Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546673/

  Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive and enduring pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others, typically emerging in childhood or early adolescence and persisting throughout an individual’s life. […] The development of ASPD is multifactorial. Research on the etiology of ASPD is limited, and high-quality studies specifically investigating its causes are scarce. Several factors likely contribute to the development of ASPD, including genetic predisposition, childhood experiences, and environmental influences. However, the clinical significance of these factors is unclear. […] Genetic studies propose a hereditary component of personality disorders, including ASPD. Twin studies find a monozygotic concordance rate of 67% compared to a 31% concordance rate in dizygotic twins.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and More

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a type of personality disorder often characterized by little or no regard for others and no consideration for right or wrong. […] Theres no exact cause for ASPD, but certain factors may make a person more likely to develop the condition. […] Heritability for this condition ranges anywhere from 38 to 69%. This means that if you have a family history of ASPD, you might have a greater chance of also having the condition. […] Some environmental factors that may significantly influence ASPD include adverse childhood experiences, such as physical and sexual abuse and neglect. Other environmental influences may include malnutrition, fetal exposure to smoking or alcohol, and having a parent with a substance use disorder. […] Evidence suggests that the 2p12 region of chromosome 2 and a variation in a gene called the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) might contribute to ASPD. The AVPR1A gene is said to regulate a range of behaviors, including social bonding, stress management, and territorial aggression.

• #1 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a personality disorder defined by a chronic pattern of behavior that disregards the rights and well-being of others. […] People with an antisocial or alcoholic parent are considered to be at higher risk of developing ASPD. […] Research into genetic associations in antisocial personality disorder suggests that ASPD has some or even a strong genetic basis. […] The prevalence of ASPD is higher in people related to someone with the disorder. […] Personality disorders are generally believed to be caused by a combination and interaction of genetics and environmental influences. […] According to professor Emily Simonoff of the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, there are many variables that are consistently connected to ASPD, such as: childhood hyperactivity and conduct disorder, criminality in adulthood, lower IQ scores, and reading problems.

• #1 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder

  Research into genetic associations in antisocial personality disorder suggests that ASPD has some or even a strong genetic basis. […] The prevalence of ASPD is higher in people related to someone with the disorder. […] Twin studies, which are designed to discern between genetic and environmental effects, have reported significant genetic influences on antisocial behavior and conduct disorder. […] One gene that has shown particular promise in its correlation with ASPD is the gene that encodes for monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine. […] This association is also influenced by negative experiences early in life, with children possessing a low-activity variant (MAOA-L) who have experienced negative circumstances being more likely to develop antisocial behavior than those with the high-activity variant (MAOA-H).

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and More

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder

  Evidence also points to variations in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) a gene that has an impact on social behavior and attachment as a possible contributor to the range of behaviors common in ASPD. […] Theres still much to be learned about the causes of ASPD. Researchers are still trying to understand the condition and why some people get it when others dont.

• #1 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a lack of empathy, a sense of guiltlessness and shamelessness, as well as impulsiveness. […] Twin and family studies showed genetic predisposition in ASPD. Some candidate genes associated with ASPD include SLC6A4, COMT, 5-HTR2A, TPH1, DRD2, OXTR, CACNG8, COL25A1 and several serotonergic genes. Environmental factors like adverse childhood experience (ACE) and active empathy deficits in toddlerhood play a role in the etiology of ASPD, whereas low intelligence or attainment, a large family size, a convicted parent, a disrupted family, and a young mother are predictors of antisocial personality. […] The exact etiology of ASPD is unknown and is most likely multifactorial. This section discusses the etiological factors under two broad subheadings, namely, genetic factors and environmental factors. It is noteworthy that these factors may or may not occur in isolation. Most often than not, there exists an interplay between genetic predisposition and a high-risk environment. When both factors are present, the observation of a greater pathology would be expected.

• #1 What is Antisocial Personality Disorder & Can It Be Treated? | Amen Clinics Amen Clinics

  https://www.amenclinics.com/blog/what-is-antisocial-personality-disorder-can-it-be-treated/

  Antisocial personality disorder is a brain disorder. Neuroimaging research has found both structural and functional abnormalities in the brains of people with ASPD. […] Brain abnormalities, genetic vulnerability, and adverse childhood experiences all play a role in the development of a personality disorder, which affects both thinking and behavior. […] Antisocial personality disorder is a brain disorder. Indeed, neuroimaging research has found both structural and functional abnormalities in the brains of people with ASPD. […] Additional factors that play a role in the development of the condition include: Genetics: If you have a close relative with a personality disorder, it may increase your risk of developing the condition, research. Emotional trauma: Exposure to traumatic events or experiencing abandonment, neglect, or abuse (especially violent abuse) as a child is highly associated with the development of ASPD, research. […] There’s also some evidence showing that negative behavior modeling by parents and peers is linked to the development of antisocial traits. In addition, decreased serotonin function is associated with the impulsiveness and aggression commonly seen in ASPD.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) – Bright Path Adolescent Mental Health

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/mental-health/disorder/antisocial-personality-disorder/

  Environmental factors, particularly during childhood, significantly impact the development of ASPD. Experiences such as physical or emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to violence increase the risk of developing the disorder. Children raised in these environments learn to disregard social norms and develop a lack of empathy. While family dynamics and parenting styles contribute to the disorder, it is essential to recognize that ASPD is not solely the result of parental influence […] Individuals with ASPD have reduced volume in areas of the brain associated with empathy, moral reasoning, and impulse control, such as the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, per a study by a psychiatrist, Cole K. et al published in Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience in 2017 titled Impulsive-antisocial psychopathic traits linked to increased volume and functional connectivity within the prefrontal cortex. ASPD exhibits altered brain activity patterns, particularly in response to emotional stimuli. This leads to difficulties in processing emotions and understanding the consequences of their actions. These brain-based factors help explain the emotional and relational challenges individuals face with ASPD, including their difficulties in forming genuine connections with others.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/antisocial-personality-disorder.html

  Brain anatomy. The frontal lobe, the area of the brain that governs judgment and planning, also appears to be different in people with antisocial personality disorder. Some researchers have found changes in the volume of brain structures that mediate violent behavior. People with this kind of brain function may thus have more difficulty restraining their impulses, which may account for the tendency toward more aggressive behavior. Neurobiologists cannot say with certainty that these variations in brain structure are a cause of antisocial personality. The variations could easily be the result of life experiences that are more common in people with this personality disorder rather than a cause.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9657-antisocial-personality-disorder

  Antisocial personality disorder usually begins before age 15. The initial diagnosis is conduct disorder. Children with conduct disorder show a pattern of aggressive or disobedient behavior that can harm others. They may lie, steal, ignore rules or bully other children. Two behaviors that are warning signs of ASPD during childhood are setting fires and animal cruelty. […] Healthcare providers aren’t sure of the exact cause of antisocial personality disorder. Research suggests it may involve many different factors, from your genetic composition to certain experiences you had growing up. One leading factor is brain biology. You may have abnormal levels of serotonin in your brain. Serotonin is a chemical that regulates your mood and feelings of happiness. Changes to the amount of serotonin in your brain may cause antisocial personality disorder behaviors.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/antisocial-personality-disorder.html

  Antisocial personality disorder is probably caused by a combination of factors. […] Influences from the environment. A chaotic family life contributes to the development of this personality disorder, especially where there has been little supervision from parents or other adult role models. The disorder also may be more common where the community is not supportive or provides little reward for positive behavior. In some situations, there may even be reinforcement for sociopathic behavior. […] Genetic (inherited) or biological factors. Antisocial personality traits do appear to be highly heritable. Researchers have also found certain physiological responses that may occur more frequently in people with antisocial personality disorder. For example, they have a comparatively flat response to stress. They seem to get less anxious than the average person. They seem to have a harder time maintaining daytime arousal. They also have a weak „startle reflex,” the involuntary response to loud noises. This relative insensitivity may affect their ability to learn from reward and punishment.

• #1 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.

  Many studies suggest that the social and home environment contribute to the development of ASPD. […] ASPD is highly comorbid with emotional and physical abuse in childhood. […] The way a child bonds with its parents early in life is important. […] Poor parental bonding due to abuse or neglect puts children at greater risk for developing antisocial personality disorder. […] There is also a significant correlation with parental overprotection and people who develop ASPD.

• #1 Preempting the Development of Antisocial Behavior and Psychopathic Traits | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/early/2021/01/06/JAAPL.200060-20

  While genes are important in the development of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits, studies have not yet localized individual genes or determined the mechanisms by which they might affect biology and development. […] Genetic influences represent only one factor within a complex etiology and often vary in their connection to behavior. […] Approximately 50 percent of the variance in antisocial behaviors and psychopathic traits in children and adults stems from prenatal, perinatal, familial, neighborhood, and other environmental factors. […] Environmental factors can operate to increase a youths risk for conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits at several points across the lifespan. […] The interplay between genetic and environmental factors can be difficult to ascertain.

• #1 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4

  Like many other psychiatric disorders, ASPD has been shown to demonstrate a strong hereditary component. Previous research in genetic epidemiology suggested that genetic factors help explain as much as 56% of variances observed, whereas shared environmental factors and specific individual environmental factors help explain the remaining 11% and 31% of the variances, respectively. […] A diagnosis of conduct disorder before the age of 15 years is one of the diagnostic criteria of ASPD. This means that ASPD has an early course during childhood. Therefore, childhood experiences have an influence in the development of ASPD. […] Many environmental factors have been associated with personality disorders. In the past, studies have examined such factors as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and revealed that they are risk factors of these disorders. ACEs are common worldwide and have serious effects on a child physical and mental health.

• #1 The etiology of antisocial personality disorder: The differential roles of adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31079021/

  Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a severe personality disorder with robust associations with crime and violence, but its precise etiology is unknown. […] Greater adverse childhood experiences were associated with ASPD diagnosis with physical abuse showing associations with ASPD symptoms and sexual abuse with lifetime diagnosis for ASPD. […] Given the role of environmental factors in the development of ASPD, greater criminological attention should be devoted to understanding how assorted forms of abuse and neglect coupled with childhood psychopathology contribute to ASPD especially given its linkages to severe criminal offending.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder in Teens (Causes, Symptoms, + Treatment)

  https://beachsideteen.com/antisocial-personality-disorder-symptoms-and-causes/

  According to Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, neuroimaging of people with traits of psychopathy (common among those with ASPD) could be caused by abnormalities in the structure of a person’s brain. […] Children and teens growing up in homes with instability, abuse, neglect, or inconsistent discipline are more likely to develop ASPD or other behavioral disorders. […] Childhood trauma is a risk factor for developing ASPD and other mental or behavioral health disorders.

• #1 Personality disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354463

  Has little, if any, concern for the needs or feelings of others. […] It’s believed that personality disorders are caused by a blend of how genetics and your environment affect you. Your genes may make it more likely that you develop a personality disorder, and what happens to you in life may set a personality disorder into motion. […] Although the specific causes of personality disorders are not known, some factors seem to increase the risk of having one: Specific personality traits. This includes always trying to stay away from harm, or the opposite a strong need to seek out new activities that get the adrenaline pumping. It also includes poor impulse control. […] Early life experiences. This includes a home environment that is not stable, predictable or supportive. It also includes a history of trauma physical neglect or abuse, emotional neglect or abuse, or sexual abuse.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546673/

  A large sample of male children who experienced childhood abuse reveals a functional polymorphism in the gene encoding monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) that moderately predicts the development of ASPD, with low levels of MAO-A expression more likely to lead to the development of ASPD. […] Various psychoanalytic factors contribute to the development of personality traits and disorders. These include unconscious processes, early childhood experiences, and the influence of internal conflicts. […] Parenting styles are likely to contribute to the development of ASPD. Adult antisocial personality traits are associated with experiences of parental neglect and abuse. […] The role of exposure to violent media through television, music, and video games is a common concern. Current data is conflicting but suggests patients who are prone to developing ASPD will likely develop ASPD despite exposure to violence in media.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder – Mental Health Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/personality-disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder

  Genes and environmental factors (such as adversity during childhood) contribute to the development of antisocial personality disorder. […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) of people with the disorder than among the general population. Risk of developing this disorder is increased in both adopted and biologic children of parents with the disorder. […] If children develop conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder before they are 10 years old, they are more likely to develop antisocial personality disorder as adults. […] Conduct disorder may be more likely to develop into antisocial personality disorder when parents abuse or neglect the child or are inconsistent in discipline or in parenting style (for example, switching from being warm and supportive to being cold and critical). […] Disregard for the pain of others during early childhood has been linked to antisocial behavior during late adolescence.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder | Psychlinks Forum — Archive Only (2004-2022)

  https://forum.psychlinks.ca/threads/antisocial-personality-disorder.33/

  Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by failure to conform to society’s norms, deceit or intimidation in relationships, and failure to show consideration for the rights of others. […] A chaotic family life with a lack of supervision may be involved in the development of this personality disorder. […] The environment, though, is not the only cause of this disorder. A number of biological factors controlling temperament make an important contribution to the formation of this personality type. […] There also may be neurochemical differences that account for the tendency toward more impulsive and aggressive behavior.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Sheppard Pratt

  https://www.sheppardpratt.org/knowledge-center/condition/antisocial-personality-disorder/

  Antisocial personality disorder is one of a larger category of personality disorders. […] The exact cause of antisocial personality disorder is unknown. Several contributing factors can lead to an increased risk of developing this condition. Some of those risk factors include: […] Abuse, neglect, or mistreatment in childhood […] A parent with alcoholism or another substance use disorder […] A parent with antisocial personality disorder or another personality disorder […] Childhood exposure to violence and criminal dealings as an acceptable way of life […] Traumatic events early in life, or exposure to trauma such as war […] Environmental factors, including exposure to lead paint in childhood.

• #1 The Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder/antisocial-personality-disorder-causes

  Antisocial personality causes are complex, but may be associated with environmental factors as well as genetics. […] The cause of ASPD is not well understood. Researchers and medical professionals debate whether this condition is a stand-alone diagnosis. Some say ASPD significantly overlaps with psychopathy, while others believe that psychopathy could be a more severe subtype of ASPD. […] Despite this, researchers have several theories on what may cause ASPD, including: genetic components, environmental factors, childhood trauma. […] According to a 2019 study, genetic factors play a role in 38-69% of ASPD diagnoses. […] In addition to genetic factors, 2021 research published suggests environmental factors can play a significant role in the development of ASPD. […] According to this research, many environmental risk factors for ASPD are linked to experiences in pregnancy and early childhood: smoking or substance misuse during pregnancy, experiencing stress and anxiety during pregnancy, complications during delivery, infant malnutrition, heavy metal exposure, negative parent-child interactions, verbal and physical abuse, inconsistent or coercive discipline, growing up in an under-resourced community, exposure to peer groups that engage in anti-social-like behavior, experiencing social violence.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9657-antisocial-personality-disorder

  Your genetic makeup may make it more likely for you to develop antisocial personality disorder. Research is ongoing to learn more about how your genes can contribute to this condition, but the exact genes responsible are yet to be identified. Studies found that your risk increases if you have a biological relative with ASPD. […] Antisocial personality disorder can affect anyone. You may be more at risk of developing the condition if you: Had a conduct disorder diagnosis before age 15. Are male. Experienced trauma or abuse in early childhood. Experience substance use disorder (SUD) or have a biological relative who has the condition. Have a history of mental health conditions in your biological family. Have a lower academic performance compared to your peers. Spent time in jail or prison.

• #1 Antisocial personality disorder Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder

  Antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others without any remorse. This behavior may cause problems in relationships or at work and is often associated with criminal behavior. […] The cause of this disorder is unknown. A person’s genes and other factors, such as child abuse, may contribute to developing this condition. People with an antisocial or alcoholic parent are at increased risk. Far more men than women are affected. The condition is common among people who are in prison. […] Setting fires and animal cruelty during childhood are often seen in the development of antisocial personality.

• #1 Preempting the Development of Antisocial Behavior and Psychopathic Traits | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/early/2021/01/06/jaapl.200060-20

  While genes are important in the development of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits, studies have not yet localized individual genes or determined the mechanisms by which they might affect biology and development. […] Genetic influences represent only one factor within a complex etiology and often vary in their connection to behavior. […] Genetic and environmental factors can interact to moderate or amplify each other’s effects. […] The interplay between genetic and environmental factors can be difficult to ascertain. […] The mechanisms by which environmental factors alter a youth’s development, predisposing to antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits, are complex. […] The influence of gene-environment interactions suggests that expanding environmental interventions to benefit all youth would greatly enhance their ability to counteract genetic risk and prevent the emergence of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits.

• #1 Preempting the Development of Antisocial Behavior and Psychopathic Traits | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/early/2021/01/06/JAAPL.200060-20

  Genetic and environmental influences often correlate with each other, given that the biological parents often determine both the childs genes and environment. […] Genetic and environmental factors can interact to moderate or amplify each others effects. […] Epigenetics serves as a potential mechanism for these gene-environment interactive effects, as it enables environmental influences to make chemical changes to DNA and thereby alter the expression of genes, the functioning of neurons, and the behavior of individuals. […] Research suggests that genetics may predict the impact of environmental factors, and thus may have a role in predicting outcomes and responsivity to interventions. […] Identifying youth with an elevated genetic risk for antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits should lead to improved interventions and preventive efforts. […] The importance of genetic factors and gene-environment interactions in the etiology and development of these problems suggests that genetic evidence might be harnessed to design better interventions.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/antisocial-personality-disorder/

  Although the precise etiology is unknown, both genetic and environmental factors have been found to play a role in the development of ASPD. […] Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors influence the development of ASPD, as well as general antisocial behavior (criminality, violence, aggressiveness). […] Adoption studies clearly demonstrate that the development of antisocial behavior is determined by the interaction of genetic factors and adverse environmental circumstances. […] Researchers who are interested in the importance of the environment in the development of ASPD have directed their attention to such factors as the community, the structure and functioning of the family, and peer groups. Each of these factors influences the likelihood of antisocial behavior. […] Individuals with antisocial tendencies do not seem to experience emotions the way most other people do. […] While emotional deficits may contribute to antisocial personality disorder, so too might an inability to relate to others pain.

• #1 Preempting the Development of Antisocial Behavior and Psychopathic Traits | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/early/2021/01/06/JAAPL.200060-20

  Antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits are subject to complex patterns of inheritance, gene-environment interactive effects, and powerful environmental influences. Yet genetic factors are important in the etiology of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits, and identifying youth with an elevated genetic risk may lead to improved interventions and preventive efforts. […] An extensive body of research has established that genetic influences are important in the etiology of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits, but studies have yet to identify the specific genes and biological mechanisms involved. […] There may be a benefit in identifying individuals with an elevated genetic risk for antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits with the goal of using this information to guide interventions and preventive efforts.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.health.com/antisocial-personality-disorder-8651576

  One evidence-based study indicates that treatment or early intervention directed at children with antisocial behaviors and character traits may improve academic performance and prevent the development of antisocial personality in adolescence. Another study suggests that treating impulsivity in early adolescence may help prevent the development of antisocial personality disorder later in life.

• #1 Psychiatry.org – Antisocial Personality Disorder: Often Overlooked and Untreated

  https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/antisocial-personality-disorder-often-overlooked

  ASPD is common, problematic, and costly to society. Infrequently diagnosed, people with [antisocial personality disorder] are rarely referred for treatment of the condition, Black concludes. Most likely, future treatment recommendations will involve a combination of medication to target anger, irritability, and other antisocial symptoms, while psychotherapy can be used to address the cognitive and moral aspects of the disorder.

• #1 Antisocial personality disorder | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder

  Antisocial personality disorder is considered a lifelong condition. But in some people, certain symptoms particularly destructive and criminal behavior may decrease over time. It’s not clear whether this decrease is a result of the effect aging has on their mind and body, an increased awareness of the impact that antisocial behavior has had on their life, or other factors. […] The exact cause of antisocial personality disorder isn’t known, but: […] Genes may make you vulnerable to developing antisocial personality disorder and life situations, especially neglect and abuse, may trigger its development. […] Changes in the way the brain functions may have resulted during brain development.

• #1 Antisocial personality disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353928

  Personality is the combination of thoughts, emotions and behaviors that makes everyone unique. It’s the way people view, understand and relate to the outside world, as well as how they see themselves. Personality forms during childhood. It’s likely shaped by inherited genes as well as life situations and experiences. […] The exact cause of antisocial personality disorder isn’t known, but: Genes may make you vulnerable to developing antisocial personality disorder and life situations, especially neglect and abuse, may trigger its development. […] Changes in the way the brain functions may have resulted during brain development.

• #2 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a personality disorder defined by a chronic pattern of behavior that disregards the rights and well-being of others. […] People with an antisocial or alcoholic parent are considered to be at higher risk of developing ASPD. […] Research into genetic associations in antisocial personality disorder suggests that ASPD has some or even a strong genetic basis. […] The prevalence of ASPD is higher in people related to someone with the disorder. […] Personality disorders are generally believed to be caused by a combination and interaction of genetics and environmental influences. […] According to professor Emily Simonoff of the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, there are many variables that are consistently connected to ASPD, such as: childhood hyperactivity and conduct disorder, criminality in adulthood, lower IQ scores, and reading problems.

• #2 Antisocial Personality Disorder

  https://mindmetrix.com/guides/antisocial-personality/overview

  A number of studies have suggested differing estimates of heritability of antisocial personality disorder from 38% to 69%. […] Research has been done on establishing the precise gene that contributes to antisocial personality disorder and there is evidence implicating a specific region on chromosome 2. […] Adoption studies indicate the interplay of both genetic and environmental factors in the development of antisocial personality disorder. […] Addiction to alcohol and substances also plays a role. Approximately half of those with antisocial personality disorder also have addictions to alcohol or substances. […] Finally, gender may play a role as men are more likely to develop ASPD than women.

• #2 Antisocial Personality Disorder – Mental Health Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental-health-disorders/personality-disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder

  Genes and environmental factors (such as adversity during childhood) contribute to the development of antisocial personality disorder. […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) of people with the disorder than among the general population. Risk of developing this disorder is increased in both adopted and biologic children of parents with the disorder. […] If children develop conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder before they are 10 years old, they are more likely to develop antisocial personality disorder as adults. […] Conduct disorder may be more likely to develop into antisocial personality disorder when parents abuse or neglect the child or are inconsistent in discipline or in parenting style (for example, switching from being warm and supportive to being cold and critical). […] Disregard for the pain of others during early childhood has been linked to antisocial behavior during late adolescence.

• #2 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a lack of empathy, a sense of guiltlessness and shamelessness, as well as impulsiveness. […] Twin and family studies showed genetic predisposition in ASPD. Some candidate genes associated with ASPD include SLC6A4, COMT, 5-HTR2A, TPH1, DRD2, OXTR, CACNG8, COL25A1 and several serotonergic genes. Environmental factors like adverse childhood experience (ACE) and active empathy deficits in toddlerhood play a role in the etiology of ASPD, whereas low intelligence or attainment, a large family size, a convicted parent, a disrupted family, and a young mother are predictors of antisocial personality. […] The exact etiology of ASPD is unknown and is most likely multifactorial. This section discusses the etiological factors under two broad subheadings, namely, genetic factors and environmental factors. It is noteworthy that these factors may or may not occur in isolation. Most often than not, there exists an interplay between genetic predisposition and a high-risk environment. When both factors are present, the observation of a greater pathology would be expected.

• #2 Preempting the Development of Antisocial Behavior and Psychopathic Traits | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/early/2021/01/06/jaapl.200060-20

  Approximately 50 percent of youth with conduct disorder are further characterized by limited prosocial emotions, also known as callous-unemotional traits. […] Antisocial behaviors and psychopathic traits may reflect genetic factors that are subject to complex mechanisms and pathways. […] Genetic factors may lead to antisocial behaviors and psychopathic traits via their effects on biological systems, such as brain structure, neural function, and the physiologic stress response. […] While there is some dispute, several studies have implicated the monoamine oxidase A enzyme (MAO-A), the catechol-O-methyltransferase enzyme (COMT), and the sodium-dependent serotonin and dopamine transporter genes in antisocial behavior. […] Despite some conflict among results, studies of youth with callous-unemotional traits and adults with psychopathic traits have implicated genes involved in the serotonin and dopamine systems, including polymorphisms of the genes for COMT, MAO-A, and the serotonin transporter.

• #2 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4

  The likelihood of such disorders increased with the combination of a difficult temperament and childhood adversity. […] The findings suggest that haplotypes of multiple serotonergic genes are linked to an increased or decreased antisocial behavior (ASB) risk. […] The study concluded that childhood maltreatment is a predictor of ASPD with moderation by the 5-HTTPLR genotype in AA women.

• #2 Antisocial vs. Borderline Personality Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/antisocial-personality-disorder-p2-425417

  Antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder are both Cluster B personality disorders that share several symptoms in common. However, there are important differences that distinguish between the two conditions. Both conditions are thought to be caused by factors such as brain differences, genetics, and adverse experiences. […] The exact causes of ASPD and BPD are not clear, but the two conditions share some risk factors in common. The following are known to increase the risk of a person developing a Cluster B personality disorder: Brain differences: Imaging studies suggest that people with ASPD and BPD have structural differences in areas of the brain that regulate emotions and impulse control. Family history: Having a family member who has a Cluster B personality disorder increases the risk that a person will also develop ASPD or BPD. Experiences: Stressful and traumatic life events such as attachment problems, neglect, and abuse increase the risk of developing these conditions. […] According to some evidence, these conditions are influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

• #2 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment – ActiveBeat – Your Daily Dose of Health Headlines

  https://activebeat.com/your-health/antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

  Antisocial personality disorder is a mental health condition that affects how a person thinks and behaves. […] There is no definitive cause, however genetics, environment, and brain differences play a major role. […] According to the Cleveland Clinic, people with ASPD often have unusual levels of serotonin. […] Research suggests that ASPD is likely strongly linked to inheritance and that environmental influences probably exacerbate its development, writes VeryWell Mind. […] If a person experiences trauma, neglect, or abuse in their early childhood, they have a higher risk of developing ASPD. […] While nature and nurture play a role in ASPD, experts also found brain differences in people with this disorder. […] Research suggests that people with ASPD have differences in the frontal lobe, the area of the brain that plays a role in planning and judgement.

• #2 What Is Antisocial Personality Disorder? Understanding The Symptoms And Causes | BetterHelp

  https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/sociopathy/what-is-antisocial-personality-disorder-understanding-the-symptoms-and-causes/

  ASPD may not have a single, clearly identifiable cause. […] A person’s childhood environment and upbringing could also be a factor. Child abuse in particular appears to lead to a substantially increased risk of developing antisocial personality disorder. The severe trauma associated with mistreatment from a caregiver may interfere with a child’s ability to learn appropriate behavior or empathy. […] Researchers have found some evidence of neurological differences that may be associated with ASPD. Specifically, individuals with this mental health condition appear to have less brain tissue in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). […] These areas of the brain are believed to be associated with impulse control, regulation of emotions, and the ability to weigh the positive and negative outcomes of actions.

• #2 Antisocial Personality Disorder Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Sheppard Pratt

  https://www.sheppardpratt.org/knowledge-center/condition/antisocial-personality-disorder/

  Antisocial personality disorder is one of a larger category of personality disorders. […] The exact cause of antisocial personality disorder is unknown. Several contributing factors can lead to an increased risk of developing this condition. Some of those risk factors include: […] Abuse, neglect, or mistreatment in childhood […] A parent with alcoholism or another substance use disorder […] A parent with antisocial personality disorder or another personality disorder […] Childhood exposure to violence and criminal dealings as an acceptable way of life […] Traumatic events early in life, or exposure to trauma such as war […] Environmental factors, including exposure to lead paint in childhood.

• #2 Antisocial personality disorder Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder

  Antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others without any remorse. This behavior may cause problems in relationships or at work and is often associated with criminal behavior. […] The cause of this disorder is unknown. A person’s genes and other factors, such as child abuse, may contribute to developing this condition. People with an antisocial or alcoholic parent are at increased risk. Far more men than women are affected. The condition is common among people who are in prison. […] Setting fires and animal cruelty during childhood are often seen in the development of antisocial personality.

• #2 Antisocial Personality Disorder | Wayahead

  https://wayahead.org.au/get-the-facts/antisocial-personality-disorder/

  Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a mental disorder where a person shows no regard for right or wrong and is not concerned with the feelings or rights of other people. […] The exact causes for developing ASPD are still unclear. Most professionals believe that causes are biological and genetic, as well as early social factors and interactions with family, friends and other children. […] Other psychosocial factors in early childhood could also contribute to the development of this disorder. Some factors include but are not limited to a childhood diagnosis of Conduct Disorder, a family history of ASPD, childhood abuse or neglect, an unstable, violent or disordered childhood, and poor social contact. […] ASPD is more commonly diagnosed in men than women.

• #2 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd-5207370

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a mental health disorder in which there is a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others. […] The exact cause of ASPD is not known. But some factors may increase the risk of having this condition, such as: […] Multiple studies show a link between sexual and physical abuse (adverse childhood experiences, or ACE) and a higher risk of developing ASPD. […] Both genetic (like having a close relative with ASPD) and environmental factors can contribute to the development of ASPD. […] A 2018 study found that 77% of people with ASPD met the lifetime criteria for alcohol use disorder. […] People diagnosed with ASPD have specific brain and neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) changes, including monoamine oxidase levels and serotonin. […] Its causes are not always known, but childhood trauma and stress are contributing factors. Genetics and brain chemistry also play a role.

• #2 Born or made? Understanding antisocial personality disorder – University of Wolverhampton

  https://online.wlv.ac.uk/born-or-made-understanding-antisocial-personality-disorder/

  Studies suggest that there is a genetic component to ASPD, so people who have a family history of the disorder may be at a higher risk of developing it themselves. […] Traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, or witnessing violence, can contribute to the development of ASPD. […] Wider environmental factors, such as growing up in a chaotic or unstable environment, or lacking positive role models or social support, can also increase the risk of developing ASPD. […] Some research points to brain abnormalities, impairments, or injuries to certain parts of the brain as potential contributors to ASPD. […] The question of whether people can be born with ASPD or if it is solely a product of their environment is a complex one, and does not have a conclusive answer. However, it is widely accepted that both genetic and environmental risk factors commonly play a role in the development of the disorder.

• #2 Psychiatry.org – Antisocial Personality Disorder: Often Overlooked and Untreated

  https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/antisocial-personality-disorder-often-overlooked

  ASPD is common, problematic, and costly to society. Infrequently diagnosed, people with [antisocial personality disorder] are rarely referred for treatment of the condition, Black concludes. Most likely, future treatment recommendations will involve a combination of medication to target anger, irritability, and other antisocial symptoms, while psychotherapy can be used to address the cognitive and moral aspects of the disorder.

• #2 Antisocial personality disorder: Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-causes-antisocial-personality-disorder

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a mental health condition that may occur in people who have had traumatic childhood experiences. However, the exact cause of ASPD is currently unknown. […] Specialists think ASPD may develop due to a combination of genetics and environmental factors, such as traumatic life experiences or growing up in difficult circumstances. […] Specialists do not currently know the cause of ASPD. It may develop due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Someone with a parent or a guardian who has antisocial behavior or alcohol use disorder has an increased risk of developing ASPD. […] People who experience trauma during childhood, such as sexual and physical abuse or neglect, also have a higher risk for this mental health condition. […] Genetics plays a significant role in the onset of ASPD. Researchers estimate that 3869% of cases of ASPD stem from genetics. Children who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have a higher chance of developing ASPD in adulthood. […] Doctors do not know the exact cause of ASPD. However, the onset of this condition may link to a combination of genetics and environmental factors, such as experiencing sexual and physical abuse or neglect during childhood.

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