Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Treatment, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/intermittent-explosive-disorder

  Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is a condition that involves sudden outbursts of rage, aggression, or violence. […] A disorder characterized by impulsive and aggressive behavior has appeared in all editions of the DSM. However, it was first called IED in the third edition. Prior to the third edition, it was believed to be rare. With updated diagnostic criteria and advances in IED research, its now believed to be much more common. […] In 2005, a study found that 6.3 percent of 1,300 people seeking care for a mental health issue met the criteria for DSM-5 IED at some point in their lifetime. In addition, 3.1 percent met the criteria for a current diagnosis. […] A 9,282-person study from 2006 found that 7.3 percent met the DSM-5 criteria for IED at some point in their lifetime, while 3.9 percent met the criteria in the past 12 months.

• #2 Intermittent explosive disorder | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/intermittent-explosive-disorder

  In the United States, at least 4.0% of adults and 8.9% of adolescents meet DSM-5 criteria for intermittent explosive disorder (48). […] Before the advent of the DSM-4, intermittent explosive disorder was thought to be rare. This is because the DSM criteria excluded most individuals with recurrent impulsive aggressive outbursts because intermittent explosive disorder was thought to be a disorder in which someone was otherwise fine but that occasionally had extreme outbursts of aggression (eg, Bruce Banner vs. The Hulk). With the output of DSM-4, and especially with DSM-5, intermittent explosive disorder appears to be much more common than previously thought. The National Comorbidity Study Replication reported a lifetime prevalence of DSM-4 intermittent explosive disorder in the United States of 7.3% by broad criteria and 5.4% by narrow criteria, and past year prevalence as 3.9% and 2.7%, respectively (33).

• #3 Intermittent explosive disorder in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intermittent-explosive-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis

  Intermittent explosive disorder in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis […] This topic reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of intermittent explosive disorder. […] Estimates of the lifetime prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder range from 1 to 7 percent, depending upon the study population. However, the prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder is not well established because most studies relied upon a previous version of the diagnostic criteria, rather than the later criteria from the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). […] Using various diagnostic criteria, nationally representative surveys of the general adult population in different countries estimate that the lifetime prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder is 1 to 4 percent. The estimated 12-month prevalence ranges from 1 to 3 percent.

• #4 Intermittent explosive disorder in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intermittent-explosive-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis/print

  Intermittent explosive disorder in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis […] Patients with intermittent explosive disorder have impulsive, aggressive verbal outbursts at least twice a week and serious, physically assaultive behavior at least three times a year. The aggressive behaviors are unplanned, out of proportion to the provocation, and cause subjective distress or psychosocial impairment. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology and pathogenesis of intermittent explosive disorder. […] Estimates of the lifetime prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder range from 1 to 7 percent, depending upon the study population. However, the prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder is not well established because most studies relied upon a previous version of the diagnostic criteria, rather than the later criteria from the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). The previous criteria had several limitations, such as not requiring that the aggressive behavior be impulsive rather than planned, not providing operationalized criteria on the nature and frequency of impulsive aggressive behavior, and not clearly specifying exclusionary disorders.

• #4 Intermittent explosive disorder in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intermittent-explosive-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis/print

  Using various diagnostic criteria, nationally representative surveys of the general adult population in different countries estimate that the lifetime prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder is 1 to 4 percent. The estimated 12-month prevalence ranges from 1 to 3 percent. […] A survey in the United States, using diagnostic criteria as found in DSM-5-TR, found that the lifetime prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder was approximately 4 percent and the past-year prevalence was close to 3 percent. The survey also found that the lifetime and past-year prevalence of serious, physically assaultive behavior at least three times a year (one of the DSM-5-TR criteria) was approximately 8 and 6 percent.

• #5 Intermittent explosive disorder in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intermittent-explosive-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis

  A survey in the United States, using diagnostic criteria as found in DSM-5-TR, found that the lifetime prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder was approximately 4 percent and the past-year prevalence was close to 3 percent. The survey also found that the lifetime and past-year prevalence of serious, physically assaultive behavior at least three times a year (one of the DSM-5-TR criteria) was approximately 8 and 6 percent.

• #6 Angry Without Borders: Global prevalence and factors of intermittent explosive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.25325396v1.full-text

  According to the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative, IED demonstrates notable prevalence rates worldwide, with an average lifetime prevalence ranging from approximately 4% to 7%, depending on diagnostic definitions and regional factors. National epidemiological studies suggest considerable variability, indicating prevalence estimates as high as 7.3% in the United States, whereas prevalence rates in lower-income regions, though less extensively studied, show variability, with some studies reporting lower figures possibly due to under-diagnosis or differences in help-seeking behaviours and healthcare accessibility. […] The pooled lifetime prevalence was estimated at 5.1%, and the 12-month prevalence was 4.4%, underscoring the significant worldwide burden of this psychiatric disorder. In terms of risk factors, sociodemographic variables such as male gender (OR = 3.39), younger age (particularly adolescent onset), lower educational attainment, and unemployment consistently emerged as significant predictors. Psychiatric comorbidities were also strongly associated with IED, including mood disorders (OR = 2.96), anxiety disorders (OR = 2.58), and substance use disorders (PR = 2.90). Additionally, a notable dose-response relationship between trauma exposure (e.g., war experiences, childhood abuse) and increased IED prevalence was identified, particularly in conflict-affected regions where prevalence among juvenile offenders reached as high as 35.9%.

• #7 Intermittent Explosive Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/intermittent-explosive-disorder

  Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is an impulse-control disorder characterized by a failure to resist ones aggressive impulses, which can lead to frequent explosionsincidents of verbal aggression in the form of temper tantrums, threats, or tirades, or physical attacks on other people and their possessions, causing bodily injury and property damage. […] Previous estimates had suggested that IED could be found in approximately 2.7 percent of the general population, but many experts believe it may be much more common and that it may be an underrecognized cause of much violent behavior. One study from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) suggested that, broadly defined, IED may actually affect as many as 7.3 percent of adults, or as many as 16 million Americans. […] IED often precedes, and may predispose an individual for, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders, often due to an increased likelihood of stressful life experiences like divorce or unemployment. According to National Institutes of Health research, nearly 82 percent of people with IED will also have one of these other disorders, but only 29 percent of individuals diagnosed with those conditions ever receive treatment for their anger.

• #8 Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/intermittent-explosive-disorder-ied/

  Research indicates that IED affects approximately 7.3% of adults over their lifetime, translating to about 11.5 to 16 million Americans. The 12-month prevalence rate is around 3.9%, according to a 2016 report titled Intermittent Explosive Disorder Affects up to 16 Million Americans, published in the National Institute of Health. […] IED is more prevalent among males and often begins in childhood or adolescence, typically around the age of 17, as reviewed by Scott KM et al.s 2020 study titled, Intermittent Explosive Disorder Subtypes in the General Population, published in the Epidemiol Psychiatry Science Journal. […] Approximately 72% of individuals diagnosed with IED have a family history of the disorder, suggesting a genetic component to its development, according to Coccaro EF et al.s 2016 study. A Family History Study of Intermittent Explosive Disorder published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research.

• #8 Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/intermittent-explosive-disorder-ied/

  The lifetime prevalence of IED in the general population is estimated to be between, according to Fanning JR et al. s 2016 study titled, Comorbid Intermittent explosive Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, published in the Comprehensive Psychiatry Journal. […] The genetic component is associated with IED, as it tends to run in families. Individuals with a family history of IED or other mental health disorders are at a higher risk, with studies indicating that up to 72% of IED cases are linked to familial patterns, according to Coccaro EFs 2010 study titled, A Family History Study of Intermittent Explosive Disorder, published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research.

• #9 Intermittent Explosive Disorder | Encyclopedia MDPI

  https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/37489

  Two epidemiological studies of community samples approximated the lifetime prevalence of IED to be 4–6%, depending on the criteria set used. […] A Ukrainian study found comparable rates of lifetime IED (4.2%), suggesting that a lifetime prevalence of IED of 4–6% is not limited to American samples. […] One-month and one-year point prevalences of IED in these studies were reported as 2.0% and 2.7%, respectively. […] Extrapolating to the national level, 16.2 million Americans would have IED during their lifetimes and as many as 10.5 million in any year and 6 million in any month. […] Among a clinical population, a 2005 study found the lifetime prevalence of IED to be 6.3%. […] Prevalence appears to be higher in men than in women. […] Of US subjects with IED, 67.8% had engaged in direct interpersonal aggression, 20.9% in threatened interpersonal aggression, and 11.4% in aggression against objects. […] A study in the March 2016 Journal of Clinical Psychiatry suggests a relationship between infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and psychiatric aggression such as IED.

• #10 The cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV intermittent explosive disorder | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/crossnational-epidemiology-of-dsmiv-intermittent-explosive-disorder/470F7B4AB8BD69EB925A1E6E3F62E288

  This is the first cross-national study of intermittent explosive disorder (IED). […] Lifetime prevalence of IED ranged across countries from 0.1 to 2.7% with a weighted average of 0.8%; 0.4 and 0.3% met criteria for 12-month and 30-day prevalence, respectively. […] The vast majority (81.7%) of those with lifetime IED met criteria for at least one other lifetime disorder; co-morbidity was highest with alcohol abuse and depression. […] Conservatively defined, IED is a low prevalence disorder but this belies the true societal costs of IED in terms of the effects of explosive anger attacks on families and relationships. […] IED is more common among males, the young, the socially disadvantaged and among those with prior exposure to violence, especially in childhood.

• #11 Intermittent explosive disorder subtypes in the general population: association with comorbidity, impairment and suicidality – University of Otago

  https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Intermittent-explosive-disorder-subtypes-in-the/9926495417101891

  Aims Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterised by impulsive anger attacks that vary greatly across individuals in severity and consequence. […] Using the 17-country World Mental Health surveys dataset, this study examined whether behavioural subtypes of IED are associated with differing patterns of comorbidity, suicidality and functional impairment. […] The lifetime prevalence of IED in all countries was 0.8% (s.e.: 0.0). […] The two subtypes involving anger attacks that harmed people (’hurt people only’ and 'destroy property and hurt people’), collectively comprising 73% of those with IED, were characterised by high rates of externalising comorbid disorders. […] The remaining three subtypes involving anger attacks that destroyed property only, destroyed property and threatened people, and threatened people only, were characterised by higher rates of internalising than externalising comorbid disorders.

• #11 Intermittent explosive disorder subtypes in the general population: association with comorbidity, impairment and suicidality – University of Otago

  https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Intermittent-explosive-disorder-subtypes-in-the/9926495417101891

  Suicidal behaviour did not vary across the five behavioural subtypes but was higher among those with (v. those without) comorbid disorders, and among those who perpetrated more violent assaults. […] The most common IED behavioural subtypes in these general population samples are associated with high rates of externalising disorders. […] This disparity in findings across population and clinical studies, together with the marked heterogeneity that characterises the diagnostic entity of IED, suggests that it is a disorder that requires much greater research.

• #12 Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/child/disruptive-impulsive/ied

  In the United States, the 1-year prevalence data for IED is 2.7%. […] In Asia, the Middle East, Romania, and Nigeria, rates are much lower, suggesting cultural factors as well in the presentation of IED. […] It is more prevalent in younger individuals (e.g. – 35-40 years), compared with older individuals (50 years), and more common in individuals with a high school education or less. […] Some studies have shown males outnumber females for IED.

• #13

  https://sdlab.fas.harvard.edu/publications/phenomenology-and-epidemiology-intermittent-explosive-disorder-0

  Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of impulsive, uncontrollable aggression out of proportion to the severity of provoking agents. Few epidemiological studies have been carried out on the prevalence and correlates of IED. Data are reported here from the most recent and largest of these studies: the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) and the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. These studies show that IED is a commonly occurring disorder that typically has an early age of onset, a persistent course, and strong comorbidity with a number of other usually secondary mental disorders. This disorder is almost twice as common among men as women. It is often associated with substantial distress and impairment. However, only a minority of people with IED obtain treatment for their uncontrollable anger. This combination of features makes IED an ideal target for early detection and intervention aimed at secondary prevention of anger attacks as well as primary prevention of secondary disorders.

• #14 Intermittent explosive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder

  Two epidemiological studies of community samples approximated the lifetime prevalence of IED to be 46%, depending on the criteria set used. […] A Ukrainian study found comparable rates of lifetime IED (4.2%), suggesting that a lifetime prevalence of IED of 46% is not limited to American samples. […] One-month and one-year point prevalences of IED in these studies were reported as 2.0% and 2.7%, respectively. […] Extrapolating to the national level, 16.2 million Americans would have IED during their lifetimes and as many as 10.5 million in any year and 6 million in any month. […] Among a clinical population, a 2005 study found the lifetime prevalence of IED to be 6.3%. […] Prevalence appears to be higher in men than in women. […] Of US subjects with IED, 67.8% had engaged in direct interpersonal aggression, 20.9% in threatened interpersonal aggression, and 11.4% in aggression against objects. […] A study in the March 2016 Journal of Clinical Psychiatry suggests a relationship between infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and psychiatric aggression such as IED.

• #15 Intermittent Explosive Disorder – Disorders of Aggression

  https://disordersofaggression.org/intermittent-explosive-disorder/

  Scientists believe that about 1-3% of people have intermittent explosive disorder. Intermittent explosive disorder occurs in children and adults of both genders, but it is more common in boys and men. […] Intermittent explosive disorder is most likely to first emerge in older children and teenagers. Adults who are diagnosed are usually younger than 40. […] Genetic factors account for about half (50%) of the risk that a person will develop intermittent explosive disorder. This means a person is more likely to develop intermittent explosive disorder if they have one or more biological relatives who also had this disorder (or another disorder of aggression). […] Some environmental risk factors for intermittent explosive disorder affect how the brain develops, or how a person learns to behave during childhood.

• #15 Intermittent Explosive Disorder – Disorders of Aggression

  https://disordersofaggression.org/intermittent-explosive-disorder/

  Environmental risk factors in adulthood that are associated with risk for intermittent explosive disorder include: Being male, Being young, Unemployment, Being divorced or separated, Having less education. […] A risk factor is not the same as a cause. Some people may have environmental risk factors for intermittent explosive disorder but not develop the disorder. Some people with intermittent explosive disorder do not have any environmental risk factors. […] If you are concerned that you or someone you know may have intermittent explosive disorder, ask your doctor for a referral to a psychologist or psychiatrist. These are experts in diagnosing disorders such as intermittent explosive disorder. […] Intermittent explosive disorder is treatable. This means that there are therapies and medications that can reduce symptoms of intermittent explosive disorder.

• #16 Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/disruptive-impulse-control-and-conduct-disorders/

  Intermittent explosive disorder […] Epidemiology: Age at onset: 14-17 years. Prevalence: up to 7% of the general population. […] Individuals with intermittent explosive disorder present with outbursts of impulsive aggression (verbal or physical) that are unplanned and out of proportion to the circumstances; these cause the affected individual significant distress and impair psychosocial functioning. […] The disturbance causes significant distress or negatively impacts the individual’s functioning and legal or financial situation. […] Prognosis: Self-harm can occur and aggression may continue throughout the patient’s life.

• #17 Intermittent Explosive Disorder in Adults

  https://www.mindyra.com/solutions/adults/intermittentexplosive

  Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) is a psychiatric disorder that affects approximately 5% of adults. […] IED is more prevalent among younger individuals. The average age of onset is 14 years old. IED is more prevalent among adults with a high school education or less. It is also commonly found in adults who have experience early-childhood or adolescent physical or emotional trauma. […] IED is prevalent among the military population, where combat training places a heavy emphasis on aggression or hostility. Individuals with IED may also experience negative health consequences such as high blood pressure, heart disease, ulcers, and stroke. Adults with IED are more likely to engage in domestic violence in romantic relationships and physically abuse their children. Self-injurious behavior and suicidal behavior can also occur in adults with IED. Additional adverse consequences include interpersonal difficulties, divorce, job loss, frequent hospitalizations and financial problems. […] Common co-morbid diagnoses include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder, substance abuse disorder, alcohol use disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia disorder and specific phobia disorder.

• #18 Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17786-intermittent-explosive-disorder

  Researchers estimate that approximately 1.4% to 7% of people have intermittent explosive disorder. […] Approximately 80% of people with IED have another mental health condition, with anxiety disorders, externalizing disorder, intellectual disabilities, autism and bipolar disorder being the most common. […] IED more commonly affects males. […] If you think you or your child may have intermittent explosive disorder, its important to talk to your healthcare provider. […] Risk factors for intermittent explosive disorder include: Being a young male, Being unemployed, Being single (unmarried), Having lower levels of education, Experiencing physical or sexual violence, especially as a child, Having biological family members with intermittent explosive disorder. […] Cognitive therapy and medication can successfully manage IED. However, according to studies, IED appears to be a long-term condition, lasting from 12 to 20 years or even a lifetime.

• #19 The Prevalence and Correlates of DSM-IV Intermittent Explosive Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication | HomelessHub

  https://homelesshub.ca/resource/prevalence-and-correlates-dsm-iv-intermittent-explosive-disorder-national-comorbidity-survey-replication/

  Little is known about the epidemiology of intermittent explosive disorder (IED). Objective To present nationally representative data on the prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV IED. Results Lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of DSM-IV IED were 7.3% and 3.9%, with a mean 43 lifetime attacks resulting in $1359 in property damage. Intermittent explosive disorder-related injuries occurred 180 times per 100 lifetime cases. Intermittent explosive disorder was significantly comorbid with most DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and substance disorders. Intermittent explosive disorder is a much more common condition than previously recognized. The early age at onset, significant associations with comorbid mental disorders that have later ages at onset, and low proportion of cases in treatment all make IED a promising target for early detection, outreach, and treatment.

• #20 Intermittent explosive disorder – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Intermittent_explosive_disorder

  The one year prevalence of intermittent explosive disorder is 2,700 per 100,000 (2.7%) of the overall population. […] A 2006 study published by Harvard University researchers suggests that the disorder is considerably more prevalent than previously thought. In a study of almost 10,000 individuals 18 years or older, lifetime episodes were reported at 7.3%, while 12-month occurrences were reported at 3.9%. This suggests a mean lifetime occurrence of 43 instances, with an average of $1359 in property damage. […] A 2005 study conducted in Rhode Island found the prevalence to be 6.3% (SE, +/- 0.7%) for lifetime DSM-IV IED in a study of 1300 patients under psychiatric evaluation. […] The national prevalence has not been established, and the disorder is considered to be relatively rare, due at least in part to the fact that an IED diagnosis is usually given only if all other possible disorders and syndromes are ruled out. Prevalence is higher in men than in women.

• #21 Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Treatment, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/intermittent-explosive-disorder

  People who have IED are at an increased risk of having other mental and physical health issues. Some of these include: depression, anxiety, ADHD, alcohol or substance misuse, other risky or impulsive behaviors, such as problem gambling or unsafe sex. […] Many people who have IED dont seek treatment. But its nearly impossible to prevent episodes of IED without professional help.

• #21 Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Treatment, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/intermittent-explosive-disorder

  Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is a condition that involves sudden outbursts of rage, aggression, or violence. […] A disorder characterized by impulsive and aggressive behavior has appeared in all editions of the DSM. However, it was first called IED in the third edition. Prior to the third edition, it was believed to be rare. With updated diagnostic criteria and advances in IED research, its now believed to be much more common. […] In 2005, a study found that 6.3 percent of 1,300 people seeking care for a mental health issue met the criteria for DSM-5 IED at some point in their lifetime. In addition, 3.1 percent met the criteria for a current diagnosis. […] A 9,282-person study from 2006 found that 7.3 percent met the DSM-5 criteria for IED at some point in their lifetime, while 3.9 percent met the criteria in the past 12 months.

• #22 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Intermittent-Explosive-Disorder.aspx

  Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is one of the impulse control disorders, all of which are characterized by the persons inability to resist a drive or an impulse to do something which harms the patient or others. […] IED typically begins quite early in life, earlier and more commonly in males than in females, but is typically diagnosed and treated only after several decades. Specific treatment is very rare. In about 80% of cases it persists for a long time, but mellows with age in many people. Its incidence is about 5%-7%, and its prevalence at 3%-4%. Severe IED is diagnosed when the patient has three or more rage episodes per year.

• #23 Study Identifies Comorbidities of Intermittent Explosive Disorder

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/study-identifies-comorbidities-intermittent-explosive-disorder

  Intermittent explosive disorder is strongly comorbid with psychiatric, neurological, and somatic disorders, complicating diagnosis and treatment. […] Patients with IED have a higher prevalence of psychiatric conditions, including anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders. […] The study highlights the need for improved diagnostic practices and targeted treatments for IED, focusing on its unique comorbidity profile. […] IED patients show increased prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and movement disorders compared to those without the disorder. […] The low diagnostic rates and high psychiatric comorbidity together may likely reflect the well-known challenges in diagnosing IED, where individuals may receive alternative diagnoses first or no diagnosis at all, depending on the clinicians awareness and familiarity with IED, as well as their preference for diagnosing and treating aggression within the context of other comorbidities, investigators wrote.

• #23 Study Identifies Comorbidities of Intermittent Explosive Disorder

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/study-identifies-comorbidities-intermittent-explosive-disorder

  The team observed patients with intermittent explosive disorder had extensive comorbidities with psychiatric, neurological, and somatic conditions. Intermittent explosive disorder was associated with the greatest risk of mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders (hazard ratio [HR], 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3 3.5), followed by nervous system diseases (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.8 2.0). […] 95.7% of patients with intermittent explosive disorder (n = 29,054) had another psychiatric diagnosis, whereas only 28.6% of individuals without intermittent explosive disorder had 1 psychiatric disorder. […] Psychiatric conditions significantly associated with intermittent explosive disorder included disorders of adult personality and behavior (HR, 76.6; 95% CI, 65.4 89.6) and substance use disorder (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 2.0 2.2).

• #23 Study Identifies Comorbidities of Intermittent Explosive Disorder

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/study-identifies-comorbidities-intermittent-explosive-disorder

  The study also showed disorders that are significantly associated in both patients with and without intermittent explosive disorder, including developmental disorders (44.5% vs 5.4%), anxiety (59% vs 12.2%), depression (60.3% vs 9.3%), ADHD (37.7% vs 4.9%), and sleep disorders (27.7% vs 7.1%). Overall, patients with intermittent explosive disorder have a significantly increased overall disease burden (P .001).

• #23 Study Identifies Comorbidities of Intermittent Explosive Disorder

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/study-identifies-comorbidities-intermittent-explosive-disorder

  Patients with intermittent explosive disorder, compared to patients without, had greater prevalence in neurodegenerative diseases (4.4% vs 0.5%; HR, 5.0; 95% CI, 4.1 6.1) and epilepsy (14.1% vs 1.7%; HR, 4.9; 95% CI, 4.2 5.6). […] Intermittent explosive disorder was also associated with extrapyramidal and movement disorders (HR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.8 3.5), cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.2 3.0), and sleep disorders (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 2.1 2.3). […] The study also showed more patients with intermittent explosive disorder than without had migraine (9.5% vs 3.7%). […] A greater proportion of patients with intermittent explosive disorder had alcohol-related disorders (15.1% vs 3.4%), cannabis-related disorders (15.3% vs 2.0%). […] Intermittent explosive disorder was also associated with falls, burns, poisonings, injuries, obesity (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5 1.7), hyperlipidemia (HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.4 1.5), hypertension (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5 1.7), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.7 1.9).

• #24 Psychological and pharmacological treatments of intermittent explosive disorder: a meta-analysis protocol | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/8/e083896

  Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterised by recurrent, sudden episodes of impulsive aggression that are disproportionate to the provocation. […] The global prevalence of IED is estimated to be between 4% and 6%, depending on the diagnostic criteria used. […] Notably, there has been a rise in IED diagnoses over the past decade, possibly attributed to changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) diagnostic criteria, which now include verbal aggression as an important diagnostic criterion for IED. […] Among the psychiatric disorders that exhibit the highest comorbidity with IED are mood disorders (such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder), anxiety disorders (including generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder) and substance use disorders.

• #25 Psychiatry.org – What are Disruptive, Impulse Control and Conduct Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/disruptive-impulse-control-and-conduct-disorders/what-are-disruptive-impulse-control-and-conduct

  Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is a disorder associated with frequent impulsive anger outbursts or aggression such as temper tantrums, verbal arguments, and fights. The observed behaviors result in physical assaults towards others or animals, property destruction, or verbal aggression. The recurrent aggressive outbursts are manifested by the following: […] Many risk factors have been identified with the development of Intermittent Explosive Disorder, such as: being male, young, unemployed, single, having lower levels of education, and being victim of physical or sexual violence. Intermittent explosive disorder is associated with anxiety and bipolar disorders. Individuals with this disorder have higher risks of developing substance use disorders. […] While much less studied in children and adolescents, intermittent explosive disorder is also common in young individuals and has a reported lifetime prevalence of 7.8%.

• #26 7 Signs Of Intermittent Explosive Disorder In Adults

  https://missionconnectionhealthcare.com/mental-health/anger-issues/intermittent-explosive-disorder/

  Up to 16 million Americans are affected by IED in their lifetime. […] IED typically begins in the early teenage years and may trigger or increase the person’s risk of developing depression or anxiety at a later date. […] Studies show that roughly 35% of people with IED also struggle with depression, and around 58% have a diagnosable anxiety disorder. […] Traumatic past events are closely associated with the onset of IED, suggesting that these experiences may trigger IED. […] Differences in these three brain regions could potentially explain the difficulties with impulsivity, emotion regulation, and intense anger that we see in adults with IED. […] IED tends to have a massive impact on a person’s life. Not only will they often feel intense distress for how they behaved during angry outbursts, but they may struggle to hold onto a job or perform well in school. […] Studies show that IED puts people at higher risk of being unemployed, divorced, or separated.

• #27 Intermittent Explosive Disorder (312.34) – Introduction to Psychological Disorders

  https://csi.pressbooks.pub/introtopsychdisorders/chapter/intermittent-explosive-disorder-312-34/

  Very little is known about the epidemiology of intermittent explosive disorder. […] Studies have found that IED may be present in over 5% of the population (Kessler, Coccaro, Fava, Jaeger, Jin Walters, 2006). […] One study found that from 3.4% to 10.4% of patients in a psychiatric facility had IED characteristics at some point in their lives (Grant, Levine, Kim Potenza, 2005). […] There is limited data on age at onset, but it appears to be between childhood and the early twenties (Bayer, 2008). The onset may be abrupt with no prodromal period, and the course varies (Bayer, 2008). The course is chronic in some individuals and episodic in others (Bayer, 2008).

• #28 Intermittent Explosive Disorder (312.34) | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/intermittent-explosive-disorder-312-34-2/

  Very little is known about Intermittent Explosive Disorder; it is seen as a very rare disorder. Most studies, however, indicate that it occurs more frequently in males. The most common age of onset is the period from late childhood through the early 20s. The onset of the disorder is frequently abrupt, with no warning period. Patients with IED are often diagnosed with at least one other disorder particularly personality disorders, substance abuse (especially alcohol abuse) disorders, and neurological disorders.

• #29 Intermittent explosive disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis and management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12096933/

  Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterised by discrete episodes of aggressive impulses that result in serious assaultive acts towards people or destruction of property. […] The diagnosis of IED should be made only after a thorough medical work-up. […] There is a lack of controlled trials of agents for the treatment of patients with IED, but there is evidence that mood stabilisers, antipsychotics, beta-blockers, alpha(2)-agonists, phenytoin and antidepressants may be useful. […] Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / epidemiology.

• #30 Intermittent Explosive Disorder

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/intermittent-explosive-disorder

  A disorder of impulsive aggression has been included in DSM since the first edition. In DSM-III, this disorder was codified as Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) and was thought to be rare. However, DSM criteria for IED were poorly operationalized and empiric research in IED was limited until the past decade, when research criteria were first developed. […] Subsequently, interest in disorders of impulsive aggression led to a series of epidemiological studies that documented IED to be as common as several other psychiatric disorders. […] The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) reported a lifetime prevalence of IED in the US of 7.3% by broad [DSM-IV] criteria and 5.4% by narrow criteria, and past year prevalence of 3.9% and 2.7%, respectively. […] Inspection of the data reveals meaningful differences between the two IED types, with narrow IED being far more severe than broad IED. […] The number of DSM-5 IEDs in the US is uncertain; however, a review of the raw data from the NCS-R study suggests that the lifetime prevalence of DSM-5 IED is likely to be between 2% and 3%.

• #31 Angry Without Borders: Global prevalence and factors of intermittent explosive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.08.25325396v1.full-text

  This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesie global data on the prevalence, determinants, and moderators of Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED). Analyzing 29 studies (N = 182,112 participants across 17 countries), pooled lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates were 5.1% (95% CI: 3.4-7.5%) and 4.4% (95% CI: 2.9-6.7%), respectively. Prevalence varied significantly across subgroups, with higher rates in clinical (10.5%), refugee (8.5%), and adolescent populations. Male gender (OR = 3.39), younger age, trauma exposure (dose-response relationship), and psychiatric comorbidities (mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders) emerged as robust risk factors. Studies using DSM-5 criteria reported lower prevalence than DSM-IV. Regional disparities were notable, with elevated rates in conflict-affected and Global South regions. Heterogeneity was partially explained by population type, diagnostic criteria, and sociocultural context. Findings underscore the multifactorial etiology of IED, shaped by biological vulnerabilities, trauma, and structural adversities. A tiered intervention framework integrating universal prevention, targeted therapies, and policy advocacy is therefore proposed to address its global burden.

• #32

  https://shop.elsevier.com/books/intermittent-explosive-disorder/coccaro/978-0-12-813858-8

  Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment provides a complete overview on this disorder, focusing on its etiology, how the disorder presents, and the clinical assessment and treatment methods currently available. […] The book presents the history of the disorder, discusses the rationale for its inclusion in the DSM, and includes diagnostic considerations, comorbidity, epidemiology, intervention, and how treatments have evolved. […] Covers epidemiology and future directions.

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