Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Head Lice – Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program – MeCDC; DHHS Maine

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/disease/head-lice.shtml

  Head lice fact Sheet (Word* | also in Adobe PDF*) […] The head louse, or Pediculus humanus capitis, is a parasitic insect that can be found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes of people. […] Head lice are not known to spread disease.

• #2 Lice (Phthiraptera) – Factsheet for health professionals

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/disease-vectors/facts/factsheet-lice-phthiraptera

  Lice (Phthiraptera) are a very diverse group of insects, exclusively adapted to parasitism. […] Lice can be divided into two main groups: sucking lice (Anoplura) and chewing lice (Mallophaga). […] Most lice with public health and veterinary relevance have a global distribution, as they are associated with hosts that are also widely dispersed. […] Only those sucking lice with humans as their host species are of relevance to public health. […] The most common louse infestation in humans is pediculosis capitis (caused by Pediculus humanus capitis), particularly affecting school children between three and 11 years, and clinically manifesting as scalp pruritus. […] It is estimated that head lice infest more than 100 million people worldwide. […] Pediculosis corporis (caused by Pediculus humanus humanus) is a major public health concern, mainly occurring in crowded human communities, such as refugee camps or shelters for homeless, where hygiene is poor and clothes or linen are not washed regularly.

• #3 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7446.html

  However, head lice infestation incidence is indeed increasing due to widespread resistance to many of the commonly used over-the-counter pyrethrin or pyrethroid-based insecticidal shampoos. […] Individuals, families, schools, and employers all incur substantial costs as a result of head lice treatment expenses, school absenteeism, and missed workdays. The annual cost of treating head lice in the U.S. is estimated to be up to $1 billion.

• #4 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are a persistent and easily communicable cause of infestations, particularly in school-aged children. […] Unlike body lice, head lice are not a primary health hazard, a sign of poor hygiene or a vector for disease, but they are a common societal problem and relatively expensive to treat. The annual cost of treating head lice in the United States is estimated to be at least US$500 million. […] Definitive diagnosis of head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestations is common. Diagnosis requires detection of live head lice. Detecting nits alone does not indicate active infestation. […] Environmental cleaning or disinfection following the detection of a head lice case is not warranted. Head lice or nits do not survive for long away from the scalp.

• #5 Lice (Phthiraptera) – Factsheet for health professionals

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/disease-vectors/facts/factsheet-lice-phthiraptera

  Lice (Phthiraptera) are a very diverse group of insects, exclusively adapted to parasitism. […] Lice can be divided into two main groups: sucking lice (Anoplura) and chewing lice (Mallophaga). […] Most lice with public health and veterinary relevance have a global distribution, as they are associated with hosts that are also widely dispersed. […] Only those sucking lice with humans as their host species are of relevance to public health. […] The most common louse infestation in humans is pediculosis capitis (caused by Pediculus humanus capitis), particularly affecting school children between three and 11 years, and clinically manifesting as scalp pruritus. […] It is estimated that head lice infest more than 100 million people worldwide. […] Pediculosis corporis (caused by Pediculus humanus humanus) is a major public health concern, mainly occurring in crowded human communities, such as refugee camps or shelters for homeless, where hygiene is poor and clothes or linen are not washed regularly.

• #6 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html

  Head lice, or Pediculus humanus capitis, are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. […] In the United States, infestation with head lice is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. […] There is not reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States; however, an estimated 6-12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3-11 years of age. […] The most common way to get head lice is by head-to-head contact with a person who already has head lice. […] To help control a head lice outbreak in a community, school, or camp, teach children to avoid activities that may spread head lice. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. Finding a live nymph (baby louse) or adult louse on the scalp or hair is the best way to diagnose a head lice infestation.

• #7 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Pediculosis (louse infestation) affects hundreds of millions worldwide each year and has been reported in all countries and socioeconomic classes. […] There are limited studies on pediculosis, and further epidemiological research is needed. This is especially true in regions with significant poverty and low health standards. […] Louse infestations affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. They have been reported in all countries and all levels of society. Pediculus humanus capitis is estimated to affect 6 to 12 million people in the United States every year, but the exact numbers are unknown as it is not a reportable disease. Head lice outbreaks more commonly affect children 3 to 12 years old, with girls being affected more than boys. […] In industrialized countries, small epidemics typically develop in schoolchildren whose tight social bonds allow for the rapid spread of the infestation.

• #8 Prevalence and associated factors of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19712-2

  Head lice infestation remains a persistent public health concern among primary school children in resource-limited settings, affecting their well-being and academic performance. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors related to head lice infestation among primary school children in low and middle-income countries. […] The pooled prevalence of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries was 19.96% (95% CI; 13.97, 25.95). […] Female gender, children who had a previous history of infestation, and family size were significant predictors of head lice infestation. […] Head lice infestation is a common and persistent health issue among primary school children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] Despite several studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries, there is no consistent evidence regarding the prevalence of head lice infestation and its associated factors.

• #9 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. Pubic lice generally are spread as an STD. Pubic louse infestation serves as a marker for other STDs, which may have been acquired simultaneously. […] Pediculosis has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in both developing and developed countries. A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%. […] The prevalence of pediculosis capitis is usually higher in girls and women and varies from 0.7-59% in Turkey, 0.48-22.4% in Europe, 37.4% in England, 13% in Australia, up to 58.9% in Africa, and 3.6-61.4% in the Americas. […] The prevalence of body lice ranges from 4.1% to 35% among homeless individuals globally.

• #10 Head Lice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/head-lice-pro

  How common are head lice? (Epidemiology) […] There is little information on the current prevalence of head lice infestation in the UK. In a survey of 31 primary schools in Wales, live head lice were detected in 8.3% of children. […] Head lice can affect any age, but is most common in children aged 4-11 years (peak age is 7-8 years), and is more common in girls than in boys. […] A 2020 systematic review to determine the worldwide prevalence of head lice in school children found a total prevalence of 19%, with male prevalence 7%, and female prevalence 19%. The highest prevalence countries were Central and South America (33%) and the lowest prevalence countries were in Europe (5%).

• #11 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. Pubic lice generally are spread as an STD. Pubic louse infestation serves as a marker for other STDs, which may have been acquired simultaneously. […] Pediculosis has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in both developing and developed countries. A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%. […] The prevalence of pediculosis capitis is usually higher in girls and women and varies from 0.7-59% in Turkey, 0.48-22.4% in Europe, 37.4% in England, 13% in Australia, up to 58.9% in Africa, and 3.6-61.4% in the Americas. […] The prevalence of body lice ranges from 4.1% to 35% among homeless individuals globally.

• #12 Head Lice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/head-lice-pro

  How common are head lice? (Epidemiology) […] There is little information on the current prevalence of head lice infestation in the UK. In a survey of 31 primary schools in Wales, live head lice were detected in 8.3% of children. […] Head lice can affect any age, but is most common in children aged 4-11 years (peak age is 7-8 years), and is more common in girls than in boys. […] A 2020 systematic review to determine the worldwide prevalence of head lice in school children found a total prevalence of 19%, with male prevalence 7%, and female prevalence 19%. The highest prevalence countries were Central and South America (33%) and the lowest prevalence countries were in Europe (5%).

• #13 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. Pubic lice generally are spread as an STD. Pubic louse infestation serves as a marker for other STDs, which may have been acquired simultaneously. […] Pediculosis has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in both developing and developed countries. A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%. […] The prevalence of pediculosis capitis is usually higher in girls and women and varies from 0.7-59% in Turkey, 0.48-22.4% in Europe, 37.4% in England, 13% in Australia, up to 58.9% in Africa, and 3.6-61.4% in the Americas. […] The prevalence of body lice ranges from 4.1% to 35% among homeless individuals globally.

• #14 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Body louse infestation in the United States mainly affects homeless persons. Pubic lice generally are spread as an STD. Pubic louse infestation serves as a marker for other STDs, which may have been acquired simultaneously. […] Pediculosis has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in both developing and developed countries. A review of 39 studies involving 105,383 primary school children in low- and middle-income countries revealed a high prevalence of head lice infestation, estimated at 19.96%. […] The prevalence of pediculosis capitis is usually higher in girls and women and varies from 0.7-59% in Turkey, 0.48-22.4% in Europe, 37.4% in England, 13% in Australia, up to 58.9% in Africa, and 3.6-61.4% in the Americas. […] The prevalence of body lice ranges from 4.1% to 35% among homeless individuals globally.

• #15 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  In developing countries, and places where insecticides are not readily available, the prevalence has probably remained unchanged. […] Since the 1970s, the prevalence of lice has increased in many countries, and hundreds of millions of people have been infested globally, ranging from zero to 78.6% in different countries and areas. […] Head lice seem to be common in children. […] Body lice are predominantly prevalent in the homeless people, refugees and people living in crowded and/or unsanitary conditions. […] Body louse outbreaks occur mostly during conflicts or natural disasters with a prevalence as high as 90-100% reported during the civil wars in Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire in the 1990s. […] Although less information is available about the distribution of crab lice, there is an indication that this species is widely distributed.

• #16 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. […] Emerging evidence suggests that head lice and body lice should be considered conspecific, with different genotypes and ecotypes. […] Human pediculosis is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. […] Human blood-sucking lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura) comprise two families Pediculidae and Pthiridae, with the corresponding genera Pediculus and Pthirus, respectively. […] Transmission of head and body lice occurs via close contact, such as head-to-head or exchanging hats, sharing pillowcases, and clothes. […] Surveys of head louse prevalence have been summarized in previous reviews. […] The prevalence of head louse has significantly declined in developed countries due to the use of medications.

• #17 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Head lice occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. The result is the occurrence of outbreaks of head lice infestation in kindergartens and schools. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12. […] The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children.

• #18 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html

  Head lice, or Pediculus humanus capitis, are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. […] In the United States, infestation with head lice is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. […] There is not reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States; however, an estimated 6-12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3-11 years of age. […] The most common way to get head lice is by head-to-head contact with a person who already has head lice. […] To help control a head lice outbreak in a community, school, or camp, teach children to avoid activities that may spread head lice. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. Finding a live nymph (baby louse) or adult louse on the scalp or hair is the best way to diagnose a head lice infestation.

• #19 Pediculosis (Head Lice Infestation) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/pediculosis-head-lice-infestation/

  Anyone can get head lice. In the United States, infestation with head lice is common among children attending childcare and elementary school and their household members and caretakers. According to CDC, about 612 million infestations occur every year among children 311 years old. […] Head lice can be spread as long as lice or eggs remain alive on the person with head lice or in their clothing. […] Head lice infestation is diagnosed by finding a live, crawling louse on the scalp or hair of a person. […] Persons diagnosed with head lice infestation should be treated with a medicine that is effective against lice (called a pediculicide). […] To prevent re-infestation and spread of head lice, everyone in the household should be checked.

• #20 CDC – Lice – Head Lice – Epidemiology & Risk Factors

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/epi.html

  In the United States, infestation with head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. […] Reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States are not available; however, an estimated 6 million to 12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3 to 11 years of age. […] In the United States, infestation with head lice is much less common among African-Americans than among persons of other races.

• #21 Head lice infestation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_lice_infestation

  The number of children per family, the sharing of beds and closets, hair washing habits, local customs and social contacts, healthcare in a particular area (e.g. school), and socioeconomic status were found to be factors in head louse infestation in Iran. […] Children between 4 and 13 years of age are the most frequently infested group. […] In the U.S., African-American children have lower rates of infestation. […] Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation is most frequent on children aged 3-10 and their families. […] Females get head lice twice as often as males, and infestation in persons of Afro-Caribbean or other black descent could be rare due to difference in hair shape or width.

• #22 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Head lice occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. The result is the occurrence of outbreaks of head lice infestation in kindergartens and schools. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12. […] The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children.

• #23 Epidemiology and Morbidity of Head Lice Infestation in Khorram-shahr County, Iran (2006-2009)

  https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42774.html

  Background: Pediculosis capitis is a continuous common health problem worldwide. Pediculus capitis distributes quickly in overcrowded regions. […] The goal of the present research was to determine some epidemiological features of head lice infestation in Khorram-shahr County, southwestern Iran. […] The overall prevalence of head lice infestation during the four-year period was 0.73%. […] Girls were significantly more infested (87.2%) than boys (12.8%). […] Pediculosis capitis infestations were highest (46.2%) in subjects aged 6-10 and lowest in those aged less than six (6.4%). […] The majority of cases lived in the rural areas. […] The percentage of infestation in rural and urban patients was 59.2% and 40.8%, respectively. […] Most of the cases were found in the Autumn (35.8%). […] It can also be concluded that head lice infestation is not highly prevalent in Khorram-shahr.

• #24 Head Lice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/head-lice-pro

  How common are head lice? (Epidemiology) […] There is little information on the current prevalence of head lice infestation in the UK. In a survey of 31 primary schools in Wales, live head lice were detected in 8.3% of children. […] Head lice can affect any age, but is most common in children aged 4-11 years (peak age is 7-8 years), and is more common in girls than in boys. […] A 2020 systematic review to determine the worldwide prevalence of head lice in school children found a total prevalence of 19%, with male prevalence 7%, and female prevalence 19%. The highest prevalence countries were Central and South America (33%) and the lowest prevalence countries were in Europe (5%).

• #25 Head lice infestation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_lice_infestation

  The number of children per family, the sharing of beds and closets, hair washing habits, local customs and social contacts, healthcare in a particular area (e.g. school), and socioeconomic status were found to be factors in head louse infestation in Iran. […] Children between 4 and 13 years of age are the most frequently infested group. […] In the U.S., African-American children have lower rates of infestation. […] Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation is most frequent on children aged 3-10 and their families. […] Females get head lice twice as often as males, and infestation in persons of Afro-Caribbean or other black descent could be rare due to difference in hair shape or width.

• #26 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #27 Head Lice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/head-lice-pro

  How common are head lice? (Epidemiology) […] There is little information on the current prevalence of head lice infestation in the UK. In a survey of 31 primary schools in Wales, live head lice were detected in 8.3% of children. […] Head lice can affect any age, but is most common in children aged 4-11 years (peak age is 7-8 years), and is more common in girls than in boys. […] A 2020 systematic review to determine the worldwide prevalence of head lice in school children found a total prevalence of 19%, with male prevalence 7%, and female prevalence 19%. The highest prevalence countries were Central and South America (33%) and the lowest prevalence countries were in Europe (5%).

• #28 Epidemiology and Morbidity of Head Lice Infestation in Khorram-shahr County, Iran (2006-2009)

  https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42774.html

  Background: Pediculosis capitis is a continuous common health problem worldwide. Pediculus capitis distributes quickly in overcrowded regions. […] The goal of the present research was to determine some epidemiological features of head lice infestation in Khorram-shahr County, southwestern Iran. […] The overall prevalence of head lice infestation during the four-year period was 0.73%. […] Girls were significantly more infested (87.2%) than boys (12.8%). […] Pediculosis capitis infestations were highest (46.2%) in subjects aged 6-10 and lowest in those aged less than six (6.4%). […] The majority of cases lived in the rural areas. […] The percentage of infestation in rural and urban patients was 59.2% and 40.8%, respectively. […] Most of the cases were found in the Autumn (35.8%). […] It can also be concluded that head lice infestation is not highly prevalent in Khorram-shahr.

• #29

  https://journals.lww.com/ijpd/fulltext/2018/19040/epidemiology_of_pediculosis_capitis_among.7.aspx

  Pediculosis is a common ectoparasitic infection in schoolchildren, causing a public health problem, which is neglected in Syria. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence of infestation with head lice among primary schoolchildren in Damascus, Syria, and explore the predisposing factors of head lice infestation in public schools. […] The overall head lice infestation rate was 14.3% (1243/8689) and infestation rate was higher in girls (23.72%, 1042/4392) than in boys (4.67%, 201/4297). […] Pediculosis is a common public health problem affecting primary schoolchildren in Damascus area, and the levels of infestation are of an endemic significance. […] The infestation rate also changed through the age groups of primary schoolchildren. […] Finally, the infestation with head lice is a common public health problem affecting schoolchildren in Damascus, Syria, and is endemic.

• #30 CDC – Lice – Head Lice – Epidemiology & Risk Factors

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/head/epi.html

  In the United States, infestation with head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. […] Reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States are not available; however, an estimated 6 million to 12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3 to 11 years of age. […] In the United States, infestation with head lice is much less common among African-Americans than among persons of other races.

• #31 Head lice infestation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_lice_infestation

  The number of children per family, the sharing of beds and closets, hair washing habits, local customs and social contacts, healthcare in a particular area (e.g. school), and socioeconomic status were found to be factors in head louse infestation in Iran. […] Children between 4 and 13 years of age are the most frequently infested group. […] In the U.S., African-American children have lower rates of infestation. […] Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation is most frequent on children aged 3-10 and their families. […] Females get head lice twice as often as males, and infestation in persons of Afro-Caribbean or other black descent could be rare due to difference in hair shape or width.

• #32 Head lice infestation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_lice_infestation

  The number of children per family, the sharing of beds and closets, hair washing habits, local customs and social contacts, healthcare in a particular area (e.g. school), and socioeconomic status were found to be factors in head louse infestation in Iran. […] Children between 4 and 13 years of age are the most frequently infested group. […] In the U.S., African-American children have lower rates of infestation. […] Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation is most frequent on children aged 3-10 and their families. […] Females get head lice twice as often as males, and infestation in persons of Afro-Caribbean or other black descent could be rare due to difference in hair shape or width.

• #33 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7446.html

  Head lice found in the United States prefer hair that is round in cross section. […] The most common sign of head lice infestation is itching on the back of the head or neck, which begins 1 to 4 weeks after the initial infestation. […] Detecting head lice can be time consuming, especially when the number of lice present is low. […] Normal shampooing, hair-conditioning, brushing, and hair-drying will kill a large number of lice and is likely a significant reason why not all louse transfer results in an infestation. […] There are seven critical steps to controlling an infestation of head lice: […] Head lice are the most prevalent human parasitic infestation in industrialized countries. […] A 1997 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) report based on sales of insecticides estimated that between 6 to 12 million head louse infestations occur annually in the United States among children 3 to 11 years of age, but this number is considered to be an overestimation of the actual number of infestations that occur because many infestations are incorrectly diagnosed based on non-viable nits observed in the hair.

• #34 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx

  Head lice spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with someone who actively has head lice. Head lice can also spread from sharing personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. […] Head lice are common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Head lice are more likely to spread at home, daycare, or at a friend’s house than at school. […] Head lice usually spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with a person that already has head lice. Head lice can also spread by sharing combs, hats, clothes, hair clips, scarves, or other personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. Head lice are more likely to spread between children during sleepovers, play dates, and family gatherings, and less likely at school. […] Head lice are most common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Having head lice isn’t a sign of poor hygiene or being dirty.

• #35 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #36 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #37 Prevalence and associated factors of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19712-2

  The existing literature on the prevalence of head lice infestation in primary school children within LMICs is fragmented and often lacks comprehensive data. […] This systematic review and meta-analysis also revealed that being female gender and having a previous history of head lice infestation had a statistically significant association with head lice infestation. […] This implies that the likelihood of head lice infestation increases when there is another infected member in the household, and having other children in the same living space also increases the likelihood of infestation, especially among children from larger families compared to those from smaller families. […] The overall prevalence of head lice infestation among primary school children was found to be high in low and middle-income countries.

• #38 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #39 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiological aspects of pediculosis by Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) in Minas Gerais: a systematic review Epidemiological aspects of pediculosis by Pediculus humanus capitis

  https://www.scielo.br/j/cadsc/a/HwMNz3vkDffV7NMtJZ6C3Kj/

  The studies analyzed in this systematic review also referred to different classifications as to the skin color and or race of those affected. […] Regarding socioeconomic level, three of the nine studies pointed out that the majority of those affected by pediculosis of the head were at a level considered low, had family income up to 3 minimum wages or frequenting barber shops and beauty salons considered to be of low socioeconomic status. […] This systematic review concluded that many epidemiological factors may co-operate in complex ways and influence the prevalence of head lice infestation in the state of Minas Gerais.

• #40 SciELO Brazil – Epidemiological aspects of pediculosis by Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) in Minas Gerais: a systematic review Epidemiological aspects of pediculosis by Pediculus humanus capitis

  https://www.scielo.br/j/cadsc/a/HwMNz3vkDffV7NMtJZ6C3Kj/

  The studies analyzed in this systematic review also referred to different classifications as to the skin color and or race of those affected. […] Regarding socioeconomic level, three of the nine studies pointed out that the majority of those affected by pediculosis of the head were at a level considered low, had family income up to 3 minimum wages or frequenting barber shops and beauty salons considered to be of low socioeconomic status. […] This systematic review concluded that many epidemiological factors may co-operate in complex ways and influence the prevalence of head lice infestation in the state of Minas Gerais.

• #41 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene. In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. On the other hand, false-positive nit diagnosis is common. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestation is most common in urban areas and may occur in all socioeconomic groups. Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools.

• #42 Head Lice Information | COEUR D’ALENE PUBLIC SCHOOLS

  https://www.cdaschools.org/o/cdaps/page/head-lice-information

  Fact: Personal hygiene or household or school cleanliness are not factors for infestation. In fact, head lice often infest people with good hygiene and grooming habits […] Fact: Head lice do not spread diseases. […] Fact: It is uncommon to spread head lice by contact with clothing or other personal items, such as combs, brushes and hair accessories that have been in contact with a person with head lice. […] Fact: Head lice cannot jump or fly; they only move by crawling. And it’s highly unlikely to find head lice living on objects like helmets or hats because they have feet that are specifically designed to grasp on to the hair shaft of humans. Additionally, a louse can only live for a few hours without feeding on a human host. […] CDC. Parasites: Lice: Head lice: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. CDC Accessed April 15, 2015.

• #43 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #44 Epidemiology Study of the Head Lice Pediculus humanus capitis Isolated among Primary School Students in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq | Diyala Journal of Medicine

  https://djm.uodiyala.edu.iq/index.php/djm/article/view/884

  Epidemiology Study of the Head Lice Pediculus humanus capitis Isolated among Primary School Students in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq […] Objective: To determine the rate of infestation by the head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis and its associated factors among primary school children in Erbil City. […] Results: An overall prevalence of infestation of 25.5% (276/1082) was recorded in the present study. Study reveals the existence of a significant relationship age [6 and 9 years old , 178/759 (23.5%), and 9 years old, 98/323 (30.3%), P = 0.0174], gender [girls, 215/652 (33%) and boys, 61/430 (14.2%), P 0.001], education level of parent (educated family, 146/694 (21%) and none educated family, 130/388 (33.5%), P 0.001], longevity of hair [ long hair, 157/473 (33.2%) and short hair 119/609 (19.5%), P 0.001] hair washing frequency [daily washing, 243/587 (41.4%), and weekly washing 33/495 (6.7%), P 0.001], hair combing condition [common comb user,165/499 (33%) and special comb user, 111/583 (19%), P 0.001] and sleeping habitat [ sleeping together 222/693 (32%) and sleeping habitat alone, 54/389 (13.9%), P 0.001].

• #45 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #46 Epidemiology of Head Lice (Pediculushumanus capitis) Among Primary Schoolchildren in Misurata, Libya

  https://easychair.org/publications/preprint/HSXs

  Infestation of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) is a common ectoparasitic infection in schoolchildren, causing a public health problem, which is neglected in Libya. The study aimed to conduct an epidemiological statistical study of the prevalence of pediculosis capitis infestation among primary schoolchildren in Misurata City and to determine risk factors associated with the infestation. The study was a cross sectional descriptive study; it was conducted from March to May 2023. 1006 primary schoolchildren were selected randomly and screened for head lice by visual scalp examination. A questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic status. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS software package. The chi square test was used to assess the statistical significance. This paper’s Results showed Head lice infestation rate was 12.8%, it was higher in girls (18.9%) than in boys (5.0%) and it was higher in public schools (13.6%) than in private schools (8.2%). The infestation rate among schools ranged from 6.6% to 22.7%. There was a significant association between pediculosis infestation and genders (P=0.000), school grade (P=0.014), covered hair (P=0.000), hair softness (P=0.001), hair length (P=0.016), mother’s job (P=0.000), father’s lack job (P=0.015), place of residence (P=0.044), history of head lice infestation (P=0.000), and no significant difference to nationality, thick hair, presence of siblings in the same school, family size. […] In Conclusion Head lice infestation is a health problem in primary school girls of Misurata. Providing proper educational programs about pediculosis and prevention and improvement of socioeconomic status can be useful in reducing head lice infestation.

• #47 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Head lice occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. The result is the occurrence of outbreaks of head lice infestation in kindergartens and schools. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12. […] The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children.

• #48 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] There are no population studies on incidence. Prevalence studies from many parts of the world exist, but they are not directly comparable because: […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12.

• #49 Lice (Pediculosis) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617785/all/Lice__Pediculosis_?q=Lindane

  Infestation of the head, body, or anogenital region by parasitic, wingless insects that feed exclusively on human blood. […] Head lice spread by head-to-head contact. […] Most common among children 3 to 12 years old. […] Associated with female gender, crowded living conditions. […] Less common among African Americans. […] Point prevalence estimates range from 1% in some places to 90% in others. […] In the United States, seasonal peak of prescriptions for treatment are filled in July to September coinciding with the back-to-school period. […] Estimated 6 to 12 million cases of head lice per year in the United States among children ages 3 to 11 years.

• #50 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Infestations of head lice are more common in the warmer months, as well as in areas with higher humidity. Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools.

• #51 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene. In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. On the other hand, false-positive nit diagnosis is common. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestation is most common in urban areas and may occur in all socioeconomic groups. Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools.

• #52 Epidemiology and Morbidity of Head Lice Infestation in Khorram-shahr County, Iran (2006-2009)

  https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42774.html

  Background: Pediculosis capitis is a continuous common health problem worldwide. Pediculus capitis distributes quickly in overcrowded regions. […] The goal of the present research was to determine some epidemiological features of head lice infestation in Khorram-shahr County, southwestern Iran. […] The overall prevalence of head lice infestation during the four-year period was 0.73%. […] Girls were significantly more infested (87.2%) than boys (12.8%). […] Pediculosis capitis infestations were highest (46.2%) in subjects aged 6-10 and lowest in those aged less than six (6.4%). […] The majority of cases lived in the rural areas. […] The percentage of infestation in rural and urban patients was 59.2% and 40.8%, respectively. […] Most of the cases were found in the Autumn (35.8%). […] It can also be concluded that head lice infestation is not highly prevalent in Khorram-shahr.

• #53 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html

  Head lice, or Pediculus humanus capitis, are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. […] In the United States, infestation with head lice is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. […] There is not reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States; however, an estimated 6-12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3-11 years of age. […] The most common way to get head lice is by head-to-head contact with a person who already has head lice. […] To help control a head lice outbreak in a community, school, or camp, teach children to avoid activities that may spread head lice. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. Finding a live nymph (baby louse) or adult louse on the scalp or hair is the best way to diagnose a head lice infestation.

• #54 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx

  Head lice spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with someone who actively has head lice. Head lice can also spread from sharing personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. […] Head lice are common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Head lice are more likely to spread at home, daycare, or at a friend’s house than at school. […] Head lice usually spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with a person that already has head lice. Head lice can also spread by sharing combs, hats, clothes, hair clips, scarves, or other personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. Head lice are more likely to spread between children during sleepovers, play dates, and family gatherings, and less likely at school. […] Head lice are most common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Having head lice isn’t a sign of poor hygiene or being dirty.

• #55 Pediculosis capitis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pediculosis-capitis

  Pediculosis capitis occurs worldwide and in individuals of all socioeconomic backgrounds. Children are affected most frequently. […] Direct contact with the head of an infested person is the primary mode of transmission of pediculosis capitis. Lice do not jump, fly, or use pets as vectors.

• #56 Head Lice Information | COEUR D’ALENE PUBLIC SCHOOLS

  https://www.cdaschools.org/o/cdaps/page/head-lice-information

  Fact: Personal hygiene or household or school cleanliness are not factors for infestation. In fact, head lice often infest people with good hygiene and grooming habits […] Fact: Head lice do not spread diseases. […] Fact: It is uncommon to spread head lice by contact with clothing or other personal items, such as combs, brushes and hair accessories that have been in contact with a person with head lice. […] Fact: Head lice cannot jump or fly; they only move by crawling. And it’s highly unlikely to find head lice living on objects like helmets or hats because they have feet that are specifically designed to grasp on to the hair shaft of humans. Additionally, a louse can only live for a few hours without feeding on a human host. […] CDC. Parasites: Lice: Head lice: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. CDC Accessed April 15, 2015.

• #57 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] Transmission routes for head lice are primarily through close head-to-head contact, particularly among children during play. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group.

• #58 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx

  Head lice spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with someone who actively has head lice. Head lice can also spread from sharing personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. […] Head lice are common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Head lice are more likely to spread at home, daycare, or at a friend’s house than at school. […] Head lice usually spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with a person that already has head lice. Head lice can also spread by sharing combs, hats, clothes, hair clips, scarves, or other personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. Head lice are more likely to spread between children during sleepovers, play dates, and family gatherings, and less likely at school. […] Head lice are most common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Having head lice isn’t a sign of poor hygiene or being dirty.

• #59 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx

  Head lice spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with someone who actively has head lice. Head lice can also spread from sharing personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. […] Head lice are common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Head lice are more likely to spread at home, daycare, or at a friend’s house than at school. […] Head lice usually spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with a person that already has head lice. Head lice can also spread by sharing combs, hats, clothes, hair clips, scarves, or other personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. Head lice are more likely to spread between children during sleepovers, play dates, and family gatherings, and less likely at school. […] Head lice are most common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Having head lice isn’t a sign of poor hygiene or being dirty.

• #60 Head lice | Utah Epidemiology

  https://epi.utah.gov/head-lice/

  Head lice are small, grayish white insects that live in hair and scalp and occur in all socioeconomic groups and in all conditions. Head lice are often found in children in elementary school and in childcare facilities. They can be spread by close personal contact with an infected individual, by sharing combs, brushes, hats, caps, or other headgear. […] A thorough examination of the scalp is needed to find them.

• #61 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx

  Head lice spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with someone who actively has head lice. Head lice can also spread from sharing personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. […] Head lice are common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Head lice are more likely to spread at home, daycare, or at a friend’s house than at school. […] Head lice usually spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with a person that already has head lice. Head lice can also spread by sharing combs, hats, clothes, hair clips, scarves, or other personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. Head lice are more likely to spread between children during sleepovers, play dates, and family gatherings, and less likely at school. […] Head lice are most common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Having head lice isn’t a sign of poor hygiene or being dirty.

• #62 Head Lice | South Dakota Department of Health

  https://doh.sd.gov/diseases/head-lice/

  Anyone may become infested with head lice under suitable conditions of exposure. Lice are easily transmitted from person to person during direct contact. Head lice infestations are frequently found in homes, day care, school settings or institutions. […] Head lice transmission can occur during direct contact with an infested individual. Head lice cannot jump or fly. Head to head contact or sharing items of clothing, combs, brushes, hats, or headphones may also result in transmission. Shared surfaces such as pillows, mattresses, sleeping bags, cars seats or upholstered furniture may also transmit head lice. […] Head lice can be spread as long as lice or eggs remain alive on the infested person. […] Physical contact with infested individuals and their belongings, especially clothing, headgear and bedding should be avoided. Check the heads of household members and treat those found to be infested. Thorough cleaning should be done of household items including: vacuuming upholstered furniture and carpet; laundering clothing and bedding in hot water (130 F for 20 minutes) and drying on hot cycle or dry cleaning to destroy lice and eggs; soaking combs and brushes in hot water (130 F for 10 minutes). Anything that cannot be laundered should be sealed in a plastic bag for two weeks. Educate persons involved on the transmission and the treatment of head lice. Where large scale infestations involve several families, the importance of coordination of treatment and prevention efforts is important.

• #63 Head Lice Information | COEUR D’ALENE PUBLIC SCHOOLS

  https://www.cdaschools.org/o/cdaps/page/head-lice-information

  Fact: Personal hygiene or household or school cleanliness are not factors for infestation. In fact, head lice often infest people with good hygiene and grooming habits […] Fact: Head lice do not spread diseases. […] Fact: It is uncommon to spread head lice by contact with clothing or other personal items, such as combs, brushes and hair accessories that have been in contact with a person with head lice. […] Fact: Head lice cannot jump or fly; they only move by crawling. And it’s highly unlikely to find head lice living on objects like helmets or hats because they have feet that are specifically designed to grasp on to the hair shaft of humans. Additionally, a louse can only live for a few hours without feeding on a human host. […] CDC. Parasites: Lice: Head lice: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. CDC Accessed April 15, 2015.

• #64 Head Lice | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/environmental-health/head-lice

  Head lice do not spread disease. […] Head lice need human blood to live. Theyll die within 48 hours if they cant get it. […] Lice treatment products help kill most of the lice. Even so, youll still need to physically remove the lice and nits, by combing or picking them out, to be sure theyll no longer be a problem.

• #65 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Head lice occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. The result is the occurrence of outbreaks of head lice infestation in kindergartens and schools. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12. […] The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children.

• #66 Pediculosis (Head Lice Infestation) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/pediculosis-head-lice-infestation/

  Anyone can get head lice. In the United States, infestation with head lice is common among children attending childcare and elementary school and their household members and caretakers. According to CDC, about 612 million infestations occur every year among children 311 years old. […] Head lice can be spread as long as lice or eggs remain alive on the person with head lice or in their clothing. […] Head lice infestation is diagnosed by finding a live, crawling louse on the scalp or hair of a person. […] Persons diagnosed with head lice infestation should be treated with a medicine that is effective against lice (called a pediculicide). […] To prevent re-infestation and spread of head lice, everyone in the household should be checked.

• #67 Head Lice | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/environmental-health/head-lice

  The health district’s Communicable Disease Epidemiology program offers limited technical consultation on head lice to school and child care professionals only. […] In the United States, head lice infestations are seen most often among preschool children attending child care, elementary school children, and household members of infested children, including adults. […] It is estimated that in the U.S., 6 million to 12 million infestations occur each year among children 3 11 years of age. […] Head lice are spread by direct contact with the hair of an infested person. […] Personal hygiene or cleanliness of the infested persons home or school has nothing to do with getting head lice. […] Head lice and their eggs, called nits, are found almost exclusively on the scalp, particularly around and behind the ears and along the neckline at the back of a persons head.

• #68 Head Lice | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/environmental-health/head-lice

  The health district’s Communicable Disease Epidemiology program offers limited technical consultation on head lice to school and child care professionals only. […] In the United States, head lice infestations are seen most often among preschool children attending child care, elementary school children, and household members of infested children, including adults. […] It is estimated that in the U.S., 6 million to 12 million infestations occur each year among children 3 11 years of age. […] Head lice are spread by direct contact with the hair of an infested person. […] Personal hygiene or cleanliness of the infested persons home or school has nothing to do with getting head lice. […] Head lice and their eggs, called nits, are found almost exclusively on the scalp, particularly around and behind the ears and along the neckline at the back of a persons head.

• #69 Head Lice Information

  https://www.swregional.org/departments/special-services/sms/head-lice-information

  An estimated 6 to 12 million infestations occur each year in the United States, most commonly among children ages 3 to 11. […] The prevalence of resistance is not known. […] Head lice are mostly spread by direct head-to-head contact, for an extended period of time (they don’t jump or fly, they have to crawl out of one head and into another) for example, during slumber parties, sports activities, schools or camp. […] Less often, head lice are spread via objects that have been in recent contact with a person with head lice, such as hats, scarves, hair combs, brushes, etc.

• #70 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx

  Head lice spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with someone who actively has head lice. Head lice can also spread from sharing personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. […] Head lice are common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Head lice are more likely to spread at home, daycare, or at a friend’s house than at school. […] Head lice usually spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with a person that already has head lice. Head lice can also spread by sharing combs, hats, clothes, hair clips, scarves, or other personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. Head lice are more likely to spread between children during sleepovers, play dates, and family gatherings, and less likely at school. […] Head lice are most common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Having head lice isn’t a sign of poor hygiene or being dirty.

• #71 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Head lice occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. The result is the occurrence of outbreaks of head lice infestation in kindergartens and schools. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12. […] The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children.

• #72 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] Transmission routes for head lice are primarily through close head-to-head contact, particularly among children during play. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group.

• #73 Head lice infestation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_lice_infestation

  Reliable data describing the usual incidence of infestation in the general public, in the average school community, or during specific times of the year are lacking. […] The number of cases of human louse infestations (or pediculosis) has increased worldwide since the mid-1960s, reaching hundreds of millions annually. […] It is estimated between 1 and 20% of specific groups in Europe are infected. […] Despite improvements in medical treatment and prevention of human diseases during the 20th century, head louse infestation remains stubbornly prevalent. […] In 1997, 80% of American elementary schools reported at least one outbreak of lice. […] About 612 million children between the ages of 3 and 11 are treated annually for head lice in the United States alone. […] High levels of louse infestations have also been reported from all over the world, including Israel, Denmark, Sweden, U.K., France, and Australia.

• #74 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Head lice occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. The result is the occurrence of outbreaks of head lice infestation in kindergartens and schools. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12. […] The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children.

• #75 Pediculosis (Head Lice Infestation) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/pediculosis-head-lice-infestation/

  Anyone can get head lice. In the United States, infestation with head lice is common among children attending childcare and elementary school and their household members and caretakers. According to CDC, about 612 million infestations occur every year among children 311 years old. […] Head lice can be spread as long as lice or eggs remain alive on the person with head lice or in their clothing. […] Head lice infestation is diagnosed by finding a live, crawling louse on the scalp or hair of a person. […] Persons diagnosed with head lice infestation should be treated with a medicine that is effective against lice (called a pediculicide). […] To prevent re-infestation and spread of head lice, everyone in the household should be checked.

• #76 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #77 Head Lice Infestation (Pediculus humanus capitis) Prevalence and Its Associated Factors, Among The Kormanj Tribes in North Khorasan Province

  https://brieflands.com/articles/semj-80292

  The prevalence of pediculosis capitis was evaluated as 3.2%. […] This present study revealed that females had a significantly higher infestation in comparison to the males. […] According to significant statistical association, we found that there was a significant difference between head lice infestation and history of head lice infestation. […] It was concluded that due to the tribal life style and less access to health facilities, the respondents to high lice infestation prevalence predisposed; however, the current study showed a low prevalence of lice contamination between tribes residences in north east of Iran. […] According to the results of this study, significant statistical association was observed between the sex and history of head lice infestation (P 0.05).

• #78 Prevalence and associated factors of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19712-2

  Head lice infestation remains a persistent public health concern among primary school children in resource-limited settings, affecting their well-being and academic performance. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors related to head lice infestation among primary school children in low and middle-income countries. […] The pooled prevalence of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries was 19.96% (95% CI; 13.97, 25.95). […] Female gender, children who had a previous history of infestation, and family size were significant predictors of head lice infestation. […] Head lice infestation is a common and persistent health issue among primary school children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] Despite several studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries, there is no consistent evidence regarding the prevalence of head lice infestation and its associated factors.

• #79 Head Lice Infestation (Pediculus humanus capitis) Prevalence and Its Associated Factors, Among The Kormanj Tribes in North Khorasan Province

  https://brieflands.com/articles/semj-80292

  The prevalence of pediculosis capitis was evaluated as 3.2%. […] This present study revealed that females had a significantly higher infestation in comparison to the males. […] According to significant statistical association, we found that there was a significant difference between head lice infestation and history of head lice infestation. […] It was concluded that due to the tribal life style and less access to health facilities, the respondents to high lice infestation prevalence predisposed; however, the current study showed a low prevalence of lice contamination between tribes residences in north east of Iran. […] According to the results of this study, significant statistical association was observed between the sex and history of head lice infestation (P 0.05).

• #80 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #81 Prevalence and associated factors of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19712-2

  The existing literature on the prevalence of head lice infestation in primary school children within LMICs is fragmented and often lacks comprehensive data. […] This systematic review and meta-analysis also revealed that being female gender and having a previous history of head lice infestation had a statistically significant association with head lice infestation. […] This implies that the likelihood of head lice infestation increases when there is another infected member in the household, and having other children in the same living space also increases the likelihood of infestation, especially among children from larger families compared to those from smaller families. […] The overall prevalence of head lice infestation among primary school children was found to be high in low and middle-income countries.

• #82 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #83 Epidemiology Study of the Head Lice Pediculus humanus capitis Isolated among Primary School Students in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq | Diyala Journal of Medicine

  https://djm.uodiyala.edu.iq/index.php/djm/article/view/884

  Epidemiology Study of the Head Lice Pediculus humanus capitis Isolated among Primary School Students in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq […] Objective: To determine the rate of infestation by the head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis and its associated factors among primary school children in Erbil City. […] Results: An overall prevalence of infestation of 25.5% (276/1082) was recorded in the present study. Study reveals the existence of a significant relationship age [6 and 9 years old , 178/759 (23.5%), and 9 years old, 98/323 (30.3%), P = 0.0174], gender [girls, 215/652 (33%) and boys, 61/430 (14.2%), P 0.001], education level of parent (educated family, 146/694 (21%) and none educated family, 130/388 (33.5%), P 0.001], longevity of hair [ long hair, 157/473 (33.2%) and short hair 119/609 (19.5%), P 0.001] hair washing frequency [daily washing, 243/587 (41.4%), and weekly washing 33/495 (6.7%), P 0.001], hair combing condition [common comb user,165/499 (33%) and special comb user, 111/583 (19%), P 0.001] and sleeping habitat [ sleeping together 222/693 (32%) and sleeping habitat alone, 54/389 (13.9%), P 0.001].

• #84 Epidemiology Study of the Head Lice Pediculus humanus capitis Isolated among Primary School Students in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq | Diyala Journal of Medicine

  https://djm.uodiyala.edu.iq/index.php/djm/article/view/884

  Epidemiology Study of the Head Lice Pediculus humanus capitis Isolated among Primary School Students in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq […] Objective: To determine the rate of infestation by the head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis and its associated factors among primary school children in Erbil City. […] Results: An overall prevalence of infestation of 25.5% (276/1082) was recorded in the present study. Study reveals the existence of a significant relationship age [6 and 9 years old , 178/759 (23.5%), and 9 years old, 98/323 (30.3%), P = 0.0174], gender [girls, 215/652 (33%) and boys, 61/430 (14.2%), P 0.001], education level of parent (educated family, 146/694 (21%) and none educated family, 130/388 (33.5%), P 0.001], longevity of hair [ long hair, 157/473 (33.2%) and short hair 119/609 (19.5%), P 0.001] hair washing frequency [daily washing, 243/587 (41.4%), and weekly washing 33/495 (6.7%), P 0.001], hair combing condition [common comb user,165/499 (33%) and special comb user, 111/583 (19%), P 0.001] and sleeping habitat [ sleeping together 222/693 (32%) and sleeping habitat alone, 54/389 (13.9%), P 0.001].

• #85 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Pediculosis (louse infestation) affects hundreds of millions worldwide each year and has been reported in all countries and socioeconomic classes. […] There are limited studies on pediculosis, and further epidemiological research is needed. This is especially true in regions with significant poverty and low health standards. […] Louse infestations affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. They have been reported in all countries and all levels of society. Pediculus humanus capitis is estimated to affect 6 to 12 million people in the United States every year, but the exact numbers are unknown as it is not a reportable disease. Head lice outbreaks more commonly affect children 3 to 12 years old, with girls being affected more than boys. […] In industrialized countries, small epidemics typically develop in schoolchildren whose tight social bonds allow for the rapid spread of the infestation.

• #86

  https://oklahoma.gov/health/health-education/acute-disease-service/childcare-schools-colleges-and-universities/head-lice.html

  Head lice are mainly spread by direct contact with the hair of an infested person. […] Head lice is not a reportable disease in Oklahoma. […] Treatment for head lice is recommended for persons diagnosed with an active infestation. […] All infested persons (household members and close contacts) and their bedmates should be treated at the same time.

• #87 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #88 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Head lice occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. The result is the occurrence of outbreaks of head lice infestation in kindergartens and schools. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12. […] The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children.

• #89 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  In Germany, outbreaks of head lice mainly occur among 5- to 13-year-olds returning to school after the summer vacation. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. […] There are no population studies on incidence. Prevalence studies from many parts of the world exist, but they are not directly comparable because: […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12.

• #90 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene. In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. On the other hand, false-positive nit diagnosis is common. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestation is most common in urban areas and may occur in all socioeconomic groups. Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools.

• #91 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene. In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. On the other hand, false-positive nit diagnosis is common. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestation is most common in urban areas and may occur in all socioeconomic groups. Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools.

• #92 Head lice infestation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_lice_infestation

  Reliable data describing the usual incidence of infestation in the general public, in the average school community, or during specific times of the year are lacking. […] The number of cases of human louse infestations (or pediculosis) has increased worldwide since the mid-1960s, reaching hundreds of millions annually. […] It is estimated between 1 and 20% of specific groups in Europe are infected. […] Despite improvements in medical treatment and prevention of human diseases during the 20th century, head louse infestation remains stubbornly prevalent. […] In 1997, 80% of American elementary schools reported at least one outbreak of lice. […] About 612 million children between the ages of 3 and 11 are treated annually for head lice in the United States alone. […] High levels of louse infestations have also been reported from all over the world, including Israel, Denmark, Sweden, U.K., France, and Australia.

• #93 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales Market: A Study Using Web Query Data | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048666

  The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is an obligate ectoparasite that causes infestations of humans. […] The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI) follows the prevalence of head lice in society. This surveillance aids in tracking the level of treatment resistance, recommending adequate preventive measures and evaluating the effect of these recommendations. […] In this study we investigated how well web queries can be used to follow the spread of lice in the population, by using sales as a proxy for spread of lice. Our main finding was that Google web searches are a better covariate to explain both the trend and the seasonal patterns of the sales, but that the Vrdguiden data can be used as well. […] In conclusion, the queries can detect if there is an increase or decrease of head lice infested humans in Sweden over a period of years, but not the number of head lice infested people. The queries can also be as reliable a proxy as the OTC-sales figures for pediculicides previously were. […] Web queries on head lice can detect an increase or decrease of head lice infested humans in Sweden over a period of years, and be as reliable a proxy as the OTC-sales figures.

• #94 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/head-lice-surveillance-on-deregulated-otc-sales/docview/1326737708/se-2

  The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is an obligate ectoparasite that causes infestations of humans. […] Even if no epidemiological data can be found, it is not debatable to say that head lice are the most common parasite in Europe and that they mainly infest children. […] The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI) follows the prevalence of head lice in society. This surveillance aids in tracking the level of treatment resistance, recommending adequate preventive measures and evaluating the effect of these recommendations. […] In conclusion, web queries can detect if there is an increase or decrease of head lice infested humans in Sweden over a period of years, and be as reliable a proxy as the OTC-sales figures.

• #95 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales Market: A Study Using Web Query Data | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048666

  The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is an obligate ectoparasite that causes infestations of humans. […] The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI) follows the prevalence of head lice in society. This surveillance aids in tracking the level of treatment resistance, recommending adequate preventive measures and evaluating the effect of these recommendations. […] In this study we investigated how well web queries can be used to follow the spread of lice in the population, by using sales as a proxy for spread of lice. Our main finding was that Google web searches are a better covariate to explain both the trend and the seasonal patterns of the sales, but that the Vrdguiden data can be used as well. […] In conclusion, the queries can detect if there is an increase or decrease of head lice infested humans in Sweden over a period of years, but not the number of head lice infested people. The queries can also be as reliable a proxy as the OTC-sales figures for pediculicides previously were. […] Web queries on head lice can detect an increase or decrease of head lice infested humans in Sweden over a period of years, and be as reliable a proxy as the OTC-sales figures.

• #96 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales Market: A Study Using Web Query Data | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0048666

  The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is an obligate ectoparasite that causes infestations of humans. […] The Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (SMI) follows the prevalence of head lice in society. This surveillance aids in tracking the level of treatment resistance, recommending adequate preventive measures and evaluating the effect of these recommendations. […] In this study we investigated how well web queries can be used to follow the spread of lice in the population, by using sales as a proxy for spread of lice. Our main finding was that Google web searches are a better covariate to explain both the trend and the seasonal patterns of the sales, but that the Vrdguiden data can be used as well. […] In conclusion, the queries can detect if there is an increase or decrease of head lice infested humans in Sweden over a period of years, but not the number of head lice infested people. The queries can also be as reliable a proxy as the OTC-sales figures for pediculicides previously were. […] Web queries on head lice can detect an increase or decrease of head lice infested humans in Sweden over a period of years, and be as reliable a proxy as the OTC-sales figures.

• #97 Head Lice | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/environmental-health/head-lice

  The health district’s Communicable Disease Epidemiology program offers limited technical consultation on head lice to school and child care professionals only. […] In the United States, head lice infestations are seen most often among preschool children attending child care, elementary school children, and household members of infested children, including adults. […] It is estimated that in the U.S., 6 million to 12 million infestations occur each year among children 3 11 years of age. […] Head lice are spread by direct contact with the hair of an infested person. […] Personal hygiene or cleanliness of the infested persons home or school has nothing to do with getting head lice. […] Head lice and their eggs, called nits, are found almost exclusively on the scalp, particularly around and behind the ears and along the neckline at the back of a persons head.

• #98 HeadLice.Org – Univ. of Miami School of Medicine research on head lice infestations

  https://www.headlice.org/news/classics/field-epidemiology.htm

  For more than five years, the Field Epidemiology Research Team (F.E.R.T.) at the University of Miami School of Medicine has conducted research on head lice infestations. […] Our most important finding is that viable eggs (nits) shed from the scalp on hairs remain viable until hatched. […] Conclusion: Viable eggs shed into the environment, or on combs, brushes, head gear, etc., remain capable of hatching up to 10 or 12 days. […] Conclusion: Head lice can be transferred by inanimate objects and clothing. […] Conclusion: Distance from the scalp is not an indicator of viability. […] Conclusion: We support the National Pediculosis Association’s 'No Nit Policy. It is an important factor in limiting epidemics, and is the only practical method of ensuring that children are free of viable eggs.

• #99 Back to School: A New Season for Learning…and Head Lice | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/news/back-to-school-a-new-season-for-learning%E2%80%A6and-head-lice

  Head lice spread easily, mostly among schoolchildren from 3 to 11 years old. […] Children tend to get them more frequently than adults do, mainly because they often find themselves in close quarters at school, parties or sleepaway camp. […] Regular surveillance can also be helpful. […] If one person in the family has head lice, all members of the household should be checked and treated, if necessary. […] It’s also prudent to treat family members who share a bed with the person who has a head lice infestation, even if no live lice are found. […] Many schools do not permit affected children to come to school until their lice have been successfully treated and eliminated. […] Cleaning carpets and other surfaces can help prevent the spread of head lice, among other threats to health and well-being.

• #100

  http://www.ongov.net/health/headlice.html

  Head lice infestations are frequently found in school settings or institutions. […] Pediculosis can be spread as long as lice or eggs remain alive on the infested person or clothing. […] Health education on the life history of lice, proper treatment and the importance of laundering clothing and bedding in hot water or dry cleaning to destroy lice and eggs is extremely valuable. […] In addition, regular direct inspection of children for head lice, and when indicated, of body and clothing, particularly of children in schools, institutions, nursing homes and summer camps, is important.

• #101 Lice

  https://dch.wwcowa.gov/epidemiology_and_prevention/current_health_topics/lice.php

  For school age children, please contact the school nurse for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. For non-school age children, please contact their pediatrician for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. […] Notify those who may be affected: Schools and Childcare, Family and friends, Other groups the individual is a part of, like sports teams or church.

• #102 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #103 Lice

  https://dch.wwcowa.gov/epidemiology_and_prevention/current_health_topics/lice.php

  For school age children, please contact the school nurse for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. For non-school age children, please contact their pediatrician for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. […] Notify those who may be affected: Schools and Childcare, Family and friends, Other groups the individual is a part of, like sports teams or church.

• #104 Head Lice (Pediculosis) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/head-lice-pediculosis

  Anyone can get head lice, but in the United States, head lice are most common in children 3-12 years of age. […] Head lice are most commonly spread by direct head-to-head contact with hair of other people who have head lice. […] People with head lice can continue to spread head lice to other people until they complete a course of treatment that kills all the head lice and their eggs. […] Household and other close contacts should be examined and treated if head lice are found. […] Many school departments and child care sites require that children be free of nits before returning to school and parents should be familiar with their own school or daycare’s head lice policy. However, both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Association of School Nurses advocate that „no-nit” policies should be abandoned.

• #105 Head Lice (Pediculosis) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/head-lice-pediculosis

  Anyone can get head lice, but in the United States, head lice are most common in children 3-12 years of age. […] Head lice are most commonly spread by direct head-to-head contact with hair of other people who have head lice. […] People with head lice can continue to spread head lice to other people until they complete a course of treatment that kills all the head lice and their eggs. […] Household and other close contacts should be examined and treated if head lice are found. […] Many school departments and child care sites require that children be free of nits before returning to school and parents should be familiar with their own school or daycare’s head lice policy. However, both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Association of School Nurses advocate that „no-nit” policies should be abandoned.

• #106 Managing Head Lice in School Settings and at Home | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-school-health/skilled-procedures-texas-school-health/managing-head-lice-school

  According to a head lice research article published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2015, „No healthy child should be excluded from or allowed to miss school time because of head lice or nits. Pediatricians may educate school communities that no-nit policies for return to school should be abandoned.” You can find information for schools at the end of the research article.

• #107 Lice

  https://dch.wwcowa.gov/epidemiology_and_prevention/current_health_topics/lice.php

  For school age children, please contact the school nurse for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. For non-school age children, please contact their pediatrician for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. […] Notify those who may be affected: Schools and Childcare, Family and friends, Other groups the individual is a part of, like sports teams or church.

• #108 Lice

  https://dch.wwcowa.gov/epidemiology_and_prevention/current_health_topics/lice.php

  For school age children, please contact the school nurse for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. For non-school age children, please contact their pediatrician for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. […] Notify those who may be affected: Schools and Childcare, Family and friends, Other groups the individual is a part of, like sports teams or church.

• #109 Lice

  https://dch.wwcowa.gov/epidemiology_and_prevention/current_health_topics/lice.php

  For school age children, please contact the school nurse for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. For non-school age children, please contact their pediatrician for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. […] Notify those who may be affected: Schools and Childcare, Family and friends, Other groups the individual is a part of, like sports teams or church.

• #110 Lice

  https://dch.wwcowa.gov/epidemiology_and_prevention/current_health_topics/lice.php

  For school age children, please contact the school nurse for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. For non-school age children, please contact their pediatrician for additional examining and before beginning any lice treatment. […] Notify those who may be affected: Schools and Childcare, Family and friends, Other groups the individual is a part of, like sports teams or church.

• #111

  https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/publication1805679

  Head lice are cosmopolitan and endemic. While they are not responsible for the spread of any disease, they are the cause of considerable social distress. They can infest anybody and do not discriminate between class or cleanliness. Head lice are transmitted primarily by direct contact. The only satisfactory method to clear an infestation is by chemical treatment. The most effective pediculicides to date are those which contain permethrin (Nix) or malathion (Prioderm). Compliance with product instructions eliminates the need for nit removal after treatment. To obtain effective control of head lice, the whole community needs to be involved. Parents must be encouraged to screen themselves and their children regularly in the home, and to treat themselves only when necessary.

• #112 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #113 Head Lice (11.11.2016)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/183660

  The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] Transmission routes for head lice are primarily through close head-to-head contact, particularly among children during play. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group.

• #114 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Infestation risk was higher for children with lower socio-economic status, more children in the family, longer hair, and brown hair. […] Depending on the endemic region, girls were more often affected by head lice than boys. […] Head lice infestation was associated with densely populated areas, more children or people in one household, longer hair, female sex, and brown hair color. […] The main transmission route for head lice is therefore close head-to-head contact. […] Transmission is dependent on the life cycle of the louse. Synchronized treatment is therefore essential to prevent a series of overlapping infestations within a group. […] In Germany, the presence of head lice is not a notifiable disease- or pathogen-specific condition under the Infection Protection Act. However, according to paragraph 34, section 6, of the IfSG, senior managers of community facilities must notify the relevant health authority immediately if an outbreak of head lice occurs in either members of the public or personnel.

• #115

  https://oklahoma.gov/health/health-education/acute-disease-service/childcare-schools-colleges-and-universities/head-lice.html

  Head lice are mainly spread by direct contact with the hair of an infested person. […] Head lice is not a reportable disease in Oklahoma. […] Treatment for head lice is recommended for persons diagnosed with an active infestation. […] All infested persons (household members and close contacts) and their bedmates should be treated at the same time.

• #116 Back to School: A New Season for Learning…and Head Lice | Patient Care

  https://weillcornell.org/news/back-to-school-a-new-season-for-learning%E2%80%A6and-head-lice

  Head lice spread easily, mostly among schoolchildren from 3 to 11 years old. […] Children tend to get them more frequently than adults do, mainly because they often find themselves in close quarters at school, parties or sleepaway camp. […] Regular surveillance can also be helpful. […] If one person in the family has head lice, all members of the household should be checked and treated, if necessary. […] It’s also prudent to treat family members who share a bed with the person who has a head lice infestation, even if no live lice are found. […] Many schools do not permit affected children to come to school until their lice have been successfully treated and eliminated. […] Cleaning carpets and other surfaces can help prevent the spread of head lice, among other threats to health and well-being.

• #117 Pediculosis (Head Lice Infestation) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/pediculosis-head-lice-infestation/

  Anyone can get head lice. In the United States, infestation with head lice is common among children attending childcare and elementary school and their household members and caretakers. According to CDC, about 612 million infestations occur every year among children 311 years old. […] Head lice can be spread as long as lice or eggs remain alive on the person with head lice or in their clothing. […] Head lice infestation is diagnosed by finding a live, crawling louse on the scalp or hair of a person. […] Persons diagnosed with head lice infestation should be treated with a medicine that is effective against lice (called a pediculicide). […] To prevent re-infestation and spread of head lice, everyone in the household should be checked.

• #118 Head Lice (Pediculosis) | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/info-details/head-lice-pediculosis

  Anyone can get head lice, but in the United States, head lice are most common in children 3-12 years of age. […] Head lice are most commonly spread by direct head-to-head contact with hair of other people who have head lice. […] People with head lice can continue to spread head lice to other people until they complete a course of treatment that kills all the head lice and their eggs. […] Household and other close contacts should be examined and treated if head lice are found. […] Many school departments and child care sites require that children be free of nits before returning to school and parents should be familiar with their own school or daycare’s head lice policy. However, both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Association of School Nurses advocate that „no-nit” policies should be abandoned.

• #119 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html

  Head lice, or Pediculus humanus capitis, are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. […] In the United States, infestation with head lice is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. […] There is not reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States; however, an estimated 6-12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3-11 years of age. […] The most common way to get head lice is by head-to-head contact with a person who already has head lice. […] To help control a head lice outbreak in a community, school, or camp, teach children to avoid activities that may spread head lice. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. Finding a live nymph (baby louse) or adult louse on the scalp or hair is the best way to diagnose a head lice infestation.

• #120 Pediculosis (Head Lice Infestation) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/pediculosis-head-lice-infestation/

  Anyone can get head lice. In the United States, infestation with head lice is common among children attending childcare and elementary school and their household members and caretakers. According to CDC, about 612 million infestations occur every year among children 311 years old. […] Head lice can be spread as long as lice or eggs remain alive on the person with head lice or in their clothing. […] Head lice infestation is diagnosed by finding a live, crawling louse on the scalp or hair of a person. […] Persons diagnosed with head lice infestation should be treated with a medicine that is effective against lice (called a pediculicide). […] To prevent re-infestation and spread of head lice, everyone in the household should be checked.

• #121 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are a persistent and easily communicable cause of infestations, particularly in school-aged children. […] Unlike body lice, head lice are not a primary health hazard, a sign of poor hygiene or a vector for disease, but they are a common societal problem and relatively expensive to treat. The annual cost of treating head lice in the United States is estimated to be at least US$500 million. […] Definitive diagnosis of head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestations is common. Diagnosis requires detection of live head lice. Detecting nits alone does not indicate active infestation. […] Environmental cleaning or disinfection following the detection of a head lice case is not warranted. Head lice or nits do not survive for long away from the scalp.

• #122 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html

  Head lice, or Pediculus humanus capitis, are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. […] In the United States, infestation with head lice is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. […] There is not reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States; however, an estimated 6-12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3-11 years of age. […] The most common way to get head lice is by head-to-head contact with a person who already has head lice. […] To help control a head lice outbreak in a community, school, or camp, teach children to avoid activities that may spread head lice. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. Finding a live nymph (baby louse) or adult louse on the scalp or hair is the best way to diagnose a head lice infestation.

• #123 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are a persistent and easily communicable cause of infestations, particularly in school-aged children. […] Unlike body lice, head lice are not a primary health hazard, a sign of poor hygiene or a vector for disease, but they are a common societal problem and relatively expensive to treat. The annual cost of treating head lice in the United States is estimated to be at least US$500 million. […] Definitive diagnosis of head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestations is common. Diagnosis requires detection of live head lice. Detecting nits alone does not indicate active infestation. […] Environmental cleaning or disinfection following the detection of a head lice case is not warranted. Head lice or nits do not survive for long away from the scalp.

• #124 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are a persistent and easily communicable cause of infestations, particularly in school-aged children. […] Unlike body lice, head lice are not a primary health hazard, a sign of poor hygiene or a vector for disease, but they are a common societal problem and relatively expensive to treat. The annual cost of treating head lice in the United States is estimated to be at least US$500 million. […] Definitive diagnosis of head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestations is common. Diagnosis requires detection of live head lice. Detecting nits alone does not indicate active infestation. […] Environmental cleaning or disinfection following the detection of a head lice case is not warranted. Head lice or nits do not survive for long away from the scalp.

• #125 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7446.html

  Head lice found in the United States prefer hair that is round in cross section. […] The most common sign of head lice infestation is itching on the back of the head or neck, which begins 1 to 4 weeks after the initial infestation. […] Detecting head lice can be time consuming, especially when the number of lice present is low. […] Normal shampooing, hair-conditioning, brushing, and hair-drying will kill a large number of lice and is likely a significant reason why not all louse transfer results in an infestation. […] There are seven critical steps to controlling an infestation of head lice: […] Head lice are the most prevalent human parasitic infestation in industrialized countries. […] A 1997 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) report based on sales of insecticides estimated that between 6 to 12 million head louse infestations occur annually in the United States among children 3 to 11 years of age, but this number is considered to be an overestimation of the actual number of infestations that occur because many infestations are incorrectly diagnosed based on non-viable nits observed in the hair.

• #126 Head lice | Utah Epidemiology

  https://epi.utah.gov/head-lice/

  Head lice are small, grayish white insects that live in hair and scalp and occur in all socioeconomic groups and in all conditions. Head lice are often found in children in elementary school and in childcare facilities. They can be spread by close personal contact with an infected individual, by sharing combs, brushes, hats, caps, or other headgear. […] A thorough examination of the scalp is needed to find them.

• #127 Head Lice: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/head-lice-causes-and-risk-factors-2633641

  Head lice infestation affects millions of children and adults each year, in every socioeconomic condition. […] Head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact is the easiest way for lice to spread. The biggest risk groups are children in preschool, daycare, and school, and their families. […] Lice infestations occur in families of all socioeconomic classes. […] Lack of screening: Lice continue to spread the longer a case goes undiagnosed and untreated. Screening by using a lice comb is a quick and efficient way to look for nits or live lice, as there may be no symptoms (itching or sores from scratching may be present, but not always). […] If your child has lice, call your child’s school nurse or program coordinator to report it.

• #128 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7446.html

  However, head lice infestation incidence is indeed increasing due to widespread resistance to many of the commonly used over-the-counter pyrethrin or pyrethroid-based insecticidal shampoos. […] Individuals, families, schools, and employers all incur substantial costs as a result of head lice treatment expenses, school absenteeism, and missed workdays. The annual cost of treating head lice in the U.S. is estimated to be up to $1 billion.

• #129 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Approximately 2% of adults are infested worldwide. […] The advances in omics technologies have revolutionized many scientific disciplines and can be a useful complement to the currently used methods to improve the understanding of the mechanisms and factors that mediate the louse’s vectorial capacity and their interaction with the various pathogens they transmit. […] The use of insecticides plays a crucial part in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. […] However, repeated insecticide applications can contribute to the emergence of resistance. […] The efficacy of many insecticides has been reduced by the emergence of insecticide-resistant lice, which to some extent underpins the increasing incidence of head louse infestations in many geographic regions.

• #130 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Approximately 2% of adults are infested worldwide. […] The advances in omics technologies have revolutionized many scientific disciplines and can be a useful complement to the currently used methods to improve the understanding of the mechanisms and factors that mediate the louse’s vectorial capacity and their interaction with the various pathogens they transmit. […] The use of insecticides plays a crucial part in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. […] However, repeated insecticide applications can contribute to the emergence of resistance. […] The efficacy of many insecticides has been reduced by the emergence of insecticide-resistant lice, which to some extent underpins the increasing incidence of head louse infestations in many geographic regions.

• #131 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Approximately 2% of adults are infested worldwide. […] The advances in omics technologies have revolutionized many scientific disciplines and can be a useful complement to the currently used methods to improve the understanding of the mechanisms and factors that mediate the louse’s vectorial capacity and their interaction with the various pathogens they transmit. […] The use of insecticides plays a crucial part in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. […] However, repeated insecticide applications can contribute to the emergence of resistance. […] The efficacy of many insecticides has been reduced by the emergence of insecticide-resistant lice, which to some extent underpins the increasing incidence of head louse infestations in many geographic regions.

• #132 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7446.html

  However, head lice infestation incidence is indeed increasing due to widespread resistance to many of the commonly used over-the-counter pyrethrin or pyrethroid-based insecticidal shampoos. […] Individuals, families, schools, and employers all incur substantial costs as a result of head lice treatment expenses, school absenteeism, and missed workdays. The annual cost of treating head lice in the U.S. is estimated to be up to $1 billion.

• #133 An Overview of Head Lice: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management – keratin.com

  https://www.keratin.com/infectious-hair-diseases/an-overview-of-head-lice-biology-epidemiology-and-management/

  Head lice infestations are a global issue, affecting individuals of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. However, certain factors influence the prevalence of infestation: […] Infestations are most common in children aged 3-11 years due to close physical contact during play and limited awareness of personal hygiene. […] While head lice are found worldwide, their prevalence is higher in densely populated areas where close contact is more frequent. […] Head lice are transmitted primarily through direct head-to-head contact. […] Epidemics of head lice are rarely reported; instead, infestations persist as endemic conditions in communities, with seasonal variations often influenced by temperature and humidity. […] The emergence of resistance to commonly used chemical pediculicides poses a significant challenge in managing head lice infestations. […] Consequently, monitoring resistance patterns and developing alternative treatments remain critical research priorities. […] Adequately designed experimental and epidemiological studies are needed to ascertain the exact transmission potential of head lice.

• #134 HEAD LICE IN PAKISTAN: UNDERSTANDING EPIDEMIOLOGY, SOCIETAL ATTITUDES, TREATMENT PREFERENCES, AND PEDICULICIDE RESISTANCE TRENDS | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/4278

  Pediculosis is human louse infestation, also referred to as headlice infestation in clinics. The main objective was to establish the emergence of resistance in present pediculicides and the need of newer anti-headlice agents which should be more effective and convenient to use. Headlice prevalence was highest in 20-30 age group. […] Regarding the need of newer pediculicides, there were significant evidence according to collected data about inconvenience, safety issues, and development of resistance in preferred conventional therapies. 85.1% respondents were exclusively agreed upon need of newer pediculicides for headlice infestation.

• #135 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Infestations of head lice are more common in the warmer months, as well as in areas with higher humidity. Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools.

• #136 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Infestations of head lice are more common in the warmer months, as well as in areas with higher humidity. Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools.

• #137 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Given the prevalence of head lice infestations and the anxiety they cause for children, parents and child care or school staff, health care providers are uniquely qualified to dispel myths and provide accurate information on diagnosis, misdiagnosis and management strategies. […] Clinicians should provide parents with the most up-to-date information on head lice, helping to dispel long-held myths. Key messages include: Head lice infestations are common in school children but are not associated with disease spread or poor hygiene.

• #138

  http://www.ongov.net/health/headlice.html

  Head lice infestations are frequently found in school settings or institutions. […] Pediculosis can be spread as long as lice or eggs remain alive on the infested person or clothing. […] Health education on the life history of lice, proper treatment and the importance of laundering clothing and bedding in hot water or dry cleaning to destroy lice and eggs is extremely valuable. […] In addition, regular direct inspection of children for head lice, and when indicated, of body and clothing, particularly of children in schools, institutions, nursing homes and summer camps, is important.

• #139 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Given the prevalence of head lice infestations and the anxiety they cause for children, parents and child care or school staff, health care providers are uniquely qualified to dispel myths and provide accurate information on diagnosis, misdiagnosis and management strategies. […] Clinicians should provide parents with the most up-to-date information on head lice, helping to dispel long-held myths. Key messages include: Head lice infestations are common in school children but are not associated with disease spread or poor hygiene.

• #140 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx

  Head lice spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with someone who actively has head lice. Head lice can also spread from sharing personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. […] Head lice are common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Head lice are more likely to spread at home, daycare, or at a friend’s house than at school. […] Head lice usually spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with a person that already has head lice. Head lice can also spread by sharing combs, hats, clothes, hair clips, scarves, or other personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. Head lice are more likely to spread between children during sleepovers, play dates, and family gatherings, and less likely at school. […] Head lice are most common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Having head lice isn’t a sign of poor hygiene or being dirty.

• #141 The Dx and Rx of Head Lice

  https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/the-dx-and-rx-of-head-lice

  Head lice infestation is a condition that affects a large population of children globally. Regular head examinations may help with early detection of the disease. […] Introducing tailored public health measures to control the disease is also pivotal. Further, collaborative initiatives with primary schools that emphasize early detection of the disease in children by schoolteachers and caregivers can help with reducing the burden of the disease.

• #142 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx

  Over-the-counter products and medications prescribed by a healthcare provider are available for the treatment of head lice. […] It is important to follow the instructions on the product label or directions given by a healthcare provider to treat head lice. […] The best way to prevent getting head lice is to not touch heads with someone that has head lice, including during play or other activities at home, school, or other places.

• #143 Head Lice (‘Ukus) | Disease Outbreak Control Division

  https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/head-lice-ukus/

  Head lice are small (the size of a sesame seed), usually tan to grayish-white colored insects that live and reproduce in the hair on human heads. […] Head lice can be found on the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes of people. […] Head lice are not known to spread diseases. […] Infestations are most common among preschool and elementary school-aged children as well as the household members of infested children. […] There are no statistics on how many people have been infected with head lice in Hawaii. In the United States, an estimated 6 to 12 million infestations occur each year among children 3 to 11 years of age. […] Reduce the risk of catching head lice by avoiding both direct head-to-head contact and sharing of clothing or items such as hats, hair ribbons, brushes, towels, etc. […] No healthy child should be excluded from or allowed to miss school time because of head lice.

• #144 The Dx and Rx of Head Lice

  https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/the-dx-and-rx-of-head-lice

  Head lice infestation is a condition that affects a large population of children globally. Regular head examinations may help with early detection of the disease. […] Introducing tailored public health measures to control the disease is also pivotal. Further, collaborative initiatives with primary schools that emphasize early detection of the disease in children by schoolteachers and caregivers can help with reducing the burden of the disease.

• #145 About Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/about/head-lice.html

  Head lice, or Pediculus humanus capitis, are parasitic insects that feed on human blood. […] In the United States, infestation with head lice is most common among preschool- and elementary school-age children and their household members and caretakers. […] There is not reliable data on how many people get head lice each year in the United States; however, an estimated 6-12 million infestations occur each year in the United States among children 3-11 years of age. […] The most common way to get head lice is by head-to-head contact with a person who already has head lice. […] To help control a head lice outbreak in a community, school, or camp, teach children to avoid activities that may spread head lice. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestation is common. Finding a live nymph (baby louse) or adult louse on the scalp or hair is the best way to diagnose a head lice infestation.

• #146 Head Lice | South Dakota Department of Health

  https://doh.sd.gov/diseases/head-lice/

  Anyone may become infested with head lice under suitable conditions of exposure. Lice are easily transmitted from person to person during direct contact. Head lice infestations are frequently found in homes, day care, school settings or institutions. […] Head lice transmission can occur during direct contact with an infested individual. Head lice cannot jump or fly. Head to head contact or sharing items of clothing, combs, brushes, hats, or headphones may also result in transmission. Shared surfaces such as pillows, mattresses, sleeping bags, cars seats or upholstered furniture may also transmit head lice. […] Head lice can be spread as long as lice or eggs remain alive on the infested person. […] Physical contact with infested individuals and their belongings, especially clothing, headgear and bedding should be avoided. Check the heads of household members and treat those found to be infested. Thorough cleaning should be done of household items including: vacuuming upholstered furniture and carpet; laundering clothing and bedding in hot water (130 F for 20 minutes) and drying on hot cycle or dry cleaning to destroy lice and eggs; soaking combs and brushes in hot water (130 F for 10 minutes). Anything that cannot be laundered should be sealed in a plastic bag for two weeks. Educate persons involved on the transmission and the treatment of head lice. Where large scale infestations involve several families, the importance of coordination of treatment and prevention efforts is important.

• #147 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are a persistent and easily communicable cause of infestations, particularly in school-aged children. […] Unlike body lice, head lice are not a primary health hazard, a sign of poor hygiene or a vector for disease, but they are a common societal problem and relatively expensive to treat. The annual cost of treating head lice in the United States is estimated to be at least US$500 million. […] Definitive diagnosis of head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestations is common. Diagnosis requires detection of live head lice. Detecting nits alone does not indicate active infestation. […] Environmental cleaning or disinfection following the detection of a head lice case is not warranted. Head lice or nits do not survive for long away from the scalp.

• #148 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are a persistent and easily communicable cause of infestations, particularly in school-aged children. […] Unlike body lice, head lice are not a primary health hazard, a sign of poor hygiene or a vector for disease, but they are a common societal problem and relatively expensive to treat. The annual cost of treating head lice in the United States is estimated to be at least US$500 million. […] Definitive diagnosis of head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestations is common. Diagnosis requires detection of live head lice. Detecting nits alone does not indicate active infestation. […] Environmental cleaning or disinfection following the detection of a head lice case is not warranted. Head lice or nits do not survive for long away from the scalp.

• #149 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are a persistent and easily communicable cause of infestations, particularly in school-aged children. […] Unlike body lice, head lice are not a primary health hazard, a sign of poor hygiene or a vector for disease, but they are a common societal problem and relatively expensive to treat. The annual cost of treating head lice in the United States is estimated to be at least US$500 million. […] Definitive diagnosis of head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestations is common. Diagnosis requires detection of live head lice. Detecting nits alone does not indicate active infestation. […] Environmental cleaning or disinfection following the detection of a head lice case is not warranted. Head lice or nits do not survive for long away from the scalp.

• #150 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7446.html

  However, head lice infestation incidence is indeed increasing due to widespread resistance to many of the commonly used over-the-counter pyrethrin or pyrethroid-based insecticidal shampoos. […] Individuals, families, schools, and employers all incur substantial costs as a result of head lice treatment expenses, school absenteeism, and missed workdays. The annual cost of treating head lice in the U.S. is estimated to be up to $1 billion.

• #151 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7446.html

  However, head lice infestation incidence is indeed increasing due to widespread resistance to many of the commonly used over-the-counter pyrethrin or pyrethroid-based insecticidal shampoos. […] Individuals, families, schools, and employers all incur substantial costs as a result of head lice treatment expenses, school absenteeism, and missed workdays. The annual cost of treating head lice in the U.S. is estimated to be up to $1 billion.

• #152 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are a persistent and easily communicable cause of infestations, particularly in school-aged children. […] Unlike body lice, head lice are not a primary health hazard, a sign of poor hygiene or a vector for disease, but they are a common societal problem and relatively expensive to treat. The annual cost of treating head lice in the United States is estimated to be at least US$500 million. […] Definitive diagnosis of head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse. […] Misdiagnosis of head lice infestations is common. Diagnosis requires detection of live head lice. Detecting nits alone does not indicate active infestation. […] Environmental cleaning or disinfection following the detection of a head lice case is not warranted. Head lice or nits do not survive for long away from the scalp.

• #153 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  In developing countries, and places where insecticides are not readily available, the prevalence has probably remained unchanged. […] Since the 1970s, the prevalence of lice has increased in many countries, and hundreds of millions of people have been infested globally, ranging from zero to 78.6% in different countries and areas. […] Head lice seem to be common in children. […] Body lice are predominantly prevalent in the homeless people, refugees and people living in crowded and/or unsanitary conditions. […] Body louse outbreaks occur mostly during conflicts or natural disasters with a prevalence as high as 90-100% reported during the civil wars in Burundi, Rwanda, and Zaire in the 1990s. […] Although less information is available about the distribution of crab lice, there is an indication that this species is widely distributed.

• #154 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene. In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. On the other hand, false-positive nit diagnosis is common. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestation is most common in urban areas and may occur in all socioeconomic groups. Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools.

• #155 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-overview

  Pediculosis is not a reportable disease, exact numbers concerning incidence are unknown. Pediculosis may be underreported because of the social stigma attachednamely, the preconceived notion that lice of any kind are related to dirt and poor personal hygiene. In fact, personal cleanliness is not a factor in head lice infestation rates. On the other hand, false-positive nit diagnosis is common. […] Pediculosis is very common; a report from 2000 estimates that 6-12 million Americans aged 3-11 years are infested each year. […] Head louse infestation is more common in the warmer months, whereas pubic louse infestation is more common in the cooler months. […] Head louse infestation is most common in urban areas and may occur in all socioeconomic groups. Head louse infestations occur most commonly in school-aged children, typically in late summer and autumn. The reported prevalence ranges from 10-40% in US schools.

• #156 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7446.html

  The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, can infest people of all ages, but most commonly affects children 4 to 12 years of age since they often play in close contact with one another. […] Many families with young children have at least one encounter with head lice. While head lice infestation causes limited health impacts for most people, it can cause a great deal of anxiety and embarrassment. Head lice are not a health hazard and do not transmit disease-causing pathogens, nor do they indicate poor hygiene. […] Head lice are mainly acquired through direct head-to-head contact with an infested person’s hair. […] Diagnosis of a head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse crawling on the scalp. […] Head lice spend their entire life on the hairy part of the human head.

• #157 Managing Head Lice in School Settings and at Home | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-school-health/skilled-procedures-texas-school-health/managing-head-lice-school

  No law in Texas addresses excluding children with head lice from school. The Department of State Health Services (DSHS) does not have authority to impose a set policy on the exclusion or inclusion of students with head lice in school districts. DSHS urges school districts to ensure that its policies and procedures do not unnecessarily cause children to miss class. School districts policies and procedures should not encourage the embarrassment and isolation of students who have repeated cases of head lice. […] Lice are not a public health threat. DSHS does not monitor or track cases of head lice because they do not carry disease. It is up to each school district to create head lice policies and procedures if they choose. Talk with the school nurse or school administration to determine the school district’s policy and procedures. The „Setting Policies for School Districts” header below has policy suggestions.

• #158 Head lice infestations: A clinical update | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/head-lice

  Given the prevalence of head lice infestations and the anxiety they cause for children, parents and child care or school staff, health care providers are uniquely qualified to dispel myths and provide accurate information on diagnosis, misdiagnosis and management strategies. […] Clinicians should provide parents with the most up-to-date information on head lice, helping to dispel long-held myths. Key messages include: Head lice infestations are common in school children but are not associated with disease spread or poor hygiene.

• #159 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx

  Head lice spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with someone who actively has head lice. Head lice can also spread from sharing personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. […] Head lice are common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Head lice are more likely to spread at home, daycare, or at a friend’s house than at school. […] Head lice usually spread from head-to-head (or hair-to-hair) contact with a person that already has head lice. Head lice can also spread by sharing combs, hats, clothes, hair clips, scarves, or other personal items that come in contact with a person’s head. Head lice are more likely to spread between children during sleepovers, play dates, and family gatherings, and less likely at school. […] Head lice are most common among school-aged children, but anyone can get head lice. Having head lice isn’t a sign of poor hygiene or being dirty.

• #160 Head Lice Information | COEUR D’ALENE PUBLIC SCHOOLS

  https://www.cdaschools.org/o/cdaps/page/head-lice-information

  Fact: Personal hygiene or household or school cleanliness are not factors for infestation. In fact, head lice often infest people with good hygiene and grooming habits […] Fact: Head lice do not spread diseases. […] Fact: It is uncommon to spread head lice by contact with clothing or other personal items, such as combs, brushes and hair accessories that have been in contact with a person with head lice. […] Fact: Head lice cannot jump or fly; they only move by crawling. And it’s highly unlikely to find head lice living on objects like helmets or hats because they have feet that are specifically designed to grasp on to the hair shaft of humans. Additionally, a louse can only live for a few hours without feeding on a human host. […] CDC. Parasites: Lice: Head lice: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. CDC Accessed April 15, 2015.

• #161 Prevalence and associated factors of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19712-2

  Head lice infestation remains a persistent public health concern among primary school children in resource-limited settings, affecting their well-being and academic performance. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors related to head lice infestation among primary school children in low and middle-income countries. […] The pooled prevalence of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries was 19.96% (95% CI; 13.97, 25.95). […] Female gender, children who had a previous history of infestation, and family size were significant predictors of head lice infestation. […] Head lice infestation is a common and persistent health issue among primary school children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] Despite several studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries, there is no consistent evidence regarding the prevalence of head lice infestation and its associated factors.

• #162 Prevalence and associated factors of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19712-2

  Head lice infestation remains a persistent public health concern among primary school children in resource-limited settings, affecting their well-being and academic performance. […] This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors related to head lice infestation among primary school children in low and middle-income countries. […] The pooled prevalence of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries was 19.96% (95% CI; 13.97, 25.95). […] Female gender, children who had a previous history of infestation, and family size were significant predictors of head lice infestation. […] Head lice infestation is a common and persistent health issue among primary school children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] Despite several studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries, there is no consistent evidence regarding the prevalence of head lice infestation and its associated factors.

• #163 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7446.html

  However, head lice infestation incidence is indeed increasing due to widespread resistance to many of the commonly used over-the-counter pyrethrin or pyrethroid-based insecticidal shampoos. […] Individuals, families, schools, and employers all incur substantial costs as a result of head lice treatment expenses, school absenteeism, and missed workdays. The annual cost of treating head lice in the U.S. is estimated to be up to $1 billion.

• #164 Managing Head Lice in School Settings and at Home | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-school-health/skilled-procedures-texas-school-health/managing-head-lice-school

  According to a head lice research article published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2015, „No healthy child should be excluded from or allowed to miss school time because of head lice or nits. Pediatricians may educate school communities that no-nit policies for return to school should be abandoned.” You can find information for schools at the end of the research article.

• #165 Managing Head Lice in School Settings and at Home | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-school-health/skilled-procedures-texas-school-health/managing-head-lice-school

  No law in Texas addresses excluding children with head lice from school. The Department of State Health Services (DSHS) does not have authority to impose a set policy on the exclusion or inclusion of students with head lice in school districts. DSHS urges school districts to ensure that its policies and procedures do not unnecessarily cause children to miss class. School districts policies and procedures should not encourage the embarrassment and isolation of students who have repeated cases of head lice. […] Lice are not a public health threat. DSHS does not monitor or track cases of head lice because they do not carry disease. It is up to each school district to create head lice policies and procedures if they choose. Talk with the school nurse or school administration to determine the school district’s policy and procedures. The „Setting Policies for School Districts” header below has policy suggestions.

• #166 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Head lice occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. The result is the occurrence of outbreaks of head lice infestation in kindergartens and schools. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12. […] The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children.

• #167 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  Head lice occur almost exclusively in vulnerable groups: school children, homeless people, refugees, and slum dwellers. […] The spread of head lice depends on spatial and temporal factors, including the number of susceptible hosts, the duration of the infestation, and the duration and nature of hair-to-hair contact. The result is the occurrence of outbreaks of head lice infestation in kindergartens and schools. […] In Germany, head lice infestations show a seasonal rhythm, with a peak between the middle of September and the end of October (after the summer holidays). […] Prevalence studies do not, therefore, reflect the true prevalence of this parasitosis in the population. […] Those most frequently affected are children between the ages of 4 and 12. […] The school or class visited had a stronger influence on prevalence than individual characteristics of the children.

• #168

  https://www.who.int/bangladesh/news/detail/10-06-2024-Scratching-the-Scalp-Addressing-Head-Lice-in-Rohingya-Refugee-Camps

  The prevalence of head lice infestation, medically termed pediculosis capitis, is a pressing global health issue, particularly prevalent among migrant and refugee populations. […] The narrative took a somber turn in May 2023 when health workers, conducting a scabies prevalence survey in the Rohingya camps, stumbled upon a silent crisis: a suspected infestation of head lice that seemed widespread across the camps. […] The investigation revealed a staggering 35% infestation rate of head lice among the camp residents. […] WHO, with local health authorities, is directing disease surveillance and response, now also targeting neglected tropical diseases like headlice and scabies in Rohingya camps through swift, community-based interventions, aiming to alleviate disease spread and optimize healthcare resources.

• #169 Head Lice Infestation (Pediculus humanus capitis) Prevalence and Its Associated Factors, Among The Kormanj Tribes in North Khorasan Province

  https://brieflands.com/articles/semj-80292

  Human pediculosis is an important factor in assessing the level of public health and personal hygiene. […] The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pediculosis (head lice infestation) and the factors affecting the rate of infestation. […] A total of 28 cases (3.2%) were found to be infected with head lice, 10 cases (35.7%) out of the 3.2% prevalence had a history of infestation with head lice in the past while the remaining 18 cases (64.3%) had no history of lice infestation in the past. […] The pediculosis is one of the main public health problems in nomadic tribes such as Kormanj tribes in North Khorasan province. It seems that improvement of personal health conditions in females and also appropriate treatment in previous infestations for nomadic tribes could significantly reduce the prevalence of human head lice infestation.

• #170 Head Lice Infestation (Pediculus humanus capitis) Prevalence and Its Associated Factors, Among The Kormanj Tribes in North Khorasan Province

  https://brieflands.com/articles/semj-80292

  Human pediculosis is an important factor in assessing the level of public health and personal hygiene. […] The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pediculosis (head lice infestation) and the factors affecting the rate of infestation. […] A total of 28 cases (3.2%) were found to be infected with head lice, 10 cases (35.7%) out of the 3.2% prevalence had a history of infestation with head lice in the past while the remaining 18 cases (64.3%) had no history of lice infestation in the past. […] The pediculosis is one of the main public health problems in nomadic tribes such as Kormanj tribes in North Khorasan province. It seems that improvement of personal health conditions in females and also appropriate treatment in previous infestations for nomadic tribes could significantly reduce the prevalence of human head lice infestation.

• #171

  https://www.who.int/bangladesh/news/detail/10-06-2024-Scratching-the-Scalp-Addressing-Head-Lice-in-Rohingya-Refugee-Camps

  Addressing scabies and head lice, categorised as neglected tropical diseases, necessitates a collaborative effort involving various sectors. […] While the immediate focus is on tackling head lice infestation, the broader aim is to advocate for improved living conditions to prevent future outbreaks. […] The campaign against pediculosis capitis in the Rohingya camps goes beyond simple medical intervention; it represents a resolute dedication to upholding the dignity and health rights of the displaced.

• #172 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Pediculosis (louse infestation) affects hundreds of millions worldwide each year and has been reported in all countries and socioeconomic classes. […] There are limited studies on pediculosis, and further epidemiological research is needed. This is especially true in regions with significant poverty and low health standards. […] Louse infestations affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. They have been reported in all countries and all levels of society. Pediculus humanus capitis is estimated to affect 6 to 12 million people in the United States every year, but the exact numbers are unknown as it is not a reportable disease. Head lice outbreaks more commonly affect children 3 to 12 years old, with girls being affected more than boys. […] In industrialized countries, small epidemics typically develop in schoolchildren whose tight social bonds allow for the rapid spread of the infestation.

• #173 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Pediculosis (louse infestation) affects hundreds of millions worldwide each year and has been reported in all countries and socioeconomic classes. […] There are limited studies on pediculosis, and further epidemiological research is needed. This is especially true in regions with significant poverty and low health standards. […] Louse infestations affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. They have been reported in all countries and all levels of society. Pediculus humanus capitis is estimated to affect 6 to 12 million people in the United States every year, but the exact numbers are unknown as it is not a reportable disease. Head lice outbreaks more commonly affect children 3 to 12 years old, with girls being affected more than boys. […] In industrialized countries, small epidemics typically develop in schoolchildren whose tight social bonds allow for the rapid spread of the infestation.

• #174 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Pediculosis (louse infestation) affects hundreds of millions worldwide each year and has been reported in all countries and socioeconomic classes. […] There are limited studies on pediculosis, and further epidemiological research is needed. This is especially true in regions with significant poverty and low health standards. […] Louse infestations affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. They have been reported in all countries and all levels of society. Pediculus humanus capitis is estimated to affect 6 to 12 million people in the United States every year, but the exact numbers are unknown as it is not a reportable disease. Head lice outbreaks more commonly affect children 3 to 12 years old, with girls being affected more than boys. […] In industrialized countries, small epidemics typically develop in schoolchildren whose tight social bonds allow for the rapid spread of the infestation.

• #175 Prevalence and associated factors of head lice infestation among primary school children in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19712-2

  The existing literature on the prevalence of head lice infestation in primary school children within LMICs is fragmented and often lacks comprehensive data. […] This systematic review and meta-analysis also revealed that being female gender and having a previous history of head lice infestation had a statistically significant association with head lice infestation. […] This implies that the likelihood of head lice infestation increases when there is another infected member in the household, and having other children in the same living space also increases the likelihood of infestation, especially among children from larger families compared to those from smaller families. […] The overall prevalence of head lice infestation among primary school children was found to be high in low and middle-income countries.

• #176 An Overview of Head Lice: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management – keratin.com

  https://www.keratin.com/infectious-hair-diseases/an-overview-of-head-lice-biology-epidemiology-and-management/

  Head lice infestations are a global issue, affecting individuals of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds. However, certain factors influence the prevalence of infestation: […] Infestations are most common in children aged 3-11 years due to close physical contact during play and limited awareness of personal hygiene. […] While head lice are found worldwide, their prevalence is higher in densely populated areas where close contact is more frequent. […] Head lice are transmitted primarily through direct head-to-head contact. […] Epidemics of head lice are rarely reported; instead, infestations persist as endemic conditions in communities, with seasonal variations often influenced by temperature and humidity. […] The emergence of resistance to commonly used chemical pediculicides poses a significant challenge in managing head lice infestations. […] Consequently, monitoring resistance patterns and developing alternative treatments remain critical research priorities. […] Adequately designed experimental and epidemiological studies are needed to ascertain the exact transmission potential of head lice.

• #177 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. […] Emerging evidence suggests that head lice and body lice should be considered conspecific, with different genotypes and ecotypes. […] Human pediculosis is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. […] Human blood-sucking lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura) comprise two families Pediculidae and Pthiridae, with the corresponding genera Pediculus and Pthirus, respectively. […] Transmission of head and body lice occurs via close contact, such as head-to-head or exchanging hats, sharing pillowcases, and clothes. […] Surveys of head louse prevalence have been summarized in previous reviews. […] The prevalence of head louse has significantly declined in developed countries due to the use of medications.

• #178 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Approximately 2% of adults are infested worldwide. […] The advances in omics technologies have revolutionized many scientific disciplines and can be a useful complement to the currently used methods to improve the understanding of the mechanisms and factors that mediate the louse’s vectorial capacity and their interaction with the various pathogens they transmit. […] The use of insecticides plays a crucial part in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. […] However, repeated insecticide applications can contribute to the emergence of resistance. […] The efficacy of many insecticides has been reduced by the emergence of insecticide-resistant lice, which to some extent underpins the increasing incidence of head louse infestations in many geographic regions.

• #179 Human pediculosis, a global public health problem | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w

  Approximately 2% of adults are infested worldwide. […] The advances in omics technologies have revolutionized many scientific disciplines and can be a useful complement to the currently used methods to improve the understanding of the mechanisms and factors that mediate the louse’s vectorial capacity and their interaction with the various pathogens they transmit. […] The use of insecticides plays a crucial part in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. […] However, repeated insecticide applications can contribute to the emergence of resistance. […] The efficacy of many insecticides has been reduced by the emergence of insecticide-resistant lice, which to some extent underpins the increasing incidence of head louse infestations in many geographic regions.

• #180 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales Market: A Study Using Web Query Data

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4Y2Pom8l/

  Head lice surveillance on a deregulated OTC-sales market: a study using web query data. […] GET WELL: an automated surveillance system for gaining new epidemiological knowledge. […] Web queries as a source for syndromic surveillance.

• #181 Head Lice Surveillance on a Deregulated OTC-Sales Market: A Study Using Web Query Data

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4Y2Pom8l/

  Head lice surveillance on a deregulated OTC-sales market: a study using web query data. […] GET WELL: an automated surveillance system for gaining new epidemiological knowledge. […] Web queries as a source for syndromic surveillance.

• #182 Pediculosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470343/

  Infestations of head lice are more common in the warmer months, as well as in areas with higher humidity. Head lice cross all socioeconomic barriers, whereas body lice more commonly affect the homeless and displaced. Body lice are more common in the colder months of the year. […] Pediculosis is a major public health problem affecting millions and is best managed with an interprofessional team approach. […] There is solid evidence that education can lower lice infestation in schools.

• #183

  https://www.who.int/bangladesh/news/detail/10-06-2024-Scratching-the-Scalp-Addressing-Head-Lice-in-Rohingya-Refugee-Camps

  Addressing scabies and head lice, categorised as neglected tropical diseases, necessitates a collaborative effort involving various sectors. […] While the immediate focus is on tackling head lice infestation, the broader aim is to advocate for improved living conditions to prevent future outbreaks. […] The campaign against pediculosis capitis in the Rohingya camps goes beyond simple medical intervention; it represents a resolute dedication to upholding the dignity and health rights of the displaced.

• #184 The Dx and Rx of Head Lice

  https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/the-dx-and-rx-of-head-lice

  Head lice infestation is a condition that affects a large population of children globally. Regular head examinations may help with early detection of the disease. […] Introducing tailored public health measures to control the disease is also pivotal. Further, collaborative initiatives with primary schools that emphasize early detection of the disease in children by schoolteachers and caregivers can help with reducing the burden of the disease.

• #185

  https://www.who.int/bangladesh/news/detail/10-06-2024-Scratching-the-Scalp-Addressing-Head-Lice-in-Rohingya-Refugee-Camps

  Addressing scabies and head lice, categorised as neglected tropical diseases, necessitates a collaborative effort involving various sectors. […] While the immediate focus is on tackling head lice infestation, the broader aim is to advocate for improved living conditions to prevent future outbreaks. […] The campaign against pediculosis capitis in the Rohingya camps goes beyond simple medical intervention; it represents a resolute dedication to upholding the dignity and health rights of the displaced.

• #186

  https://www.who.int/bangladesh/news/detail/10-06-2024-Scratching-the-Scalp-Addressing-Head-Lice-in-Rohingya-Refugee-Camps

  The prevalence of head lice infestation, medically termed pediculosis capitis, is a pressing global health issue, particularly prevalent among migrant and refugee populations. […] The narrative took a somber turn in May 2023 when health workers, conducting a scabies prevalence survey in the Rohingya camps, stumbled upon a silent crisis: a suspected infestation of head lice that seemed widespread across the camps. […] The investigation revealed a staggering 35% infestation rate of head lice among the camp residents. […] WHO, with local health authorities, is directing disease surveillance and response, now also targeting neglected tropical diseases like headlice and scabies in Rohingya camps through swift, community-based interventions, aiming to alleviate disease spread and optimize healthcare resources.

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