Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nipple discharge

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nipple-discharge/

  Nipple discharge may not be anything serious, but it’s important to get it checked. […] Nipple discharge may be nothing serious, but sometimes it can be a sign of an underlying condition, including a breast cyst or breast cancer. You should always get it checked. […] It may not be anything serious, but there’s a small chance it could be a sign of breast cancer, so it’s best to get it checked. […] Nipple discharge can sometimes be a sign of breast cancer, so it’s important to get it checked.

• #2 Nipple Discharge – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/breast-disorders/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is most often benign. […] Bilateral, multiductal, guaiac-negative discharge is usually benign and has an endocrine etiology. […] Spontaneous, unilateral discharge requires diagnostic testing; this type of discharge may be cancer, particularly if it is bloody (or guaiac-positive). […] Presence of a breast mass, a bloody (or guaiac-positive) discharge, or history of an abnormality on a mammogram or an ultrasound scan requires follow-up with a surgeon who is experienced with breast disorders. […] Treatment of a nipple discharge is based on the cause. […] Intraductal papillomas, which are the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge, can be excised after diagnosis with needle biopsy. This procedure prevents further nipple discharge and rules out the small possibility of a coexisting cancer. […] Hyperprolactinemia is treated with drugs or surgical removal of a pituitary tumor.

• #3 Nipple discharge | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/what-is-breast-cancer/non-cancerous-conditions/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge is when fluid leaks from one or both nipples. It is normal after a woman gives birth because her breasts are making milk for the baby. Nipple discharge may be a concern when it: […] Nipple discharge is usually due to a benign condition. Discharge from one nipple is more likely to be caused by a problem in that breast. Discharge from both nipples is more likely to be caused by something outside of the breast, such as an endocrine gland problem. Have your doctor check any nipple discharge. […] Treatment for nipple discharge will depend on what is causing it. Treatment options may include: medications to treat hormone or endocrine gland problems, antibiotics for breast infections, and draining any pus collecting in the breast (abscess), surgery to remove a duct.

• #4 Nipple Discharge Causes and Treatment | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/nipple-discharge-causes-and-treatment

  Nipple Discharge Prevention Tips […] While it may not be possible to prevent all cases of nipple discharge, there are several steps you can take to promote breast health: […] Regular breast self-exams: Familiarise yourself with the normal look and feel of your breasts and report any changes to a healthcare professional. […] Annual clinical breast exams: Visit your healthcare provider for routine breast exams to ensure early detection of any abnormalities. […] Mammogram screening guidelines: Follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations for mammogram screenings based on your age and risk factors. […] Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress can help support overall breast health.

• #5 Causes of Nipple Discharge | Breast Center of Maple Grove

  https://breastcenter.mplsrad.com/blog/nipple-discharge-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Nipple discharge could be caused by many factors including these common conditions: […] Contact your doctor if you notice changes in your breasts or nipples, including nipple discharge. Your doctor may recommend an imaging exam like a mammogram or an ultrasound for a definitive diagnosis. While many cases of nipple discharge can be easily treated, it is important to obtain an accurate and timely diagnosis so the problem doesn’t get worse.

• #6 Common Breast Problems | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0415/p505.html

  Nipple discharge is classified as pathologic if it is spontaneous, bloody, unilateral, or associated with a breast mass. […] Patients with pathologic discharge should undergo diagnostic imaging. […] Radiologic investigation should be performed in patients with nipple discharge that is spontaneous, unilateral, clear, serous, bloody, or associated with a mass. […] If the history, physical examination findings, and routine screening mammography are consistent with physiologic discharge, no additional imaging is indicated. […] Avoidance of nipple expression may expedite resolution. […] If discharge is deemed pathologic, age-appropriate diagnostic imaging with mammography and/or ultrasonography is indicated. […] Duct excision, potentially localized by ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ductography, is preferred to rule out malignancy.

• #7 Workup and treatment of nipple discharge—a practical review – Stafford – Annals of Breast Surgery

  https://abs.amegroups.org/article/view/6921/html

  PND is a clinical diagnosis that warrants a thorough work-up, not only because of the risk of malignancy, but also because of the concern it causes patients. […] While all patients previously underwent surgical intervention, conservative management with close follow-up, biannual US, and yearly mammogram can now be considered in select patients. […] Patients with PND who should still undergo surgical excision include those with imaging abnormalities, a personal or family history of breast cancer, BRCA1/2 mutations, or PND that persists for over 2 years. […] By taking into account each patients unique history, imaging findings, risk factors, and personal preferences, we can safely tailor our treatment plan to better meet the needs of our patients. […] Surgical resection is no longer recommended in patients with PND, normal imaging (mammography, US, and MRI), and no other suspicious findings.

• #8 Galactorrhea: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17924-galactorrhea

  Galactorrhea is a condition where your breasts leak milk. […] Its difficult to prevent galactorrhea. The following tips could reduce your risk of developing it: […] Avoiding things that cause galactorrhea is the best way to keep it from occurring.

• #9 Nipple Discharge: Causes, Types, Prevention & Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/health-library/nipple-discharge-causes-types-prevention-treatment/

  Nipple discharge is not something you can stop. It is natural and common, and it can be frequent. You can opt for certain solutions that may help. These are: […] Avoid nipple stimulation. […] Use a warm compressor. […] If you are a breastfeeding mother, feed your child more frequently.

• #10 Nipple Discharge – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/nipple-discharge.html

  Treatment will depend on the cause of your nipple discharge. Medicines that cause nipple discharge may be stopped or changed. Medicines may be given to control your hormone levels, decrease pain, or treat an infection. Avoid touching your nipples or breast. This may stop or decrease discharge from your nipples. Wear a tight fitting bra during exercise to decrease rubbing on your nipples.

• #11 Breast Symptoms-Child

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/breast-symptoms-child/

  Nipple discharge that is pus (thick green or yellow) or bloody […] Nipple discharge. Exception: normal milky discharge in newborn. […] Caution: never squeeze or massage the breast or nipple. Reason: this can cause a serious infection that needs antibiotics. […] Caution: never squeeze or massage the breast or nipple. Reason: this can cause a serious infection that needs antibiotics.

• #12 Nipple discharge | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/symptoms/nipple-discharge?content_id=SYM-20050946

  Nipple discharge is rarely a sign of breast cancer. But it might be a sign of a condition that needs treatment. […] If you still have menstrual periods and your nipple discharge doesn’t clear up on its own after your next menstrual cycle, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. […] If you’re past menopause and you have nipple discharge that happens on its own, is clear or bloody and from a single duct in one breast only, see your healthcare professional right away. […] In the meantime, don’t massage your nipples or handle your breasts, even to check for discharge. Handling your nipples or friction from clothing can cause ongoing discharge.

• #13 White, Green, or Watery Nipple Discharge: What You Need to Know | Surya Hospitals

  https://suryahospitals.com/blog/white-green-or-watery-nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge can be confusing or even worrying, especially when it happens unexpectedly. […] Practical steps to manage or stop it, including natural approaches. […] Managing or stopping nipple discharge depends on its underlying cause. Avoid frequent squeezing or checking the nipple, as this can stimulate further discharge. […] Certain medications, including hormonal contraceptives or antipsychotics, may cause nipple discharge, so it is advisable to consult your doctor about alternative options if needed. […] For mild or non-serious cases of nipple discharge, natural remedies can be helpful. Dietary changes that include foods rich in vitamins and minerals, such as leafy greens, nuts, and seeds, may support hormonal balance. […] Staying well-hydrated is also crucial for maintaining overall health and hormonal equilibrium. […] Simple measures like avoiding nipple stimulation, managing stress, and following natural remedies can help address mild cases.

• #14 Hormones and Breast Discharge: Causes of Different Colors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/benign-nipple-discharge-430412

  Nipple discharge is very common and rarely dangerous. […] This article describes the different types of hormone-related nipple discharge, their symptoms, and what causes them. It also explains how to stop nipple discharge and what may be causing this if not hormonal changes. […] Common hormonal causes of breast discharge include: Menstrual cycle changes (e.g., during premenopausal and postmenopausal periods of life), Pregnancy and lactation, Galactorrhea, Certain medical conditions that affect hormone levels, Hormonal medications. […] When hormones are causing nipple discharge, it’s typically part of a normal process in the body. For example, nipple discharge during pregnancy and breastfeeding is expected and does not need to be treated. […] If you’re having nipple discharge because of a hormone-related disorder, managing that condition will probably make the symptom better.

• #15 Breast Problems: Lumps, Pain, and Mastitis

  https://patient.info/womens-health/breast-problems

  Nipple discharge is usually caused by benign disease (ie not breast cancer). Normal nipple discharge occurs during pregnancy and breastfeeding and may continue until up to one year after childbirth or the end of breastfeeding. Excessive breast stimulation can also cause nipple discharge. […] Nipple discharge can be caused by certain gland (endocrine) problems such as a prolactinoma or if you’re taking certain medicines (the combined oral contraceptive pill, cimetidine, antidepressants or metoclopramide). […] Nipple discharge caused by an underlying breast problem (for example, breast cancer) is more likely to affect only one breast, the discharge may be bloodstained and there may also be an abnormal lump in the same breast.

• #16 Treatment Of Nipple Discharge

  https://drrajeevagarwal.in/services/nipple-discharge/

  Nipple discharge can have severe medical and social complications for men. The treatment usually involves consultation with a senior doctor and identifying the underlying causes behind the discharge. […] The normal nipple discharge after pregnancy or breastfeeding gets resolved on its own in most cases. But in cases where it is persistent with other symptoms, consulting a doctor should be the priority. […] A thorough diagnosis can better understand the causes behind the nipple discharge. Some of the common treatments are: stopping the birth control pills or medications that are causing the discharge, infection treatment with antibiotics, cancer treatment, surgery for lum removal, hormonal therapy to treat hormone imbalances, removal of the infected or inflamed milk duct. […] Evaluation starts with ascertaining whether the nipple discharge is pathologic or physiologic. If the discharge contains blood, is spontaneous, and is associated with a mass, then it is pathologic.

• #17 Are inverted nipples a sign of breast cancer? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/are-inverted-nipples-a-sign-of-breast-cancer.h00-159621801.html

  Yes, inverted nipples can be a sign of breast cancer in both men and women. Here are some indicators that nipple inversion could be cancer. […] If you have any of these symptoms, see your physician right away, says Mouabbi. […] However, it’s important to get checked out by a doctor if only one nipple is inverted, appears suddenly and/or you see associated symptoms, like a lump in the breast or sudden nipple discharge. […] If cancer is the cause of your inverted nipples, speak with your oncologist to determine the best course of treatment. Options for breast cancer treatment could include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy.

• #18 Is Nipple Discharge Alarming?

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/is-nipple-discharge-alarming

  Nipple discharge is often the primary symptom for which the patient seeks medical advice. […] The significance of nipple discharge rests upon whether it is physiological/harmless discharge or pathological/surgically significant discharge. A discharge which is true, spontaneous, persistent and non-lactational (not associated with breast feeding) is significant in nature. […] Physiological nipple discharge requires reassurance and conservative management, unless distressing for the patient. Histological examination must be performed for surgically significant discharges to rule out pre-cancerous lesions or cancer. […] Total duct excision or Hadfields procedure- is the option for multiple duct involvement or multiple papillomas. It helps in preventing recurrent nipple discharge. […] The management of nipple discharge would to incomplete without addressing underlying cause if any. Commonly associated diseases with nipple discharge are intraductal papilloma, fibrocystic disease of breast, advanced ductal ectasia and malignancy.

• #19 Nipple Discharge

  https://www.drbindu.com.au/nipple-discharge

  Nipple discharge diagnosed as physiological discharge requires no treatment. […] It is important to stop expressing, or squeezing the nipple and breast, as this causes more fluid to be made. […] Nipple discharge that is spontaneous, blood-stained, persistent, and unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding needs to be investigated further. […] Surgery for nipple discharge is sometimes warranted. […] This is usually reserved for cases where a significant abnormality, such as papilloma or breast cancer is suspected. […] Surgery is usually also needed for blood-stained nipple discharge even if the tests show no abnormality. […] Surgery for nipple discharge, known as microdochectomy or total duct excision, is required for […] Diagnosis of blood-stained nipple discharge even if imaging shows no abnormality (as changes behind the nipple can be difficult to see) […] Treatment of the underlying disease (e.g. intraductal papilloma) […] Treatment of annoying discharge caused by benign conditions (e.g. duct ectasia)

• #20 Nipple Problems and Discharge

  https://healthlibrary.ecuhealth.org/Library/Wellness/Prevention/85,P00156

  Nipple discharge that occurs because of infection may need hospitalization. […] Nipple discharge that is due to a noncancer breast condition may be treated by keeping the nipple clean, among other treatments.

• #21 Nipple Problems and Discharge

  https://healthlibrary.umcno.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/PhysicalMed/85,P00156

  Nipple discharge that is due to a noncancer breast condition may be treated by keeping the nipple clean, among other treatments. […] Nipple discharge that occurs because of infection may need hospitalization.

• #22 Hormones and Breast Discharge: Causes of Different Colors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/benign-nipple-discharge-430412

  Non-hormonal causes are more likely to need treatment than hormonal causes of breast discharge simply because they are not usually part of a normal bodily process. […] Avoiding too much breast stimulation, wearing clothes that don’t irritate your breasts, and using warm compresses can help reduce breast discharge. If it is soaking through your clothes, try using nipple pads.

• #23 Workup and treatment of nipple discharge—a practical review – Stafford – Annals of Breast Surgery

  https://abs.amegroups.org/article/view/6921/html

  A consideration is that these patients forego surgery in favor of a two year follow-up regimen consisting of US and clinical examination every six months combined with annual mammography. […] Patients with PND for whom surgical intervention is still recommended include those with abnormal imaging findings and personal history or family history of breast cancer. […] For patients with copious nipple discharge, nipple discharge that causes discomfort, or nipple discharge that persists for more than two years even if imaging is negative, surgery should be considered.

• #24 Nipple Discharge (Non-Lactating) | Midwest Radiology

  https://www.midwestradiology.com/news-and-events/nipple-discharge-non-lactating

  Nipple discharge is a concern when […] Treatment for persistent nipple discharge […] The most common treatment for persistent discharge is duct excision a small incision is made around the nipple and the duct is removed. This is performed under local anesthesia by a surgeon on an outpatient basis.

• #25 Predictors of Malignancy for Female Patients with Suspicious Nipple Discharge: A Retrospective Study | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/37/8/4655

  Nipple discharge (ND) is commonly seen in female patients in daily breast clinics. There are benign and malignant causes of ND, including intraductal papilloma, ductal ectasia, pituitary adenomas, breast abscesses/infections, or breast cancer. Usually, ND presents as non-spontaneous or multi-ductal and had been considered as a physiological phenomenon for which observation alone was adequate, based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Of patients with suspicious ND, namely discharge that is spontaneous, persistent, unilateral, single duct, or serosanguinous, up to 15% have malignant disease. Other studies suggest that the probability of breast cancer is between 9.3% and 21.3% in these patients. Therefore, standard evaluations such as obtaining complete medical history, physical examination, ultrasonography, mammography or even core needle biopsy (CNB) are needed for diagnosis. For patients without suspicious lumps, selective duct excision should be considered for definitive diagnosis. […] In conclusion, a total of 18% of female patients with suspicious ND in this study had malignant disease. Older age and the presence of suspicious lumps, rather than the presence of bloody discharge, were significantly associated with malignancy.

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