Zaburzenie osobowości antyspołeczne
Epidemiologia

Zaburzenie osobowości antyspołeczne (ASPD) charakteryzuje się trwałym wzorcem naruszania praw innych, rozpoczynającym się zwykle w dzieciństwie lub adolescencji i utrzymującym się przez całe życie. Epidemiologicznie ASPD dotyka 0,6-4,3% populacji ogólnej, z wyraźną przewagą u mężczyzn (3-6%) w porównaniu do kobiet (1-2%). W populacjach więziennych rozpowszechnienie jest znacznie wyższe, sięgając 47-60% u mężczyzn i 21-31% u kobiet. Wysokie wskaźniki obserwuje się także wśród osób z uzależnieniami (23,5-81,4%) oraz bezdomnych (25-84%). Objawy ASPD osiągają szczyt między 24. a 44. rokiem życia, a następnie ulegają zmniejszeniu, co sugeruje możliwość adaptacji zachowań. Zaburzenie często współwystępuje z innymi schorzeniami psychicznymi, zwłaszcza zaburzeniami używania substancji psychoaktywnych, depresją, lękiem oraz zaburzeniami afektywnymi, co komplikuje diagnostykę i terapię.

  1. Epidemiologia zaburzenia osobowości antyspołecznej
    1. Rozpowszechnienie w populacji ogólnej
    2. Zróżnicowanie geograficzne i kulturowe
    3. Dynamika wiekowa
    4. Rozpowszechnienie w populacjach specyficznych
    5. Współwystępowanie z innymi zaburzeniami
    6. Czynniki ryzyka i wczesne predyktory
    7. Związek z przestępczością i przemocą
    8. Samobójstwa i śmiertelność
    9. Badania kliniczne i nadzór
    10. Różnice między ASPD a psychopatią
  2. Wnioski i implikacje
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia zaburzenia osobowości antyspołecznej

Zaburzenie osobowości antyspołeczne (ASPD) stanowi istotny problem kliniczny i społeczny, charakteryzujący się przewlekłym wzorcem lekceważenia i naruszania praw innych osób, który zazwyczaj rozpoczyna się w dzieciństwie lub wczesnej adolescencji i w pełni ujawnia się w późnych latach 20. lub wczesnych 30. życia1. Jest to zaburzenie zwykle trwające przez całe życie, powodujące zaburzenia funkcjonowania w wielu obszarach, takich jak relacje rodzinne, edukacja i praca2.

Rozpowszechnienie w populacji ogólnej

Badania epidemiologiczne wykazują, że zaburzenie osobowości antyspołecznej jest relatywnie częstym zaburzeniem. Szacunki dotyczące rozpowszechnienia ASPD w populacji ogólnej wahają się od 0,6% do 4,3%, z wyraźną przewagą występowania u mężczyzn34. Według różnych badań, roczna częstość występowania tego zaburzenia waha się między 0,2% a 3,3%56. Metaanaliza badań prowadzonych w 26 krajach wskazuje, że dla wszystkich zaburzeń osobowości łączne rozpowszechnienie wynosi 7,8%, przy czym ASPD stanowi jedną z wielu kategorii diagnostycznych7.

Występuje wyraźna różnica między płciami – ASPD jest 3-5 razy częstsze u mężczyzn niż u kobiet89. Szacunki wskazują na rozpowszechnienie rzędu 3-6% wśród mężczyzn i około 1-2% wśród kobiet1011.

Zróżnicowanie geograficzne i kulturowe

Istnieją wyraźne różnice kulturowe w rozpowszechnieniu ASPD. Badania przeprowadzone w Stanach Zjednoczonych wykazują znacznie wyższe wskaźniki występowania niż w Europie czy Azji12. Badania europejskie wykazały rozpowszechnienie na poziomie 1-1,3% u mężczyzn i 0-0,2% u kobiet13, podczas gdy w Stanach Zjednoczonych wskaźniki te są wyższe. Warto zauważyć, że ASPD występuje częściej w obszarach miejskich oraz w zachodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych14.

Dynamika wiekowa

Objawy ASPD wykazują charakterystyczną dynamikę wiekową. Badania wskazują, że objawy zaburzenia osiągają szczyt między 24. a 44. rokiem życia, a następnie wykazują tendencję spadkową w wieku 45-64 lat1516. Niedawne badanie wykazało wzrost rozpowszechnienia ASPD we wczesnej dorosłości, osiągający szczyt na poziomie 3,91% u młodszych dorosłych, a następnie spadający do 0,78% u osób w wieku 65 lat17. Ta redukcja objawów wraz z wiekiem sugeruje, że pacjenci mogą z czasem nauczyć się zmieniać swoje nieprzystosowawcze zachowania18.

Rozpowszechnienie w populacjach specyficznych

Zaburzenie osobowości antyspołeczne jest znacznie częstsze w określonych populacjach, zwłaszcza w środowiskach więziennych i klinicznych:

Populacje więzienne

Rozpowszechnienie ASPD wśród więźniów jest wyjątkowo wysokie, sięgając do 60% wśród mężczyzn osadzonych19. Według jednego z badań (n=23000), częstość występowania ASPD wśród więźniów wynosi 47% u mężczyzn i 21% u kobiet20. Niektóre źródła sugerują, że nawet 80% osób przebywających w więzieniach spełnia kryteria diagnostyczne ASPD21. Co istotne, tylko 47% osób z ASPD ma znaczące rejestry aresztowań, co wskazuje, że nie wszystkie osoby z tym zaburzeniem wchodzą w konflikt z prawem22.

Populacja Rozpowszechnienie ASPD (%) Uwagi
Populacja ogólna 0,6-4,3% Wyższe wskaźniki u mężczyzn (3-6%) niż u kobiet (1-2%)
Więźniowie – mężczyźni 47-60% Znacząco wyższe niż w populacji ogólnej
Więźniowie – kobiety 21-31% Niższe niż u mężczyzn, ale wciąż znacząco wyższe niż w populacji ogólnej
Osoby z uzależnieniami 23,5-81,4% Wysoka współchorobowość z uzależnieniami od substancji psychoaktywnych
Osoby bezdomne 25-84% Znacząca zmienność w zależności od badanej populacji
Osoby z uzależnieniami

Rozpowszechnienie ASPD jest znacznie wyższe wśród pacjentów w programach leczenia uzależnień od alkoholu i innych substancji psychoaktywnych niż w populacji ogólnej23. Podczas gdy reprezentatywne próby krajowe wykazują częstość występowania ASPD na poziomie około 3,6%, próby kliniczne osób nadużywających substancji wykazują częstość między 23,5% a 81,4%24. W ramach badania Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) stwierdzono, że mężczyźni z ASPD byli od trzech do pięciu razy bardziej skłonni do nadmiernego używania alkoholu i nielegalnych substancji niż mężczyźni bez ASPD25.

Osoby bezdomne

Bezdomność jest również powszechna wśród osób z ASPD. Badanie przeprowadzone na 31 młodych osobach z San Francisco i 56 młodych osobach z Chicago wykazało, że odpowiednio 84% i 48% bezdomnych spełniało kryteria diagnostyczne ASPD. Inne badanie dotyczące bezdomnych wykazało, że 25% uczestników miało ASPD26.

Współwystępowanie z innymi zaburzeniami

Zaburzenie osobowości antyspołeczne często współwystępuje z innymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi i problemami medycznymi27. Osoby z ASPD często cierpią jednocześnie na inne problemy zdrowia psychicznego, takie jak depresja, lęk, choroba afektywna dwubiegunowa lub zaburzenia związane z używaniem substancji psychoaktywnych28.

ASPD jest szczególnie silnie powiązane z zaburzeniami używania substancji psychoaktywnych (SUD). W jednym badaniu obejmującym osoby z uzależnieniami, większość uczestników miała diagnozę zaburzenia związanego z używaniem alkoholu (72%), tytoniu (70%), kokainy (64%), konopi indyjskich (51%) lub opioidów (39%)29. To powiązanie może wynikać ze wspólnej etiologii i predyspozycji między ASPD a SUD, a także innymi zaburzeniami eksternalizacyjnymi30.

Ponadto ASPD wiąże się z ryzykiem zaburzeń lękowych, zaburzeń somatyzacyjnych i patologicznego hazardu31. Obecność współwystępujących zaburzeń psychicznych i medycznych dodatkowo utrudnia diagnozowanie i leczenie tych pacjentów32.

Czynniki ryzyka i wczesne predyktory

Identyfikacja czynników ryzyka i wczesnych predyktorów ASPD jest kluczowa dla ukierunkowanej profilaktyki. Badania wskazują na znaczące czynniki genetyczne i środowiskowe w etiologii tego zaburzenia33.

Czynniki genetyczne

Istnieje silny genetyczny wkład w rozwój zachowań antyspołecznych34. ASPD jest częstsze wśród krewnych pierwszego stopnia pacjentów z tym zaburzeniem niż w populacji ogólnej35. Badania z zakresu epidemiologii genetycznej sugerują, że czynniki genetyczne mogą wyjaśniać nawet 56% obserwowanych wariancji, podczas gdy wspólne czynniki środowiskowe i specyficzne indywidualne czynniki środowiskowe wyjaśniają odpowiednio pozostałe 11% i 31% wariancji36. Ryzyko rozwoju tego zaburzenia jest zwiększone zarówno u adoptowanych, jak i biologicznych dzieci rodziców z tym zaburzeniem37.

Czynniki środowiskowe

Niekorzystne doświadczenia z dzieciństwa (ACE) są głównym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju ASPD38. Jedno z badań wykazało, że ACE i wiktymizacja były częstsze wśród kohorty 1396 więźniów płci męskiej z zaburzeniem osobowości niż wśród osób bez takiego zaburzenia39.

Ryzyko rozwoju zaburzenia osobowości antyspołecznego może być zwiększone, gdy rodzice znęcają się nad dzieckiem lub je zaniedbują, lub gdy są niespójni w dyscyplinie lub stylu rodzicielskim (np. przechodzenie od ciepłego i wspierającego do zimnego i krytycznego)40.

Wczesne predyktory

Jeśli zaburzenie zachowania współwystępujące z zespołem nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z deficytem uwagi (ADHD) rozwinie się przed 10. rokiem życia, ryzyko rozwoju ASPD w dorosłości jest zwiększone4142. Dzieci i młodzież z zaburzeniami zachowania są bardziej narażone na rozwój ASPD43.

Badania wykazały, że dziecięce zaburzenie zachowania (CD), ale nie ADHD, znacząco przewidywało późniejsze ASPD u chłopców44. Interakcja między statusem społeczno-ekonomicznym (SES) a CD wskazywała, że CD przewidywało ASPD tylko w rodzinach o niższym SES45. Wśród dzieci, które spełniały kryteria CD, liczba ukrytych, ale nie jawnych objawów CD poprawiała przewidywanie przyszłego ASPD, przy kontrolowaniu SES46.

Osoby z niższym ilorazem inteligencji zostały uznane za bardziej narażone na ASPD, a inteligencja okazała się być ujemnie skorelowana z cechami psychopatii47.

Związek z przestępczością i przemocą

ASPD jest silnie związane z przestępczością i przemocą48. Badania pokazują, że dzieci z zaburzeniami zachowania, które później rozwijają ASPD w dorosłości, są narażone na wysokie ryzyko angażowania się w działalność przestępczą jako dorośli49.

W jednym badaniu składającym się z 1052 osób nadużywających narkotyków stwierdzono, że prawdopodobieństwo, że osoby z ASPD zostaną oskarżone o kradzież i inne liczne rodzaje przestępstw, było odpowiednio 2,16 (p<0,001) i 2,44 (p<0,001) razy wyższe niż w przypadku osób bez ASPD50.

Wskaźniki przestępczości odzwierciedlają również spadek objawów ASPD z wiekiem, ponieważ osoby starsze popełniają mniej poważnych przestępstw51.

Samobójstwa i śmiertelność

Osoby z ASPD są narażone na podwyższone ryzyko samobójstwa52. Niektóre badania sugerują, że ten wzrost suicydalności częściowo wynika z powiązania między samobójstwem a objawami lub tendencjami w ramach ASPD, takimi jak przestępczość i używanie substancji53.

Samobójstwo jest główną przyczyną śmierci wśród młodzieży przejawiającej zachowania antyspołeczne, szczególnie gdy są one powiązane z przestępczością54. Uwięzienie, które może być konsekwencją działań osoby z ASPD, jest predyktorem myśli samobójczych u młodzieży55.

Zarówno ASPD, jak i psychopatia mają pozytywny związek ze zwiększoną śmiertelnością i suicydalnością, co sugeruje, że wraz z innymi upośledzeniami, są to grupy wymagające interwencji w zakresie zdrowia psychicznego56.

Badania kliniczne i nadzór

Pomimo znacznego obciążenia społecznego związanego z ASPD, badania i leczenie tego zaburzenia są często pomijane57. ASPD jest rzadko diagnozowane, a osoby z tym zaburzeniem rzadko są kierowane na leczenie58.

Według ClinicalTrials.gov, istnieje co najmniej 32 badań klinicznych związanych z ASPD, w tym 4 aktywne, 18 zakończonych i 2 rekrutujące59. W związku z oczekiwanymi zmianami w klasyfikacji zaburzeń osobowości w ICD-11, aktualizacja wytycznych dotyczących ASPD została wstrzymana w niektórych krajach60.

Różnice między ASPD a psychopatią

Podczas gdy ASPD i psychopatia są podobne i często współwystępują, nie są synonimami61. Psychopatia jest teoretyzowana jako zaburzenie osobowości i deficytów afektywnych, podczas gdy diagnoza ASPD jest głównie oparta na zachowaniu62.

W przeciwieństwie do rozległych badań epidemiologicznych dotyczących ASPD, szacunkowe rozpowszechnienie psychopatii w populacji ogólnej jest mniej dobrze scharakteryzowane63. W próbkach psychiatrii sądowej psychopatia występuje u 3% pacjentów64. Wskaźniki rozpowszechnienia psychopatii w społeczności wahają się od 0,6% w Wielkiej Brytanii do 1,0% w Stanach Zjednoczonych65.

Badacze szacują, że około jedna trzecia osób z ASPD spełnia kryteria psychopatii66.

Wnioski i implikacje

Zaburzenie osobowości antyspołeczne jest poważnym schorzeniem, które dotyka 1-4% populacji67 i jest trzy razy częstsze wśród mężczyzn niż kobiet. Zaburzenie to charakteryzuje się przewlekłym przebiegiem, choć objawy mogą się zmniejszać z wiekiem.

Mimo dużej ilości badań na temat ASPD, brakuje danych długoterminowych, a ważność diagnozy pozostaje dyskusyjna68. Badania koncentrujące się na wczesnej identyfikacji czynników ryzyka i interwencji prewencyjnych mogą być kluczowe dla poprawy wyników leczenia i zmniejszenia obciążenia społecznego związanego z tym zaburzeniem.

Przyszłe zalecenia dotyczące leczenia prawdopodobnie będą obejmować kombinację leków ukierunkowanych na gniew, drażliwość i inne objawy antyspołeczne, podczas gdy psychoterapia może być wykorzystywana do rozwiązywania poznawczych i moralnych aspektów zaburzenia69.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Antisocial personality disorder: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, course, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/antisocial-personality-disorder-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-course-and-diagnosis
    Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is defined as a pattern of socially irresponsible, exploitative, and guiltless behavior that begins in childhood or early adolescence and is typically fully manifest by the late 20s or early 30s. The disorder is usually lifelong and causes disturbance in functioning (eg, family relations, school, and work) [1,2]. […] This topic describes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. […] Antisocial personality disorder — Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by behaviors constituting a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and is manifested by disturbances in many areas of life, including family relations, schooling, work, military service, and marriage.
  • #2 Antisocial personality disorder: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, course, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/antisocial-personality-disorder-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-course-and-diagnosis
    Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is defined as a pattern of socially irresponsible, exploitative, and guiltless behavior that begins in childhood or early adolescence and is typically fully manifest by the late 20s or early 30s. The disorder is usually lifelong and causes disturbance in functioning (eg, family relations, school, and work) [1,2]. […] This topic describes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. […] Antisocial personality disorder — Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by behaviors constituting a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and is manifested by disturbances in many areas of life, including family relations, schooling, work, military service, and marriage.
  • #3 The Epidemiology of Antisocial Personality Disorder (Chapter 5) – Antisocial Personality
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/9DF88DFA16DDEAC253C3A251DC6A99E1
    Using recently published general population studies, this chapter updates an earlier Moran review on the epidemiology of ASPD. It examines the prevalence, comorbidity, psychosocial functioning, impact on health services and cultural differences of those with ASPD and, to a lesser extent, of those with psychopathy and on prisoners. It finds that the prevalence of ASPD ranges between 0.6% and 4.3% in men (which is significantly higher than in women). […] There are marked cultural differences in the prevalence of ASPD with studies in the United States showing significantly higher rates than in Europe or in Asia. The prevalence of ASPD among prisoners is c. 55% among men and 31% among women with community prevalence rates for psychopathy ranging from 0.6% in the United Kingdom and 1.0% in the United States. […] Both ASPD and psychopathy have a positive association with both increased mortality and suicidality, suggesting that, together with their other impairments, they are a group that require mental health interventions.
  • #4 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.
    The estimated lifetime prevalence of ASPD amongst the general population falls within 1% to 4%, skewed towards 6% men and 2% women. The prevalence of ASPD is even higher in selected populations, like prisons, where there is a preponderance of violent offenders. It has been found that the prevalence of ASPD among prisoners is just under 50%. According to one study (n=23000), the prevalence of ASPD in prisoners is 47% in men and 21% in women. Thus, with only 27-31% of patients with ASPD seeing an improvement in symptoms over time, statistically around one third (33%) of male prisoners will not see any improvement in their symptoms, and are thus essentially prognostically hopeless. The corresponding percentage of female prisoners with statistically no chance of improvement in symptoms is around 15% or roughly one in six. Similarly, the prevalence of ASPD is higher among patients in alcohol or other drug (AOD) use treatment programs than in the general population, suggesting a link between ASPD and AOD use and dependence. As part of the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study, men with ASPD were found to be three to five times more likely to excessively use alcohol and illicit substances than those men without ASPD. There was found to be increased severity of this substance use in women with ASPD. In a study conducted with both men and women with ASPD, women were more likely to misuse substances compared to their male counterparts.
  • #5 Antisocial Personality Disorder – PsychDB
    https://www.psychdb.com/personality/antisocial
    The 12-month prevalence rate is between 0.2 to 3.3%. […] In forensic populations, the prevalence can be 50%.
  • #6 Antisocial Personality Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
    https://www.verywellmind.com/antisocial-personality-disorder-2795566
    According to the DSM-V, 0.2% to 3.3% of U.S. adults have antisocial personality disorder and the condition tends to affect men more than women. […] According to some critics, the DSM diagnostic criteria are too focused on behaviors related to criminal actions. Concerns have been raised that the diagnosis may at times be misapplied to individuals in low socioeconomic or urban settings in which seemingly antisocial behavior may be a part of a protective survival strategy. Because of this, it is possible that the prevalence of this disorder has been overstated.
  • #7 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text
    https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4
    Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a relatively common psychiatric condition in the general population, whereas individuals with ASPD often have substantial social impairments and a lower quality of life, especially for those who have mental comorbidities. […] According to a systematic review and meta-analysis of 46 studies in 26 countries, for any personality disorder, the pooled prevalence was 7.8% worldwide. […] In the general population, estimates from earlier studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of ASPD ranges from 14%, and the disorder is three times more prevalent in male than female. […] A recent study reported an increase in ASPD prevalence through early adulthood, which peaked at 3.91% in younger adults and decreased to 0.78% in those aged 65 years. […] The presence of psychiatric and medical comorbidities, on the other hand, adds to the challenge of diagnosing and treating this group of patients.
  • #8 Personality Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview
    Personality disorders affect 10-15% of the adult US population. The following are prevalences for specific personality disorders in the general population, across five studies from 2001 to 2010: […] Antisocial personality disorder – 0.7-4.1% […] Antisocial personality disorder is 3 times more prevalent in men than in women. […] Antisocial personality disorder – Associated with a risk for anxiety disorders, substance abuse, somatization disorder, and pathologic gambling. […] A genetic contribution to antisocial behaviors is strongly supported. Low levels of behavioral inhibition may be mediated by serotonergic dysregulation in the septohippocampal system. There may also be developmental or acquired abnormalities in the prefrontal brain systems and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. This may underlie the low arousal, poor fear conditioning, and decision-making deficits described in antisocial personality disorder.
  • #9 Antisocial personality disorder (sociopathy): Symptoms and outlook
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320142
    ASPD affects 14% of the population. […] A 2018 population-based study found that among teens aged 12-14 years, direct aggression was predictive of ASPD. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, ASPD is more common among first degree biological relatives, with heritability estimates in the range of 38-69%. […] Males are three to five times more likely to receive a diagnosis of ASPD than females. […] Researchers estimate that about one-third of those with ASPD meet the criteria for psychopathy. […] The DSM-5-TR notes that individuals who receive a diagnosis of CD before the age of 10 years and also have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have an increased risk of developing ASPD.
  • #10 Antisocial Personality Disorder | Psychology Today
    https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder
    Antisocial personality disorder is relatively rare. According to the DSM-5, between .2 and 3.3 percent of the population may meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder. The disorder is more common in men; about 3 percent of men and about 1 percent of women are thought to have ASPD. […] The highest prevalence of antisocial personality disorder is found among males who abuse alcohol or drugs or who are in prisons or other forensic settings.
  • #11 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
    https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/antisocial-personality-disorder
    It is estimated that up to 3% of men and 1% of women experience this personality disorder. It is most prevalent in people aged between 24 and 44 years old. […] People with ASPD are likely to develop a substance use disorder and break the law. […] There are no known definite causes for someone to develop an antisocial personality disorder. However, risks for developing ASPD often involve biological and environmental factors that begin in early childhood.
  • #12 The Epidemiology of Antisocial Personality Disorder (Chapter 5) – Antisocial Personality
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/9DF88DFA16DDEAC253C3A251DC6A99E1
    Using recently published general population studies, this chapter updates an earlier Moran review on the epidemiology of ASPD. It examines the prevalence, comorbidity, psychosocial functioning, impact on health services and cultural differences of those with ASPD and, to a lesser extent, of those with psychopathy and on prisoners. It finds that the prevalence of ASPD ranges between 0.6% and 4.3% in men (which is significantly higher than in women). […] There are marked cultural differences in the prevalence of ASPD with studies in the United States showing significantly higher rates than in Europe or in Asia. The prevalence of ASPD among prisoners is c. 55% among men and 31% among women with community prevalence rates for psychopathy ranging from 0.6% in the United Kingdom and 1.0% in the United States. […] Both ASPD and psychopathy have a positive association with both increased mortality and suicidality, suggesting that, together with their other impairments, they are a group that require mental health interventions.
  • #13 Dissocial Personality Disorder (Antisocial Personality Disorder)
    https://patient.info/doctor/dissocial-personality-disorder
    The prevalence of dissocial personality disorder in the general population varies depending on the method used and geographical location. Two European studies reported a prevalence of 1-1.3% in men and 0-0.2% in women. […] The prevalence of dissocial personality disorder among prisoners is less than 50%. […] However, only 47% of people with dissocial personality disorder have significant arrest records.
  • #14 Antisocial Personality Disorder | Abnormal Psychology
    https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/antisocial-personality-disorder/
    ASPD is observed in about 3.6% of the population; the disorder is much more common among males, with a 3:1 ratio of men to women, and it is more likely to occur in men who are younger, widowed, separated, divorced, of lower SES, live in urban areas, and live in the western United States (Compton, Conway, Stinson, Colliver, Grant, 2005). […] Compared to men with ASPD, women with the disorder are more likely to have experienced emotional neglect and sexual abuse during childhood, and they are more likely to have had parents who abused substances and who engaged in antisocial behaviors themselves (Alegria et al., 2013). […] Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors influence the development of ASPD, as well as general antisocial behavior (criminality, violence, aggressiveness) (Baker, Bezdjian, Raine, 2006).
  • #15 Antisocial Personality Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and More
    https://psychcentral.com/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder
    Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is relatively rare, affecting only 1 to 4% of the population. […] Research suggests that symptoms of ASPD often peak between 24 to 44 years of age and tend to start decreasing from ages 45 to 64. […] There is some evidence that mentalization-based therapy (MBT) might be a promising option for ASPD. MBT helps people be more aware of their mental state and that of others. […] Antisocial personality disorder is a lifelong condition. But symptoms tend to decrease after middle age. […] Crime rates tend to reflect this as well, as fewer severe crimes are committed by older people. […] People who had a later onset of ASPD tend to have less severe behavioral difficulties.
  • #16 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text
    https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4
    Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a relatively common psychiatric condition in the general population, whereas individuals with ASPD often have substantial social impairments and a lower quality of life, especially for those who have mental comorbidities. […] According to a systematic review and meta-analysis of 46 studies in 26 countries, for any personality disorder, the pooled prevalence was 7.8% worldwide. […] In the general population, estimates from earlier studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of ASPD ranges from 14%, and the disorder is three times more prevalent in male than female. […] A recent study reported an increase in ASPD prevalence through early adulthood, which peaked at 3.91% in younger adults and decreased to 0.78% in those aged 65 years. […] The presence of psychiatric and medical comorbidities, on the other hand, adds to the challenge of diagnosing and treating this group of patients.
  • #17 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text
    https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4
    Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a relatively common psychiatric condition in the general population, whereas individuals with ASPD often have substantial social impairments and a lower quality of life, especially for those who have mental comorbidities. […] According to a systematic review and meta-analysis of 46 studies in 26 countries, for any personality disorder, the pooled prevalence was 7.8% worldwide. […] In the general population, estimates from earlier studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of ASPD ranges from 14%, and the disorder is three times more prevalent in male than female. […] A recent study reported an increase in ASPD prevalence through early adulthood, which peaked at 3.91% in younger adults and decreased to 0.78% in those aged 65 years. […] The presence of psychiatric and medical comorbidities, on the other hand, adds to the challenge of diagnosing and treating this group of patients.
  • #18 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd
    Estimates of the lifetime prevalence of antisocial personality disorder range from 2 to 5% based on several large epidemiologic surveys from the United States and the United Kingdom (1, 2). […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among males than among females (3:1) (3), and there is a strong heritable component. […] Prevalence decreases with age (4), suggesting that patients can learn over time to change their maladaptive behavior. […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among 1st-degree relatives of patients with the disorder than among the general population (1). […] Risk of developing this disorder is increased in both adopted and biologic children of parents with the disorder. […] If conduct disorder accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder develops before age 10 years, risk of developing antisocial personality disorder during adulthood is increased (2). […] Risk of conduct disorder evolving into antisocial personality disorder may be increased when parents abuse or neglect the child or are inconsistent in discipline or in parenting style (eg, switching from warm and supportive to cold and critical [3]).
  • #19
    https://scispace.com/papers/the-epidemiology-of-antisocial-personality-disorder-4pjf88wi7y?references_page=7
    This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the frequency, natural history, risk factors and associations of antisocial personality disorder. […] Epidemiological surveys have shown that antisocial personality disorder is a common disorder, with a prevalence rate of between 2 and 3% among community samples, rising to 60% among male prisoners. […] Antisocial personality disorder is a chronic condition, and is associated with a multitude of medical and social problems. […] Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the aetiology of the disorder. […] However, despite the large amount of research into antisocial personality disorder, longitudinal data are missing and the validity of the diagnosis, therefore, remains questionable.
  • #20 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.
    The estimated lifetime prevalence of ASPD amongst the general population falls within 1% to 4%, skewed towards 6% men and 2% women. The prevalence of ASPD is even higher in selected populations, like prisons, where there is a preponderance of violent offenders. It has been found that the prevalence of ASPD among prisoners is just under 50%. According to one study (n=23000), the prevalence of ASPD in prisoners is 47% in men and 21% in women. Thus, with only 27-31% of patients with ASPD seeing an improvement in symptoms over time, statistically around one third (33%) of male prisoners will not see any improvement in their symptoms, and are thus essentially prognostically hopeless. The corresponding percentage of female prisoners with statistically no chance of improvement in symptoms is around 15% or roughly one in six. Similarly, the prevalence of ASPD is higher among patients in alcohol or other drug (AOD) use treatment programs than in the general population, suggesting a link between ASPD and AOD use and dependence. As part of the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study, men with ASPD were found to be three to five times more likely to excessively use alcohol and illicit substances than those men without ASPD. There was found to be increased severity of this substance use in women with ASPD. In a study conducted with both men and women with ASPD, women were more likely to misuse substances compared to their male counterparts.
  • #21 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): Information for Primary Care : Ottawa-Carleton, ON : eMentalHealth.ca
    https://primarycare.ementalhealth.ca/index.php?m=fpArticle&ID=62636
    Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a serious condition which affects 1-4% of the population. […] It is believed that 80% of those in prison meet criteria for ASPD. […] By definition according to the DSM-5, Antisocial Personality Disorder cannot be diagnosed before age 18. […] However, an adolescent may display antisocial features, prior to age 18; for those under age 18 with antisocial feature, the diagnosis Conduct Disorder may apply.
  • #22 Dissocial Personality Disorder (Antisocial Personality Disorder)
    https://patient.info/doctor/dissocial-personality-disorder
    The prevalence of dissocial personality disorder in the general population varies depending on the method used and geographical location. Two European studies reported a prevalence of 1-1.3% in men and 0-0.2% in women. […] The prevalence of dissocial personality disorder among prisoners is less than 50%. […] However, only 47% of people with dissocial personality disorder have significant arrest records.
  • #23 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.
    The estimated lifetime prevalence of ASPD amongst the general population falls within 1% to 4%, skewed towards 6% men and 2% women. The prevalence of ASPD is even higher in selected populations, like prisons, where there is a preponderance of violent offenders. It has been found that the prevalence of ASPD among prisoners is just under 50%. According to one study (n=23000), the prevalence of ASPD in prisoners is 47% in men and 21% in women. Thus, with only 27-31% of patients with ASPD seeing an improvement in symptoms over time, statistically around one third (33%) of male prisoners will not see any improvement in their symptoms, and are thus essentially prognostically hopeless. The corresponding percentage of female prisoners with statistically no chance of improvement in symptoms is around 15% or roughly one in six. Similarly, the prevalence of ASPD is higher among patients in alcohol or other drug (AOD) use treatment programs than in the general population, suggesting a link between ASPD and AOD use and dependence. As part of the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study, men with ASPD were found to be three to five times more likely to excessively use alcohol and illicit substances than those men without ASPD. There was found to be increased severity of this substance use in women with ASPD. In a study conducted with both men and women with ASPD, women were more likely to misuse substances compared to their male counterparts.
  • #24 Association patterns of antisocial personality disorder across substance use disorders | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-03054-z
    There is a high prevalence of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in individuals affected by substance use disorders (SUD). […] While nationally representative cohorts report prevalence rates of ASPD around 3.6%, several clinical samples of individuals who misuse substances show a prevalence between 23.5% and 81.4%. […] The higher prevalence of ASPD in the presence of substance misuse supports research on the nature of this relationship and its potential implications for our understanding of the onset, severity, and treatment of both ASPD and SUDs. […] Most participants had a lifetime diagnosis of AUD (72%), TUD (70%), CocUD (64%), CanUD (51%), or OUD (39%). […] We found that diagnoses and severity measures of AUD, CanUD, CocUD, OUD, and TUD were positively associated with an ASPD diagnosis, although only the associations with AUD, CanUD, and TUD survived multiple testing correction.
  • #25 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.
    The estimated lifetime prevalence of ASPD amongst the general population falls within 1% to 4%, skewed towards 6% men and 2% women. The prevalence of ASPD is even higher in selected populations, like prisons, where there is a preponderance of violent offenders. It has been found that the prevalence of ASPD among prisoners is just under 50%. According to one study (n=23000), the prevalence of ASPD in prisoners is 47% in men and 21% in women. Thus, with only 27-31% of patients with ASPD seeing an improvement in symptoms over time, statistically around one third (33%) of male prisoners will not see any improvement in their symptoms, and are thus essentially prognostically hopeless. The corresponding percentage of female prisoners with statistically no chance of improvement in symptoms is around 15% or roughly one in six. Similarly, the prevalence of ASPD is higher among patients in alcohol or other drug (AOD) use treatment programs than in the general population, suggesting a link between ASPD and AOD use and dependence. As part of the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study, men with ASPD were found to be three to five times more likely to excessively use alcohol and illicit substances than those men without ASPD. There was found to be increased severity of this substance use in women with ASPD. In a study conducted with both men and women with ASPD, women were more likely to misuse substances compared to their male counterparts.
  • #26 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.
    Homelessness is also common amongst people with ASPD. A study on 31 youths of San Francisco and 56 youths in Chicago found that 84% and 48% of the homeless met the diagnostic criteria for ASPD respectively. Another study on the homeless found that 25% of participants had ASPD. […] Individuals with ASPD are at an elevated risk for suicide. Some studies suggest this increase in suicidality is in part due to the association between suicide and symptoms or trends within ASPD, such as criminality and substance use. Children of people with ASPD are also at risk. Some research suggests that negative or traumatic experiences in childhood, perhaps as a result of the choices a parent with ASPD might make, can be a predictor of delinquency later on in the child’s life. Additionally, with variability between situations, children of a parent with ASPD may face consequences of delinquency if they are raised in an environment in which crime and violence is common. Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth who display antisocial behavior, especially when mixed with delinquency. Incarceration, which could come as a consequence of actions from a person with ASPD, is a predictor for suicide ideation in youth.
  • #27
    https://scispace.com/papers/the-epidemiology-of-antisocial-personality-disorder-4pjf88wi7y?references_page=7
    This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the frequency, natural history, risk factors and associations of antisocial personality disorder. […] Epidemiological surveys have shown that antisocial personality disorder is a common disorder, with a prevalence rate of between 2 and 3% among community samples, rising to 60% among male prisoners. […] Antisocial personality disorder is a chronic condition, and is associated with a multitude of medical and social problems. […] Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the aetiology of the disorder. […] However, despite the large amount of research into antisocial personality disorder, longitudinal data are missing and the validity of the diagnosis, therefore, remains questionable.
  • #28 Psychiatry.org – Antisocial Personality Disorder: Often Overlooked and Untreated
    https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/antisocial-personality-disorder-often-overlooked
    Antisocial personality disorder may be one of the most misunderstood mental disorders. It is also often undiagnosed and untreated, according to a recent special report by Donald Black, M.D. in Psychiatric News. He referred to it as psychiatrys forgotten disorder, noting that few clinicians diagnose or treat it. […] It is estimated to affect between .6% and 3.6% of adults and it is three times more common among men than women. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder often also have co-occurring mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder or substance use disorders. […] ASPD is common, problematic, and costly to society. Infrequently diagnosed, people with antisocial personality disorder are rarely referred for treatment of the condition, Black concludes. Most likely, future treatment recommendations will involve a combination of medication to target anger, irritability, and other antisocial symptoms, while psychotherapy can be used to address the cognitive and moral aspects of the disorder.
  • #29 Association patterns of antisocial personality disorder across substance use disorders | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-03054-z
    There is a high prevalence of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in individuals affected by substance use disorders (SUD). […] While nationally representative cohorts report prevalence rates of ASPD around 3.6%, several clinical samples of individuals who misuse substances show a prevalence between 23.5% and 81.4%. […] The higher prevalence of ASPD in the presence of substance misuse supports research on the nature of this relationship and its potential implications for our understanding of the onset, severity, and treatment of both ASPD and SUDs. […] Most participants had a lifetime diagnosis of AUD (72%), TUD (70%), CocUD (64%), CanUD (51%), or OUD (39%). […] We found that diagnoses and severity measures of AUD, CanUD, CocUD, OUD, and TUD were positively associated with an ASPD diagnosis, although only the associations with AUD, CanUD, and TUD survived multiple testing correction.
  • #30 Association patterns of antisocial personality disorder across substance use disorders | Translational Psychiatry
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-03054-z
    This association may arise from shared etiologies and predispositions between ASPD and SUDs, as well as other externalizing disorders. […] One common feature linked to both ASPD and SUDs is behavioral disinhibition, which is loosely composed of sensation seeking, impulsivity, and aggressivity. […] The Hazardous Use criterion was statistically significant across all SUDs investigated. […] This study builds on previous work in this area by showing consistent associations between ASPD and SUD diagnoses and uncovering unique, substance-specific associations between ASPD and individual SUD diagnostic criteria.
  • #31 Personality Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview
    Personality disorders affect 10-15% of the adult US population. The following are prevalences for specific personality disorders in the general population, across five studies from 2001 to 2010: […] Antisocial personality disorder – 0.7-4.1% […] Antisocial personality disorder is 3 times more prevalent in men than in women. […] Antisocial personality disorder – Associated with a risk for anxiety disorders, substance abuse, somatization disorder, and pathologic gambling. […] A genetic contribution to antisocial behaviors is strongly supported. Low levels of behavioral inhibition may be mediated by serotonergic dysregulation in the septohippocampal system. There may also be developmental or acquired abnormalities in the prefrontal brain systems and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. This may underlie the low arousal, poor fear conditioning, and decision-making deficits described in antisocial personality disorder.
  • #32 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text
    https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4
    Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a relatively common psychiatric condition in the general population, whereas individuals with ASPD often have substantial social impairments and a lower quality of life, especially for those who have mental comorbidities. […] According to a systematic review and meta-analysis of 46 studies in 26 countries, for any personality disorder, the pooled prevalence was 7.8% worldwide. […] In the general population, estimates from earlier studies indicate that the lifetime prevalence of ASPD ranges from 14%, and the disorder is three times more prevalent in male than female. […] A recent study reported an increase in ASPD prevalence through early adulthood, which peaked at 3.91% in younger adults and decreased to 0.78% in those aged 65 years. […] The presence of psychiatric and medical comorbidities, on the other hand, adds to the challenge of diagnosing and treating this group of patients.
  • #33
    https://scispace.com/papers/the-epidemiology-of-antisocial-personality-disorder-4pjf88wi7y?references_page=7
    This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the frequency, natural history, risk factors and associations of antisocial personality disorder. […] Epidemiological surveys have shown that antisocial personality disorder is a common disorder, with a prevalence rate of between 2 and 3% among community samples, rising to 60% among male prisoners. […] Antisocial personality disorder is a chronic condition, and is associated with a multitude of medical and social problems. […] Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the aetiology of the disorder. […] However, despite the large amount of research into antisocial personality disorder, longitudinal data are missing and the validity of the diagnosis, therefore, remains questionable.
  • #34 Personality Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview
    Personality disorders affect 10-15% of the adult US population. The following are prevalences for specific personality disorders in the general population, across five studies from 2001 to 2010: […] Antisocial personality disorder – 0.7-4.1% […] Antisocial personality disorder is 3 times more prevalent in men than in women. […] Antisocial personality disorder – Associated with a risk for anxiety disorders, substance abuse, somatization disorder, and pathologic gambling. […] A genetic contribution to antisocial behaviors is strongly supported. Low levels of behavioral inhibition may be mediated by serotonergic dysregulation in the septohippocampal system. There may also be developmental or acquired abnormalities in the prefrontal brain systems and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. This may underlie the low arousal, poor fear conditioning, and decision-making deficits described in antisocial personality disorder.
  • #35 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd
    Estimates of the lifetime prevalence of antisocial personality disorder range from 2 to 5% based on several large epidemiologic surveys from the United States and the United Kingdom (1, 2). […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among males than among females (3:1) (3), and there is a strong heritable component. […] Prevalence decreases with age (4), suggesting that patients can learn over time to change their maladaptive behavior. […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among 1st-degree relatives of patients with the disorder than among the general population (1). […] Risk of developing this disorder is increased in both adopted and biologic children of parents with the disorder. […] If conduct disorder accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder develops before age 10 years, risk of developing antisocial personality disorder during adulthood is increased (2). […] Risk of conduct disorder evolving into antisocial personality disorder may be increased when parents abuse or neglect the child or are inconsistent in discipline or in parenting style (eg, switching from warm and supportive to cold and critical [3]).
  • #36 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text
    https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4
    Previous research in genetic epidemiology suggested that genetic factors help explain as much as 56% of variances observed, whereas shared environmental factors and specific individual environmental factors help explain the remaining 11% and 31% of the variances, respectively. […] Many environmental factors have been associated with personality disorders. In the past, studies have examined such factors as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and revealed that they are risk factors of these disorders. […] One study reported that ACEs and victimization were more frequent among a cohort of 1396 male prisoners with a personality disorder than those without. […] The findings suggest that inflammation and loss of certain neurotrophic factors (such as BDNF and TGF-1) may be involved in the pathogenesis of ASPD.
  • #37 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd
    Estimates of the lifetime prevalence of antisocial personality disorder range from 2 to 5% based on several large epidemiologic surveys from the United States and the United Kingdom (1, 2). […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among males than among females (3:1) (3), and there is a strong heritable component. […] Prevalence decreases with age (4), suggesting that patients can learn over time to change their maladaptive behavior. […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among 1st-degree relatives of patients with the disorder than among the general population (1). […] Risk of developing this disorder is increased in both adopted and biologic children of parents with the disorder. […] If conduct disorder accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder develops before age 10 years, risk of developing antisocial personality disorder during adulthood is increased (2). […] Risk of conduct disorder evolving into antisocial personality disorder may be increased when parents abuse or neglect the child or are inconsistent in discipline or in parenting style (eg, switching from warm and supportive to cold and critical [3]).
  • #38 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text
    https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4
    Previous research in genetic epidemiology suggested that genetic factors help explain as much as 56% of variances observed, whereas shared environmental factors and specific individual environmental factors help explain the remaining 11% and 31% of the variances, respectively. […] Many environmental factors have been associated with personality disorders. In the past, studies have examined such factors as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and revealed that they are risk factors of these disorders. […] One study reported that ACEs and victimization were more frequent among a cohort of 1396 male prisoners with a personality disorder than those without. […] The findings suggest that inflammation and loss of certain neurotrophic factors (such as BDNF and TGF-1) may be involved in the pathogenesis of ASPD.
  • #39 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text
    https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4
    Previous research in genetic epidemiology suggested that genetic factors help explain as much as 56% of variances observed, whereas shared environmental factors and specific individual environmental factors help explain the remaining 11% and 31% of the variances, respectively. […] Many environmental factors have been associated with personality disorders. In the past, studies have examined such factors as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and revealed that they are risk factors of these disorders. […] One study reported that ACEs and victimization were more frequent among a cohort of 1396 male prisoners with a personality disorder than those without. […] The findings suggest that inflammation and loss of certain neurotrophic factors (such as BDNF and TGF-1) may be involved in the pathogenesis of ASPD.
  • #40 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd
    Estimates of the lifetime prevalence of antisocial personality disorder range from 2 to 5% based on several large epidemiologic surveys from the United States and the United Kingdom (1, 2). […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among males than among females (3:1) (3), and there is a strong heritable component. […] Prevalence decreases with age (4), suggesting that patients can learn over time to change their maladaptive behavior. […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among 1st-degree relatives of patients with the disorder than among the general population (1). […] Risk of developing this disorder is increased in both adopted and biologic children of parents with the disorder. […] If conduct disorder accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder develops before age 10 years, risk of developing antisocial personality disorder during adulthood is increased (2). […] Risk of conduct disorder evolving into antisocial personality disorder may be increased when parents abuse or neglect the child or are inconsistent in discipline or in parenting style (eg, switching from warm and supportive to cold and critical [3]).
  • #41 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd
    Estimates of the lifetime prevalence of antisocial personality disorder range from 2 to 5% based on several large epidemiologic surveys from the United States and the United Kingdom (1, 2). […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among males than among females (3:1) (3), and there is a strong heritable component. […] Prevalence decreases with age (4), suggesting that patients can learn over time to change their maladaptive behavior. […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among 1st-degree relatives of patients with the disorder than among the general population (1). […] Risk of developing this disorder is increased in both adopted and biologic children of parents with the disorder. […] If conduct disorder accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder develops before age 10 years, risk of developing antisocial personality disorder during adulthood is increased (2). […] Risk of conduct disorder evolving into antisocial personality disorder may be increased when parents abuse or neglect the child or are inconsistent in discipline or in parenting style (eg, switching from warm and supportive to cold and critical [3]).
  • #42 Antisocial personality disorder (sociopathy): Symptoms and outlook
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320142
    ASPD affects 14% of the population. […] A 2018 population-based study found that among teens aged 12-14 years, direct aggression was predictive of ASPD. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, ASPD is more common among first degree biological relatives, with heritability estimates in the range of 38-69%. […] Males are three to five times more likely to receive a diagnosis of ASPD than females. […] Researchers estimate that about one-third of those with ASPD meet the criteria for psychopathy. […] The DSM-5-TR notes that individuals who receive a diagnosis of CD before the age of 10 years and also have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have an increased risk of developing ASPD.
  • #43 Antisocial Personality Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/antisocial-personality-disorder-overview?page=1
    Antisocial personality disorder affects 2% to 4% of the population and is more common in men. […] As many as 47% of male inmates and 21% of female inmates have the disorder, research shows. […] Children and adolescents with conduct disorder are more likely to develop ASPD.
  • #44 Predicting Future Antisocial Personality Disorder in Males From a Clinical Assessment in Childhood – University of TampaSpartacus Chatbot
    https://ut.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_67978206&context=PC&vid=01UTAMPA_INST:SpartanSearch&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=Everything&query=null%2C%2C3rd%20ed.&offset=10
    It is essential to identify childhood predictors of adult antisocial personality disorder (APD) to target early prevention. It has variously been hypothesized that APD is predicted by childhood conduct disorder (CD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or both disorders. To test these competing hypotheses, the authors used data from a single childhood diagnostic assessment of 163 clinic-referred boys to predict future APD during early adulthood. Childhood Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) CD, but not ADHD, significantly predicted the boys’ subsequent APD. An interaction between socioeconomic status (SES) and CD indicated that CD predicted APD only in lower SES families, however. Among children who met criteria for CD, their number of covert but not overt CD symptoms improved prediction of future APD, controlling for SES. […] Antisocial Personality Disorder – epidemiology.
  • #45 Predicting Future Antisocial Personality Disorder in Males From a Clinical Assessment in Childhood – University of TampaSpartacus Chatbot
    https://ut.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_67978206&context=PC&vid=01UTAMPA_INST:SpartanSearch&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=Everything&query=null%2C%2C3rd%20ed.&offset=10
    It is essential to identify childhood predictors of adult antisocial personality disorder (APD) to target early prevention. It has variously been hypothesized that APD is predicted by childhood conduct disorder (CD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or both disorders. To test these competing hypotheses, the authors used data from a single childhood diagnostic assessment of 163 clinic-referred boys to predict future APD during early adulthood. Childhood Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) CD, but not ADHD, significantly predicted the boys’ subsequent APD. An interaction between socioeconomic status (SES) and CD indicated that CD predicted APD only in lower SES families, however. Among children who met criteria for CD, their number of covert but not overt CD symptoms improved prediction of future APD, controlling for SES. […] Antisocial Personality Disorder – epidemiology.
  • #46 Predicting Future Antisocial Personality Disorder in Males From a Clinical Assessment in Childhood – University of TampaSpartacus Chatbot
    https://ut.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_67978206&context=PC&vid=01UTAMPA_INST:SpartanSearch&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=Everything&query=null%2C%2C3rd%20ed.&offset=10
    It is essential to identify childhood predictors of adult antisocial personality disorder (APD) to target early prevention. It has variously been hypothesized that APD is predicted by childhood conduct disorder (CD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or both disorders. To test these competing hypotheses, the authors used data from a single childhood diagnostic assessment of 163 clinic-referred boys to predict future APD during early adulthood. Childhood Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) CD, but not ADHD, significantly predicted the boys’ subsequent APD. An interaction between socioeconomic status (SES) and CD indicated that CD predicted APD only in lower SES families, however. Among children who met criteria for CD, their number of covert but not overt CD symptoms improved prediction of future APD, controlling for SES. […] Antisocial Personality Disorder – epidemiology.
  • #47 Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and Behavioral Genetics of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4649950/
    In forensic psychiatric samples, psychopathy is prevalent among 3% of patients; however, for reasons described previously, the exact prevalence of psychopathy in the general population remains unknown. […] Individuals with a lower intelligence quotient have been found to be at higher risk for ASPD and intelligence has been found to be negatively correlated with psychopathy traits. […] In terms of the course of these disorders, prevalence rates of both ASPD and psychopathy have been reported to steadily decline with age in criminal cohorts and epidemiological samples.
  • #48 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Antisocial-Personality-Disorder.aspx
    ASPD is primarily associated with violence and crime and is highly prevalent in the most dangerous and antisocial criminals. As such, this disorder places a heavy burden on our society. […] Several studies have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences are a major risk factor for ASPD development. […] ASPD is largely associated with crime and violence. Research shows that children with conduct disorder who later develop ASPD in adulthood are at high risk of engaging in criminal activity as adults. […] This study demonstrates a significant relationship between ASPD and violence and crime. […] ASPD is linked with crime; researchers have argued that investigating ASPD’s biological mechanism is essential to reducing the prevalence of crime and violence in society.
  • #49 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Antisocial-Personality-Disorder.aspx
    ASPD is primarily associated with violence and crime and is highly prevalent in the most dangerous and antisocial criminals. As such, this disorder places a heavy burden on our society. […] Several studies have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences are a major risk factor for ASPD development. […] ASPD is largely associated with crime and violence. Research shows that children with conduct disorder who later develop ASPD in adulthood are at high risk of engaging in criminal activity as adults. […] This study demonstrates a significant relationship between ASPD and violence and crime. […] ASPD is linked with crime; researchers have argued that investigating ASPD’s biological mechanism is essential to reducing the prevalence of crime and violence in society.
  • #50 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text
    https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4
    Not uncommonly, mental disorders have been related to the commission of crime in past research. This also holds true for patients with ASPD, especially in the existence of a comorbid condition such as schizophrenia. […] In one study consisting of 1052 drug abusers, it was reported that the likelihood of those with ASPD to be charged with theft only and other multiple types of crime were 2.16 (p0.001) and 2.44 (p0.001) times higher than those without ASPD, respectively. […] The findings indicate that previous psychiatric comorbidity prior to the onset of ASPD (hence early access to mental health care), might have prevented ASPD individuals from imprisonment. […] The exact etiology of ASPD is unknown and is most likely multifactorial. […] Like many other psychiatric disorders, ASPD has been shown to demonstrate a strong hereditary component.
  • #51 Antisocial Personality Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and More
    https://psychcentral.com/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder
    Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is relatively rare, affecting only 1 to 4% of the population. […] Research suggests that symptoms of ASPD often peak between 24 to 44 years of age and tend to start decreasing from ages 45 to 64. […] There is some evidence that mentalization-based therapy (MBT) might be a promising option for ASPD. MBT helps people be more aware of their mental state and that of others. […] Antisocial personality disorder is a lifelong condition. But symptoms tend to decrease after middle age. […] Crime rates tend to reflect this as well, as fewer severe crimes are committed by older people. […] People who had a later onset of ASPD tend to have less severe behavioral difficulties.
  • #52 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.
    Homelessness is also common amongst people with ASPD. A study on 31 youths of San Francisco and 56 youths in Chicago found that 84% and 48% of the homeless met the diagnostic criteria for ASPD respectively. Another study on the homeless found that 25% of participants had ASPD. […] Individuals with ASPD are at an elevated risk for suicide. Some studies suggest this increase in suicidality is in part due to the association between suicide and symptoms or trends within ASPD, such as criminality and substance use. Children of people with ASPD are also at risk. Some research suggests that negative or traumatic experiences in childhood, perhaps as a result of the choices a parent with ASPD might make, can be a predictor of delinquency later on in the child’s life. Additionally, with variability between situations, children of a parent with ASPD may face consequences of delinquency if they are raised in an environment in which crime and violence is common. Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth who display antisocial behavior, especially when mixed with delinquency. Incarceration, which could come as a consequence of actions from a person with ASPD, is a predictor for suicide ideation in youth.
  • #53 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.
    Homelessness is also common amongst people with ASPD. A study on 31 youths of San Francisco and 56 youths in Chicago found that 84% and 48% of the homeless met the diagnostic criteria for ASPD respectively. Another study on the homeless found that 25% of participants had ASPD. […] Individuals with ASPD are at an elevated risk for suicide. Some studies suggest this increase in suicidality is in part due to the association between suicide and symptoms or trends within ASPD, such as criminality and substance use. Children of people with ASPD are also at risk. Some research suggests that negative or traumatic experiences in childhood, perhaps as a result of the choices a parent with ASPD might make, can be a predictor of delinquency later on in the child’s life. Additionally, with variability between situations, children of a parent with ASPD may face consequences of delinquency if they are raised in an environment in which crime and violence is common. Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth who display antisocial behavior, especially when mixed with delinquency. Incarceration, which could come as a consequence of actions from a person with ASPD, is a predictor for suicide ideation in youth.
  • #54 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.
    Homelessness is also common amongst people with ASPD. A study on 31 youths of San Francisco and 56 youths in Chicago found that 84% and 48% of the homeless met the diagnostic criteria for ASPD respectively. Another study on the homeless found that 25% of participants had ASPD. […] Individuals with ASPD are at an elevated risk for suicide. Some studies suggest this increase in suicidality is in part due to the association between suicide and symptoms or trends within ASPD, such as criminality and substance use. Children of people with ASPD are also at risk. Some research suggests that negative or traumatic experiences in childhood, perhaps as a result of the choices a parent with ASPD might make, can be a predictor of delinquency later on in the child’s life. Additionally, with variability between situations, children of a parent with ASPD may face consequences of delinquency if they are raised in an environment in which crime and violence is common. Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth who display antisocial behavior, especially when mixed with delinquency. Incarceration, which could come as a consequence of actions from a person with ASPD, is a predictor for suicide ideation in youth.
  • #55 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_Personality_and_Co.
    Homelessness is also common amongst people with ASPD. A study on 31 youths of San Francisco and 56 youths in Chicago found that 84% and 48% of the homeless met the diagnostic criteria for ASPD respectively. Another study on the homeless found that 25% of participants had ASPD. […] Individuals with ASPD are at an elevated risk for suicide. Some studies suggest this increase in suicidality is in part due to the association between suicide and symptoms or trends within ASPD, such as criminality and substance use. Children of people with ASPD are also at risk. Some research suggests that negative or traumatic experiences in childhood, perhaps as a result of the choices a parent with ASPD might make, can be a predictor of delinquency later on in the child’s life. Additionally, with variability between situations, children of a parent with ASPD may face consequences of delinquency if they are raised in an environment in which crime and violence is common. Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth who display antisocial behavior, especially when mixed with delinquency. Incarceration, which could come as a consequence of actions from a person with ASPD, is a predictor for suicide ideation in youth.
  • #56 The Epidemiology of Antisocial Personality Disorder (Chapter 5) – Antisocial Personality
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/9DF88DFA16DDEAC253C3A251DC6A99E1
    Using recently published general population studies, this chapter updates an earlier Moran review on the epidemiology of ASPD. It examines the prevalence, comorbidity, psychosocial functioning, impact on health services and cultural differences of those with ASPD and, to a lesser extent, of those with psychopathy and on prisoners. It finds that the prevalence of ASPD ranges between 0.6% and 4.3% in men (which is significantly higher than in women). […] There are marked cultural differences in the prevalence of ASPD with studies in the United States showing significantly higher rates than in Europe or in Asia. The prevalence of ASPD among prisoners is c. 55% among men and 31% among women with community prevalence rates for psychopathy ranging from 0.6% in the United Kingdom and 1.0% in the United States. […] Both ASPD and psychopathy have a positive association with both increased mortality and suicidality, suggesting that, together with their other impairments, they are a group that require mental health interventions.
  • #57 Psychiatry.org – Antisocial Personality Disorder: Often Overlooked and Untreated
    https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/antisocial-personality-disorder-often-overlooked
    Antisocial personality disorder may be one of the most misunderstood mental disorders. It is also often undiagnosed and untreated, according to a recent special report by Donald Black, M.D. in Psychiatric News. He referred to it as psychiatrys forgotten disorder, noting that few clinicians diagnose or treat it. […] It is estimated to affect between .6% and 3.6% of adults and it is three times more common among men than women. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder often also have co-occurring mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder or substance use disorders. […] ASPD is common, problematic, and costly to society. Infrequently diagnosed, people with antisocial personality disorder are rarely referred for treatment of the condition, Black concludes. Most likely, future treatment recommendations will involve a combination of medication to target anger, irritability, and other antisocial symptoms, while psychotherapy can be used to address the cognitive and moral aspects of the disorder.
  • #58 Psychiatry.org – Antisocial Personality Disorder: Often Overlooked and Untreated
    https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/antisocial-personality-disorder-often-overlooked
    Antisocial personality disorder may be one of the most misunderstood mental disorders. It is also often undiagnosed and untreated, according to a recent special report by Donald Black, M.D. in Psychiatric News. He referred to it as psychiatrys forgotten disorder, noting that few clinicians diagnose or treat it. […] It is estimated to affect between .6% and 3.6% of adults and it is three times more common among men than women. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder often also have co-occurring mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder or substance use disorders. […] ASPD is common, problematic, and costly to society. Infrequently diagnosed, people with antisocial personality disorder are rarely referred for treatment of the condition, Black concludes. Most likely, future treatment recommendations will involve a combination of medication to target anger, irritability, and other antisocial symptoms, while psychotherapy can be used to address the cognitive and moral aspects of the disorder.
  • #59 Top Published Expert Doctors for Antisocial Personality Disorder
    https://findexpertmd.com/d/Antisocial_Personality_Disorder
    535 top medical experts on Antisocial Personality Disorder across 41 countries and 39 U.S. states, including 416 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials: ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 32 including 4 Active, 18 Completed, 2 Recruiting.
  • #60 Surveillance decision | Evidence | Antisocial personality disorder: prevention and management | Guidance | NICE
    https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg77/evidence/2018-surveillance-of-personality-disorders-nice-guidelines-cg77-and-cg78-4906490080?tab=evidence
    We will not update the following guidelines on personality disorders: […] Given the pending changes in ICD-11 to personality disorder classification, we will not update the NICE guidelines on antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder at this time. […] The surveillance process for NICE guideline CG77 followed the static list review process therefore no formal evidence searches were done.
  • #61 Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and Behavioral Genetics of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4649950/
    Psychopathy is theorized as a disorder of personality and affective deficits while antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) diagnosis is primarily behaviorally based. While ASPD and psychopathy are similar and are highly comorbid with each other, they are not synonymous. ASPD has been well studied in community samples with estimates of its lifetime prevalence ranging from 1-4% of the general population. […] Estimates of the lifetime prevalence of ASPD in the general population range from approximately 1-4%. […] A recent review summarized ASPD rates across a variety of psychiatric settings and assessment procedures, with estimates of ASPD ranging from 1.0 to 18.2%. […] In contrast to the extensive epidemiologic research in ASPD, the estimated prevalence of psychopathy in the general population is less well characterized.
  • #62 Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and Behavioral Genetics of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4649950/
    Psychopathy is theorized as a disorder of personality and affective deficits while antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) diagnosis is primarily behaviorally based. While ASPD and psychopathy are similar and are highly comorbid with each other, they are not synonymous. ASPD has been well studied in community samples with estimates of its lifetime prevalence ranging from 1-4% of the general population. […] Estimates of the lifetime prevalence of ASPD in the general population range from approximately 1-4%. […] A recent review summarized ASPD rates across a variety of psychiatric settings and assessment procedures, with estimates of ASPD ranging from 1.0 to 18.2%. […] In contrast to the extensive epidemiologic research in ASPD, the estimated prevalence of psychopathy in the general population is less well characterized.
  • #63 Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and Behavioral Genetics of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4649950/
    Psychopathy is theorized as a disorder of personality and affective deficits while antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) diagnosis is primarily behaviorally based. While ASPD and psychopathy are similar and are highly comorbid with each other, they are not synonymous. ASPD has been well studied in community samples with estimates of its lifetime prevalence ranging from 1-4% of the general population. […] Estimates of the lifetime prevalence of ASPD in the general population range from approximately 1-4%. […] A recent review summarized ASPD rates across a variety of psychiatric settings and assessment procedures, with estimates of ASPD ranging from 1.0 to 18.2%. […] In contrast to the extensive epidemiologic research in ASPD, the estimated prevalence of psychopathy in the general population is less well characterized.
  • #64 Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and Behavioral Genetics of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4649950/
    In forensic psychiatric samples, psychopathy is prevalent among 3% of patients; however, for reasons described previously, the exact prevalence of psychopathy in the general population remains unknown. […] Individuals with a lower intelligence quotient have been found to be at higher risk for ASPD and intelligence has been found to be negatively correlated with psychopathy traits. […] In terms of the course of these disorders, prevalence rates of both ASPD and psychopathy have been reported to steadily decline with age in criminal cohorts and epidemiological samples.
  • #65 The Epidemiology of Antisocial Personality Disorder (Chapter 5) – Antisocial Personality
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/9DF88DFA16DDEAC253C3A251DC6A99E1
    Using recently published general population studies, this chapter updates an earlier Moran review on the epidemiology of ASPD. It examines the prevalence, comorbidity, psychosocial functioning, impact on health services and cultural differences of those with ASPD and, to a lesser extent, of those with psychopathy and on prisoners. It finds that the prevalence of ASPD ranges between 0.6% and 4.3% in men (which is significantly higher than in women). […] There are marked cultural differences in the prevalence of ASPD with studies in the United States showing significantly higher rates than in Europe or in Asia. The prevalence of ASPD among prisoners is c. 55% among men and 31% among women with community prevalence rates for psychopathy ranging from 0.6% in the United Kingdom and 1.0% in the United States. […] Both ASPD and psychopathy have a positive association with both increased mortality and suicidality, suggesting that, together with their other impairments, they are a group that require mental health interventions.
  • #66 Antisocial personality disorder (sociopathy): Symptoms and outlook
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320142
    ASPD affects 14% of the population. […] A 2018 population-based study found that among teens aged 12-14 years, direct aggression was predictive of ASPD. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, ASPD is more common among first degree biological relatives, with heritability estimates in the range of 38-69%. […] Males are three to five times more likely to receive a diagnosis of ASPD than females. […] Researchers estimate that about one-third of those with ASPD meet the criteria for psychopathy. […] The DSM-5-TR notes that individuals who receive a diagnosis of CD before the age of 10 years and also have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have an increased risk of developing ASPD.
  • #67 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD): Information for Primary Care : Ottawa-Carleton, ON : eMentalHealth.ca
    https://primarycare.ementalhealth.ca/index.php?m=fpArticle&ID=62636
    Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a serious condition which affects 1-4% of the population. […] It is believed that 80% of those in prison meet criteria for ASPD. […] By definition according to the DSM-5, Antisocial Personality Disorder cannot be diagnosed before age 18. […] However, an adolescent may display antisocial features, prior to age 18; for those under age 18 with antisocial feature, the diagnosis Conduct Disorder may apply.
  • #68
    https://scispace.com/papers/the-epidemiology-of-antisocial-personality-disorder-4pjf88wi7y?references_page=7
    This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the frequency, natural history, risk factors and associations of antisocial personality disorder. […] Epidemiological surveys have shown that antisocial personality disorder is a common disorder, with a prevalence rate of between 2 and 3% among community samples, rising to 60% among male prisoners. […] Antisocial personality disorder is a chronic condition, and is associated with a multitude of medical and social problems. […] Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the aetiology of the disorder. […] However, despite the large amount of research into antisocial personality disorder, longitudinal data are missing and the validity of the diagnosis, therefore, remains questionable.
  • #69 Psychiatry.org – Antisocial Personality Disorder: Often Overlooked and Untreated
    https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/antisocial-personality-disorder-often-overlooked
    Antisocial personality disorder may be one of the most misunderstood mental disorders. It is also often undiagnosed and untreated, according to a recent special report by Donald Black, M.D. in Psychiatric News. He referred to it as psychiatrys forgotten disorder, noting that few clinicians diagnose or treat it. […] It is estimated to affect between .6% and 3.6% of adults and it is three times more common among men than women. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder often also have co-occurring mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder or substance use disorders. […] ASPD is common, problematic, and costly to society. Infrequently diagnosed, people with antisocial personality disorder are rarely referred for treatment of the condition, Black concludes. Most likely, future treatment recommendations will involve a combination of medication to target anger, irritability, and other antisocial symptoms, while psychotherapy can be used to address the cognitive and moral aspects of the disorder.

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