Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nipple Discharge – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is the third leading breast complaint after lumps and pain, with a prevalence of 5-10% in women. Nipple discharge can be categorized as follows: galactorrhea, discharge in pregnant women, purulent discharge, multiple pore discharge, and single or pauci-pore discharge. […] Characteristics of suspicious nipple discharge include unilateral/single pore, spontaneous, persistent, and clear, serous or bloody discharge. Any nipple discharge with an associated palpable abnormality or new nipple inversion should be considered suspicious. […] Nipple discharge is associated with a 5-23% risk of malignancy in women, typically DCIS. Any discharge in a man is suspicious and associated with breast cancer in 25-57% of cases. […] MRI with contrast is very sensitive and with a high negative predictive value, however there is a high false positive rate. Non-mass enhancement is the most common finding in patients with suspicious nipple discharge. […] More recent studies show that MRI is much more sensitive than ductography (98% for MRI, versus 49% for ductography).

• #1 Nipple discharge

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nipple-discharge/basics/when-to-see-doctor/sym-20050946?p=1

  Nipple discharge means any fluid that comes out of a breast nipple. […] Nipple discharge during pregnancy and breast-feeding is typical. At other times, it may not be cause for worry. But it’s good to have a healthcare professional examine your breasts if the nipple discharge is a new symptom. […] The fluid might look milky, clear, yellow, green, brown, gray or bloody. It can be thin and sticky or thin and watery. […] Nipple discharge is a typical part of how the breast works during pregnancy or breast-feeding. It also can be linked to menstrual hormone changes and common changes in breast tissue, called fibrocystic breast. […] A papilloma can be linked to bloody discharge. The discharge linked with a papilloma often happens spontaneously and involves a single duct. […] The bloody discharge may clear up on its own. But your healthcare professional is likely to want a diagnostic mammogram and a breast ultrasound to see what’s causing the discharge.

• #1

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/symptoms/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge means any fluid that comes out of a breast nipple. […] Nipple discharge during pregnancy and breast-feeding is typical. At other times, it may not be cause for worry. But it’s good to have a healthcare professional examine your breasts if the nipple discharge is a new symptom. Men who ever have nipple discharge should have a medical exam. […] Discharge can come from one or both breasts nipples. It might happen from squeezing the nipples or breasts. Or it might happen on its own, called spontaneous. The discharge comes through one or more of the ducts that carry milk. […] The fluid might look milky, clear, yellow, green, brown, gray or bloody. It can be thin and sticky or thin and watery. […] Often, a harmless condition causes nipple discharge. However, the discharge might mean breast cancer, especially if: You have a lump in your breast. The discharge comes from only one breast. The discharge is bloody or clear. The discharge happens on its own and is ongoing. You can see that the discharge is coming from a single duct.

• #1 Nipple Discharge

  https://www.drbindu.com.au/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is the release of fluid from the nipple. […] Nipple discharge is a very common breast symptom and in most cases is part of the normal function of the breast rather than being caused by a problem. […] Nipple discharge alone (without a lump or other nipple change) is a very uncommon symptom of breast cancer. There are normally 15-20 milk ducts opening onto each nipple. Discharge can come from one or a number of these ducts. […] Nipple discharge may be: […] Spontaneous (fluid leaks from the breast without any squeezing of the nipple or pressure on the breast); or […] On expression (fluid only comes out of the nipple when the nipple is squeezed or there is pressure on the breast). […] Nipple discharge is very common. Fluid can be obtained from the nipples of approximately 50-70% of normal women when special techniques, massage, or devices such as breast pumps are used. This discharge of fluid from a normal breast is referred to as physiological discharge.

• #1 Nipple Discharge Fact Sheet | Westmead BCI

  https://www.bci.org.au/breast-cancer-information/fact-sheets/nipple-discharge/

  Nipple discharge is the release of fluid from the nipple. It is a very common breast symptom and in most cases is part of the normal function of the breast rather than being caused by a problem. Nipple discharge alone (without a lump or other nipple change) is a very uncommon symptom of breast cancer. […] Nipple discharge may be: Spontaneous (fluid leaks from the breast without any squeezing of the nipple or pressure on the breast); or On expression (fluid only comes out of the nipple when the nipple is squeezed or there is pressure on the breast). […] Nipple discharge is very common. Fluid can be obtained from the nipples of approximately 50-70% of normal women when special techniques, massage, or devices such as breast pumps are used. This discharge of fluid from a normal breast is referred to as physiological discharge.

• #1 Nipple Discharge Fact Sheet | Westmead BCI

  https://www.bci.org.au/breast-cancer-information/fact-sheets/nipple-discharge/

  This discharge is usually yellow, milky, or green in appearance, it does not happen spontaneously, and it can often be seen to be coming from more than one duct. Physiological nipple discharge is no cause for concern. […] Spontaneous nipple discharge unrelated to pregnancy or breast feeding is considered abnormal. In most cases it has a non-cancerous (benign) cause. Spontaneous nipple discharge that is caused by disease (pathology) in the breast is more likely to be from one breast only (unilateral), confined to a single duct, and clear or blood-stained in appearance. […] Nipple discharge that is associated with other symptoms such as a lump in the breast or ulceration or inversion of the nipple needs prompt investigation, even if it is not spontaneous or blood-stained. […] Breast cancer is an uncommon cause of nipple discharge. Less than 5% of women with breast cancer have nipple discharge, and most of these women have other symptoms, such as a lump or newly inverted nipple, as well as the nipple discharge.

• #1 Nipple discharge

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nipple-discharge/basics/causes/sym-20050946

  Nipple discharge is a typical part of how the breast works during pregnancy or breast-feeding. It also can be linked to menstrual hormone changes and common changes in breast tissue, called fibrocystic breast. The milky discharge after breast-feeding most often affects both breasts. It can continue for up to one year or more after giving birth or stopping nursing. […] A papilloma is a noncancerous, also called benign, tumor in a milk duct. A papilloma can be linked to bloody discharge. The discharge linked with a papilloma often happens spontaneously and involves a single duct. […] The bloody discharge may clear up on its own. But your healthcare professional is likely to want a diagnostic mammogram and a breast ultrasound to see what’s causing the discharge. […] Often, a harmless condition causes nipple discharge. However, the discharge might mean breast cancer, especially if: You have a lump in your breast. The discharge comes from only one breast. The discharge is bloody or clear. The discharge happens on its own and is ongoing. You can see that the discharge is coming from a single duct.

• #1 Nipple discharge

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nipple-discharge/basics/causes/sym-20050946

  Possible causes of nipple discharge include: Abscess. Birth control pills. Breast cancer. Breast infection. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Endocrine conditions. Fibrocystic breasts. Galactorrhea. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Injury or trauma to the breast. Intraductal papilloma. Mammary duct ectasia. Medicines. Menstrual cycle hormone changes. Paget’s disease of the breast. Periductal mastitis. Pregnancy and breast-feeding. Prolactinoma. Too much handling of the breast or pressure on the breast. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #1 Galactorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17924-galactorrhea

  Galactorrhea causes a milk-like discharge to leak from your nipple. It’s unrelated to lactation. […] Galactorrhea happens when your breasts unexpectedly produce milk or a milk-like discharge. This nipple discharge may leak from your breast on its own or when touched. Its not related to milk production in breastfeeding or pregnancy. […] The main symptom of galactorrhea is leaking a light white, milk-like discharge when youre not breastfeeding or pregnant. It typically affects both breasts and may flow if you squeeze your nipple or leak on its own. […] This varies depending on the cause. Once you receive treatment for galactorrhea, the milky discharge should subside. Treatment may take longer if the source of your galactorrhea is a pituitary tumor that needs medication, surgery or radiation therapy.

• #1 Nipple Discharge: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is common and usually not serious, but it may be a symptom of an underlying condition. […] Discharge is usually not serious. Still, it can be a sign of breast cancer, so its worth talking about with a doctor. […] Some other symptoms you might have with nipple discharge include: breast pain or tenderness, lump or swelling in the breast or around the nipple, nipple changes, like turning inward, dimpling, changing color, itching, or scaling, skin changes, such as rash or lesions, redness, breast size changes, such as one breast thats larger or smaller than the other, fever, missed periods, nausea or vomiting, fatigue. […] Breast cancer can cause nipple discharge, especially ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), an early form of breast cancer that starts in the milk ducts. […] If you do have breast cancer, the discharge will probably come from one breast only.

• #1 Less Common Signs of Breast Cancer

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-less-common-symptoms

  Tender, Swollen Breasts: Less often, inflammatory breast cancer is the cause. This rare cancer doesnt often form a lump. Instead, your breast may go through rapid changes and become: Visibly larger; Discolored (red or purplish); Unusually warm; Dimpled, like an orange peel; Tender or painful. […] In inflammatory breast cancer, the cancer cells clog the breasts lymph ducts, which normally drain extra fluid away. The blockage leads to fluid build-up that causes those classic symptoms.

• #1 Nipple discharge

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nipple-discharge/basics/when-to-see-doctor/sym-20050946?p=1

  Often, a harmless condition causes nipple discharge. However, the discharge might mean breast cancer, especially if: The discharge comes from only one breast. […] Nipple discharge is rarely a sign of breast cancer. But it might be a sign of a condition that needs treatment. […] If you’re past menopause and you have nipple discharge that happens on its own, is clear or bloody and from a single duct in one breast only, see your healthcare professional right away.

• #1 Nipple Discharge: Color, Causes, What It Means & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21014-nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge may be a symptom of a serious medical condition. […] Nipple discharge is always abnormal in men. […] Its important to have a healthcare provider examine your breasts and determine the cause of any nipple discharge. […] Nipple discharge is typically NOT OK if: Its bloody. Bloody discharge is almost always concerning. […] Healthcare providers consider nipple discharge abnormal when it occurs spontaneously (not caused by breast stimulation), is bloody or only occurs in one breast. […] Nipple discharge thats bloody or clear may be a sign of breast cancer. […] Yes. There are studies that show stress causes nipple discharge. […] Nipple discharge is concerning when: Youre male. […] Contact a healthcare provider about any nipple discharge thats new, that lasts longer than a few weeks or if the discharge: Comes from one breast only. […] In most cases, nipple discharge in women happens due to hormones, a blocked milk duct or a noncancerous lump or tumor. Nipple discharge in men is almost always abnormal.

• #1 Nipple Discharge: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/nipple-discharge

  Discharge isnt often due to cancer, however. […] Its still a good idea to get any breast discharge checked out, especially if its a new symptom for you. […] Nipple discharge is usually nothing to worry about. Still, because it can be a sign of breast cancer, its worth having a doctor check it out. […] The discharge might come out of just one or both nipples. […] The leakage can start early in pregnancy, and you could continue to see milk for up to 2 or 3 years after you stop nursing. […] However, you may have discharge even if youre not pregnant or lactating. […] Your doctor will start by asking questions about the discharge, including: When did the discharge start? Is it in one breast or both? Does it come out on its own, or do you have to squeeze the nipple to produce it? What other symptoms do you have? What medications do you take? Are you pregnant or nursing? […] Your doctor will also likely do a urine or blood test to find out if youre pregnant.

• #1 Breast Nipple Discharge – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430938/

  Nipple discharge is the third most common breast complaint after breast pain and breast mass. […] The clinical history is most helpful in distinguishing benign from suspicious or pathologic nipple discharge. […] The patient’s age is very important, as women greater than 40 years of age are at higher risk of having pathologic discharge. […] Postmenopausal women with nipple discharge are rarely benign. […] Physiologic discharge is usually bilateral, with clear fluid, involves multiple ducts, and is non-sticky. Pathologic discharge is usually unilateral, spontaneous, varied in appearance, and depending on the cause, involves a single duct. […] The primary goal of evaluation of the nipple discharge in a general outpatient setting or the emergency department is to distinguish patients with benign discharge from those with underlying breast cancer, infection/abscess, or those patients who are at high risk of developing pathologic processes. […] Most nipple discharge is due to an intraductal papilloma and these patients have an excellent outcome when the lesion is excised.

• #1 Nipple Discharge – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/breast-disorders/nipple-discharge

  Certain findings are of particular concern: Palpable breast mass or skin changes, Bloody discharge, Unilateral discharge, Spontaneous discharge, Age 40, Male sex. […] If a mass is present or discharge is guaiac-positive, even if bilateral, cancer must be considered. Discharge that is bilateral and/or multiductal and guaiac-negative suggests an endocrine cause. […] Spontaneous, unilateral discharge requires diagnostic testing; this type of discharge may be cancer, particularly if it is bloody (or guaiac-positive). […] Treatment of a nipple discharge is based on the cause. If imaging identifies a lesion, core needle biopsy is done. Breast cancer is treated as appropriate. […] Hyperprolactinemia is treated with drugs or surgical removal of a pituitary tumor.

• #1 When nipple discharge is normal and when it isn’t | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/when-nipple-discharge-is-normal-and-when-it-s-not

  Nipple discharge is physiological and completely normal. It is common to have clear, milky or even greenish discharge throughout your reproductive years. […] Most of the time, breast discharge is not serious, but there are times when it can be a sign of breast cancer or that something isnt as it should be. Signs to looks out for include: Spontaneous nipple discharge which happens on a regular basis without squeezing; Your breast is producing a large volume of discharge; The discharge is blood stained (red, brown or black); It usually comes out of a single duct (point) or one breast only. […] Very rarely; however, when it is, its is a sign of very early cancer which is known as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). This is when the cells that line the milk ducts become cancer. As it is a very early form of cancer, it is easily treatable and curable. […] If nipple discharge is associated with an underlying lump, or other nipple changes like indrawing of nipple, then this can be more suspicious.

• #1 Nipple Discharge

  https://www.drbindu.com.au/nipple-discharge

  Abnormally high prolactin levels can also be caused by some drugs. […] Nipple discharge diagnosed as physiological discharge requires no treatment. […] Nipple discharge that is spontaneous, blood-stained, persistent, and unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding needs to be investigated further. […] This investigation will include clinical examination by a doctor, and imaging of the breast with a mammogram and/or breast ultrasound. […] If any abnormality is found on these tests, a biopsy may be recommended. […] Surgery for nipple discharge is sometimes warranted. […] This is usually reserved for cases where a significant abnormality, such as papilloma or breast cancer is suspected. […] Surgery is usually also needed for blood-stained nipple discharge even if the tests show no abnormality.

• #1 Nipple Discharge Fact Sheet | Westmead BCI

  https://www.bci.org.au/breast-cancer-information/fact-sheets/nipple-discharge/

  Nipple discharge diagnosed as physiological discharge requires no treatment. It is important to stop expressing, or squeezing the nipple and breast, as this causes more fluid to be made. […] Nipple discharge that is spontaneous, blood-stained, persistent, and unrelated to pregnancy or breast feeding needs to be investigated further. This investigation will include clinical examination by a doctor, and imaging of the breast with a mammogram and/or breast ultrasound. […] Surgery for nipple discharge is sometimes warranted. This is usually reserved for cases where a significant abnormality, such as a papilloma or breast cancer is suspected.

• #1 Nipple Discharge

  https://www.drbindu.com.au/nipple-discharge

  In this case, it is done to explore the ducts under the nipple to rule out significant abnormalities not seen on tests. […] Surgery may also be performed as a procedure to cure annoying discharge caused by conditions such as duct ectasia. […] Surgery for nipple discharge, known as microdochectomy or total duct excision, is required for […] Diagnosis of blood-stained nipple discharge even if imaging shows no abnormality […] Treatment of the underlying disease (e.g. intraductal papilloma) […] Treatment of annoying discharge caused by benign conditions (e.g. duct ectasia).

• #1 Nipple Discharge | Baylor Scott & White Health

  https://www.bswhealth.com/conditions/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is when fluid comes out from one or both of your nipples. […] If you have any unusual nipple discharge or are experiencing it for the first time, talk with your doctor about your next steps. […] In men, any discharge from the nipples isnt normal and is a sign of a health issue. […] While your nipple discharge may be harmless, it can sometimes indicate a more serious health issue. […] Many types of nipple discharge are considered normal, but there are some signs you should get checked. […] Schedule a visit with your doctor for nipple discharge if: The discharge is bloody. […] The discharge is only coming from one breast. […] It is ongoing and isnt improving. […] Changes in your hormone levels can cause many effects on your body, including nipple discharge. […] When hormones are the cause, nipple discharge often affects both breasts.

• #1 Nipple Discharge | Baylor Scott & White Health

  https://www.bswhealth.com/conditions/nipple-discharge

  Pagets disease is a rare cause of nipple discharge. […] Any male nipple discharge needs to be checked by a doctor. […] If youre experiencing nipple discharge, a visit to the doctor can give you the answers you need. […] Your care team will work with you to create a care plan to treat your nipple discharge. […] If you dont have any other symptoms along with the discharge, your doctor might recommend taking steps to prevent putting pressure on, squeezing or irritating your nipples, which makes discharge less likely to occur. […] Nipple discharge can be a sign of pregnancy. […] For women who are in their reproductive years, nipple discharge can be expected. […] Rarely, nipple discharge is a symptom of breast cancer. […] Nipple discharge is a concern when its bloody, only affects one breast or leaks out on its own.

• #1 Nipple discharge – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge that is not normal is: […] Nipple discharge may be a symptom of breast cancer or a pituitary tumor. […] Most of the time, nipple problems are not breast cancer. These problems will either go away with the right treatment, or they can be watched closely over time.

• #2 Breast Nipple Discharge – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430938/

  Nipple discharge is the third most common breast complaint after breast pain and breast mass. […] The clinical history is most helpful in distinguishing benign from suspicious or pathologic nipple discharge. […] The patient’s age is very important, as women greater than 40 years of age are at higher risk of having pathologic discharge. […] Postmenopausal women with nipple discharge are rarely benign. […] Physiologic discharge is usually bilateral, with clear fluid, involves multiple ducts, and is non-sticky. Pathologic discharge is usually unilateral, spontaneous, varied in appearance, and depending on the cause, involves a single duct. […] The primary goal of evaluation of the nipple discharge in a general outpatient setting or the emergency department is to distinguish patients with benign discharge from those with underlying breast cancer, infection/abscess, or those patients who are at high risk of developing pathologic processes. […] Most nipple discharge is due to an intraductal papilloma and these patients have an excellent outcome when the lesion is excised.

• #2

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/symptoms/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge means any fluid that comes out of a breast nipple. […] Nipple discharge during pregnancy and breast-feeding is typical. At other times, it may not be cause for worry. But it’s good to have a healthcare professional examine your breasts if the nipple discharge is a new symptom. Men who ever have nipple discharge should have a medical exam. […] Discharge can come from one or both breasts nipples. It might happen from squeezing the nipples or breasts. Or it might happen on its own, called spontaneous. The discharge comes through one or more of the ducts that carry milk. […] The fluid might look milky, clear, yellow, green, brown, gray or bloody. It can be thin and sticky or thin and watery. […] Often, a harmless condition causes nipple discharge. However, the discharge might mean breast cancer, especially if: You have a lump in your breast. The discharge comes from only one breast. The discharge is bloody or clear. The discharge happens on its own and is ongoing. You can see that the discharge is coming from a single duct.

• #2 Nipple discharge – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipple_discharge

  Nipple discharge is fluid from the nipple, with or without squeezing the breast. The discharge can be milky, clear, green, purulent, bloody, or faintly yellow. The consistency can be thick, thin, sticky, or watery. […] Nipple discharge may be normal, such as milk in late pregnancy or after childbirth, and in newborns during the first weeks of life. It may also be normal following squeezing, in women during the reproductive years. It is likely abnormal if it occurs in men, contains blood, is from only one breast, or is associated with a breast lump, swelling, redness or overlying skin changes. […] Spontaneous nipple discharge unrelated to pregnancy or lactation is considered abnormal, but mostly have a non-serious cause. Nipple discharge in men is not normal. Discharge from nipples is also more likely to be abnormal (pathological) if it is crystal clear or blood-stained, is from only one breast, or is associated with a breast lump, swelling, redness or overlying skin changes. […] About 3% of breast cancer cases are associated with discharge. […] Most abnormal nipple discharge is not associated with breast cancer, but 1-5% of breast cancers present with nipple discharge.

• #2 Nipple Discharge

  https://www.drbindu.com.au/nipple-discharge

  This discharge is usually yellow, milky, or green in appearance, it does not happen spontaneously, and it can often be seen to be coming from more than one duct. Physiological nipple discharge is no cause for concern. […] Spontaneous nipple discharge unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding is considered abnormal. In most cases, it has a non-cancerous (benign) cause. Spontaneous nipple discharge that is caused by disease (pathology) in the breast is more likely to be from one breast only (unilateral), confined to a single duct, and clear or blood-stained in appearance. […] Nipple discharge that is associated with other symptoms such as a lump in the breast or ulceration or inversion of the nipple needs prompt investigation, even if it is not spontaneous or blood-stained. […] There are many causes of abnormal nipple discharge.

• #2 Nipple Discharge – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is the third leading breast complaint after lumps and pain, with a prevalence of 5-10% in women. Nipple discharge can be categorized as follows: galactorrhea, discharge in pregnant women, purulent discharge, multiple pore discharge, and single or pauci-pore discharge. […] Characteristics of suspicious nipple discharge include unilateral/single pore, spontaneous, persistent, and clear, serous or bloody discharge. Any nipple discharge with an associated palpable abnormality or new nipple inversion should be considered suspicious. […] Nipple discharge is associated with a 5-23% risk of malignancy in women, typically DCIS. Any discharge in a man is suspicious and associated with breast cancer in 25-57% of cases. […] MRI with contrast is very sensitive and with a high negative predictive value, however there is a high false positive rate. Non-mass enhancement is the most common finding in patients with suspicious nipple discharge. […] More recent studies show that MRI is much more sensitive than ductography (98% for MRI, versus 49% for ductography).

• #2 Nipple discharge

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nipple-discharge/basics/when-to-see-doctor/sym-20050946?p=1

  Nipple discharge means any fluid that comes out of a breast nipple. […] Nipple discharge during pregnancy and breast-feeding is typical. At other times, it may not be cause for worry. But it’s good to have a healthcare professional examine your breasts if the nipple discharge is a new symptom. […] The fluid might look milky, clear, yellow, green, brown, gray or bloody. It can be thin and sticky or thin and watery. […] Nipple discharge is a typical part of how the breast works during pregnancy or breast-feeding. It also can be linked to menstrual hormone changes and common changes in breast tissue, called fibrocystic breast. […] A papilloma can be linked to bloody discharge. The discharge linked with a papilloma often happens spontaneously and involves a single duct. […] The bloody discharge may clear up on its own. But your healthcare professional is likely to want a diagnostic mammogram and a breast ultrasound to see what’s causing the discharge.

• #2

  https://www.beaumont.org/services/womens-services/breast-care-services/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is any fluid that leaks from one or both nipples. […] Nipple discharge may also be due to hormonal changes and fibrocystic breast changes. […] Most causes of nipple discharge are benign (non-cancerous). The most common cause of nipple discharge is intraductal papilloma, a small, benign tumor in the milk duct. This condition is likely to cause bloody discharge from the nipple. […] All nipple discharge that is not related to pregnancy or breastfeeding should be evaluated by a doctor. […] However, if you have other signs and symptoms of breast cancer along with nipple discharge, your chances of having breast cancer are increased. Some of those signs and symptoms to look for are: a lump in the breast, nipple discharge is only from one breast, bloody or pink discharge, the nipple discharge is spontaneous (it happens without nipple stimulation) and persistent (it happens regularly). […] Nipple discharge should also be evaluated if it occurs in women over 40 or it occurs in men or boys. […] If you have nipple discharge outside of pregnancy and breastfeeding and it lasts for more than four weeks or you have any of the above symptoms, you should see your doctor within a week.

• #2 Types of Nipple Discharge: Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis | Medanta | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/types-of-nipple-discharge-causes-and-symptoms

  Galactorrhoea occurs due to an increased prolactin level. Prolactin is a hormone that is associated with the growth of breasts and breastfeeding, which is known as hyperprolactinemia. The increased level of prolactin can happen due to medications, hypothyroidism, herbal supplements, and even pituitary microadenomas.

• #2 Nipple Discharge – Causes, Symptoms and When To Worry | Breast Care Center

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/nipple-discharge-causes-symptoms-and-when-to-worry/

  Nipple discharge is a condition that occurs in women who are in their reproductive years, those who aren’t pregnant or breastfeeding, and men. […] In most cases, nipple discharge is nothing to worry about, but sometimes, it can be one of the symptoms that people with breast cancer experience. […] That said, sometimes, patients who have nipple discharge can also experience other symptoms that could indicate that they have another condition: Fever: This could be a sign of a breast infection or mastitis. […] Breast mass: This, together with discharge, could be a sign of breast cancer. […] Abnormal discharge can develop when the patient has: Fibrocystic breasts: It is common for premenopausal women to have fibrocystic breasts – when their breast tissue feels lumpy and painful. […] Infections: Mastitis is a breast infection that can cause a yellow-green nipple discharge. Patients also report having fever, pain, or breast tenderness.

• #2 Nipple Discharge – Causes, Symptoms and When To Worry | Breast Care Center

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/nipple-discharge-causes-symptoms-and-when-to-worry/

  Mammary duct ectasia: This is the term we use to refer to blocked milk ducts. […] Galactorrhea: This is another term for milky discharge, and it can occur in women who are and aren’t breastfeeding, men and children. […] Although discharge is rarely a symptom of breast cancer, it can be a warning sign when it is in its preinvasive stage, especially in individuals who are over 40. […] Also, patients can have discharge that affects one side of their breasts and breast cancer symptoms, such as skin changes, nipple inversion, or a breast mass. […] We also associate a bloody nipple discharge with cancer, but this can also be clear or milky. […] You should see a doctor if you’re menstruating and your nipples still have discharge after your next menstrual cycle. […] In addition, it is best to see a physician if you meet any of the following criteria: Having a bloody nipple discharge. […] Discharge that comes out on its own, without stimulation. […] Having other symptoms such as pain, redness, or swelling.

• #2 Nipple Discharge – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/breast-disorders/nipple-discharge

  Fluid that leaks from one or both nipples is called nipple discharge. A normal nipple discharge is usually a thin, cloudy, whitish, or almost clear fluid. However, the discharge may be other colors, such as gray, green, yellow, or brown. A bloody discharge is abnormal. Abnormal discharges vary in appearance depending on the cause. An abnormal discharge may be accompanied by other abnormalities, such as dimpled skin, swelling, redness, crusting, sores, and an inverted (retracted) nipple. If a discharge from only one breast occurs on its own (without any stimulation of the nipple), it is considered abnormal. […] Nipple discharge is a cause for concern when it is bloody or pink. […] If the discharge comes from only one breast and is bloody or pink, cancer is possible, especially in women aged 40 or older.

• #2 Nipple discharge | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/what-is-breast-cancer/non-cancerous-conditions/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is when fluid leaks from one or both nipples. It is normal after a woman gives birth because her breasts are making milk for the baby. Nipple discharge may be a concern when it: […] Nipple discharge is usually due to a benign condition. Discharge from one nipple is more likely to be caused by a problem in that breast. Discharge from both nipples is more likely to be caused by something outside of the breast, such as an endocrine gland problem. Have your doctor check any nipple discharge. […] The discharge can look different depending on what causes it. […] If you have nipple discharge, your doctor may ask about any medications that you are taking. The following tests may be used for diagnosis. […] Treatment for nipple discharge will depend on what is causing it.

• #2 Nipple Discharge Fact Sheet | Westmead BCI

  https://www.bci.org.au/breast-cancer-information/fact-sheets/nipple-discharge/

  Nipple discharge diagnosed as physiological discharge requires no treatment. It is important to stop expressing, or squeezing the nipple and breast, as this causes more fluid to be made. […] Nipple discharge that is spontaneous, blood-stained, persistent, and unrelated to pregnancy or breast feeding needs to be investigated further. This investigation will include clinical examination by a doctor, and imaging of the breast with a mammogram and/or breast ultrasound. […] Surgery for nipple discharge is sometimes warranted. This is usually reserved for cases where a significant abnormality, such as a papilloma or breast cancer is suspected.

• #2 Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p343.html

  Those with pathologic discharge, even with normal imaging findings, should be referred to a surgeon for duct excision. […] Cytology of the nipple discharge is not recommended, because the absence of malignant cells does not exclude cancer. […] Physiologic discharge is usually bilateral, involves multiple ducts, and is associated with nipple stimulation or breast compression. […] Bilateral milky nipple discharge is appropriate during pregnancy and lactation, and may persist for up to one year postpartum or after cessation of breastfeeding. […] A human chorionic gonadotropin pregnancy test should be performed in patients with galactorrhea to rule out pregnancy. […] If negative, prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels should be obtained to determine the presence of an endocrinopathy.

• #2 Nipple discharge

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nipple-discharge/

  Nipple discharge may not be anything serious, but it’s important to get it checked. […] Nipple discharge may be nothing serious, but sometimes it can be a sign of an underlying condition, including a breast cyst or breast cancer. You should always get it checked. […] It may not be anything serious, but there’s a small chance it could be a sign of breast cancer, so it’s best to get it checked. […] Nipple discharge can sometimes be a sign of breast cancer, so it’s important to get it checked.

• #2 Normal vs. Abnormal Nipple Discharge: Key Differences and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/women/breast-nipple-discharge

  A nipple discharge is often caused by conditions that are benign. You also could have a condition that needs treatment but is noncancerous. Here are signs that your nipple discharge needs to be checked soon: […] You should see a doctor for any discharge that’s new to you or lasts longer than a few weeks. […] Most nipple discharge is either normal or caused by a benign medical condition. There are instances, though, when a discharge from the breast may be a symptom of some forms of breast cancer. This likelihood is greater if your nipple discharge comes with a lump or mass within the breast or if you have had an abnormal mammogram. […] A discharge that’s clear or bloody can be a sign of breast cancer. But it also can be a sign of other conditions. It’s important to remember that breast cancer rarely causes a discharge from your nipples.

• #2 Nipple Discharge and Breast Cancer: Understanding the Facts and Risks | Breastlink

  http://breastlink.com/breast-cancer-101/common-breast-problems/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge can be a concerning symptom for many women. Although it can be an early symptom of breast cancer, most cases are due to benign conditions. It’s crucial to differentiate between benign and malignant discharge to avoid any misdiagnosis or misinterpretation of the symptoms. […] Worrisome discharge is typically either bloody or clear. […] If the discharge is spontaneous and originating from a single duct, we perform a ductogram, a procedure in which contrast material is placed into the duct under local anesthesia and an X-ray is taken. […] Most cancers identified with this procedure are early cancers with a good prognosis. […] It is important to note that nipple discharge can be caused by a wide range of conditions, and breast cancer is only one of them. With proper evaluation and management, the vast majority of patients with nipple discharge can be treated successfully.

• #2 Nipple Discharge – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/breast-disorders/nipple-discharge

  Certain findings are of particular concern: Palpable breast mass or skin changes, Bloody discharge, Unilateral discharge, Spontaneous discharge, Age 40, Male sex. […] If a mass is present or discharge is guaiac-positive, even if bilateral, cancer must be considered. Discharge that is bilateral and/or multiductal and guaiac-negative suggests an endocrine cause. […] Spontaneous, unilateral discharge requires diagnostic testing; this type of discharge may be cancer, particularly if it is bloody (or guaiac-positive). […] Treatment of a nipple discharge is based on the cause. If imaging identifies a lesion, core needle biopsy is done. Breast cancer is treated as appropriate. […] Hyperprolactinemia is treated with drugs or surgical removal of a pituitary tumor.

• #2 Nipple Discharge

  https://www.drbindu.com.au/nipple-discharge

  Abnormally high prolactin levels can also be caused by some drugs. […] Nipple discharge diagnosed as physiological discharge requires no treatment. […] Nipple discharge that is spontaneous, blood-stained, persistent, and unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding needs to be investigated further. […] This investigation will include clinical examination by a doctor, and imaging of the breast with a mammogram and/or breast ultrasound. […] If any abnormality is found on these tests, a biopsy may be recommended. […] Surgery for nipple discharge is sometimes warranted. […] This is usually reserved for cases where a significant abnormality, such as papilloma or breast cancer is suspected. […] Surgery is usually also needed for blood-stained nipple discharge even if the tests show no abnormality.

• #2 Nipple Discharge Causes and Treatment | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/nipple-discharge-causes-and-treatment

  Remember that early evaluation can significantly impact treatment outcomes and improve the chances of recovery. […] Nipple discharge treatment depends on the underlying cause. Some common nipple discharge treatment approaches include: […] Antibiotics: If an infection is the cause of nipple discharge, antibiotics will be prescribed to treat the infection and alleviate symptoms. […] Hormone therapy: For hormonal imbalances, hormone therapy may be recommended to regulate hormone levels and resolve nipple discharge. […] Surgery: In cases of benign or cancerous growths, surgery could be necessary to remove the affected tissue and restore breast health. […] Being aware of the various nipple discharge causes and treatments is essential for maintaining good breast health. Don’t hesitate to consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns or experience symptoms that may indicate a problem. Early intervention is key to ensuring the best possible outcomes and preserving your breast health.

• #2

  https://www.breastimagingvictoria.com.au/nipple-discharge

  Breast cancer is an uncommon cause of nipple discharge. Less than 5% of women with breast cancer have nipple discharge, and most of these women have other symptoms, such as a lump or newly inverted nipple, as well as the nipple discharge. […] Nipple discharge diagnosed as physiological discharge requires no treatment. […] Nipple discharge that is spontaneous, blood-stained, persistent, and unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding needs to be investigated further. […] Surgery for nipple discharge is sometimes warranted. This is usually reserved for cases where a significant abnormality, such as a papilloma or breast cancer is suspected. […] Surgery is usually also needed for blood stained nipple discharge even if the tests show no abnormality.

• #2

• #2 Nipple Discharge Fact Sheet | Westmead BCI

  https://www.bci.org.au/breast-cancer-information/fact-sheets/nipple-discharge/

  This discharge is usually yellow, milky, or green in appearance, it does not happen spontaneously, and it can often be seen to be coming from more than one duct. Physiological nipple discharge is no cause for concern. […] Spontaneous nipple discharge unrelated to pregnancy or breast feeding is considered abnormal. In most cases it has a non-cancerous (benign) cause. Spontaneous nipple discharge that is caused by disease (pathology) in the breast is more likely to be from one breast only (unilateral), confined to a single duct, and clear or blood-stained in appearance. […] Nipple discharge that is associated with other symptoms such as a lump in the breast or ulceration or inversion of the nipple needs prompt investigation, even if it is not spontaneous or blood-stained. […] Breast cancer is an uncommon cause of nipple discharge. Less than 5% of women with breast cancer have nipple discharge, and most of these women have other symptoms, such as a lump or newly inverted nipple, as well as the nipple discharge.

• #3 Hormones and Breast Discharge: Causes of Different Colors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/benign-nipple-discharge-430412

  Normal fluctuations in estrogen levels throughout the menstrual cycle can lead to breast tissue changes and nipple discharge. […] Some people get lumpy breasts (fibrocystic breasts), swelling, and tenderness during the premenstrual phase of their cycle and may have a little nipple discharge as well, especially when their breasts are touched. The discharge can be milky or green-brown. […] Discharge can also occur as estrogen levels decrease as one approaches or reaches menopause. […] Colostrum (the fluid that comes in before breast milk) can start to leak weeks or even months before birth. It’s usually thin and light-yellow, then gets thicker and milky. […] This discharge is a normal part of the body’s preparation for delivering and potentially breastfeeding an infant, so it’s not usually anything to worry about.

• #3 Nipple Discharge

  https://www.drbindu.com.au/nipple-discharge

  Duct ectasia is a benign condition in which there is enlargement and inflammation of the ducts under the nipple. It usually occurs in women after menopause. The discharge caused by duct ectasia usually comes from both breasts and multiple ducts, and is yellow, green or brown. […] In most cases, no treatment is required. […] If the discharge is a nuisance, the ducts behind the nipple can be removed surgically. […] An intraductal papilloma is a benign wart-like tumour that grows inside the ducts of the breast. It may cause no symptoms, or it may cause a nipple discharge that is clear or blood-stained. […] The discharge usually comes from a single duct and from one breast only. […] Surgery is generally recommended for papillomas as they can be difficult to diagnose confidently on a needle biopsy and can rarely be associated with breast cancer.

• #3 Hormones and Breast Discharge: Causes of Different Colors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/benign-nipple-discharge-430412

  Galactorrhea is a milky nipple discharge that happens when there are high levels of prolactin in the body (hyperprolactinemia). […] Some health conditions can change the levels of certain hormones in your body. […] Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and non-cancerous growths on the pituitary gland can both cause nipple discharge because they can change how much prolactin is in your body. […] Medications such as hormonal contraceptives (e.g., birth control pills) and hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) can have a milky nipple discharge as a side effect since they change the levels of hormones (like estrogen) in your body. […] If you have breast discharge that’s not being caused by something hormonal, your provider may have to look for other possible causes. […] Nipple discharge from mammary duct ectasia can be: Clear to green, brown, or black; Very thick and cheese-like; Accompanied by red, tender nipples.

• #3 Nipple Discharge – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/nipple-discharge.html

  Nipple discharge is fluid from one or both nipples. Fluid may come out on its own or when you touch your breast or nipple. The fluid may be white, yellow, green, pink, watery, or bloody. Nipple discharge is normal in a woman that is pregnant or breastfeeding. A woman should contact her healthcare provider if she has nipple discharge when she is not pregnant or breastfeeding. A man should always contact his healthcare provider if he has nipple discharge. […] What signs and symptoms may happen with nipple discharge? Fever or body aches. Breast pain or discomfort. A swollen breast or nipple. A change in breast shape. A change in nipple shape or color. Swollen lymph nodes under your arms. […] Treatment will depend on the cause of your nipple discharge. Medicines that cause nipple discharge may be stopped or changed. Medicines may be given to control your hormone levels, decrease pain, or treat an infection. Avoid touching your nipples or breast. This may stop or decrease discharge from your nipples. Wear a tight fitting bra during exercise to decrease rubbing on your nipples.

• #3 Nipple discharge

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nipple-discharge/basics/causes/sym-20050946

  Nipple discharge is a typical part of how the breast works during pregnancy or breast-feeding. It also can be linked to menstrual hormone changes and common changes in breast tissue, called fibrocystic breast. The milky discharge after breast-feeding most often affects both breasts. It can continue for up to one year or more after giving birth or stopping nursing. […] A papilloma is a noncancerous, also called benign, tumor in a milk duct. A papilloma can be linked to bloody discharge. The discharge linked with a papilloma often happens spontaneously and involves a single duct. […] The bloody discharge may clear up on its own. But your healthcare professional is likely to want a diagnostic mammogram and a breast ultrasound to see what’s causing the discharge. […] Often, a harmless condition causes nipple discharge. However, the discharge might mean breast cancer, especially if: You have a lump in your breast. The discharge comes from only one breast. The discharge is bloody or clear. The discharge happens on its own and is ongoing. You can see that the discharge is coming from a single duct.

• #3

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/symptoms/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is rarely a sign of breast cancer. But it might be a sign of a condition that needs treatment. […] If you still have menstrual periods and your nipple discharge doesn’t clear up on its own after your next menstrual cycle, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. […] If you’re past menopause and you have nipple discharge that happens on its own, is clear or bloody and from a single duct in one breast only, see your healthcare professional right away.

• #3 Nipple Discharge – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is the third leading breast complaint after lumps and pain, with a prevalence of 5-10% in women. Nipple discharge can be categorized as follows: galactorrhea, discharge in pregnant women, purulent discharge, multiple pore discharge, and single or pauci-pore discharge. […] Characteristics of suspicious nipple discharge include unilateral/single pore, spontaneous, persistent, and clear, serous or bloody discharge. Any nipple discharge with an associated palpable abnormality or new nipple inversion should be considered suspicious. […] Nipple discharge is associated with a 5-23% risk of malignancy in women, typically DCIS. Any discharge in a man is suspicious and associated with breast cancer in 25-57% of cases. […] MRI with contrast is very sensitive and with a high negative predictive value, however there is a high false positive rate. Non-mass enhancement is the most common finding in patients with suspicious nipple discharge. […] More recent studies show that MRI is much more sensitive than ductography (98% for MRI, versus 49% for ductography).

• #3 Normal vs. Abnormal Nipple Discharge: Key Differences and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/women/breast-nipple-discharge

  A nipple discharge is often caused by conditions that are benign. You also could have a condition that needs treatment but is noncancerous. Here are signs that your nipple discharge needs to be checked soon: […] You should see a doctor for any discharge that’s new to you or lasts longer than a few weeks. […] Most nipple discharge is either normal or caused by a benign medical condition. There are instances, though, when a discharge from the breast may be a symptom of some forms of breast cancer. This likelihood is greater if your nipple discharge comes with a lump or mass within the breast or if you have had an abnormal mammogram. […] A discharge that’s clear or bloody can be a sign of breast cancer. But it also can be a sign of other conditions. It’s important to remember that breast cancer rarely causes a discharge from your nipples.

• #3 Nipple Discharge

  https://www.drbindu.com.au/nipple-discharge

  Eczema or dermatitis affecting the skin of the nipple, particularly if it becomes infected, can cause a weeping discharge associated with crusting of the nipple. […] Paget’s disease of the nipple is an uncommon type of breast cancer in which cancer cells grow in the nipple-areolar complex. […] Paget’s disease causes the nipple skin to become red, painful, scaly and sometimes ulcerated, and it may be associated with blood-stained or clear nipple discharge. […] Breast cancer is an uncommon cause of nipple discharge. Less than 5% of women with breast cancer present with nipple discharge, and most will have other symptoms such as a lump or inverted nipple. […] Galactorrhoea is a milky nipple discharge not related to pregnancy or breastfeeding. It is caused by the abnormal production of a hormone called prolactin.

• #3 Nipple Discharge – Causes, Symptoms and When To Worry | Breast Care Center

  https://www.toplinemd.com/breast-care-center-of-miami/blog/nipple-discharge-causes-symptoms-and-when-to-worry/

  Mammary duct ectasia: This is the term we use to refer to blocked milk ducts. […] Galactorrhea: This is another term for milky discharge, and it can occur in women who are and aren’t breastfeeding, men and children. […] Although discharge is rarely a symptom of breast cancer, it can be a warning sign when it is in its preinvasive stage, especially in individuals who are over 40. […] Also, patients can have discharge that affects one side of their breasts and breast cancer symptoms, such as skin changes, nipple inversion, or a breast mass. […] We also associate a bloody nipple discharge with cancer, but this can also be clear or milky. […] You should see a doctor if you’re menstruating and your nipples still have discharge after your next menstrual cycle. […] In addition, it is best to see a physician if you meet any of the following criteria: Having a bloody nipple discharge. […] Discharge that comes out on its own, without stimulation. […] Having other symptoms such as pain, redness, or swelling.

• #3 Breast Nipple Discharge – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430938/

  Nipple discharge is fluid that leaks from one or both nipples of non-pregnant and non-breastfeeding women. […] Nipple discharge can at times be a complex diagnostic challenge for clinicians since it can be completely benign and due to excessive nipple stimulation, or can be a manifestation of a wide variety of diseases. […] The most important consideration in a patient with nipple discharge for both the patient and the physician is the possible association of this condition with underlying breast cancer. […] Nipple discharge is not an uncommon complaint in the emergency department and can be benign (physiologic discharge) or a sign of a pathologic process. […] All postmenopausal nipple discharge, however, is significant and requires further evaluation. […] The majority of all nipple discharges are benign in etiology (97%).

• #4 Nipple Discharge

  https://www.drbindu.com.au/nipple-discharge

  Eczema or dermatitis affecting the skin of the nipple, particularly if it becomes infected, can cause a weeping discharge associated with crusting of the nipple. […] Paget’s disease of the nipple is an uncommon type of breast cancer in which cancer cells grow in the nipple-areolar complex. […] Paget’s disease causes the nipple skin to become red, painful, scaly and sometimes ulcerated, and it may be associated with blood-stained or clear nipple discharge. […] Breast cancer is an uncommon cause of nipple discharge. Less than 5% of women with breast cancer present with nipple discharge, and most will have other symptoms such as a lump or inverted nipple. […] Galactorrhoea is a milky nipple discharge not related to pregnancy or breastfeeding. It is caused by the abnormal production of a hormone called prolactin.

• #4 Nipple Discharge

  https://www.drbindu.com.au/nipple-discharge

  Abnormally high prolactin levels can also be caused by some drugs. […] Nipple discharge diagnosed as physiological discharge requires no treatment. […] Nipple discharge that is spontaneous, blood-stained, persistent, and unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding needs to be investigated further. […] This investigation will include clinical examination by a doctor, and imaging of the breast with a mammogram and/or breast ultrasound. […] If any abnormality is found on these tests, a biopsy may be recommended. […] Surgery for nipple discharge is sometimes warranted. […] This is usually reserved for cases where a significant abnormality, such as papilloma or breast cancer is suspected. […] Surgery is usually also needed for blood-stained nipple discharge even if the tests show no abnormality.

• #4 Nipple Discharge – Radiology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/radiology/education/breast-imaging-teaching-resources/how-work-up-patient-with/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is the third leading breast complaint after lumps and pain, with a prevalence of 5-10% in women. Nipple discharge can be categorized as follows: galactorrhea, discharge in pregnant women, purulent discharge, multiple pore discharge, and single or pauci-pore discharge. […] Characteristics of suspicious nipple discharge include unilateral/single pore, spontaneous, persistent, and clear, serous or bloody discharge. Any nipple discharge with an associated palpable abnormality or new nipple inversion should be considered suspicious. […] Nipple discharge is associated with a 5-23% risk of malignancy in women, typically DCIS. Any discharge in a man is suspicious and associated with breast cancer in 25-57% of cases. […] MRI with contrast is very sensitive and with a high negative predictive value, however there is a high false positive rate. Non-mass enhancement is the most common finding in patients with suspicious nipple discharge. […] More recent studies show that MRI is much more sensitive than ductography (98% for MRI, versus 49% for ductography).

• #4 Nipple Discharge and Breast Cancer: Understanding the Facts and Risks | Breastlink

  http://breastlink.com/breast-cancer-101/common-breast-problems/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge can be a concerning symptom for many women. Although it can be an early symptom of breast cancer, most cases are due to benign conditions. It’s crucial to differentiate between benign and malignant discharge to avoid any misdiagnosis or misinterpretation of the symptoms. […] Worrisome discharge is typically either bloody or clear. […] If the discharge is spontaneous and originating from a single duct, we perform a ductogram, a procedure in which contrast material is placed into the duct under local anesthesia and an X-ray is taken. […] Most cancers identified with this procedure are early cancers with a good prognosis. […] It is important to note that nipple discharge can be caused by a wide range of conditions, and breast cancer is only one of them. With proper evaluation and management, the vast majority of patients with nipple discharge can be treated successfully.

• #4 Dr Chantel Thornton > Symptoms & Conditions > Nipple Changes

  https://www.breastcancerspecialist.com.au/symptoms-conditions/nipple-changes

  Changes in the nipple may be an important sign of breast cancer, and any new change should be assessed by a doctor immediately. […] Nipple retraction or inversion that is new, occurring only in one breast, or where the nipple does not come out on stimulation can be a concerning sign of breast cancer. This should be discussed immediately with your doctor. […] Pain, a burning sensation and itching of the nipple can be present months before the emergence of the typical ulcerated lesion. […] Spontaneous nipple discharge is the third most common reason women present to a breast surgeon. Nipple discharge can be physiological or pathological. It can be associated with benign or malignant pathology. […] The most worrying discharge is a spontaneous single duct unilateral persistent discharge.

• #4 Dr Chantel Thornton > Symptoms & Conditions > Nipple Changes

  https://www.breastcancerspecialist.com.au/symptoms-conditions/nipple-changes

  Discharge due to breast cancer can be clear, sero-sanguineous or bloodstained. […] Approximately half of the patients that present with nipple discharge will also have a breast lump and 20% of these patients will have a breast cancer. […] Spontaneous nipple discharge confirmed to a single duct which is unilateral is more likely to be associated with underlying pathology such as cancer or DCIS. […] Nipple discharge associated with a breast lump ulceration of the nipple and areolar inversion/retraction of the nipple even if it is not spontaneous or blood stained requires urgent investigation. […] Breast Cancer – approximately 5% of women with breast cancer will have nipple discharge and some of these will also have other symptoms such as a retracted nipple or a breast lump. […] Spontaneous single duct or bloodstained discharge requires a full set of breast imaging in the form of ultrasound and mammogram (for patients over age of 35).

• #4 Breast Nipple Discharge – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430938/

  Nipple discharge is the third most common breast complaint after breast pain and breast mass. […] The clinical history is most helpful in distinguishing benign from suspicious or pathologic nipple discharge. […] The patient’s age is very important, as women greater than 40 years of age are at higher risk of having pathologic discharge. […] Postmenopausal women with nipple discharge are rarely benign. […] Physiologic discharge is usually bilateral, with clear fluid, involves multiple ducts, and is non-sticky. Pathologic discharge is usually unilateral, spontaneous, varied in appearance, and depending on the cause, involves a single duct. […] The primary goal of evaluation of the nipple discharge in a general outpatient setting or the emergency department is to distinguish patients with benign discharge from those with underlying breast cancer, infection/abscess, or those patients who are at high risk of developing pathologic processes. […] Most nipple discharge is due to an intraductal papilloma and these patients have an excellent outcome when the lesion is excised.

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