Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Temporomandibular Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551612/

  Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) refers to a group of conditions involving the orofacial region divided into those affecting the masticatory muscles and those affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). […] TMD symptoms can appear at any age, but a peak incidence occurs in adults between 20 to 40 years. […] Women are much more likely to be affected than men, the reason for which is still unknown. […] Even though up to 60 to 70% of the population shows signs of TMJ disorders, only 5% to 12% of people report symptoms and require treatment. […] Most of the population shows signs of temporomandibular disorder, but only a few report their symptoms and need treatment. […] Temporomandibular disorder is multifactorial in etiology, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. […] A physiotherapist and a psychologist are other vital healthcare team members since stretching exercises, stress reduction, and behavioral therapy are required in treating such patients.

• #1 A Meta-Analysis of the Global Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1365

  A Meta-Analysis of the Global Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders […] Background: This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the proportion of people with TMDs in different studies, considering factors such as geographical region, patient age, and sample size. Methods: The search yielded 6984 articles on the incidence of TMDs. Finally, 74 studies with 172,239 subjects and 35,259 with TMDs were selected for final analysis. Analyses were performed using the R statistical language. Results: The incidence of TMDs in the world population was 34%. The age group 18–60 years is the most exposed to TMDs. From the data presented, we observed that for each continent, the female group was 9% to 56% larger than the male group. The highest female-to-male ratio (F:M) was reported in South America (1.56), whereas the lowest F:M ratio was reported in Europe (1.09), suggesting an almost equal distribution of males and females. Conclusions: This suggests that geographical location may play a role in the results of the studies. The prevalence of TMDs was significantly higher in South America (47%) compared to Asia (33%) and Europe (29%). Larger epidemiological studies of TMDs in African and Australian populations are recommended.

• #1 Prevalence of TMJD and its Signs and Symptoms | Data & Statistics | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/research/data-statistics/facial-pain/prevalence

  The prevalence of temporomandibular joint and muscle disorder (TMJD) is between 5% and 12%. […] TMJ disorders are at least twice as prevalent in women as men, and women using either supplemental estrogen or oral contraceptives are more likely to seek treatment for these conditions. […] The measurement of facial pain and TMJD is complicated. There is no standard definition for TMJD; it is measured by asking about various types and durations of muscle, joint, and facial pain, difficulty with chewing, joint sounds, etc.

• #1 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of literature published between 1 January 2018 and 1 September 2022, exploring factors influencing the progression or development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), diagnosed using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). […] TMD is an umbrella term, encompassing multifactorial and heterogeneous disorders that may occur in different genders and ages. According to epidemiological data, this problem affects from 5–12% of the population, to 21.5–50.5%, and is the second most common musculoskeletal dysfunction, after chronic lower back pain. […] The systematic review by Valesan et al. showed that the overall prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders was approximately 31% for adults/elderly and 11% for children/adolescents.

• #1 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  A 2020 study found that the frequency of TMD among the Polish urban adult population was 55.9%. […] The objective of this study is to provide a systematic analysis of the literature published from 1 January 2018 to 1 September 2022 concerning the factors that affect the development and progression of TMD in patients who received a diagnosis by using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) protocol.

• #1 Temporomandibular Disorders: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0100/temporomandibular-disorders.html

  Temporomandibular disorders affect between 5% and 12% of the population and present with symptoms such as headache, bruxism, pain at the temporomandibular joint, jaw popping or clicking, neck pain, tinnitus, dizziness, decreased hearing, and hyperacuity to sound. […] The prevalence of TMDs is between 5% and 12%. […] Managing TMDs is estimated to cost $4 billion annually in the United States. […] TMDs have a bimodal peak at 21 and 53 years of age with a female-to-male ratio of 3-to-1. […] TMDs occur due to complex interactions involving biomechanical, psychosocial, and genetic factors. […] TMDs are classified as chronic if they persist for more than three months.

• #1 Prevalence, Epidemiology and Etiology – The Detection and Management of Temporomandibular Disorders in Primary Dental Care – Dentalcare

  https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/ce-courses/ce395/prevalence-epidemiology-and-etiology

  TMD is the 2nd most common musculoskeletal pain, with low back pain being the first. About 33% of the population has at least one TMD symptom and 3.6 to 7.0% of the population has TMD with sufficient severity that they desire treatment. […] In a large study of adults (1,016) conducted in Seattle, WA, females had higher rates of TMD pain at all ages, including a peak prevalence of 18% in the 25-44 year old group, compared with 10% of males for the same ages. […] For example, in the aforementioned study, only 2% of females and no males reported TMD pain at 65 years of age and greater. […] TMD, like many other chronic pain conditions such as headache and back pain, typically has cycles in which the pain and discomfort are present and then diminish or go away completely. […] Only a small percentage of people with TMD pain develop significant, long-term problems.

• #1 Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/809598-overview

  Currently, an estimated 10 million people have TMJ disorders, and roughly 25% of the population have symptoms at some point in their lives. […] The morbidity of the disorder is related to significant pain on movement of the jaw. While some patients’ symptoms may resolve within weeks, others may have chronic symptoms that persist even with extensive therapy. […] The highest incidence of TMJ syndrome is in adults aged 20-40 years. […] TMJ syndrome is found infrequently in the pediatric population.

• #1 Temporomandibular disorders in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/temporomandibular-disorders-in-adults/print

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are common, with a systematic review suggesting a prevalence as high as 31 percent in adults and 11 percent in children. […] TMD is associated with substantial morbidity, affecting quality of life and work productivity. As an example, it is estimated that for every 100 million working adults in the United States, TMD contributes to 17.8 million lost workdays annually. […] TMD patients have also been shown to use health care services at a higher rate, with a mean health care expenditure that is 1.6 times higher when compared with non-TMD individuals.

• #1 Is painful temporomandibular disorder a real headache for many patients? | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-024-7178-1

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and primary headaches are common pain conditions and often co-exist. […] Approximately 40-70% of the general population experience some symptoms and signs of TMD. […] TMD pain was observed in patients with primary headache; a population study reported 27% of headache people (any primary headaches) experienced TMD pain, while only 15% of the non-headache group suffered from TMD pain. Also, the prevalence of headache was noticeably higher for the TMD group (72%) than the control group (31%). […] Migraine, particularly, is the most prevalent headache in TMD population (55%), followed by tension-type headache (30%). […] The OPPERA study revealed that migraine and frequent headaches are a significant risk factor for the development of first-onset TMD symptoms.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in postmenopausal women and relationship with pain and HRT Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in postmenopausal women and relationship with pain and HRT

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bor/a/shXtFgHktvBH3kBR64tFvqg

  Studies have reported a female:male ratio of approximately 4:1 in terms of the prevalence of TMD. […] Furthermore, this condition has the highest prevalence among women in their reproductive years (aged 20 to 40 years) and lowest prevalence among postmenopausal women, children, adolescents, and the elderly. […] Several aspects of the prevalence pattern of TMD suggest that endogenous reproductive hormones play a role in these pain conditions, and various mechanisms explaining the influence of hormones in TMD pain can be postulated. […] The use of exogenous hormones and risk of TMD among postmenopausal women have been examined previously. […] Epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders: implications for the investigation of etiologic factors. […] There is a concern about the absence of TMD epidemiology involving postmenopausal women; this issue complicates the comparison of findings from different studies. […] The authors believe that more epidemiological studies should be conducted to confirm the results of the present study.

• #1 Mental and behavioral disorders & temporomandibular disorder | JPR

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-role-of-mental-health-and-behavioral-disorders-in-the-development–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JPR

  There is a well-known association between mental and behavioral disorders (MBD) and temporomandibular disorder (TMD), although the association has not been established in population-based samples. […] A statistically significant association between MBD and TMD was found for mood affective disorders (OR 1.4), neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (OR 1.7), behavioral syndromes associated with psychological disturbances and physical factors (OR 1.4), disorders of adult personality and behavior (OR 1.4), disorders of psychological development (OR 1.3), behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (OR 1.4), and unspecified mental disorder (OR 1.3). […] The findings indicate an increased probability of TMD among patients with a history of certain MBD diagnoses, and a stronger association with TMD requiring surgery, specifically repeated surgery.

• #1 Risk factor assessments of temporomandibular disorders via machine learning | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98837-5

  This study aimed to use artificial intelligence to determine whether biological and psychosocial factors, such as stress, socioeconomic status, and working conditions, were major risk factors for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). […] The rate of occurrence of signs and symptoms associated with TMDs is reported to range from 1.8 to 33.4% across different populations. […] In South Korea, the number of patients diagnosed with TMDs has increased by approximately 17.1%, and the related national health insurance cost has increased by approximately 47.3% between 2015 and 2019. […] The etiology of TMDs is considered multifactorial, with biological and psychosocial factors contributing either independently, or as interrelated factors. […] This study aimed to identify the contributing biological and psychosocial factors and their relative importance as risk factors for the development of TMDs.

• #1 Evaluation of temporomandibular disorders among dental students of Saudi Arabia using Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD): a cross-sectional study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-021-01578-0

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a broad category of conditions arising from the various components of the temporomandibular joint complex. […] The overall cross-sectional prevalence of TMD was found to be 36.99%. […] Female (OR=1.94; P=0.004), married (OR=1.74; P=0.04), and students in clinical academic levels (OR=1.65; P=0.03) were found to have significantly increased risk of TMD. […] Among the psychosocial parameters, anxiety (OR=1.55; P=0.04) and parafunctional behaviours (OR=2.10; P<0.001) were shown to increase the risk of developing TMD. [...] The present study concludes that TMDs are more prevalent in female dental students and students in clinical levels.

• #1 Association of temporomandibular disorder with occupational visual display terminal use (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/br.2016.669

  Increased visual display terminal (VDT) use has raised the prevalence of VDT-related adverse conditions, such as dry eye disease, and musculoskeletal and psychopathological symptoms, in office workers, including temporomandibular disorder (TMD). […] TMD is a result of problems with the jaw, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and surrounding facial muscles, while common signs and symptoms include restricted mouth opening, TMJ sounds, and muscle/TMJ pain. […] Among the risk factors for TMD, psychological aspects are thought to be important for understanding its etiology. […] The prevalence of individuals who use a VDT at work and have TMD-related symptoms was found to be approximately 16%. […] It is likely that various risk factors for TMD overlap, making the etiology complicated. […] As for individuals who use a VDT in occupational situations, Nishiyama et al reported that apparent TMD symptoms (limited mouth opening, mouth opening pain, mouth-opening deviation and chewing-induced pain) were statistically associated with the length of time working with a PC, indicating that VDT usage time is a significant risk factor for TMD. […] Use of a VDT at work can contribute to a number of disorders, and is also a potential risk factor for TMD caused by physical and psychological stress.

• #1 Temporomandibular Disorders and Pain Syndromes | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/temporomandibular-joint-dysfunction-and-pain-syndromes

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and associated structures. […] How common are temporomandibular disorders? (Epidemiology) TMJ symptoms are relatively common, although only about 5% seek medical help for their symptoms. TMDs can occur at any age but peak during the second and third decades of life. They are more common in women. […] A systematic review conducted in 2021 reported that the prevalence of TMDs in the general population was approximately 31% in adults and 11% in children. […] Temporomandibular symptoms are commonly found in musicians, particularly wind and string players. […] There is also an increase in symptoms among patients with schizophrenia.

• #1 The use of pharmacologic agents in the management of temporomandibular joint disorder – Dammling – Frontiers of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine

  https://fomm.amegroups.org/article/view/52991/html

  Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) are oro-facial pain conditions that originate from either intraarticular or extraarticular related pathology. TMD has been estimated to affect between 3-12% of the general population. The Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) was created to standardize diagnoses based on epidemiologic studies from multiple centers. The DC/TMD provides a standard for diagnosis and evaluates both physical signs and symptoms (Axis I) with psychosocial factors (Axis II). It is critical that a thorough systemic evaluation be completed prior to diagnosis as several psychosocial disorders can affect any therapeutic intervention. […] Despite this lack of evidence, NSAIDs (i.e., naproxen) have generally remained the first line medication for patients with significant inflammatory pain. For patients that have a muscular component to their pain, muscle relaxants have been recommended in conjunction with NSAIDs.

• #1 FDA’s Role in Approving TMJ Implants and Monitoring Their Safety | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/temporomandibular-disorders-tmd-devices/fdas-role-approving-tmj-implants-and-monitoring-their-safety

  Among its many responsibilities, the FDA is charged with helping to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medical products, including medical devices used to treat Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD), such as Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) implants. […] The FDA reviews TMJ implants before they are marketed and continues to monitor their performance and to take action when problems are discovered. […] Since 1993, the FDA has included TMJ implants on the list of tracked devices because failure of these implanted devices would be reasonably likely to have serious, adverse health consequences. […] The FDA also ordered all TMJ implant manufacturers to conduct postmarket surveillance studies, also known as 522 studies. […] The FDA ordered the 522 studies over concerns arising from medical device reports (MDRs) submitted to the FDA, including adverse events observed over the expected lifetime of implanted TMJ devices, and timing and reasons for implant revision or replacement. […] The FDA ordered all three manufacturers of the four FDA-approved TMJ implants to conduct postmarket surveillance studies to better understand the events associated with the need to remove (explant) TMJ implants and replace (revise) TMJ implants.

• #1 Epidemiology of Research for Temporomandibular Disorders

  https://www.jofph.com/articles/10.11607/jofph.09226

  A systematic review was performed in response to a request by the National Institute of Dental Research to evaluate in broad terms the strength of evidence regarding therapy for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). This report describes the epidemiology of research for TMD in broad terms indicating the total number of citations, the proportion related to therapy, and the distribution according to study design and language or country of origin. From 1980 to 1992, there were more than 4,000 references to TMD, of which about 1,200 regarded therapy. […] The literature on therapy for TMD consists primarily of uncontrolled observations of patients such as uncontrolled clinical trials, case series, case reports, and simple descriptions of techniques. It is generally agreed that such uncontrolled observations, while contributing to knowledge about therapy of TMD, are subject to considerable bias and thus difficult to interpret. If treatment of TMD is going to follow the trend in medicine to base patient-care decisions on evidence rather than expert opinion or pathophysiologic rationales, then more rigorously controlled clinical trials of most therapies will be necessary.

• #1 Review of temporomandibular joint pathology: Part I: Classification, epidemiology and risk factors

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1698-69462007000400006

  Review of temporomandibular joint pathology. Part I: Classification, epidemiology and risk factors […] Pathology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) affects an important part of the population, though it is not viewed as a public health problem. Between 3-7% of the population seeks treatment for pain and dysfunction of the ATM or related structures. The literature reports great variability in the prevalence of the clinical symptoms (6-93%) and signs (0-93%), probably as a result of the different clinical criteria used. […] Approximately 7% of the population between 12 and 18 years of age is diagnosed with mandibular pain-dysfunction. Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is more frequent in females. […] Both local and systemic hyperlaxity has been postulated as a possible cause of TMD. […] One way to address the problem is quantification according to the population demands for treatment. Based on this criterion, 3-7% of the population seeks treatment for pain and/or dysfunction of the TMJ or related structures. From this perspective it is understood that those patients who do not seek treatment do not consider such alterations to be a relevant problem, and are able to lead a normal life despite the symptoms (8).

• #1 Review of temporomandibular joint pathology: Part I: Classification, epidemiology and risk factors

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1698-69462007000400006

  In the National Oral Health Survey conducted in Spain in 1994, in accordance with the criteria for epidemiological studies on oral health auspiced by the World Health Organization (WHO), it was seen that at 12 years of age 6.3% of the population presented clicks a figure that increased to 9.4% in those aged 15 years, 14.70% in the 35-44 years age range, and 23% in the 65-74 years age group. […] In the studies of prevalence of the disease, the variability is extreme ranging from 6% to 93% when based on patient-contributed information, and from 0% to 93% when based on clinical evaluation. […] The epidemiological studies of TMJ alterations based on imaging analyses likewise have been unable to define a standardized pattern in the distribution of the disease. Radiographic changes corresponding to osteoarthrosis appear in 14-44% of the individuals a figure far from the 1-24% of patients who show crepitants in response to palpation or to auscultation of the TMJ (crepitation being considered a clinical sign of osteoarthrosis).

• #1 3 Individual and Societal Burden of TMDs | Temporomandibular Disorders: Priorities for Research and Care | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/25652/chapter/5

  Conclusion 3-2: Nationally representative longitudinal studies of the incidence, prevalence, and disease course of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders would advance understanding of TMD etiology, risk, and prognosis and support the ability to develop clinical practice guidelines and treatment pathways. […] Conclusion 3-3: Even with a fragmented understanding of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) according to traditional public health measures (e.g., prevalence, incidence), it is clear that TMDs have a large public health impact and a significant health, social, financial, and emotional burden on many individuals and families. […] Conclusion 3-4: Risk factors for persistent temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and the protective factors that prevent an individual from transitioning to painful, chronic TMDs are poorly understood and need to be a priority for clinical epidemiological research on TMDs.

• #1 TMJ CRN | MDEpiNet Site

  https://www.mdepinet.net/tmj

  TMDs are common disabling conditions and from 6% to 12% of the population is estimated to experience clinical symptoms. […] The 2020 NASEM report on TMD states, Studies assessing the direct and indirect costs specific to a TMD diagnosis are rare. Research into the direct and indirect costs of TMD is needed, especially in light of the changing policies around health care delivery. […] The RoundTable concluded that a strategically Coordinated Registry Network (CRN) is needed to collect and generate accessible data on TMD and its care that is sufficiently relevant and reliable. […] The TMJ-CRN aims to develop the foundation for a national infrastructure for capturing real-world evidence in the TMD clinical space. […] The main objective of the TMJ-CRN is to develop a standardized data infrastructure for capturing patient-generated data, physician experience, and other healthcare ecosystem data necessary to better understand the disparate treatment pathways and outcomes that patients experience. […] The accomplishment of these goals will begin to fill in gaps in our knowledge of treatment outcomes and help establish scientifically based clinical treatment guidelines.

• #1 Temporomandibular Disorders – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna

  https://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/1_99/0028.html

  This Clinical Policy Bulletin addresses temporomandibular disorders. […] The diagnosis of TMD is largely based upon the symptoms of pain and signs of TMD (e.g., joint sounds, variations from ideal disc position, clicking). […] The extent of internal derangements is often determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] The appropriate diagnosis and treatment of TMD is complicated by a high incidence of TMD/TMJ signs and symptoms that are associated with systemic disorders. […] The National Institutes of Health emphasizes the importance of 2 key words in therapy: conservative and reversible. […] A growing body of literature supports non-surgical intervention for this condition. […] Non-surgical therapy customarily includes occlusal appliance therapy, physical therapy, medical management, and relaxation/cognitive-behavioral therapy.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-025-02055-7

  Resistance to treatments have been assessed in chronic conditions such as migraine, but not in temporomandibular disorders (TMD). This study aimed to identify factors that influence treatment outcome in patients with myofascial TMD pain. […] Resistant pain in TMD has not been properly addressed, mainly because the prevalence of patients needing significant clinical treatment is low (10%15%) […] However, treating chronic orofacial pain disorders like TMD is challenging because the trigeminal system involves complex neural networks connected to the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and cervical nervous systems. […] This study investigated the prevalence of resistant myofascial TMD pain and identified somatosensory, psychosocial, and genetic factors affecting treatment outcomes and factors distinguishing between healthy controls and patients with myofascial TMD.

• #2 Temporomandibular disorders in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/temporomandibular-disorders-in-adults/print

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are common, with a systematic review suggesting a prevalence as high as 31 percent in adults and 11 percent in children. […] TMD is associated with substantial morbidity, affecting quality of life and work productivity. As an example, it is estimated that for every 100 million working adults in the United States, TMD contributes to 17.8 million lost workdays annually. […] TMD patients have also been shown to use health care services at a higher rate, with a mean health care expenditure that is 1.6 times higher when compared with non-TMD individuals.

• #2 A Meta-Analysis of the Global Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1365

  The present meta-analysis aims to evaluate the proportion of individuals with TMDs across various studies, considering geographical region, patient age, and sample size. The incidence of TMDs in the world population was 34% (Asia—33%, South America—47%, North America—26%, Europe—29%). The sheer number of TMDs incidences in the population underlines the importance of this disease entity. It represents an important economic and social problem. Further research into its diagnosis and therapy is important. […] This study suggests that geographical location may play a role in the epidemiology of TMDs. The prevalence of TMDs was significantly higher in South America (47%) compared to Asia (33%) and Europe (29%). This study suggests a higher incidence of TMDs in females compared to males in these age groups compared to the 18–60 age group. From the data presented, the female group was, on average, 9% to 56% larger than the male group in each continent. The highest female-to-male ratio was reported in South America (1.56), whereas the lowest F:M was reported in Europe (1.09), suggesting an almost equal distribution of males and females. […] false

• #2 Temporomandibular Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551612/

  Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) refers to a group of conditions involving the orofacial region divided into those affecting the masticatory muscles and those affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). […] TMD symptoms can appear at any age, but a peak incidence occurs in adults between 20 to 40 years. […] Women are much more likely to be affected than men, the reason for which is still unknown. […] Even though up to 60 to 70% of the population shows signs of TMJ disorders, only 5% to 12% of people report symptoms and require treatment. […] Most of the population shows signs of temporomandibular disorder, but only a few report their symptoms and need treatment. […] Temporomandibular disorder is multifactorial in etiology, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. […] A physiotherapist and a psychologist are other vital healthcare team members since stretching exercises, stress reduction, and behavioral therapy are required in treating such patients.

• #2 Temporomandibular Disorders: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0100/temporomandibular-disorders.html

  Temporomandibular disorders affect between 5% and 12% of the population and present with symptoms such as headache, bruxism, pain at the temporomandibular joint, jaw popping or clicking, neck pain, tinnitus, dizziness, decreased hearing, and hyperacuity to sound. […] The prevalence of TMDs is between 5% and 12%. […] Managing TMDs is estimated to cost $4 billion annually in the United States. […] TMDs have a bimodal peak at 21 and 53 years of age with a female-to-male ratio of 3-to-1. […] TMDs occur due to complex interactions involving biomechanical, psychosocial, and genetic factors. […] TMDs are classified as chronic if they persist for more than three months.

• #2 Temporomandibular Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1143410-overview

  Temporomandibular disorder is a commonly seen condition in primary care and dentistry practice. According to some authorities, as many as 75% of the people in the United States population will at some time have some of the signs and symptoms of TMD; however, all of these individuals are not believed to have TMD. Between 5% and 10% of Americans may sufficiently fulfill the criteria to merit a diagnosis of TMD. […] Temporomandibular disorder primarily affects women with a male-to-female ratio of 1:4. […] Highest incidence is among young adults, especially women aged 20-40 years.

• #2 Etiologic Factors of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Literature Containing Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) from 2018 to 2022

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/5/575

  This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of literature published between 1 January 2018 and 1 September 2022, exploring factors influencing the progression or development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), diagnosed using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). […] TMD is an umbrella term, encompassing multifactorial and heterogeneous disorders that may occur in different genders and ages. According to epidemiological data, this problem affects from 5–12% of the population, to 21.5–50.5%, and is the second most common musculoskeletal dysfunction, after chronic lower back pain. […] The systematic review by Valesan et al. showed that the overall prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders was approximately 31% for adults/elderly and 11% for children/adolescents.

• #2 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in postmenopausal women and relationship with pain and HRT Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in postmenopausal women and relationship with pain and HRT

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bor/a/shXtFgHktvBH3kBR64tFvqg

  The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is higher in females, reaching their high peak during reproductive years, probably because of the action of some female hormones, which alter pain threshold. […] The prevalence of TMD symptoms ranges from 16% to 59% in studies of non-patient populations. […] Approximately 7%15% of the adult population in North America is afflicted with TMD, and it is believed that approximately 6 million Brazilians have signs and symptoms of these disorders. […] Although the epidemiology of TMD has been studied, reported prevalence rates vary broadly, reflecting important differences in samples, criteria, and methods used for collecting the information. […] Epidemiological studies suggest that symptoms related to TMD predominantly occur in young adults and in females.

• #2 Risk factor assessments of temporomandibular disorders via machine learning | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98837-5

  The proportions of r-TMD and d-TMD are minimal; that is, 2.1% and 1.4%, respectively. […] Our results indicated that BMI is the most important determinant for the presence of TMDs; this was the case in both r-TMD and d-TMD. […] Another major factor for the presence of TMDs was the individuals work environment. […] This study identified the etiologic factors that may be associated with the disease; efforts to eliminate the identified factors may help improve the prognosis. […] Interventions regarding stress, socioeconomic status, and working conditions are needed for effective management of TMDs.

• #2 Jaw disorders – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/jaw-disorders/

  The most common disorders affecting the jaw are temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and jaw dislocation. […] Epidemiology: commonly affects young adults (prevalence 15-31%; peak age 20-40 years). […] The etiology of TMJ disorders (TMDs) is likely multifactorial and involves behavioral factors, psychological factors, trauma to the TMJ, abnormal processing of trigeminal nerve pain, and substance use disorder. […] TMJ disorders are clinical diagnoses. […] Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) are used clinically and for research. […] Most patients can be discharged after successful reduction. […] Previous TMJ dislocation is a risk factor for recurrent TMJ dislocations. […] TMJ dislocation is typically a clinical diagnosis. […] Closed reduction is indicated for clinically apparent anterior TMJ dislocation.

• #2 Review of temporomandibular joint pathology: Part I: Classification, epidemiology and risk factors

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1698-69462007000400006

  In the National Oral Health Survey conducted in Spain in 1994, in accordance with the criteria for epidemiological studies on oral health auspiced by the World Health Organization (WHO), it was seen that at 12 years of age 6.3% of the population presented clicks a figure that increased to 9.4% in those aged 15 years, 14.70% in the 35-44 years age range, and 23% in the 65-74 years age group. […] In the studies of prevalence of the disease, the variability is extreme ranging from 6% to 93% when based on patient-contributed information, and from 0% to 93% when based on clinical evaluation. […] The epidemiological studies of TMJ alterations based on imaging analyses likewise have been unable to define a standardized pattern in the distribution of the disease. Radiographic changes corresponding to osteoarthrosis appear in 14-44% of the individuals a figure far from the 1-24% of patients who show crepitants in response to palpation or to auscultation of the TMJ (crepitation being considered a clinical sign of osteoarthrosis).

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s10194-025-02055-7

  The main findings were 1) a low prevalence of resistance to treatment among myofascial TMD pain patients, 2) increased pain sensibility (PPT), increased pain amplification (WUR), higher levels of psychosocial distress, and a higher presence of the HTR1 A rs6295 polymorphism in the resistant TMD group compared with the other groups, and 3) that pain intensity, central sensitization, and depression were the strongest predictive variables for myofascial TMD pain, whereas sleep quality, central sensitization, depression, anxiety and stress were the strongest predictive variables for resistance to treatment, followed by somatosensory variables (WUR and PPT) and genetic variables (HTR1 A rs6295 and COMT rs4818). […] Resistant myofascial TMD pain is not highly prevalent. The phenotype of these patients is primarily influenced by psychosocial impairment, followed by somatosensory alterations, and distinctive genotype.

• #2 Review of temporomandibular joint pathology: Part I: Classification, epidemiology and risk factors

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1698-69462007000400006

  Review of temporomandibular joint pathology. Part I: Classification, epidemiology and risk factors […] Pathology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) affects an important part of the population, though it is not viewed as a public health problem. Between 3-7% of the population seeks treatment for pain and dysfunction of the ATM or related structures. The literature reports great variability in the prevalence of the clinical symptoms (6-93%) and signs (0-93%), probably as a result of the different clinical criteria used. […] Approximately 7% of the population between 12 and 18 years of age is diagnosed with mandibular pain-dysfunction. Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is more frequent in females. […] Both local and systemic hyperlaxity has been postulated as a possible cause of TMD. […] One way to address the problem is quantification according to the population demands for treatment. Based on this criterion, 3-7% of the population seeks treatment for pain and/or dysfunction of the TMJ or related structures. From this perspective it is understood that those patients who do not seek treatment do not consider such alterations to be a relevant problem, and are able to lead a normal life despite the symptoms (8).

• #3 Temporomandibular joint dysfunction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_dysfunction

  Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is an umbrella term covering pain and dysfunction of the muscles of mastication (the muscles that move the jaw) and the temporomandibular joints (the joints which connect the mandible to the skull). […] The prevalence of TMD in the global population is 34%. It varies by continent: the highest rate is in South America at 47%, followed by Asia at 33%, Europe at 29%, and North America at 26%. […] About 75% of the general population may have at least one abnormal sign associated with the TMJ (e.g. clicking), and about 33% have at least one symptom of TMD. […] According to the most recent analyses of epidemiologic data using the RDC/TMD diagnostic criteria, of all TMD cases, group I (muscle disorders) accounts for 45.3%, group II (disc displacements) 41.1%, and group III (joint disorders) 30.1% (individuals may have diagnoses from more than one group). […] The highest prevalence of TMD (regardless of type) is in South America at 47%, followed by Asia at 33%, Europe at 29%, and North America at 26%.

• #3 Temporomandibular Disorders: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0100/temporomandibular-disorders.html

  Temporomandibular disorders affect between 5% and 12% of the population and present with symptoms such as headache, bruxism, pain at the temporomandibular joint, jaw popping or clicking, neck pain, tinnitus, dizziness, decreased hearing, and hyperacuity to sound. […] The prevalence of TMDs is between 5% and 12%. […] Managing TMDs is estimated to cost $4 billion annually in the United States. […] TMDs have a bimodal peak at 21 and 53 years of age with a female-to-male ratio of 3-to-1. […] TMDs occur due to complex interactions involving biomechanical, psychosocial, and genetic factors. […] TMDs are classified as chronic if they persist for more than three months.

• #3 Temporomandibular Disorders and Pain Syndromes | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/temporomandibular-joint-dysfunction-and-pain-syndromes

  Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, and associated structures. […] How common are temporomandibular disorders? (Epidemiology) TMJ symptoms are relatively common, although only about 5% seek medical help for their symptoms. TMDs can occur at any age but peak during the second and third decades of life. They are more common in women. […] A systematic review conducted in 2021 reported that the prevalence of TMDs in the general population was approximately 31% in adults and 11% in children. […] Temporomandibular symptoms are commonly found in musicians, particularly wind and string players. […] There is also an increase in symptoms among patients with schizophrenia.

• #3 Temporomandibular Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1143410-overview

  Temporomandibular disorder is a commonly seen condition in primary care and dentistry practice. According to some authorities, as many as 75% of the people in the United States population will at some time have some of the signs and symptoms of TMD; however, all of these individuals are not believed to have TMD. Between 5% and 10% of Americans may sufficiently fulfill the criteria to merit a diagnosis of TMD. […] Temporomandibular disorder primarily affects women with a male-to-female ratio of 1:4. […] Highest incidence is among young adults, especially women aged 20-40 years.

• #3 Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/809598-overview

  Currently, an estimated 10 million people have TMJ disorders, and roughly 25% of the population have symptoms at some point in their lives. […] The morbidity of the disorder is related to significant pain on movement of the jaw. While some patients’ symptoms may resolve within weeks, others may have chronic symptoms that persist even with extensive therapy. […] The highest incidence of TMJ syndrome is in adults aged 20-40 years. […] TMJ syndrome is found infrequently in the pediatric population.

• #3 Clinical profile in relation to age and gender of patients with temporomandibular disorders: a retrospective study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-024-04736-2

  The present study is to evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). […] A total of 3362 TMD patients were included. Each participant had complete medical records according to the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD). The clinical characteristics including symptoms and signs in relation to age and gender were analyzed. […] The majority of TMD patients seeking care were young people. The number and average age of female patients was higher than the males. Female patients were more likely to have limitations in jaw movement than males. […] Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles and associated structures, is the second most common musculoskeletal condition after chronic lower backache.

• #3 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in postmenopausal women and relationship with pain and HRT Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in postmenopausal women and relationship with pain and HRT

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bor/a/shXtFgHktvBH3kBR64tFvqg

  Studies have reported a female:male ratio of approximately 4:1 in terms of the prevalence of TMD. […] Furthermore, this condition has the highest prevalence among women in their reproductive years (aged 20 to 40 years) and lowest prevalence among postmenopausal women, children, adolescents, and the elderly. […] Several aspects of the prevalence pattern of TMD suggest that endogenous reproductive hormones play a role in these pain conditions, and various mechanisms explaining the influence of hormones in TMD pain can be postulated. […] The use of exogenous hormones and risk of TMD among postmenopausal women have been examined previously. […] Epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders: implications for the investigation of etiologic factors. […] There is a concern about the absence of TMD epidemiology involving postmenopausal women; this issue complicates the comparison of findings from different studies. […] The authors believe that more epidemiological studies should be conducted to confirm the results of the present study.

• #3 3 Individual and Societal Burden of TMDs | Temporomandibular Disorders: Priorities for Research and Care | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/25652/chapter/5

  Conclusion 3-2: Nationally representative longitudinal studies of the incidence, prevalence, and disease course of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders would advance understanding of TMD etiology, risk, and prognosis and support the ability to develop clinical practice guidelines and treatment pathways. […] Conclusion 3-3: Even with a fragmented understanding of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) according to traditional public health measures (e.g., prevalence, incidence), it is clear that TMDs have a large public health impact and a significant health, social, financial, and emotional burden on many individuals and families. […] Conclusion 3-4: Risk factors for persistent temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and the protective factors that prevent an individual from transitioning to painful, chronic TMDs are poorly understood and need to be a priority for clinical epidemiological research on TMDs.

• #4 Risk factor assessments of temporomandibular disorders via machine learning | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98837-5

  This study aimed to use artificial intelligence to determine whether biological and psychosocial factors, such as stress, socioeconomic status, and working conditions, were major risk factors for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). […] The rate of occurrence of signs and symptoms associated with TMDs is reported to range from 1.8 to 33.4% across different populations. […] In South Korea, the number of patients diagnosed with TMDs has increased by approximately 17.1%, and the related national health insurance cost has increased by approximately 47.3% between 2015 and 2019. […] The etiology of TMDs is considered multifactorial, with biological and psychosocial factors contributing either independently, or as interrelated factors. […] This study aimed to identify the contributing biological and psychosocial factors and their relative importance as risk factors for the development of TMDs.

• #4 Temporomandibular joint dysfunction | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/temporomandibular-joint-dysfunction?lang=us

  TMJ dysfunction is far more common in women (F:M 8:1). […] Treatment should be reserved for symptomatic patients ref:

• #4 Frontiers | Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and its association with malocclusion in children: A transversal study

  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.860833/full

  Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and its association with malocclusion in children: A transversal study […] This study investigated the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in a sample of children and adolescents and evaluated the correlation with occlusal variables. TMD signs and symptoms were recorded in 411 subjects (age range 7–15 years), divided into two groups: 214 subjects treated in Chieti (Italy) CG group and 197 in Murcia (Spain) MG group. […] The literature suggests that TMD neuromuscular and mechanical, structural, and psychosocial factors are sources. […] Various studies have shown that TMD affects 10%–15% of the adult population, but only 5% require treatment. The highest incidence of TMD occurs from 20 to 40 years of age; in women, it is two times as high as in men. Other age groups may also be affected by TMD, as the frequency is lower; therefore, studying TMD in different age groups, such as the elderly, children, and adolescents, is equally relevant. […] According to previous studies in European countries, TMD prevalence rates were 26.5% in Poland and 28.21% among subjects aged 12–15 years and 22.58% among those aged 5–11 years in Italy. […] Epidemiological studies on TMD carried out in children apply the same methods as those used for adults. However, adjustments should be made, considering the different growth patterns of the masticatory system and the different levels of understanding and ability to discriminate against different situations in childhood. […] This study aims to establish the prevalence of TMJ disorders in developmental age and to assess the relationship with malocclusions. […] The results in the current study indicate that the prevalence of TMDs is 26.17% in patients with Chieti and 21.83% in patients with Murcia, considering joint sounds, the presence of sleep and awake bruxism, and opening deviation as pathognomonic signs.

• #5 Clinical profile in relation to age and gender of patients with temporomandibular disorders: a retrospective study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-024-04736-2

  In literature, the prevalence of TMD in the general population has varied widely, ranging from 7 to 84%. […] Most epidemiological studies showed that predilection of TMD in women is striking. The female-to-male ratio of patients seeking care has been reported as ranging from 3:1 to as high as 9:1. […] In the present study, the female-to-male ratio of TMD patients seeking care was also 2.2:1, which is identical to the previous meta-analysis. […] The present study with 3362 TMD patients in 2021 may help to understand the real clinical profile of TMD currently.

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