Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0315/p378.html

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a heterogeneous group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions involving the temporomandibular joint complex, and surrounding musculature and osseous components. […] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial and includes biologic, environmental, social, emotional, and cognitive triggers. Factors consistently associated with TMD include other pain conditions (e.g., chronic headaches), fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders, sleep apnea, and psychiatric illness. […] A prospective cohort study with more than 6,000 participants showed a twofold increase in TMD in persons with depression (rate ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 3; P.001) and a 1.8-fold increase in myofascial pain in persons with anxiety (rate ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.6; P.001).

• #2 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  This review aims at presenting a current view on the most frequent factors involved in the mechanisms causing temporomandibular disorders (TMD). […] The etiology of TMD is multidimensional: biomechanical, neuromuscular, bio-psychosocial and biological factors may contribute to the disorder. Occlusal overloading and parafunctions (bruxism) are frequently involved as biomechanical factors; increased levels of estrogen hormones are considered biological factors affecting the temporo-mandibular-joint. Among bio-psychosocial factors, stress, anxiety or depression, were frequently encountered. […] The etiopathogenesis of this condition is poorly understood, therefore TMDs are difficult to diagnose and manage. Early and correct identification of the possible etiologic factors will enable the appropriate treatment scheme application in order to reduce or eliminate TMDs debilitating signs and symptoms.

• #3 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  The etiology of TMD is complex and multifactorial. There are numerous factors that can contribute to this disorder, which are grouped into three categories. Predisposing factors increase the risk of developing TMD, initiating factors cause the onset of the disease and perpetuating factors interfere with the healing process or enhance the progression of TMD. […] Etiological factors include occlusal abnormalities, orthodontic treatment, bruxism and orthopedic instability, macrotrauma and microtrauma, joint laxity and exogenous estrogen. Psychological factors such as stress, mental tension, anxiety or depression can cause TMD. […] The role of stress and personality in the etiology of the temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome has undergone extensive scrutiny. […] Nowadays the association between depression and stress and different physical symptoms of TMD is widely acknowledged.

• #4 Etiology (Causes) of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)

  https://www.oralmedicinespecialist.com/post/etiology-causes-of-temporomandibular-disorders-tmds

  TMD is not a specific diagnosis. It is an umbrella term for various conditions affecting the jaw, muscles, and associated structures. […] Todays focus is on the etiology/causes of temporomandibular disorders. […] The etiology (cause) of temporomandibular disorders is multifactorial, meaning that there are multiple reasons why different people experience TMD symptoms. All causes and factors associated with TMDs are not fully understood. Some individuals may have multiple predisposing factors; for others, no known cause may be identified. […] Some factors can initiate TMD symptoms, such as direct trauma to the jaw. Some other factors can predispose susceptible individuals to experience TMD symptoms, for example, joint hypermobility. And, some factors can perpetuate TMD symptoms and prevent healing and restoration, such as teeth clenching and grinding.

• #5 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  There is the hypothesis that the presence of estrogen receptors in women’s TMJ changes metabolic functions increasing ligament laxity. […] Macrotrauma is a predisposing and initiating factor for TMD. […] Parafunctions are defined as impaired or altered functions of TMJ. Of these, excessive gum chewing, teeth clenching and bruxism have been extensively studied as possible risk factors for TMD. […] The relationship between hypermobility and TMD has also been studied. […] Michalowicz et al. evaluated the hypothesis that signs and symptoms of TMD may be hereditary. […] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial, as evidenced by the combination of psychological, physiological, structural, postural and genetic factors, altering the functional balance between the fundamental elements of the stomatognathic system: dental occlusion, jaw muscles and TMJ.

• #6 TMJ Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/temporomandibular-disorders-tmd

  Problems with your jaw and the muscles in your face that control it are known as temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Your doctor may also call it TMJ disorder or TMJ dysfunction. […] We don’t know what causes TMDs. Dentists believe symptoms arise from problems with the muscles of your jaw or with the parts of the joint itself. […] Injury to your jaw, the joint, or the muscles of your head and neck like from a heavy blow or whiplash can lead to TMDs. Other causes include: Grinding or clenching your teeth, which puts a lot of pressure on the joint, Movement of the soft cushion or disc between the ball and socket of the joint, Arthritis in the joint, Stress, which can cause you to tighten facial and jaw muscles or clench your teeth. […] Research shows that a bad bite or braces to straighten your teeth don’t cause TMDs. Women and people assigned female at birth are twice as likely to have TMDs than men and people assigned male at birth. Researchers are now looking into the role of differences in TMJ structure and mechanics between the sexes.

• #7 TMJ disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tmj/symptoms-causes/syc-20350941

  TMJ disorders affect the temporomandibular joint, located on each side of your head in front of your ears. […] The exact cause of TMJ disorder is often hard to determine. The pain may be due to a mix of factors, including habits such as teeth clenching, gum chewing and nail biting; stress; and painful conditions that occur along with TMJ disorder such as fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis or jaw injury. […] Many times, the cause of TMJ disorder has a variety of causes and is hard to identify. […] Painful TMJ disorders can happen if: The disk erodes or moves out of its proper relationship between the ball and socket of the joint. Sprain or strain occurs in the ligaments or soft tissues associated with TMJ disorders. Arthritis damages the joint’s cartilage. A blow or another impact damages the joint. Jaw muscles are associated with TMJ spasms.

• #8 TMJ Disorders: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15066-temporomandibular-disorders-tmd-overview

  TMJ dysfunction (TMD) causes pain and tenderness in your jaw joints and surrounding muscles and ligaments. Causes include teeth grinding, jaw injuries, arthritis and everyday wear and tear. […] Theres no singular cause of TMD. Rather, it can be a result of many different factors or a combination of factors. TMJ causes may include: Jaw injury (like a broken or dislocated jaw). Teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism). Arthritis in your jaw joint. Malocclusion (when your teeth dont fit together exactly as they should). Stress. […] TMJ dysfunction can contribute to a range of complications, including chronic pain, limited chewing function and bruxism-related wear and tear.

• #9 Etiological factors of temporomandibular joint disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3343405/

  The causes of temporomandibular disorders are complex and multifactorial. There are numerous factors that can contribute to temporomandibular disorders. […] The successful management of temporomandibular disorders is dependent on identifying and controlling the contributing factors which include occlusal abnormalities, orthodontic treatment, bruxism and orthopedic instability, macrotrauma and microtrauma, factors like poor health and nutrition, joint laxity and exogenous estrogen. Psychosocial factors like stress, tension, anxiety and depression may lead to temporomandibular joint disorders. […] Occlusion is the first and probably the most discussed etiologic factor of temporomandibular disorders. […] The role of occlusion in the development of temporomandibular joint disorders is controversial. Today its role is widely considered as contributing by initiating, perpetuating or predisposing of temporomandibular joint disorders.

• #10 Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0315/p378.html

  Smoking is associated with an increased risk of TMD in females younger than 30 years. […] TMD is categorized as intra-articular (within the joint) or extra-articular (involving the surrounding musculature). Musculoskeletal conditions are the most common cause of TMD, accounting for at least 50% of cases. Articular disk displacement involving the condyle-disk relationship is the most common intra-articular cause of TMD.

• #11 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  There is the hypothesis that the presence of estrogen receptors in women’s TMJ changes metabolic functions increasing ligament laxity. […] Macrotrauma is a predisposing and initiating factor for TMD. […] Parafunctions are defined as impaired or altered functions of TMJ. Of these, excessive gum chewing, teeth clenching and bruxism have been extensively studied as possible risk factors for TMD. […] The relationship between hypermobility and TMD has also been studied. […] Michalowicz et al. evaluated the hypothesis that signs and symptoms of TMD may be hereditary. […] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial, as evidenced by the combination of psychological, physiological, structural, postural and genetic factors, altering the functional balance between the fundamental elements of the stomatognathic system: dental occlusion, jaw muscles and TMJ.

• #12 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  Rather than a single cause, TMD arises from a multifactorial interplay of various factors, including biochemical changes, such as structural abnormalities, muscle dysfunction, trauma, genetic mutations, hormonal changes, systematic diseases, and other factors. […] The prevalence of TMD among patients with whiplash injury has been reported to range from 14% to 37.5%. […] Hypertension and insulin resistance are recognized as significant disease factors that are becoming more prevalent in the population and have an impact on the development of TMD. […] It has been suggested that autoimmune and inflammatory disorders could potentially play a role in the development of TMD. […] According to a study conducted by Ji Rak Kim et al., a small percentage of subjects (15%) exhibited ANA/RF positivity.

• #13 Causes of TMD – TMJ Sleep Apnea

  https://drtmjsleepapnea.com/causes-of-tmd/

  Some TMJ disorders are a direct result of obvious trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, or physical altercations. In these cases, patients can typically pinpoint the specific event that triggered TMJ symptoms, including joint inflammation, muscle pain, and clicking sounds. […] Research indicates that automobile accidents involving acceleration and deceleration forces can contribute to an increased incidence of TMD symptoms, particularly when compared to control groups, even one year after the accident has occurred.

• #14 Etiology (Causes) of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)

  https://www.oralmedicinespecialist.com/post/etiology-causes-of-temporomandibular-disorders-tmds

  Below is a list of SOME etiological factors associated with the onset of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs): […] Patients with TMDs are more likely to report a history of trauma to their jaw than individuals who do not have signs and symptoms of TMDs. […] Direct trauma to the mandible or TMJ can result from physical impact or injury to the jaw. Trauma can also result from prolonged and sustained hyperextension of the jaw for surgical intubation, dental procedures, and even forceful yawning. […] Microtrauma refers to low-grade forces that lead to physical damage over a prolonged period. Parafunctional habits, a common source of microtrauma, are overuse habits that involve repeatedly and habitually using a body part beyond what is necessary for normal function. […] Studies have shown that some genes may be associated with the development of TMDs, especially when combined with other physical, environmental, and psychosocial factors. However, more studies on genetic associations are needed.

• #15 Etiological factors of temporomandibular joint disorders

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3343405/

  Predisposing factors are pathophysiologic, psychological or structural processes that alter the masticatory system sufficiently to increase the risk of development of temporomandibular disorders. […] Iatrogenic injuries can act as both initiating as well as predisposing factors. […] Temporomandibular joint disorders do not constitute one particular or single abnormal condition; rather they are multifactorial, and include stressful activities, emotional diseases, structural mal-relationships, trauma, malocclusion and various types of arthritis or viral diseases.

• #16 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  This review aims at presenting a current view on the most frequent factors involved in the mechanisms causing temporomandibular disorders (TMD). […] The etiology of TMD is multidimensional: biomechanical, neuromuscular, bio-psychosocial and biological factors may contribute to the disorder. Occlusal overloading and parafunctions (bruxism) are frequently involved as biomechanical factors; increased levels of estrogen hormones are considered biological factors affecting the temporo-mandibular-joint. Among bio-psychosocial factors, stress, anxiety or depression, were frequently encountered. […] The etiopathogenesis of this condition is poorly understood, therefore TMDs are difficult to diagnose and manage. Early and correct identification of the possible etiologic factors will enable the appropriate treatment scheme application in order to reduce or eliminate TMDs debilitating signs and symptoms.

• #17 TMJ disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tmj/symptoms-causes/syc-20350941

  TMJ disorders affect the temporomandibular joint, located on each side of your head in front of your ears. […] The exact cause of TMJ disorder is often hard to determine. The pain may be due to a mix of factors, including habits such as teeth clenching, gum chewing and nail biting; stress; and painful conditions that occur along with TMJ disorder such as fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis or jaw injury. […] Many times, the cause of TMJ disorder has a variety of causes and is hard to identify. […] Painful TMJ disorders can happen if: The disk erodes or moves out of its proper relationship between the ball and socket of the joint. Sprain or strain occurs in the ligaments or soft tissues associated with TMJ disorders. Arthritis damages the joint’s cartilage. A blow or another impact damages the joint. Jaw muscles are associated with TMJ spasms.

• #18 TMJ Disorders: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15066-temporomandibular-disorders-tmd-overview

  TMJ dysfunction (TMD) causes pain and tenderness in your jaw joints and surrounding muscles and ligaments. Causes include teeth grinding, jaw injuries, arthritis and everyday wear and tear. […] Theres no singular cause of TMD. Rather, it can be a result of many different factors or a combination of factors. TMJ causes may include: Jaw injury (like a broken or dislocated jaw). Teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism). Arthritis in your jaw joint. Malocclusion (when your teeth dont fit together exactly as they should). Stress. […] TMJ dysfunction can contribute to a range of complications, including chronic pain, limited chewing function and bruxism-related wear and tear.

• #19 Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0315/p378.html

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a heterogeneous group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions involving the temporomandibular joint complex, and surrounding musculature and osseous components. […] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial and includes biologic, environmental, social, emotional, and cognitive triggers. Factors consistently associated with TMD include other pain conditions (e.g., chronic headaches), fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders, sleep apnea, and psychiatric illness. […] A prospective cohort study with more than 6,000 participants showed a twofold increase in TMD in persons with depression (rate ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 3; P.001) and a 1.8-fold increase in myofascial pain in persons with anxiety (rate ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.6; P.001).

• #20 Etiology (Causes) of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)

  https://www.oralmedicinespecialist.com/post/etiology-causes-of-temporomandibular-disorders-tmds

  Individuals with fibromyalgia who experience widespread musculoskeletal pain are more likely than the general population to develop myofascial pain in the muscles of mastication as a component of their underlying condition. […] There is evidence that orofacial pain, including TMDs, may be one of the somatic (physical) symptoms of emotional distress. Patients tend to report higher intensity of facial pain, jaw pain, and headaches during periods of intense stress and poor sleep quality. […] Not everyone with the etiological factors listed above will experience TMD. However, individuals with chronic TMD symptoms are more likely to have multiple risk factors that act together over a prolonged period, leading to the development and persistence of TMD-related signs and symptoms.

• #21 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of literature published between 1 January 2018 and 1 September 2022, exploring factors influencing the progression or development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), diagnosed using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). […] The studies revealed strong associations between TMD and factors such as female, poor sleep quality, depression, oral parafunction, anxiety, somatization, and anatomical features. However, variables such as education, living conditions, socioeconomic status, marital status, chronic pain, and stress did not exhibit statistically significant correlations. Based on the obtained data, it can be concluded that the causes of TMD are largely related to psychological factors, which supports the biopsychosocial theory of the disorder.

• #22 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  This review aims at presenting a current view on the most frequent factors involved in the mechanisms causing temporomandibular disorders (TMD). […] The etiology of TMD is multidimensional: biomechanical, neuromuscular, bio-psychosocial and biological factors may contribute to the disorder. Occlusal overloading and parafunctions (bruxism) are frequently involved as biomechanical factors; increased levels of estrogen hormones are considered biological factors affecting the temporo-mandibular-joint. Among bio-psychosocial factors, stress, anxiety or depression, were frequently encountered. […] The etiopathogenesis of this condition is poorly understood, therefore TMDs are difficult to diagnose and manage. Early and correct identification of the possible etiologic factors will enable the appropriate treatment scheme application in order to reduce or eliminate TMDs debilitating signs and symptoms.

• #23 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  There is the hypothesis that the presence of estrogen receptors in women’s TMJ changes metabolic functions increasing ligament laxity. […] Macrotrauma is a predisposing and initiating factor for TMD. […] Parafunctions are defined as impaired or altered functions of TMJ. Of these, excessive gum chewing, teeth clenching and bruxism have been extensively studied as possible risk factors for TMD. […] The relationship between hypermobility and TMD has also been studied. […] Michalowicz et al. evaluated the hypothesis that signs and symptoms of TMD may be hereditary. […] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial, as evidenced by the combination of psychological, physiological, structural, postural and genetic factors, altering the functional balance between the fundamental elements of the stomatognathic system: dental occlusion, jaw muscles and TMJ.

• #24 TMJ Basics – The TMJ Association

  https://tmj.org/living-with-tmj/basics/

  Additionally, there are genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that can increase the risk for TMJ. Studies have shown that genetic factors contribute to TMJ and are leading to the discovery of new ways of treating TMJ. […] The observation that jaw problems are commonly found in women in the childbearing years has also led to research to determine the role of female sex hormones, particularly estrogen, in TMJ.

• #25 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  There is the hypothesis that the presence of estrogen receptors in women’s TMJ changes metabolic functions increasing ligament laxity. […] Macrotrauma is a predisposing and initiating factor for TMD. […] Parafunctions are defined as impaired or altered functions of TMJ. Of these, excessive gum chewing, teeth clenching and bruxism have been extensively studied as possible risk factors for TMD. […] The relationship between hypermobility and TMD has also been studied. […] Michalowicz et al. evaluated the hypothesis that signs and symptoms of TMD may be hereditary. […] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial, as evidenced by the combination of psychological, physiological, structural, postural and genetic factors, altering the functional balance between the fundamental elements of the stomatognathic system: dental occlusion, jaw muscles and TMJ.

• #26 Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs) – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/temporomandibular-disorders/temporomandibular-disorders-tmds

  Internal TMJ derangement can occur with or without reduction. […] Arthritis in a temporomandibular joint may result from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, infectious arthritis, or injury, particularly injury that causes bleeding into the joint. […] Ankylosis is loss of joint movement resulting from a fibrosing (scarring) or fusion of bones within the joint or from calcification (the deposit of calcium into body tissues) of the ligaments around it. […] Hypermobility (looseness of the jaw) results when the ligaments that hold the joint together become excessively elongated, like being double-jointed.

• #27 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  Rather than a single cause, TMD arises from a multifactorial interplay of various factors, including biochemical changes, such as structural abnormalities, muscle dysfunction, trauma, genetic mutations, hormonal changes, systematic diseases, and other factors. […] The prevalence of TMD among patients with whiplash injury has been reported to range from 14% to 37.5%. […] Hypertension and insulin resistance are recognized as significant disease factors that are becoming more prevalent in the population and have an impact on the development of TMD. […] It has been suggested that autoimmune and inflammatory disorders could potentially play a role in the development of TMD. […] According to a study conducted by Ji Rak Kim et al., a small percentage of subjects (15%) exhibited ANA/RF positivity.

• #28 TMJ disorders: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001227.htm

  Temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders (TMJ disorders) are problems that affect the chewing muscles and joints that connect your lower jaw to your skull. […] Many TMJ-related symptoms are caused by the effects of physical stress on the structures around the joint. […] For many people with temporomandibular joint disorders, the cause is unknown. Some causes given for this condition are not well-proven. They include: A bad bite or orthodontic braces. Stress and tooth grinding. Many people with TMJ problems do not grind their teeth, and many who have been grinding their teeth for a long time do not have problems with their temporomandibular joint. For some people, the stress associated with this disorder may be caused by the pain, as opposed to being the cause of the problem. […] Poor posture can also be an important factor in TMJ symptoms. […] Other possible causes of TMJ-related symptoms include arthritis, fractures, dislocations, and structural problems present since birth.

• #29 TMJ disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tmj/symptoms-causes/syc-20350941

  TMJ disorders affect the temporomandibular joint, located on each side of your head in front of your ears. […] The exact cause of TMJ disorder is often hard to determine. The pain may be due to a mix of factors, including habits such as teeth clenching, gum chewing and nail biting; stress; and painful conditions that occur along with TMJ disorder such as fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis or jaw injury. […] Many times, the cause of TMJ disorder has a variety of causes and is hard to identify. […] Painful TMJ disorders can happen if: The disk erodes or moves out of its proper relationship between the ball and socket of the joint. Sprain or strain occurs in the ligaments or soft tissues associated with TMJ disorders. Arthritis damages the joint’s cartilage. A blow or another impact damages the joint. Jaw muscles are associated with TMJ spasms.

• #30 TMJ Disorders: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15066-temporomandibular-disorders-tmd-overview

  TMJ dysfunction (TMD) causes pain and tenderness in your jaw joints and surrounding muscles and ligaments. Causes include teeth grinding, jaw injuries, arthritis and everyday wear and tear. […] Theres no singular cause of TMD. Rather, it can be a result of many different factors or a combination of factors. TMJ causes may include: Jaw injury (like a broken or dislocated jaw). Teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism). Arthritis in your jaw joint. Malocclusion (when your teeth dont fit together exactly as they should). Stress. […] TMJ dysfunction can contribute to a range of complications, including chronic pain, limited chewing function and bruxism-related wear and tear.

• #31 Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0315/p378.html

  Smoking is associated with an increased risk of TMD in females younger than 30 years. […] TMD is categorized as intra-articular (within the joint) or extra-articular (involving the surrounding musculature). Musculoskeletal conditions are the most common cause of TMD, accounting for at least 50% of cases. Articular disk displacement involving the condyle-disk relationship is the most common intra-articular cause of TMD.

• #32 Temporomandibular Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1143410-overview

  Temporomandibular disorder(s) (TMD), or temporomandibular joint syndrome, represent an array of pathologies affecting the TMJ and its surrounding structures. […] Myogenous TMD is more common. In its pure form, it lacks apparent destructive changes of the TMJ on radiograph and can be caused by multiple etiologies such as bruxism and daytime jaw clenching. […] Arthrogenous TMD can be further specified as disk displacement disorder, chronic recurrent dislocations, degenerative joint disorders, systemic arthritic conditions, ankylosis, infections, and neoplasia. The most common is displacement disorder, which has two subtypes: anterior displacement with reduction and anterior displacement without reduction. […] In myogenous temporomandibular disorder, the most common cause of the symptomatology (ie, pain, tenderness, and spasm of the mastication muscles) is muscular hyperactivity and dysfunction due to either parafunctional activities, or malocclusion of variable degree and duration. Psychological factors may also play a role.

• #33 Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs) – Mouth and Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/temporomandibular-disorders/temporomandibular-disorders-tmds

  Internal TMJ derangement can occur with or without reduction. […] Arthritis in a temporomandibular joint may result from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, infectious arthritis, or injury, particularly injury that causes bleeding into the joint. […] Ankylosis is loss of joint movement resulting from a fibrosing (scarring) or fusion of bones within the joint or from calcification (the deposit of calcium into body tissues) of the ligaments around it. […] Hypermobility (looseness of the jaw) results when the ligaments that hold the joint together become excessively elongated, like being double-jointed.

• #34 Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0315/p378.html

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a heterogeneous group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions involving the temporomandibular joint complex, and surrounding musculature and osseous components. […] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial and includes biologic, environmental, social, emotional, and cognitive triggers. Factors consistently associated with TMD include other pain conditions (e.g., chronic headaches), fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders, sleep apnea, and psychiatric illness. […] A prospective cohort study with more than 6,000 participants showed a twofold increase in TMD in persons with depression (rate ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 3; P.001) and a 1.8-fold increase in myofascial pain in persons with anxiety (rate ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.6; P.001).

• #35 Etiology (Causes) of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)

  https://www.oralmedicinespecialist.com/post/etiology-causes-of-temporomandibular-disorders-tmds

  Individuals with fibromyalgia who experience widespread musculoskeletal pain are more likely than the general population to develop myofascial pain in the muscles of mastication as a component of their underlying condition. […] There is evidence that orofacial pain, including TMDs, may be one of the somatic (physical) symptoms of emotional distress. Patients tend to report higher intensity of facial pain, jaw pain, and headaches during periods of intense stress and poor sleep quality. […] Not everyone with the etiological factors listed above will experience TMD. However, individuals with chronic TMD symptoms are more likely to have multiple risk factors that act together over a prolonged period, leading to the development and persistence of TMD-related signs and symptoms.

• #36 Temporomandibular joint dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_dysfunction

  Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is an umbrella term covering pain and dysfunction of the muscles of mastication (the muscles that move the jaw) and the temporomandibular joints (the joints which connect the mandible to the skull). […] TMDs have a range of causes and often co-occur with a number of overlapping medical conditions, including headaches, fibromyalgia, back pain, and irritable bowel. […] TMD is considered by some to be one of the 4 major symptom complexes in chronic orofacial pain, along with burning mouth syndrome, atypical facial pain and atypical odontalgia. […] It has been suggested that TMD may develop following physical trauma, particularly whiplash injury, although the evidence for this is not conclusive. […] Trauma, both micro and macrotrauma, is sometimes identified as a possible cause of TMD; however, the evidence for this is not strong.

• #37 Temporomandibular joint dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_dysfunction

  Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is an umbrella term covering pain and dysfunction of the muscles of mastication (the muscles that move the jaw) and the temporomandibular joints (the joints which connect the mandible to the skull). […] TMDs have a range of causes and often co-occur with a number of overlapping medical conditions, including headaches, fibromyalgia, back pain, and irritable bowel. […] TMD is considered by some to be one of the 4 major symptom complexes in chronic orofacial pain, along with burning mouth syndrome, atypical facial pain and atypical odontalgia. […] It has been suggested that TMD may develop following physical trauma, particularly whiplash injury, although the evidence for this is not conclusive. […] Trauma, both micro and macrotrauma, is sometimes identified as a possible cause of TMD; however, the evidence for this is not strong.

• #38 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  According to Alina Grozdinska et al., there appears to be a statistical relationship between TMD and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). […] Ehlers–Danlos syndrome is another systemic disorder that has been linked to TMD. […] It has also been noted that genetics and TMD have been associated with congenital coagulation disorders. […] Symptoms of TMD can include discomfort and pain in the orofacial region, limited TMJ mobility, difficulty with speech and chewing, stiffness, tinnitus, and clicking or skipping sounds when chewing, opening, or closing the mouth. […] Considering the multifactorial etiology of TMD, their development is explained by the biopsychosocial model. […] The objective of this study is to provide a systematic analysis of the literature published from 1 January 2018 to 1 September 2022 concerning the factors that affect the development and progression of TMD in patients who received a diagnosis by using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) protocol.

• #39 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  According to Alina Grozdinska et al., there appears to be a statistical relationship between TMD and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). […] Ehlers–Danlos syndrome is another systemic disorder that has been linked to TMD. […] It has also been noted that genetics and TMD have been associated with congenital coagulation disorders. […] Symptoms of TMD can include discomfort and pain in the orofacial region, limited TMJ mobility, difficulty with speech and chewing, stiffness, tinnitus, and clicking or skipping sounds when chewing, opening, or closing the mouth. […] Considering the multifactorial etiology of TMD, their development is explained by the biopsychosocial model. […] The objective of this study is to provide a systematic analysis of the literature published from 1 January 2018 to 1 September 2022 concerning the factors that affect the development and progression of TMD in patients who received a diagnosis by using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) protocol.

• #40 What Causes TMD? • Soundview Family Dental

  https://soundviewfamilydental.com/blog/what-causes-tmd/

  Disk displacement, where the cushioning disk slips, causes pain and limited jaw movement. […] Arthritis, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, inflames the TMJ, causing pain. […] Hormonal fluctuations may contribute to TMD. […] TMD may be linked to dietary deficiencies, especially in vitamin D and magnesium. […] Sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, can indirectly contribute to temporomandibular disorders. […] Stress significantly impacts temporomandibular disorders, exacerbating symptoms. […] Stress increases muscle tension, often leading to unconscious clenching or grinding. […] TMD can be a symptom of other health issues. […] Several conditions increase TMD risk: Fibromyalgia, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Autoimmune Diseases, Myofascial Pain.

• #41 Temporomandibular Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1143410-overview

  In TMD of articular origin, disk displacement is the most common cause. Abnormal anterior displacement and interposition of the posterior band between the condyle and the eminence cause pain, pops, and crepitus. […] The other causes of arthrogenous TMD are diseases such as degenerative joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosis, dislocations, infections, and neoplasia, the pathophysiology of which are self-explanatory. […] An important development may connect some of the psychosocial aspects of the disease to underlying neurobiology. This is the discovery that the likelihood of a patient being diagnosed with TMD is related to genetic variations in the gene coding for catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a gene that relates in to some aspects of pain sensitivity.

• #42 Factors involved in the etiology of temporomandibular disorders – a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4689239/

  There is the hypothesis that the presence of estrogen receptors in women’s TMJ changes metabolic functions increasing ligament laxity. […] Macrotrauma is a predisposing and initiating factor for TMD. […] Parafunctions are defined as impaired or altered functions of TMJ. Of these, excessive gum chewing, teeth clenching and bruxism have been extensively studied as possible risk factors for TMD. […] The relationship between hypermobility and TMD has also been studied. […] Michalowicz et al. evaluated the hypothesis that signs and symptoms of TMD may be hereditary. […] The etiology of TMD is multifactorial, as evidenced by the combination of psychological, physiological, structural, postural and genetic factors, altering the functional balance between the fundamental elements of the stomatognathic system: dental occlusion, jaw muscles and TMJ.

• #43 Temporomandibular Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1143410-overview

  In TMD of articular origin, disk displacement is the most common cause. Abnormal anterior displacement and interposition of the posterior band between the condyle and the eminence cause pain, pops, and crepitus. […] The other causes of arthrogenous TMD are diseases such as degenerative joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosis, dislocations, infections, and neoplasia, the pathophysiology of which are self-explanatory. […] An important development may connect some of the psychosocial aspects of the disease to underlying neurobiology. This is the discovery that the likelihood of a patient being diagnosed with TMD is related to genetic variations in the gene coding for catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a gene that relates in to some aspects of pain sensitivity.

• #44 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  According to Alina Grozdinska et al., there appears to be a statistical relationship between TMD and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). […] Ehlers–Danlos syndrome is another systemic disorder that has been linked to TMD. […] It has also been noted that genetics and TMD have been associated with congenital coagulation disorders. […] Symptoms of TMD can include discomfort and pain in the orofacial region, limited TMJ mobility, difficulty with speech and chewing, stiffness, tinnitus, and clicking or skipping sounds when chewing, opening, or closing the mouth. […] Considering the multifactorial etiology of TMD, their development is explained by the biopsychosocial model. […] The objective of this study is to provide a systematic analysis of the literature published from 1 January 2018 to 1 September 2022 concerning the factors that affect the development and progression of TMD in patients who received a diagnosis by using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) protocol.

• #45 Causes of TMD – TMJ Sleep Apnea

  https://drtmjsleepapnea.com/causes-of-tmd/

  The causes of TMJ disorders are numerous and can be challenging to pinpoint. These disorders can arise from various factors, often with multiple stressors accumulating over time, leading to mechanical breakdowns in the muscles, ligaments, and joint apparatus. […] Normal jaw usage, combined with several factors, can contribute to these disorders, including: Oral habits: Such as ice chewing, pencil biting, leaning on the jaw, chronic use of tight headbands or excessive gum chewing. Malocclusion: Bite disorders like overbite, underbite, or crossbite. Trauma: Including accidents, injuries, or falls. Abnormal anatomy: Variations in the temporomandibular joint structure. Musical instruments: Prolonged usage of certain instruments. Sleep posture: Sleeping positions that place stress on the jaw. Systemic diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or connective tissue diseases. Whiplash: Often associated with automobile accidents.

• #46 Causes of TMD – TMJ Sleep Apnea

  https://drtmjsleepapnea.com/causes-of-tmd/

  The causes of TMJ disorders are numerous and can be challenging to pinpoint. These disorders can arise from various factors, often with multiple stressors accumulating over time, leading to mechanical breakdowns in the muscles, ligaments, and joint apparatus. […] Normal jaw usage, combined with several factors, can contribute to these disorders, including: Oral habits: Such as ice chewing, pencil biting, leaning on the jaw, chronic use of tight headbands or excessive gum chewing. Malocclusion: Bite disorders like overbite, underbite, or crossbite. Trauma: Including accidents, injuries, or falls. Abnormal anatomy: Variations in the temporomandibular joint structure. Musical instruments: Prolonged usage of certain instruments. Sleep posture: Sleeping positions that place stress on the jaw. Systemic diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or connective tissue diseases. Whiplash: Often associated with automobile accidents.

• #47 Causes of TMJ Disorders | Dr. Charles Schumacher in Farmington

  https://www.deserthillsdental.com/services/tmj-disorder/causes/

  TMJ disorders are most common in individuals between the ages of 20 and 40, although they can develop at any age. […] There may be a genetic component to TMJ disorders, as some individuals may inherit a predisposition to this condition. […] Poor posture can strain the muscles of the neck and jaw, leading to TMJ disorders.

• #48 TMJ Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/temporomandibular-disorders-tmd

  Problems with your jaw and the muscles in your face that control it are known as temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Your doctor may also call it TMJ disorder or TMJ dysfunction. […] We don’t know what causes TMDs. Dentists believe symptoms arise from problems with the muscles of your jaw or with the parts of the joint itself. […] Injury to your jaw, the joint, or the muscles of your head and neck like from a heavy blow or whiplash can lead to TMDs. Other causes include: Grinding or clenching your teeth, which puts a lot of pressure on the joint, Movement of the soft cushion or disc between the ball and socket of the joint, Arthritis in the joint, Stress, which can cause you to tighten facial and jaw muscles or clench your teeth. […] Research shows that a bad bite or braces to straighten your teeth don’t cause TMDs. Women and people assigned female at birth are twice as likely to have TMDs than men and people assigned male at birth. Researchers are now looking into the role of differences in TMJ structure and mechanics between the sexes.

• #49 Diagnosis and Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0315/p378.html

  Smoking is associated with an increased risk of TMD in females younger than 30 years. […] TMD is categorized as intra-articular (within the joint) or extra-articular (involving the surrounding musculature). Musculoskeletal conditions are the most common cause of TMD, accounting for at least 50% of cases. Articular disk displacement involving the condyle-disk relationship is the most common intra-articular cause of TMD.

• #50 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  Rather than a single cause, TMD arises from a multifactorial interplay of various factors, including biochemical changes, such as structural abnormalities, muscle dysfunction, trauma, genetic mutations, hormonal changes, systematic diseases, and other factors. […] The prevalence of TMD among patients with whiplash injury has been reported to range from 14% to 37.5%. […] Hypertension and insulin resistance are recognized as significant disease factors that are becoming more prevalent in the population and have an impact on the development of TMD. […] It has been suggested that autoimmune and inflammatory disorders could potentially play a role in the development of TMD. […] According to a study conducted by Ji Rak Kim et al., a small percentage of subjects (15%) exhibited ANA/RF positivity.

• #51 Causation of Temporomandibular Disorders – TMJ Oregon

  https://tmjoregon.com/causation-of-temporomandibular-disorders/

  If determining the causes of TMJ Disorders was a relatively straight forward process, the myriad of scientific studies that have been done would have long ago spelled them out. How do we explain the interplay of a wide variety of factors that can influence whether a non-symptomatic individual may develop a temporomandibular disorder? […] Dr. Jeffery Okeson has proposed a model that considers all of the potential contributing factors to the development of TMDs: Dental Occlusal Factors, Trauma (Macro and Micro), Emotional Stress, Deep Pain Input, Parafunction. […] It is common for a patient with a TMD to display more than one of these potential contributing factors, referred to as a multi-factorial causation. […] One of the major difficulties in identifying a cause or causes of TMD in any individual patient is that neither the contributing factors nor the factors that constitute a persons adaptability are quantifiable. This makes doing scientific studies especially challenging.

• #52 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of literature published between 1 January 2018 and 1 September 2022, exploring factors influencing the progression or development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), diagnosed using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). […] The studies revealed strong associations between TMD and factors such as female, poor sleep quality, depression, oral parafunction, anxiety, somatization, and anatomical features. However, variables such as education, living conditions, socioeconomic status, marital status, chronic pain, and stress did not exhibit statistically significant correlations. Based on the obtained data, it can be concluded that the causes of TMD are largely related to psychological factors, which supports the biopsychosocial theory of the disorder.

• #53 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  According to Alina Grozdinska et al., there appears to be a statistical relationship between TMD and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). […] Ehlers–Danlos syndrome is another systemic disorder that has been linked to TMD. […] It has also been noted that genetics and TMD have been associated with congenital coagulation disorders. […] Symptoms of TMD can include discomfort and pain in the orofacial region, limited TMJ mobility, difficulty with speech and chewing, stiffness, tinnitus, and clicking or skipping sounds when chewing, opening, or closing the mouth. […] Considering the multifactorial etiology of TMD, their development is explained by the biopsychosocial model. […] The objective of this study is to provide a systematic analysis of the literature published from 1 January 2018 to 1 September 2022 concerning the factors that affect the development and progression of TMD in patients who received a diagnosis by using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) protocol.

• #54 Causation of Temporomandibular Disorders – TMJ Oregon

  https://tmjoregon.com/causation-of-temporomandibular-disorders/

  If determining the causes of TMJ Disorders was a relatively straight forward process, the myriad of scientific studies that have been done would have long ago spelled them out. How do we explain the interplay of a wide variety of factors that can influence whether a non-symptomatic individual may develop a temporomandibular disorder? […] Dr. Jeffery Okeson has proposed a model that considers all of the potential contributing factors to the development of TMDs: Dental Occlusal Factors, Trauma (Macro and Micro), Emotional Stress, Deep Pain Input, Parafunction. […] It is common for a patient with a TMD to display more than one of these potential contributing factors, referred to as a multi-factorial causation. […] One of the major difficulties in identifying a cause or causes of TMD in any individual patient is that neither the contributing factors nor the factors that constitute a persons adaptability are quantifiable. This makes doing scientific studies especially challenging.

• #55 Causation of Temporomandibular Disorders – TMJ Oregon

  https://tmjoregon.com/causation-of-temporomandibular-disorders/

  Therefore, in an individual with a robust adaptability, in spite of the presence of one or more significant potential contributing factors, the individual may not develop a TMD. In another individual, perhaps with a similar complex of potential contributing factors, but with a diminished adaptability, the development of a TMD may occur. […] In a patient in whom a triggering mechanism appears to have been present, it would be easy to attribute the development of the TMD to the triggering mechanism, alone. However, it is also possible that the patient had been predisposed to the onset. […] A triggering mechanism may have simply pushed the patient beyond their individual adaptability threshold and may have been no more than the straw that broke the camels back. […] Okeson further suggests how a TMD, which initially may develop as an acute problem, might progress into a true chronic pain condition.

• #56 Causation of Temporomandibular Disorders – TMJ Oregon

  https://tmjoregon.com/causation-of-temporomandibular-disorders/

  The first possibility is that the patients adaptability may be further lowered, perhaps by other systemic factors such as chronic illness or an increase in stress levels. The second possibility is that, in the absence of appropriate or adequate treatment, an initially acute source of dysfunction and pain might persist and lead to a prolonged pain input to the CNS, leading to activation of what are known as central mechanisms. […] The causation of TMDs is clearly seldom the result of a single factor but a complex and dynamic process that is almost certainly different in each patient.

• #57 The Etiology of Temporomandibular Disorders: Implications for Treatment

  https://www.jofph.com/articles/10.11607/jofph.15201

  This article begins by reviewing the history of etiologic thinking in the field of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). […] I conclude from this review that not only are the old mechanistic etiologic concepts incorrect, but also that 2 of the most popular current concepts (biopsychosocial and multifactorial) are seriously flawed. […] Therefore, what we really have at the individual TMD patient level is nearly always an idiopathic situationwe simply do not know enough, or cannot measure enough, or cannot precisely determine why each patient has a TMD. […] In addition, we do not understand the host resistance factors that ultimately determine why one person gets sick while another does not. […] However, our current inability to precisely identify etiologies in TMD patients does not prevent us from providing sensible (and often successful) treatment for most of these patients.

• #58 The Etiology of Temporomandibular Disorders: Implications for Treatment

  https://www.jofph.com/articles/10.11607/jofph.15201

  Even in the absence of a perfect understanding of etiology, we still can provide good conservative care, and we should avoid aggressive and irreversible treatments, especially when they are based on flawed concepts of etiology. […] The article concludes by discussing current basic science research activities in the field of TMD and orofacial pain. […] I propose that these ongoing studies of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint disease, muscle pain, and chronic pain are the most likely avenues to future progress in this field, as specific countermeasures are developed to become the basis for more precisely targeted therapies.

• #59 Temporomandibular disorders | Orofacial Pain

  https://orofacialpain.org.uk/education/temporomandibular-disorders/

  Prolonged dental treatment and exposure of the joint to microtrauma or macro-trauma may as well, be the predisposing factors to TMD pain. […] TMDs may present in association with primary headaches, pain conditions in other parts of the body as chronic back pain or systemic pain conditions as fibromyalgia. This may indicate increased susceptibility of the patient to chronic pain in multiple sites as a result of dysfunction of the pain pathways through peripheral and/or central sensitization (8, 14). […] The complexity of the anatomical structure in the orofacial region and common co-existence of multiple painful conditions can make accurate diagnosis a difficult process (25). […] TMDs can mimic toothache, co-exist with headaches and cervicogenic pain or be a part of chronic widespread pain condition (25). […] The holistic approach by using Axis I and Axis II for assessment in addition to appropriate investigations via a multidisciplinary team will help in proper management of patients and protecting them from unnecessary restorative or surgical procedures (25).

• #60 The Etiology of Temporomandibular Disorders: Implications for Treatment

  https://www.jofph.com/articles/10.11607/jofph.15201

  Even in the absence of a perfect understanding of etiology, we still can provide good conservative care, and we should avoid aggressive and irreversible treatments, especially when they are based on flawed concepts of etiology. […] The article concludes by discussing current basic science research activities in the field of TMD and orofacial pain. […] I propose that these ongoing studies of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint disease, muscle pain, and chronic pain are the most likely avenues to future progress in this field, as specific countermeasures are developed to become the basis for more precisely targeted therapies.

• #61 Temporomandibular disorders | Orofacial Pain

  https://orofacialpain.org.uk/education/temporomandibular-disorders/

  Prolonged dental treatment and exposure of the joint to microtrauma or macro-trauma may as well, be the predisposing factors to TMD pain. […] TMDs may present in association with primary headaches, pain conditions in other parts of the body as chronic back pain or systemic pain conditions as fibromyalgia. This may indicate increased susceptibility of the patient to chronic pain in multiple sites as a result of dysfunction of the pain pathways through peripheral and/or central sensitization (8, 14). […] The complexity of the anatomical structure in the orofacial region and common co-existence of multiple painful conditions can make accurate diagnosis a difficult process (25). […] TMDs can mimic toothache, co-exist with headaches and cervicogenic pain or be a part of chronic widespread pain condition (25). […] The holistic approach by using Axis I and Axis II for assessment in addition to appropriate investigations via a multidisciplinary team will help in proper management of patients and protecting them from unnecessary restorative or surgical procedures (25).

• #62 The etiology of temporomandibular disorders: Are we missing something? – Journal of Advances in Dental Practice and Research

  https://jadpr.org/the-etiology-of-temporomandibular-disorders-are-we-missing-something/

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are conditions producing abnormal, incomplete, or impaired function of the temporomandibular joint(s) (TMJs) and/or the muscles of mastication; they have a multifactorial etiology, encompass a wide spectrum of conditions, and are essentially characterized by the appearance of pain, joint sounds, and alterations in mandibular movement. […] Identifying etiological factors and their relation to type and severity of the disease can lead to better treatment planning and predictable outcomes in TMD patients. […] It has been linked to several systemic and stomatognathic factors such as para-function, occlusion, stress, trauma, prosthetic status and unmet treatment need, sleep apnea, and bruxism, and their association varies in different populations. […] Most recently, it has been postulated that pain in TMDs is more centrally mediated and is affected by all factors that mediate chronic pain. […] Therefore, as a treating dentist, we should be aware that not only dental factors such as occlusion and parafunction but also other factors such as gender-related hormones, gut health, and sleep influence TMDs.

• #63 The Etiology of Temporomandibular Disorders: Implications for Treatment

  https://www.jofph.com/articles/10.11607/jofph.15201

  Even in the absence of a perfect understanding of etiology, we still can provide good conservative care, and we should avoid aggressive and irreversible treatments, especially when they are based on flawed concepts of etiology. […] The article concludes by discussing current basic science research activities in the field of TMD and orofacial pain. […] I propose that these ongoing studies of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint disease, muscle pain, and chronic pain are the most likely avenues to future progress in this field, as specific countermeasures are developed to become the basis for more precisely targeted therapies.

• #64 Causation of Temporomandibular Disorders – TMJ Oregon

  https://tmjoregon.com/causation-of-temporomandibular-disorders/

  The first possibility is that the patients adaptability may be further lowered, perhaps by other systemic factors such as chronic illness or an increase in stress levels. The second possibility is that, in the absence of appropriate or adequate treatment, an initially acute source of dysfunction and pain might persist and lead to a prolonged pain input to the CNS, leading to activation of what are known as central mechanisms. […] The causation of TMDs is clearly seldom the result of a single factor but a complex and dynamic process that is almost certainly different in each patient.

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