lead to Mnire disease (also called idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops) to develop years after the initial infection. Mnire’s disease can cause variable hearing loss, vertigo, ringing in the ears, and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear.

• #1 Vestibular Neuritis & Labyrinthitis

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/vestibular-neuritis-labyrinthitis-lauren-wootton-dgvpf

  You ORIGINALLY had Vestibular Neuritis or Labyrinthitis, but your subsequent vertigo attacks are being caused by another vestibular condition such as BPPV or Vestibular Migraine. […] In fact, you are at a higher risk of developing BPPV or Vestibular Migraine after recovering from Vestibular Neuritis or Labyrinthitis. […] The diagnosis is often given based on your symptoms and a physical examination. […] Your body may not fully compensate on its own if: […] nerve damage is more severe […] vestibular suppressant medications are being taken for a prolonged amount of time […] the person has not been able to slowly resume normal activities due to symptoms, fear, anxiety, or other medical reasons. […] Even in these cases, recovery from Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis is still possible!

• #1 Labyrinthitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthitis

  Labyrinthitis is inflammation of the labyrinth, a maze of fluid-filled channels in the inner ear. Vestibular neuritis is inflammation of the vestibular nerve (the nerve in the ear that sends messages related to motion and position to the brain). Both conditions involve inflammation of the inner ear. The cause is often not clear. It may be due to a virus, but it can also arise from bacterial infection, head injury, extreme stress, an allergy, or as a reaction to medication. 30% of affected people had a common cold prior to developing the disease. Either bacterial or viral labyrinthitis can cause a permanent hearing loss in rare cases. Some cases of vestibular neuritis are thought to be caused by an infection of the vestibular ganglion by the herpes simplex type 1 virus. However, the cause of this condition is not fully understood, and in fact, many different viruses may be capable of infecting the vestibular nerve. Acute localized ischemia of these structures also may be an important cause. This can also be brought on by pressure changes such as those experienced while flying or scuba diving.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13365-022-01087-y

  Vestibular neuritis was first reported in 1952 by Dix and Hallpike, and 30% of patients reporting a flu-like symptom before acquiring the disorder. The most common causes are viral infections, often resulting from systemic viral infections or bacterial labyrinthitis. […] Several cases of vestibular neuritis have been reported in the COVID-19 patients and after the COVID-19 vaccination. […] The most common causes are viral infections, often resulting from a systemic virus such as influenza or the herpes viruses (which cause chickenpox, shingles, and cold sores). Bacterial forms are rare and can result from an untreated middle ear infection or meningitis. […] Despite the proper treatment and continuous rehabilitation, his symptoms and signs of static vestibular imbalances (such as spontaneous nystagmus, ocular torsion, and ipsilesional subjective visual vertical tilt) improved completely within 13 weeks, while his signs of dynamic vestibular imbalances (such as corrective saccades of head impulse test, head-shaking nystagmus, vibration-induced nystagmus, and caloric paresis) persisted after 1 year.

• #1 Vestibular neuritis (VN) and labyrinthitis

  https://dizziness-and-balance.com/disorders/unilat/vneurit.html

  In vestibular neuritis, also known as vestibular neuronitis and „AUPV, dizziness is attributed to a viral infection of the vestibular nerve or ganglion. […] The virus that causes the infection is thought to be usually a member of the herpes family, the same group that causes cold sores in the mouth as well as a variety of other disorders. […] The varicella zoster virus (the cause of Ramsay Hunt) is also thought to be a common source of vestibular neuritis. […] A series of papers from South Korea have documented that 10% patients in this area of the world with vestibular neuritis have anti-ganglioside antibodies, implying that this antibody can cause VN. […] In labyrinthitis, it is thought that generally viruses cause the infection, but rarely labyrinthitis can be the result of a bacterial middle ear infection. […] Labyrinthitis is also always attributed to an infection.

• #1 Vestibular Neuronitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549866/

  Vestibular neuritis is believed to be an inflammatory disorder selectively affecting the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve. The cause is presumed to be of viral origin. […] Vestibular neuritis is thought to be caused by inflammation of the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve and classically presents with vertigo, nausea, and gait imbalance. […] The viral etiology hypothesis has led to the theoretical benefit from antiviral medications; however, the use of valacyclovir either alone or combined with a glucocorticoid has not been shown to be effective. […] Labyrinthitis presents with similar symptoms to vestibular neuritis but will also include auditory symptoms such as unilateral hearing loss.

• #2 Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/labyrinthitis-and-vestibular-neuritis

  Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis are disorders that result in inflammation of the inner ear and the nerve connecting the inner ear to the brain. […] The most common causes of vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis are viral infections, often resulting from a systemic virus such as influenza (flu) or the herpes viruses, which cause chickenpox, shingles and cold sores. […] Bacterial labyrinthitis can start from an untreated middle ear infection, or in rare cases, as a result of meningitis. […] The infections that cause vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis may resolve without treatment within a few weeks. […] However, if the inner ear is permanently damaged by the infection and the brain does not adequately compensate, symptoms can persist.

• #2 Labyrinthitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22032-labyrinthitis

  Labyrinthitis is closely related to vestibular neuritis. Labyrinthitis is the swelling of both branches of your vestibulocochlear nerve. It affects both balance and hearing. Vestibular neuritis is the swelling of one branch of your vestibulocochlear nerve. It affects only balance. […] What causes labyrinthitis? Viral infections cause labyrinthitis in most cases. But bacterial infections can cause it, too. Some of the most common labyrinthitis causes include: Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex, Stomach flu, Upper respiratory infections. […] Less commonly, a head injury can result in labyrinthitis.

• #2 Vestibular Neuritis and Viral Labyrinthitis | Tampa Bay Hearing and Balance Center

  https://www.tampabayhearing.com/ear-education/vestibular-education/vestibular-neuritis-and-viral-labyrinthitis/

  Vestibular neuritis, inflammation of the balance nerve, is the second or third most common cause of peripheral vestibular vertigo with benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo thought to be the most common. […] The reactivation of a latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is thought to be likely cause. […] Studies have also shown evidence that at least some of the time, Herpes Simplex is the putative cause. […] However, other literature suggests that adenovirus, enterovirus, Epstein Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus, as well as coxsackie and zoster viruses can also cause vestibular neuritis. […] It is also clear that vestibular neuritis occurs in Ramsay Hunt syndrome implying that the Varicella Zoster virus (shingles virus) can cause vertigo. […] Our experience is that all patients who have vestibular neuritis whom we have checked have positive VZV IgG titers but not all have positive HSV IgG titers. […] An interesting question is whether the causative virus might sometimes or even often be VZV in at least some of the more severely affected persons.

• #2 Vestibular Neuronitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549866/

  Vestibular neuritis is believed to be an inflammatory disorder selectively affecting the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve. The cause is presumed to be of viral origin. […] Vestibular neuritis is thought to be caused by inflammation of the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve and classically presents with vertigo, nausea, and gait imbalance. […] The viral etiology hypothesis has led to the theoretical benefit from antiviral medications; however, the use of valacyclovir either alone or combined with a glucocorticoid has not been shown to be effective. […] Labyrinthitis presents with similar symptoms to vestibular neuritis but will also include auditory symptoms such as unilateral hearing loss.

• #2 Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis

  In vestibular neuritis or neuronitis, the area of nerve inflammation or damage is located on the branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that innervates the balance organ. The hearing remains normal, but the following symptoms occur: […] In labyrinthitis, both branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve are affected leading to same symptoms of neuritis (severe sudden vertigo or dizziness, nausea/vomiting, imbalance, nystagmus) along with hearing loss. […] Viral infections, and in rare cases, bacterial infections cause labyrinthitis and neuritis. Cold symptoms are typically noted one to two weeks prior to symptoms of dizziness. Common viral causes are herpes viruses (cold sores, chicken pox, shingles), influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis, and Epstein Barr virus (mono).

• #2 Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/labyrinthitis-neuritis/

  Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis are two conditions of the inner ear and 8th cranial nerve that can lead to balance and hearing problems. Vestibular neuritis affects the vestibular portion of the inner ear/nerve, while labyrinthitis affects the entire inner ear/nerve, including both the balance and hearing organs. […] Both conditions are caused by inflammation resulting from inner ear infections. These infections are usually viral but may be caused by bacteria. The conditions can affect both ears, but more commonly occur in only one. […] Some common viral illnesses that can lead to labyrinthitis or neuritis include: Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex virus, Influenza, Measles, Mumps, Rubella. […] Bacterial inner ear infections occur less often than viral infections and are more common in young children. Young children are more susceptible to chronic middle ear infections caused by a buildup of bacteria behind the eardrum. If these infections are not treated, the bacteria can enter the surrounding bone or inner ear labyrinth, leading to an inner ear infection. Bacteria can also enter the inner ear as a result of bacterial meningitis.

• #2 Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/ear-nose-throat/hearing-and-balance/labyrinthitis-and-vestibular-neuritis

  Labyrinthitis is an inner ear infection that causes inflammation and swelling of the labyrinth, which contains the cochlea (hearing) and the vestibular system (balance). That means this condition can cause symptoms that relate to balance as well as hearing loss. […] The condition is usually caused by a virus, but sometimes bacteria can attack the labyrinth. Types of viruses and bacteria that can cause labyrinthitis include: […] Vestibular neuritis (neuronitis) is an inner ear infection that causes inflammation and swelling of the vestibular nerve, which carries signals from the inner ear to the brain to help with balance. The infection is usually caused by a virus that originates from either the inner ear or somewhere else in the body, such as chicken pox or viral hepatitis. […] Both conditions are inner ear infections that can lead to balance issues. Theyre also typically caused by viruses and come on suddenly over only a few hours; however, there are some key differences between labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis. Those include: […] Labyrinthitis can also be caused by bacteria.

• #2 Labyrinthitis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/labyrinthitis.html

  Labyrinthitis often results from a viral infection of the eighth cranial nerve or the labyrinth. […] A viral infection of the eighth cranial nerve or labyrinth may cause the condition. […] Viruses known to cause labyrinthitis include: Herpes viruses, Influenza, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Polio, Hepatitis, Epstein-Barr, Varicella. […] In rare cases, an infection in the middle part of the ear can spread to the inner ear and cause labyrinthitis. […] In rare cases, bacterial meningitis, a head injury, or having a certain autoimmune condition may cause labyrinthitis. […] Having a viral infection that can cause labyrinthitis increases your risk.

• #2 Vestibular Neuritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/794489-overview

  Vestibular neuritis, also referred to as vestibular neuronitis, may be described as acute, sustained dysfunction of the peripheral vestibular system with secondary nausea, vomiting, and vertigo. As this condition is not clearly inflammatory in nature, neurologists often refer to it as vestibular neuropathy. It results from inflammation of the vestibular nerve in the ear. […] The etiology of vestibular neuritis remains largely unknown, yet it appears to be a sudden disruption of afferent neuronal input from 1 of the 2 vestibular apparatuses. This imbalance in vestibular neurologic input to the central nervous system (CNS) causes symptoms of vertigo. At least some cases are thought to be due to reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 in the vestibular ganglia. […] Although vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis may be closely related in some cases, vestibular neuritis is generally distinguished from labyrinthitis by preserved auditory function.

• #2 Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis – Vestibular Disorders Association

  https://vestibular.org/article/diagnosis-treatment/types-of-vestibular-disorders/labyrinthitis-and-vestibular-neuritis/

  A disruption of blood flow through the anterior/superior vestibular artery (a tiny artery that nourishes the inner ear) can also lead to similar symptoms. […] It is rare for a stroke to present with an isolated vertigo episode as the only symptom. However, a blood flow interruption to the vessel that nourishes the inner ear can cause the same symptoms as vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis. […] Viral etiologies are considered the primary cause of vestibular neuritis. […] We see bacterial infection more commonly with labyrinthitis. […] In suppurative labyrinthitis, the bacteria spreads into the fluid of the inner ear from a middle ear infection or from meningitis through cerebrospinal fluid.

• #2 What Is Vestibular Neuritis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/vestibular-neuritis/guide/

  One type, called serous labyrinthitis, may be caused by inflammation that spreads from the middle ear or the bone surrounding the inner ear, usually from a chronic, untreated middle ear infection (chronic otitis media). Another type of labyrinthitis, called suppurative labyrinthitis, is caused by bacteria that have infected the inner ear itself.

• #2 Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis | Handouts | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/handouts/labyrinthitis-and-vestibular-neuritis

  Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis are disorders resulting from an infection that inflames the inner ear or the vestibulo-cochlear nerve (the eighth cranial nerve), which connects the inner ear to the brain. […] Infections of the inner ear are usually viral; less commonly, the cause is bacterial. […] Such inner ear infections are not the same as middle ear infections, which are the type of bacterial infections common in childhood affecting the area around the eardrum. […] Inner ear infections that cause vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis are usually viral rather than bacterial. […] In serous labyrinthitis, bacteria that have infected the middle ear or the bone surrounding the inner ear produce toxins that invade the inner ear via the oval or round windows and inflame the cochlea, the vestibular system, or both.

• #2 Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis | Handouts | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/handouts/labyrinthitis-and-vestibular-neuritis

  Less common is suppurative labyrinthitis, in which bacterial organisms themselves invade the labyrinth. […] Viral infections of the inner ear are more common than bacterial infections, but less is known about them. […] Some of the viruses that have been associated with vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis include herpes viruses (such as the ones that cause cold sores or chicken pox and shingles), influenza, measles, rubella, mumps, polio, hepatitis, and Epstein-Barr. […] Because the inner ear infection is usually caused by a virus, it can run its course and then go dormant in the nerve only to flare up again at any time.

• #2 Labyrinthitis: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and recovery

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323606

  Labyrinthitis is an infection of the inner ear. It causes inflammation that can affect the structures of this part of the ear and disrupt the flow of sensory information from the ear to the brain. This disruption can result in a range of symptoms, including dizziness, vertigo, and even hearing loss. […] Viral infections are the most common cause of labyrinthitis, but the condition can sometimes result from a bacterial infection. […] While both types of infection can cause similar symptoms, bacterial labyrinthitis is generally more severe than viral labyrinthitis. […] There are two main types of bacterial labyrinthitis: […] Also called toxic labyrinthitis, serous labyrinthitis commonly results from a bacterial infection in the middle ear, which doctors refer to as chronic otitis media (COM).

• #2 Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuritis | Sierra Nevada ENT

  https://www.sierranevadaent.com/labyrinthitisvestibular-neuritis

  Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis (sometimes referred to as vestibular neuronitis) are both infections of the inner ear that can cause dizziness, imbalance and nausea. […] The innermost part of the ear is called the labyrinth. The labyrinth contains organs and nerves responsible for hearing (cochlear) and balance (vestibular). Both labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis occur as a result of inflammation in this portion of the ear. This inflammation is typically the result of a viral infection. Less commonly, it may be caused by a bacterial infection. […] The primary distinction between labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis is the site of the inflammation. When both the cochlear and vestibular portions of the are swollen, it is referred to as labyrinthitis. When just the vestibular portion is swollen, it is referred to as vestibular neuritis. As a result, the infections have both overlapping and distinct symptoms.

• #2 Labyrinthitis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/labyrinthitis

  Labyrinthitis is usually caused by a virus and sometimes by bacteria. Having a cold or flu can trigger the condition. Less often, an ear infection may lead to labyrinthitis. Other causes include allergies or certain medicines that are bad for the inner ear. […] These factors raise your risk for labyrinthitis: Drinking large amounts of alcohol, Fatigue, History of allergies, Recent viral illness, respiratory infection, or ear infection, Smoking, Stress, Using certain prescription or nonprescription medicines (such as aspirin).

• #2 Labyrinthitis | Berger Henry ENT

  https://www.bergerhenryent.com/labyrinthitis/

  Bacterial infection. Less commonly, labyrinthitis may have a bacterial cause. This is usually from the spread of bacteria for bacterial meningitis or a middle ear infection. Bacterial labyrinthitis may need to be managed in the hospital and carries a higher risk of permanent hearing loss. […] Autoimmune causes. Rarely, labyrinthitis can be part of a systemic autoimmune syndrome such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, or systemic lupus erythematosus. Other autoimmune disorders associated with labyrinthitis include polyarteritis nodosa and granulomatosis. […] Trauma. Injury to the inner ear – whether from accidental trauma or surgery – may result in inflammation and labyrinthitis. Examples include skull fractures, concussion, and tumors involving the inner ear, such as an acoustic neuroma.

• #2 Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/dizziness/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis-causes-and-treatment

  Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis are thought to be caused by a viral infection that affects the inner ear. […] A common cause of vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis is infection with a virus. There are various viruses that can cause viral vestibular neuritis and viral labyrinthitis. […] The cold sore virus may also be a cause. The virus that causes shingles can be a cause too. […] Other causes of vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis are uncommon. However, the following conditions will all have other symptoms and problems but may also cause vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis as a complication: Infection with a bacterial infection in the middle ear. […] Meningitis: the infection may spread from the brain to the inner ear. […] Stroke: blockage of the blood circulation to part of the brain. […] Injury to the ear. […] Tumours. […] An uncommon side-effect of some medicines.

• #2 Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis | Advanced Vestibular Clinics

  https://www.avcphysio.com.au/service/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis/

  Vestibular Neuritis is an inflammation of the vestibular nerve which travels from the inner ear into the brain. It is a common cause of vertigo. The vestibular nerve is responsible for telling the brain information about your head movement and is important for your balance. […] Vestibular Labyrinthitis is an inflammation of the vestibular labyrinth which is the structure in which the entire inner ear system is located. Vestibular Labyrinthitis results in one sided hearing loss whereas vestibular neuritis does not. […] Inflammation of the inner ear system is most commonly caused by a virus but can also be the result of a bacterial infection, head injury, extreme stress, an allergy or reaction to certain medications.

• #2 Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis | NHS Lanarkshire

  https://www.nhslanarkshire.scot.nhs.uk/services/physiotherapy/vestibular-physiotherapy/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis/

  This is a condition that is caused by inflammation or pressure on the vestibular nerve. The vestibular nerve sends messages between the inner ear and the brain about movement. This can be inflamed due to infection, a virus, reduced blood flow or exposure to allergens or toxic substances. […] Labyrinthitis is when infection or inflammation occurs in the portion of the inner ear called the labyrinth. The symptoms include; sudden hearing loss, tinnitus, spinning sensation and loss of balance. […] It is important to move around as normally as soon as possible and move your head to allow the system to recover. […] Research suggests it takes on average 8 weeks for your system to readjust. However, each individual will respond differently, and your recovery will depend on your confidence to return to moving naturally, the amount of pressure on the nerve/inner ear, the length of time you have been living with your symptoms, age and your general activity level. […] On occasions, dizziness can be brought on by prescription medication. This is especially so with: Antidepressants, Epilepsy drugs, Medications to control high blood pressure, Anxiety medication, Sleeping tablets, Painkillers.

• #2 Labyrinthitis | Berger Henry ENT

  https://www.bergerhenryent.com/labyrinthitis/

  Though labyrinthitis can occur in anyone at any time, several factors may increase the risk of developing this condition, such as: Recent viral infections, including the common cold, Cholesteatoma, History of ear surgery, Meningitis, Middle ear infection (otitis media), Smoking, Excessive alcohol consumption, Allergies, Stress and fatigue, Certain medications, Traumatic injury to the skull or inner ear.

• #2 Labyrinthitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthitis

  Labyrinthitis is inflammation of the labyrinth, a maze of fluid-filled channels in the inner ear. Vestibular neuritis is inflammation of the vestibular nerve (the nerve in the ear that sends messages related to motion and position to the brain). Both conditions involve inflammation of the inner ear. The cause is often not clear. It may be due to a virus, but it can also arise from bacterial infection, head injury, extreme stress, an allergy, or as a reaction to medication. 30% of affected people had a common cold prior to developing the disease. Either bacterial or viral labyrinthitis can cause a permanent hearing loss in rare cases. Some cases of vestibular neuritis are thought to be caused by an infection of the vestibular ganglion by the herpes simplex type 1 virus. However, the cause of this condition is not fully understood, and in fact, many different viruses may be capable of infecting the vestibular nerve. Acute localized ischemia of these structures also may be an important cause. This can also be brought on by pressure changes such as those experienced while flying or scuba diving.

• #2 Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis | enteducationswansea

  https://www.enteducationswansea.org/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthit

  This page describes both vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis. The two diseases are distinct in that labyrinthitis involves the whole labyrinth (and causes vertigo and sensory deafness and tinnitus) while vestibular neuritis causes only vertigo. […] The cause of vestibular neuritis is most likely to be viral and possibly of the Herpes family. However, some may be caused by vascular occlusion – recall that the inner ear is supplied by end arteries and that there is no collateral flow. […] Labyrinthitis is also most likely viral in origin although occasionally bacteria can be the cause (for example when a cholesteatoma has eroded into the inner ear or when an acute otitis media has spread inwards).

• #2 Labyrinthitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560506/

  Bacterial labyrinthitis typically arises from either bacterial meningitis (20% of children with bacterial meningitis will develop auditory or vestibular symptoms) or otitis media. The inflammation can occur via two different mechanisms. In serous labyrinthitis, the inflammation is secondary to bacterial toxins and/or host cytokines and inflammatory mediators passing into the membranous labyrinth via the round or oval window. Suppurative labyrinthitis is inflammation caused directly by a bacterial infection. This will have entered the inner ear through the aforementioned oval window or round window, connecting the inner ear to the middle ear or via the central nervous system through the cochlear aqueduct or auditory canal. The round window is the most common entry point. They may also arise from acquired and congenital defects in the bony labyrinth.

• #2 Vestibular Neuritis | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/vestibular-neuritis-acl8056

  Vestibular neuritis is an inflammation of the vestibular nerve. The causes of vestibular neuritis are not clear. It is likely caused by a viral infection somewhere in the body. For example, it may be caused by the herpes virus (chickenpox), the flu, or measles. […] The infection inflames the vestibular nerve. This causes the nerve to send incorrect signals to the brain that the body is moving.

• #2 Viral labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/viral-labyrinthitis-and-vestibular-neuritis

  This article discusses viral infections of the membranous labyrinth or eighth nerve acquired after birth and without associated neurologic symptoms or signs: vestibular neuritis (ie, vestibular loss alone) and viral labyrinthitis (ie, cochleovestibular loss). […] Multiple viruses have been implicated with viral labyrinthitis, but the evidence supporting a viral etiology is often circumstantial. […] Viral reactivation of latent herpes simplex type 1 in vestibular ganglia is a suspected cause of vestibular neuritis. […] Clinical and serologic studies of patients with vestibular neuritis suggest that the viruses are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, but the exact pathophysiologic mechanisms are unclear. Proposed theories of causation have included viral reactivation, vascular occlusion, and immune-mediated mechanisms. […] Multiple viruses have been implicated in viral labyrinthitis, but the evidence supporting a viral etiology is often circumstantial.

• #2 Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis-pro

  Vestibular neuritis is most likely a vestibular neuropathy caused by reactivation of latent type 1 herpes simplex virus in the vestibular ganglion, although autoimmune and microvascular ischaemic insults are also possible mechanisms. It most commonly affects the superior division of the nerve, which is much longer than the inferior division and travels through a very narrow bony passage, making it more vulnerable to the effects of swelling or ischaemia. […] Many cases of labyrinthitis appear to be viral in origin and an upper respiratory tract infection precedes the onset of symptoms in about half of cases. […] Bacterial labyrinthitis is a dangerous disorder in which bacteria gain access to the membranous labyrinth through anatomical connections. […] Labyrinthitis may also be associated with systemic disease. Many factors can cause cochlear trauma, including vertebrobasilar ischaemia, meningitis, Mnire’s disease and medication (eg, aminoglycoside).

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13365-022-01087-y

  Acute vestibular neuritis in a middle-age healthy and physically fit male pilot with no medical history (except for receiving the first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca) vaccine 11 days ago) and presentations of several cases of acute vestibular neuritis following the COVID-19 pneumonia or COVID-19 vaccines in literature indicated that the AstraZeneca vaccine may be the main cause for abnormal immune responses and acute vestibular neuritis in our case.

• #2 What is an Inner Ear Infection (Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis)? — Sonia Vovan Physiotherapy

  https://soniavovan.com/blog/what-is-an-inner-ear-infection-vestibular-neuritis-and-labyrinthitis

  An inner ear bacterial infection may be the result of bacteria that has infected the middle ear or the bone surrounding the inner ear, producing toxins that invade the inner ear via the oval or round windows. […] This is called serous labyrinthitis and is most commonly a result of chronic, untreated middle ear infections (chronic otitis media) that is characterized by milder symptoms. […] An inner ear bacterial infection may also be the result of suppurative labyrinthitis, which occurs when bacterial organisms invade the labyrinth.

• #2 Labyrinthitis Causes, Ear Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/labyrinthitis_inner_ear_inflammation/article.htm

  Labyrinthitis itself is not contagious; however, viral infections that lead to labyrinthitis are. […] The symptoms of labyrinthitis are very similar to another inner ear disorder called vestibular neuritis. The two conditions have similar symptoms, but vestibular neuritis does not include hearing loss. […] Complications of labyrinthitis include: Labyrinthitis can lead to an increased risk of hearing loss, especially in children who develop the condition as a complication of meningitis. Labyrinthitis can lead to a condition called BPPV (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo), which causes brief episodes of dizziness and vertigo. The dizziness can be mild to severe. Labyrinthitis may also lead to Mnire disease (also called idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops) to develop years after the initial infection. Mnire’s disease can cause variable hearing loss, vertigo, ringing in the ears, and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear.

• #2 The Vertigo Therapist

  https://thevertigotherapist.com/vestibular-neuritis-labyrinthitis/

  Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis are two similar conditions. Both begin with a viral or bacterial infection in the inner ear. […] The infection is usually viral, due to something that is affecting the whole body such as the flu, herpes, or hepatitis. […] There is even some speculation that the Covid-19 virus can invade the inner ear causing Vestibular Neuritis or Labyrinthitis, but so far there is not yet enough evidence know for sure. […] Bacterial inner ear infections are much less common, but can also occur. […] Both conditions cause a sudden onset of moderate to severe vertigo that lasts for at least one day, up to several days. […] The biggest difference is that Labyrinthitis includes one sided hearing loss as a symptom. […] Both scenarios are common. In fact, you are at a higher risk of developing BPPV or Vestibular Migraine after recovering from Vestibular Neuritis or Labyrinthitis.

• #2 Labyrinthitis – Balance & Dizziness Canada

  https://balanceanddizziness.org/disorders/vestibular-disorders/labyrinthitis/

  Rarely, autoimmune disorders can also cause labyrinthitis. In these disorders, the immune system sees the body’s organs and tissues as invaders and attacks them. […] Bacterial labyrinthitis sometimes causes permanent changes in the inner ear, where bone grows inside the cochlea and can cause permanent hearing loss. This is a serious complication of bacterial meningitis. It is more common in children.

• #2 The Vertigo Therapist

  https://thevertigotherapist.com/vestibular-neuritis-labyrinthitis/

  Your doctor may send you for a VNG (video-nystagmography) test which can help to determine if there has been damage to nerves that connect to the inner ear. […] Sometimes corticosteroids are also given to reduce the inflammation. […] Antibiotics or anti-viral medication may also be given to clear the infection, however this is not always done as the body’s immune system often does a great job. […] If symptoms of dizziness, imbalance and/or hearing loss persist beyond a couple of weeks, there may have been damage done to the nerves in the inner ear. […] Even in these cases, recovery from Vestibular Neuritis and Labyrinthitis is still possible!

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