Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK546673/

  Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive and enduring pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others, typically emerging in childhood or early adolescence and persisting throughout an individual’s life. […] The development of ASPD is multifactorial. Research on the etiology of ASPD is limited, and high-quality studies specifically investigating its causes are scarce. Several factors likely contribute to the development of ASPD, including genetic predisposition, childhood experiences, and environmental influences. However, the clinical significance of these factors is unclear. […] Genetic studies propose a hereditary component of personality disorders, including ASPD. Twin studies find a monozygotic concordance rate of 67% compared to a 31% concordance rate in dizygotic twins.

• #1 Antisocial Personality Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK546673/

  Underarousal of the autonomic nervous system is the suggested underlying pathophysiology for some individuals with ASPD. This hypothesis proposes that individuals with ASPD require higher sensory input to produce normal brain functioning than normal subjects, causing affected individuals to seek higher sensory input to raise their arousal levels to more tolerable amounts. […] Researchers have uncovered additional findings on central nervous system (CNS) imaging, unveiling abnormal CNS functioning associated with ASPD. The prefrontal cortex, the superior temporal cortex, the amygdala-hippocampal complex, and the anterior cingulate cortex are likely involved.

• #2 Antisocial personality disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353928

  Antisocial personality disorder is considered a lifelong condition. But in some people, certain symptoms particularly destructive and criminal behavior may decrease over time. It’s not clear whether this decrease is a result of the effect aging has on their mind and body, an increased awareness of the impact that antisocial behavior has had on their life, or other factors. […] The exact cause of antisocial personality disorder isn’t known, but: Genes may make you vulnerable to developing antisocial personality disorder and life situations, especially neglect and abuse, may trigger its development. […] Changes in the way the brain functions may have resulted during brain development.

• #3 Kevin William Grant—Registered Psychotherapist – Navigating the Maze of Antisocial Personality Disorder: Etiology, Treatment, and Societal Implications

  https://www.kevinwgrant.com/blog/item/the-maze-of-antisocial-personality-disorder

  Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a chronic mental condition characterized by persistent patterns of disregard for the rights of others, lying, deceit, impulsivity, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for safety, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse after harming others. […] The etiology of ASPD is complex and multifaceted, encompassing genetic, neurobiological, environmental, and psychosocial factors. […] Research has shed light on the significant genetic component contributing to ASPD. […] Neuroimaging studies exhibit structural and functional abnormalities in the brains of individuals with ASPD, particularly in the frontal lobe, which is linked to impulse control, decision-making, and emotional regulation. […] Adverse childhood experiences such as abuse, neglect, and violence exposure significantly correlate with ASPD development.

• #3 Kevin William Grant—Registered Psychotherapist – Navigating the Maze of Antisocial Personality Disorder: Etiology, Treatment, and Societal Implications

  https://www.kevinwgrant.com/blog/item/the-maze-of-antisocial-personality-disorder

  A critical aspect of understanding ASPD’s etiology is the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental factors. […] The intricate interplay of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental influences in the genesis and manifestation of ASPD, making it a quintessential example of how nature and nurture collectively contribute to the development of complex behavioral disorders.

• #4 Day # 132: Antisocial Personality Disorder

  https://www.bulletpsych.com/post/day-132-antisocial-personality-disorder

  Individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) have a long-standing pattern of rule-breaking, exploiting others without remorse, and disregarding the rights and safety of others. […] As with all personality disorders, the dominant theory suggest ASPD develops from a combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors. […] Higher prevalence among the prison population and poor urban areas. Some estimate the prevalence of ASPD in prison populations may be as high as 75-80%. Other risk factors include early childhood trauma (with some evidence to suggest that physical abuse particularly predisposes to ASPD) and excessive parental rigidity surrounding rules. […] Relatives of patients with ASPD show a higher incidence than among control participants. The disorder is five times more common among first-degree relatives and twin studies estimate a heritability of 67%.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Antisocial-Personality-Disorder.aspx

  The heritability of ASPD has been shown to range from 38% to 69% in heritability studies, showing a correlation between genetics and the risk of developing ASPD. […] Several studies have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences are a major risk factor for ASPD development. […] Childhood psychopathology may also play a role in ASPD development, such as conduct disorder. […] Research shows that adults diagnosed with ASPD are extremely likely to show severe issues with conduct in their childhood. […] ASPD is linked with crime; researchers have argued that investigating ASPD’s biological mechanism is essential to reducing the prevalence of crime and violence in society. […] Additionally, understanding the etiology of ASPD will aid the discovery of possible pharmacological and therapeutic treatments for individuals with ASPD.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Antisocial-Personality-Disorder.aspx

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), is a diagnosis given to individuals who violate and show a pervasive disregard for the rights of others without remorse. […] As with many other personality disorders, the exact cause of ASPD is not known. Conversely, it is known that ASPD has several biological and environmental risk factors namely heritability, adverse childhood experiences, and childhood psychopathology. […] The exact etiology of ASPD is unknown. However, research shows that genetic and environmental risk factors may play a role. Individuals are more at risk of developing ASPD if they have parents with ASPD or had adverse childhood experiences e.g., experiencing physical abuse, neglect, and/or alcoholism. Research also suggests that an imbalance in serotonin transmission may play a role in developing ASPD.

• #6 The Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder/antisocial-personality-disorder-causes

  Antisocial personality causes are complex, but may be associated with environmental factors as well as genetics. […] The cause of ASPD is not well understood. Researchers and medical professionals debate whether this condition is a stand-alone diagnosis. Some say ASPD significantly overlaps with psychopathy, while others believe that psychopathy could be a more severe subtype of ASPD. […] According to a 2019 study, genetic factors play a role in 38-69% of ASPD diagnoses. […] A 2013 study suggests that the genes responsible for ASPD may impact other systems in the body, including: Dopamine system: regulates mood, motivation, and reward; Serotonin system: responsible for impulse control, sleep, and regulating feelings and behavior; Epinephrine/norepinephrine system: controls nervous system activity, such as the fight or flight response.

• #6 The Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder/antisocial-personality-disorder-causes

  In addition to genetic factors, 2021 research published suggests environmental factors can play a significant role in the development of ASPD. […] According to this research, many environmental risk factors for ASPD are linked to experiences in pregnancy and early childhood: Risk factors related to pregnancy and infancy: smoking or substance misuse during pregnancy, experiencing stress and anxiety during pregnancy, complications during delivery, infant malnutrition, heavy metal exposure; Childhood trauma: negative parent-child interactions, verbal and physical abuse, inconsistent or coercive discipline; Social risk factors: growing up in an under-resourced community, exposure to peer groups that engage in anti-social-like behavior, experiencing social violence. […] Some studies suggest ASPD has a genetic cause, but environmental factors from childhood experiences may also play a major role in its development.

• #7 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a personality disorder defined by a chronic pattern of behavior that disregards the rights and well-being of others. […] Research into genetic associations in antisocial personality disorder suggests that ASPD has some or even a strong genetic basis. […] The gene that encodes for monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine, has shown particular promise in its correlation with ASPD. […] Traumatic events can lead to a disruption of the standard development of the central nervous system, which can generate a release of hormones that can change normal patterns of development. […] Antisocial behavior may be related to a number of neurological defects, such as head trauma.

• #7 Antisocial personality disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder

  Antisocial behavior is associated with decreased grey matter in the right lentiform nucleus, left insular, and frontopolar cortex. […] Many studies suggest that the social and home environment contribute to the development of ASPD. […] A lack of parental stimulation and affection during early development can lead to high levels of cortisol with the absence of balancing hormones such as oxytocin. […] The way a child bonds with its parents early in life is important. Poor parental bonding due to abuse or neglect puts children at greater risk for developing antisocial personality disorder.

• #8 Genome-wide association study of antisocial personality disorder | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2016155

  The pathophysiology of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) remains unclear. Although the most consistent biological finding is reduced grey matter volume in the frontal cortex, about 50% of the total liability to developing ASPD has been attributed to genetic factors. The contributing genes remain largely unknown. Therefore, we sought to study the genetic background of ASPD. […] The GWAS resulted in suggestive associations of two clusters of single-nucleotide polymorphisms at 6p21.2 and at 6p21.32 at the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. Imputation of HLA alleles revealed an independent association with DRB1*01:01 (odds ratio (OR)=2.19 (1.533.14), P=1.9 10-5). […] In humans, LINC00951 and LRFN2 are both expressed in the brain, especially in the frontal cortex, which is intriguing considering the role of the frontal cortex in behavior and the neuroanatomical findings of reduced gray matter volume in ASPD.

• #9 Preempting the Development of Antisocial Behavior and Psychopathic Traits | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/early/2021/01/06/JAAPL.200060-20

  Candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies have sought to identify specific genes that underlie antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits. […] While there is some dispute, several studies have implicated the monoamine oxidase A enzyme (MAO-A), the catechol-O-methyltransferase enzyme (COMT), and the sodium-dependent serotonin and dopamine transporter genes in antisocial behavior. […] Despite some conflict among results, studies of youth with callous-unemotional traits and adults with psychopathic traits have implicated genes involved in the serotonin and dopamine systems, including polymorphisms of the genes for COMT, MAO-A, and the serotonin transporter. […] While genes are important in the development of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits, studies have not yet localized individual genes or determined the mechanisms by which they might affect biology and development. […] Genetic influences represent only one factor within a complex etiology and often vary in their connection to behavior.

• #10 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a lack of empathy, a sense of guiltlessness and shamelessness, as well as impulsiveness. […] This review gives an overview of the etiological and clinical aspects of ASPD and critically examines ASPD from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives. […] Twin and family studies showed genetic predisposition in ASPD. Some candidate genes associated with ASPD include SLC6A4, COMT, 5-HTR2A, TPH1, DRD2, OXTR, CACNG8, COL25A1 and several serotonergic genes. […] Structural abnormalities involving the corpus callosum, amygdala, putamen, anterior cingulate cortex, as well as orbitofrontal- and dorsolateral frontal cortices have been identified in ASPD. […] Other observed structural changes include a decrease in grey matter volume, whole-brain volume, and white matter volume and thickness.

• #10 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4

  In addition, functional abnormalities involving autonomic activity, prefrontal functions, as well as brain functional networks like sensorimotor networks, cognitive networks and cortico-striatal connectivity have been reported. […] Biochemical factors associated with ASPD include fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) reduction in the amygdala, as well as changes in plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers and neurotropic factors namely, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor (TGF)-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF). […] Understanding the disease from different perspectives is important, as this provides insights into the underlying mechanisms of ASPD, whereas the associated biochemical markers can be used as potential diagnostic and treatment targets for ASPD.

• #11 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/psychopathology-of-antisocial-personality-disorder-from-the-stru/25928796

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a lack of empathy, a sense of guiltlessness and shamelessness, as well as impulsiveness. […] This review gives an overview of the etiological and clinical aspects of ASPD and critically examines ASPD from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives. […] Twin and family studies showed genetic predisposition in ASPD. […] Structural abnormalities involving the corpus callosum, amygdala, putamen, anterior cingulate cortex, as well as orbitofrontal- and dorsolateral frontal cortices have been identified in ASPD. […] In addition, functional abnormalities involving autonomic activity, prefrontal functions, as well as brain functional networks like sensorimotor networks, cognitive networks and cortico-striatal connectivity have been reported.

• #11 Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional and biochemical perspectives | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/psychopathology-of-antisocial-personality-disorder-from-the-stru/25928796

  Biochemical factors associated with ASPD include fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) reduction in the amygdala, as well as changes in plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers and neurotropic factors […] Understanding the disease from different perspectives is important, as this provides insights into the underlying mechanisms of ASPD, whereas the associated biochemical markers can be used as potential diagnostic and treatment targets for ASPD.

• #12 Antisocial Personality Disorder | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/antisocial-personality-disorder-2/

  There is a subtle structural deficit in the prefrontal cortex of uninstitutionalized antisocial, violent persons with psychopathic-like behavior who live in community settings. […] There is a much less observable volume reductions specific to the prefrontal gray matter that is associated with APD. […] Poor conditioning is theorized to be associated with poor development of the conscience, and those who are less autonomically responsive to aversive stimuli such as social criticism during childhood would be less susceptible to socializing punishments, and hence become predisposed to antisocial behavior. […] Prefrontal cortex is involved in the regulation of arousal, and deficits in autonomic and central nervous system arousal in antisocial persons have been viewed as facilitating a stimulation-seeking, antisocial behavioral response to compensate for such under arousal.

• #12 Antisocial Personality Disorder | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/antisocial-personality-disorder-2/

  Patients with prefrontal damage fail to give anticipatory autonomic response to choice options that are risky, and make bad choices even when they are aware of the more advantageous response option. […] Inability to reason and decide advantageously in risky situations is likely to contribute to the impulsivity, rule breaking, and reckless, irresponsible behavior that make up 4 of the 7 traits of APD. […] Previous research has shown that patients with major damage to the prefrontal cortex show dysregulation of cognition, emotion, and behavior, which predisposes to antisociality. […] Those who are antisocial have visually imperceptible but meaningful and significant reductions in prefrontal gray matter volume in addition to psycho-physiological deficits in emotion reactivity. […] It is unlikely that only one brain mechanism is compromised in APD. […] Functional imaging has indicated multiple cortical and subcortical deficits in violent offenders.

• #13 Antisocial Personality Disorder – Abnormal Psychology

  https://fscj.pressbooks.pub/abnormalpsychology/chapter/antisocial-personality-disorder-2/

  Most essential diagnostic feature of ASPD is the pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights of others (SAMHSA, 2009). […] Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is considered to be a chronic illness in which an individuals manner of thinking, perceiving situations, and empathizing with others is deemed morally wrong in his or her society. […] There seems to be a strong genetic link to ASPD development and criminality. […] Although researchers aren’t entirely sure, they do believe that genetics have something to do with the development of Antisocial Personality Disorder. […] The fearlessness hypothesis states they psychopaths have a higher fear threshold, or the frightening things for most people, like a burning building, or gunshots, have little effect on these individuals.

• #13 Antisocial Personality Disorder – Abnormal Psychology

  https://fscj.pressbooks.pub/abnormalpsychology/chapter/antisocial-personality-disorder-2/

  Psychopaths do not show normal anxiety reactions when anticipating a punishment response and they were slow at learning how to stop responding when punishment was inevitable. […] Inability to avoid punishment because of problems learning how to properly respond to anxiety-producing situations. […] These inhibited responses that can be learned in the face of cues that signal upcoming punishment or also known as passive avoidance learning, and appears to be deficient in psychopaths and in individuals with ASPD. […] There is a subtle structural deficit in the prefrontal cortex of uninstitutionalized antisocial, violent persons with psychopathic-like behavior who live in community settings. […] Poor conditioning is theorized to be associated with poor development of the conscience, and those who are less autonomically responsive to aversive stimuli such as social criticism during childhood would be less susceptible to socializing punishments, and hence become predisposed to antisocial behavior.

• #14 Personality Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/294307-overview

  In patients with personality disorder, abnormalities may be seen in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. These abnormalities may be caused by perinatal injury, encephalitis, trauma, or genetics. Personality disorders are also seen with diminished monoamine oxidase (MAO) and serotonin levels. However, the relationships of anatomy, receptors, and neurotransmitters to personality disorders are purely speculative at this point. […] A genetic contribution to antisocial behaviors is strongly supported. Low levels of behavioral inhibition may be mediated by serotonergic dysregulation in the septohippocampal system. There may also be developmental or acquired abnormalities in the prefrontal brain systems and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. This may underlie the low arousal, poor fear conditioning, and decision-making deficits described in antisocial personality disorder.

• #15 13.4: Personality Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/05%3A_Part_V._Mental_Disorders__Block_4/13%3A_Personality_Disorders/13.04%3A_Personality_Disorders_-_Etiology

  Research on the development of schizotypal personality disorder has identified similar biological causes to that of schizophreniahigh activity of dopamine and enlarged brain ventricles (Lener et al., 2015). […] Surprisingly, antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder also have similar neurological changes. More specifically, individuals with both disorders reportedly show deficits in serotonin activity (Thompson, Ramos, Willett, 2014). These low levels of serotonin activity in combination with deficient functioning of the frontal lobesparticularly the prefrontal cortex which is used in planning, self-control, and decision makingas well as an overly reactive amygdala, may explain the impulsive and aggressive nature of both antisocial and borderline personality disorder (Stone, 2014). […] Biological causes of personality disorders have not been identified in most disorders, the exception being schizotypal which has similar biological causes as schizophrenia and antisocial and borderline personality disorders which have similar neurological changes.

• #16 Module 13: Personality Disorders – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/abnormal-psych/chapter/module-13-personality-disorders/

  Research on the development of antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder also have similar neurological changes. More specifically, individuals with both disorders reportedly show deficits in serotonin activity. These low levels of serotonin activity in combination with deficient functioning of the frontal lobes—particularly the prefrontal cortex which is used in planning, self-control, and decision making—as well as an overly reactive amygdala, may explain the impulsive and aggressive nature of both antisocial and borderline personality disorder.

• #17 Antisocial Personality Disorder: Dealing with a Sociopath

  https://www.helpguide.org/mental-health/personality-disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), also known as sociopathy, involves a persistent pattern of callousness toward others and a disregard for social norms and laws. People with this disorder are sometimes called sociopaths. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors may increase a person’s risk of antisocial personality disorder or sociopathy. […] Some research shows that genes that affect serotonin and dopamine—chemicals associated with happiness and pleasure—may be a factor. Variations in these genes could lead to aggression, impulsiveness, and emotional dysfunction. […] Cluster B personality disorders, including ASPD, may also be linked to an insecure attachment style. Your attachment style is the result of early experiences with your primary caregiver, and this affects how you think about and approach relationships. If you have an insecure attachment, it’s likely that your caregiver was unable to provide consistent comfort or regularly meet your needs.

• #18 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd

  Both genetic and environmental factors (eg, abuse during childhood) contribute to the development of antisocial personality disorder. A possible mechanism is impulsive rather than planned aggression, related to abnormal serotonin transporter functioning. Disregard for the pain of others during early childhood has been linked to antisocial behavior during late adolescence. […] Antisocial personality disorder is more common among 1st-degree relatives of patients with the disorder than among the general population. Risk of developing this disorder is increased in both adopted and biologic children of parents with the disorder. […] If conduct disorder accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder develops before age 10 years, risk of developing antisocial personality disorder during adulthood is increased. Risk of conduct disorder evolving into antisocial personality disorder may be increased when parents abuse or neglect the child or are inconsistent in discipline or in parenting style.

• #19 Antisocial Personality Disorder | Introduction to Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/chapter/antisocial-personality-disorder/

  Meanness is defined as aggressive resource seeking without regard for others, and is signaled by a lack of empathy, disdain for and lack of close relationships with others, and a tendency to accomplish goals through cruelty. […] Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors influence the development of antisocial personality disorder, as well as general antisocial behavior (criminality, violence, aggressiveness). […] Personality and temperament dimensions that are related to this disorder, including fearlessness, impulsive antisociality, and callousness, have a substantial genetic influence. […] Adoption studies clearly demonstrate that the development of antisocial behavior is determined by the interaction of genetic factors and adverse environmental circumstances.

• #19 Antisocial Personality Disorder | Introduction to Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/chapter/antisocial-personality-disorder/

  Those with antisocial tendencies do not seem to experience emotions the way most other people do. […] For those with antisocial personality disorder, a lack of skin conductance may indicate the presence of characteristics such as emotional deficits and impulsivity that underlie the propensity for antisocial behavior and negative social relationships. […] While emotional deficits may contribute to antisocial personality disorder, so too might an inability to relate to others pain. […] The investigators suggested that the heightened activation in this region when watching social interactions involving one person harming another may reflect a propensity or desire for this kind of behavior.

• #20 Antisocial Personality Disorder – Understanding Psychological Disorders

  https://openbooks.library.baylor.edu/understandingpsychdisorders/chapter/antisocial-personality-disorder/

  Although the precise etiology is unknown, both genetic and environmental factors have been found to play a role in the development of ASPD. […] Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors influence the development of ASPD, as well as general antisocial behavior (criminality, violence, aggressiveness). […] Adoption studies clearly demonstrate that the development of antisocial behavior is determined by the interaction of genetic factors and adverse environmental circumstances. […] Individuals with antisocial tendencies do not seem to experience emotions the way most other people do. […] For those with ASPD, a lack of skin conductance may indicate the presence of characteristics such as emotional deficits and impulsivity that underlie the propensity for antisocial behavior and negative social relationships. […] While emotional deficits may contribute to antisocial personality disorder, so too might an inability to relate to others pain.

• #21

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40473-018-0142-0

  The trait-oriented triarchic model of psychopathy emphasizes heterogeneity in mechanisms that give rise to antisocial behavior. […] We review findings from neurophysiological studies that provide evidence for distinct variants of antisocial personality involving different configurations of triarchic model traits boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. […] High boldness is evident in some manifestations of ASPD, where it operates as a mask to conceal callous-disinhibitory proclivities. […] Meanness involves features of low empathy, weak affiliation, and an antagonistic social style that appear related to deficits in sensitivity to pain and distress in others. […] Disinhibition is associated with impairments in frontal-executive functioning manifested in deficient behavioral restraint and poor affect regulation.

• #21

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40473-018-0142-0

  We propose alternative subtypes of ASPD, including primarily detached and primarily disinhibited variants, with differing propensities for aggression and distinct neurophysiological profiles. […] Further research is needed to clarify mechanisms for these ASPD subtypes and how best to address them clinically.

• #22 Association patterns of antisocial personality disorder across substance use disorders | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-03054-z

  There is a high prevalence of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in individuals affected by substance use disorders (SUD). […] ASPD is highly comorbid with substance use disorders (SUDs). […] The higher prevalence of ASPD in the presence of substance misuse supports research on the nature of this relationship and its potential implications for our understanding of the onset, severity, and treatment of both ASPD and SUDs. […] This association may arise from shared etiologies and predispositions between ASPD and SUDs, as well as other externalizing disorders (i.e., disorders with outward, behavior-based symptomology). […] One common feature linked to both ASPD and SUDs is behavioral disinhibition, which is loosely composed of sensation seeking, impulsivity, and aggressivity. […] It is reasonable to infer that these behaviors may extend beyond alcohol-related traits to include other substance-related traits consistent with our findings that ASPD is associated with drug use disorder diagnoses and measures of severity.

• #22 Association patterns of antisocial personality disorder across substance use disorders | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-03054-z

  The present investigations expanded our understanding of ASPD-SUD comorbidity in the context of variation among SUD diagnostic criteria and types of psychoactive substances. […] The criteria that survived multiple testing correction in the SUD-specific analyses (Hazardous Use, Social Problems, Neglected Roles, Physical Problems, and Attempts to Quit) align well with the impulsive, reckless, and irresponsible characteristics of ASPD. […] Hazardous Use has been linked to measures of disinhibition and antisocial behaviors and is the only criterion to associate across all the SUDs, indicating that individuals with co-occurring ASPD and SUD use substances in hazardous situations, regardless of the substance. […] This study builds on previous work in this area by showing consistent associations between ASPD and SUD diagnoses and uncovering unique, substance-specific associations between ASPD and individual SUD diagnostic criteria.

• #23 Antisocial Personality Traits, Substance Use, and Somatization: A Brief Consideration of Their Interrelation

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/1/61

  The relationship between antisocial personality traits and the expression of somatic symptoms has been the subject of several theoretical and empirical investigations. […] It was hypothesized that the relationship between antisocial traits and somatization would be moderated by alcohol use, such that the presence of alcohol dependence would strengthen the relationship between antisocial traits and somatization. […] Although substance use did significantly moderate the relationship between antisocial traits and somatization, the direction of the effect ran counter to expectations: among participants reporting a history of alcohol dependency, the relationship between antisocial features and somatization was diminished. […] It has been further noted that the two diagnoses may share certain biological underpinnings. Both disorders present with low serotonin levels, leading some researchers to posit that genetic markers associated with decreased serotonin may offer the source of a shared etiology.

• #24 Psychobiological Aspects of Antisocial Personality Disorder, Psychopathy, and Violence

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychobiological-aspects-antisocial-personality-disorder-psychopathy-and-violence

  Statistical modeling research indicates that variance specific to Factor 2 of the PCL-R, which accounts largely for the relationship with ASPD, reflects this broad externalizing liability. […] Impulsive tendencies and hostile negative affectivity associated with externalizing proneness, prominent in ASPD, account substantially for the reactive violence associated with this diagnostic condition. […] Given the evidence that the shared variance across externalizing spectrum behaviors is highly heritable, consideration of neural systems implicated in antisociality and violence may help identify the mechanisms for the higher incidence of violence among those with ASPD. […] Neuropsychological studies of antisocial individuals have yielded evidence of deficits in cognitive and executive function, as assessed by frontal lobe tasks, and abnormalities in brain potential measures, such as the P300 response.

• #24 Psychobiological Aspects of Antisocial Personality Disorder, Psychopathy, and Violence

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychobiological-aspects-antisocial-personality-disorder-psychopathy-and-violence

  A typical functional neuroimaging profile of violent individuals entails the combination of reduced activity in the prefrontal regions and increased activity in subcortical (limbic) regions. […] Thus, while disinhibition and prefrontal functioning deficits may represent the core vulnerability to ASPD, the affective disruption of cognitive control is a highly relevant predisposing process for violence, particularly reactive violence, in individuals with ASPD. […] From a neuroscientific standpoint, proneness toward angry-reactive aggression reflects dysfunction in brain systems that mediate negative emotional reactivity and cognitive control.

• #25 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-antisocial-personality-disorder-aspd-5207370

  Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a mental health disorder in which there is a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others. […] Studies suggest this may be due to how their brains process fear. This finding is heightened in people with ASPD also diagnosed with psychopathic personality disorder (PPD). They have limited responses to fear, and brain imaging tests that show fear deficits. […] Both genetic (like having a close relative with ASPD) and environmental factors can contribute to the development of ASPD. One review found that genetic influences played a role in up to 56% of the variations in ASPD behavior and personality. […] People diagnosed with ASPD have specific brain and neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) changes, including monoamine oxidase levels and serotonin. […] Its causes are not always known, but childhood trauma and stress are contributing factors. Genetics and brain chemistry also play a role.

• #26 Sociopath: Traits, Diagnosis, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/sociopath

  Research also suggests its possible to acquire sociopathy. Head trauma or damage to the frontal lobes of the brain, which can happen as a result of a head injury or progressive conditions like dementia, can lead to some antisocial behaviors. […] The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hasnt approved any medications to treat symptoms of ASPD. […] According to a small 2014 study, the antipsychotic medication clozapine (Clozaril) shows some promise as a treatment for men with ASPD. After taking the medication for several weeks, all seven participants experienced improvement in ASPD symptoms, including anger, impulsivity, and violence or aggression. […] In many cases, theyre likely living with ASPD, a condition that develops from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including childhood abuse and neglect.

• #27 GoodTherapy | Understanding Antisocial Personality: The S…

  https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/understanding-antisocial-personality-the-stigma-tied-to-aspd-0510197

  At the core of ASPD lies a consistent lack of regard for the rights of others, which generally includes impulsive, irresponsible, and reckless behavior. People may take action without considering potential consequences and experience little or no remorse for harm caused by their behavior. […] Abuse, neglect, or absent caregivers can increase risk for ASPD when other factors are present, particularly early onset conduct disorder. In people who develop ASPD, early childhood mistreatment can reinforce the belief that no one else will look out for them, so they should do whatever they can to look after themselves and get their needs met. This belief commonly occurs with ASPD. […] A key factor in successful therapy for ASPD is recognizing individual fault. People living with ASPD who cant admit or accept their actions are harmful or that they have a role in the harm theyve caused may not be able to improve. One approach to treatment thats shown some promise is mentalization-based therapy. This approach helps people explore their state of mind, including emotions, desires, and feelings toward others. Once they better understand their thoughts, they can use this understanding to address impulses and control them.

• #27 GoodTherapy | Understanding Antisocial Personality: The S…

  https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/understanding-antisocial-personality-the-stigma-tied-to-aspd-0510197

  Research has shown treatment can help improve many of the behaviors associated with ASPD when a person is willing to work toward change. Its important for future research to continue exploring the most helpful types of treatment for ASPD to increase the chances of people with the condition improving with treatment. Successful treatment can not only improve well-being and quality of life for people with ASPD, it can also have a positive impact on the people in their lives.

• #28 Antisocial personality disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000921.htm

  Antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others without any remorse. This behavior may cause problems in relationships or at work and is often associated with criminal behavior. […] The cause of this disorder is unknown. A person’s genes and other factors, such as child abuse, may contribute to developing this condition. People with an antisocial or alcoholic parent are at increased risk. […] Some health care providers believe that psychopathic personality (psychopathy) is the same disorder. Others believe that psychopathic personality is a similar, but a more severe disorder. […] Antisocial personality disorder is diagnosed based on a psychological evaluation. The provider will consider how long-lived and how severe the person’s symptoms are. To be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, a person must have had emotional and behavioral problems (conduct disorder) during childhood.

• #28 Antisocial personality disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000921.htm

  Antisocial personality disorder is one of the hardest personality disorders to treat. People with this condition usually don’t seek treatment on their own. They may only start therapy when required to by a court. […] Behavioral treatments, such as those that reward appropriate behavior and have negative consequences for illegal behavior, may work in some people. Talk therapy may also help. […] People with an antisocial personality who have other disorders, such as a mood or substance use disorder, are often treated for those problems as well.

• #29 Antisocial personality disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/antisocial-personality-disorder/

  Antisocial personality disorder is a particularly challenging type of personality disorder characterised by impulsive, irresponsible and often criminal behaviour. […] It’s not known why some people develop antisocial personality disorder, but both genetics and traumatic childhood experiences, such as child abuse or neglect, are thought to play a role. […] Criminal behaviour is a key feature of antisocial personality disorder, and there’s a high risk that someone with the disorder will commit crimes and be imprisoned at some point in their life. […] Antisocial personality disorder is diagnosed after rigorous detailed psychological assessment. […] Evidence suggests behaviour can improve over time with therapy, even if core characteristics such as lack of empathy remain. […] There’s little evidence to support the use of medicine for treating antisocial personality disorder, but certain antipsychotic and antidepressant medicines may be helpful in some instances.

Zobacz więcej