Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hot Air Treatment Is Effective Against Head Lice | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p910.html

  An estimated 6 to 12 million cases of head lice infestation occur in the United States annually. This number is rising because of the increasing resistance of lice to chemical shampoos. Other treatments include louse combs and home remedies of unproven effectiveness. A new treatment uses hot air to kill lice. Several studies have shown that body lice and eggs are desiccated in as little as five minutes after exposure to air that is 122 to 131 F (50 to 55 C). […] All hot air treatments had higher louse eradication rates and lower egg-hatch rates than no treatment. […] The authors conclude that hot air treatments at temperatures lower than blow-dryers effectively treat head lice, but no method results in 100 percent louse mortality. The bonnet-style method appears to be least effective, and the authors do not recommend it. The Lousebuster with handpiece appears to have the highest kill rate.

• #2 How to manage head lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070891/

  People are infested by 3 types of lice: body lice (Pediculus humanus var corporis), head lice (P h var capitis), and crab or pubic lice (Phthirus pubis). […] Of the 3 lice types, head lice get the most attention because they are thought to be highly prevalent and to be developing resistance to commonly used pediculicides. The treatment of head lice is a multimillion dollar industry. […] Many experts agree that before treatment, there must be positive identification of live lice and unhatched eggs, not just nits. […] Once head lice infestation has been confirmed, treatment involves a multipronged approach that includes pediculicidal agents, mechanical removal, and possibly environmental measures (although there is not widespread agreement on this) to prevent further transmission and reinfestation.

• #3 Head Lice (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/head-lice.html

  Head lice are a common problem, especially for kids. […] It’s best to treat head lice right away to prevent them from spreading. […] The two main ways to treat lice are: medicine and removing by hand. […] Medicated shampoos, cream rinses, and lotions are available that kill lice. […] Sometimes lice can be resistant to some medicines, which means the treatment won’t work. […] Whether the medicine is OTC or prescription, always follow the directions closely. […] Removing lice and nits by hand can finish the job if the medicine did not completely rid your child of lice. […] To do this, run a fine-tooth comb through your child’s wet hair one section at a time. […] Though petroleum jelly, mayonnaise, or olive oil are sometimes used to try to suffocate head lice, these treatments may not work.

• #4 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/head-lice/pest-notes/

  Use a head lice comb to remove nits. […] Diagnosis of a head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse crawling on the scalp. […] There are seven critical steps to controlling an infestation of head lice: […] Using an effective head louse treatment, with all infested individuals treated at the same time, to prevent re-infestation from others. […] Normal shampooing, hair-conditioning, brushing, and hair-drying will kill a large number of lice and is likely a significant reason why not all louse transfer results in an infestation. […] If live lice are found a day after a treatment, then it’s likely they are resistant to the particular product that was used, and a change in active ingredient is recommended. […] Dimethicone is effective, safe, and affordable and can also be used in all age groups.

• #5 How to manage head lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070891/

  People are infested by 3 types of lice: body lice (Pediculus humanus var corporis), head lice (P h var capitis), and crab or pubic lice (Phthirus pubis). […] Of the 3 lice types, head lice get the most attention because they are thought to be highly prevalent and to be developing resistance to commonly used pediculicides. The treatment of head lice is a multimillion dollar industry. […] Many experts agree that before treatment, there must be positive identification of live lice and unhatched eggs, not just nits. […] Once head lice infestation has been confirmed, treatment involves a multipronged approach that includes pediculicidal agents, mechanical removal, and possibly environmental measures (although there is not widespread agreement on this) to prevent further transmission and reinfestation.

• #6 Head lice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356186

  According to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, the gold standard for diagnosing head lice is to identify a live nymph or adult louse. […] Your health care provider will likely recommend a medication available without a prescription that kills lice and some of the nits. These medications may not kill recently laid eggs. Therefore, an appropriately timed second treatment is usually necessary to kill nymphs after they hatch but before they become adult lice. […] Some studies suggest that re-treating 7 to 9 days after the first treatment is the ideal time for a second treatment, but other re-treatment schedules exist. Ask your health care provider for written instructions for a recommended treatment schedule. […] Permethrin is a synthetic version of pyrethrin, which is a chemical compound extracted from the chrysanthemum flower. Permethrin is toxic to lice.

• #7 Head lice and nits

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/head-lice-and-nits/

  Head lice can make your head feel itchy. […] The only way to be sure someone has head lice is by finding live lice. […] You can do this by combing their hair with a special fine-toothed comb (detection comb). You can buy these online or at pharmacies. […] Treat head lice as soon as you spot them. You can treat head lice without seeing a GP. […] Check everyone you live with, or have close contact with, and start treating anyone who has head lice on the same day. […] Lice and nits can be removed by wet combing. […] You can buy a special fine-toothed comb (detection comb) online or from pharmacies to remove head lice and nits. […] If wet combing has not worked or is not suitable, you could try a medicated lotion or spray. These kill head lice in all types of hair, and you can buy them from pharmacies, supermarkets or online.

• #8 How to manage head lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070891/

  People are infested by 3 types of lice: body lice (Pediculus humanus var corporis), head lice (P h var capitis), and crab or pubic lice (Phthirus pubis). […] Of the 3 lice types, head lice get the most attention because they are thought to be highly prevalent and to be developing resistance to commonly used pediculicides. The treatment of head lice is a multimillion dollar industry. […] Many experts agree that before treatment, there must be positive identification of live lice and unhatched eggs, not just nits. […] Once head lice infestation has been confirmed, treatment involves a multipronged approach that includes pediculicidal agents, mechanical removal, and possibly environmental measures (although there is not widespread agreement on this) to prevent further transmission and reinfestation.

• #9 Head Lice: Overview, Treatment Options and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/head-lice

  How Is Head Lice Treated? […] To treat your childs lice, they may need: Over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription lice medicine. […] Your childs doctor or health care provider can recommend a shampoo, rinse, or lotion to kill lice or help with itching. […] A lot of head lice shampoos are insecticides. That means they have chemicals in them that kill lice. […] After using the medicine, check for lice again in 8 to 12 hours. […] Keep checking hair and using the nit comb every 2 to 3 days for 2 to 3 weeks. […] The comb-out method lets you check for nits and lice or remove them after treatment. This method alone may not get rid of lice. Head lice medicine is also needed. […] After each medicine treatment, use the comb-out method every 2 to 3 days for 2 to 3 weeks to remove nits and eggs.

• #10 Head Lice (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/head-lice.html

  Head lice are a common problem, especially for kids. […] It’s best to treat head lice right away to prevent them from spreading. […] The two main ways to treat lice are: medicine and removing by hand. […] Medicated shampoos, cream rinses, and lotions are available that kill lice. […] Sometimes lice can be resistant to some medicines, which means the treatment won’t work. […] Whether the medicine is OTC or prescription, always follow the directions closely. […] Removing lice and nits by hand can finish the job if the medicine did not completely rid your child of lice. […] To do this, run a fine-tooth comb through your child’s wet hair one section at a time. […] Though petroleum jelly, mayonnaise, or olive oil are sometimes used to try to suffocate head lice, these treatments may not work.

• #11 Head lice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356186

  According to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, the gold standard for diagnosing head lice is to identify a live nymph or adult louse. […] Your health care provider will likely recommend a medication available without a prescription that kills lice and some of the nits. These medications may not kill recently laid eggs. Therefore, an appropriately timed second treatment is usually necessary to kill nymphs after they hatch but before they become adult lice. […] Some studies suggest that re-treating 7 to 9 days after the first treatment is the ideal time for a second treatment, but other re-treatment schedules exist. Ask your health care provider for written instructions for a recommended treatment schedule. […] Permethrin is a synthetic version of pyrethrin, which is a chemical compound extracted from the chrysanthemum flower. Permethrin is toxic to lice.

• #12 Clinical Care of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Both over-the-counter and prescription medications are available to effectively treat head lice. […] If the medication you use does not kill nits (lice eggs), then retreatment is recommended. […] Many head lice medications are available over-the-counter. […] Pyrethrins can only kill live lice, not unhatched eggs (nits). Treat a second time 9-10 days after the first treatment to kill any newly hatched lice before they can produce new eggs. […] Permethrin kills live lice but not unhatched eggs. Permethrin can kill newly hatched lice for several days after treatment. […] If crawling lice are still present after a full course of treatment and retreatment, consider an alternative medication. […] Benzyl alcohol kills lice but does not kill eggs. Treat again after 7 days to kill any newly hatched lice before they can produce new eggs.

• #13 The Prevention and Treatment of Head Lice in Children

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-prevention-and-treatment-of-head-lice-in-children-32935

  Permethrin 1% (Nix): Available OTC, permethrin is the least toxic of the pediculicides. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) considers permethrin the first-line treatment of choice. It causes hyperstimulation of the nervous system of lice, resulting in paralysis and death. Widespread resistance to permethrin has been reported, but the prevalence is unknown. Resistance tends to vary geographically. […] Permethrin leaves a residue on the hair that can kill any nymphs remaining after the first application. The use of conditioners and hair products with silicone-based additives may hinder permethrins adherence to the hair shaft and impair the residual effect. Adverse effects include pruritus, erythema, and edema. […] Pyrethrins With Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) (RID): This product is available OTC. Pyrethrin is extracted from the chrysanthemum flower and then formulated with PBO. Individuals who are allergic to ragweed may react to pyrethrins, although this is rare. PBO works synergistically by inhibiting the louse enzymes that catabolize pyrethrins, thus extending pyrethrins action.

• #14 Clinical Care of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Both over-the-counter and prescription medications are available to effectively treat head lice. […] If the medication you use does not kill nits (lice eggs), then retreatment is recommended. […] Many head lice medications are available over-the-counter. […] Pyrethrins can only kill live lice, not unhatched eggs (nits). Treat a second time 9-10 days after the first treatment to kill any newly hatched lice before they can produce new eggs. […] Permethrin kills live lice but not unhatched eggs. Permethrin can kill newly hatched lice for several days after treatment. […] If crawling lice are still present after a full course of treatment and retreatment, consider an alternative medication. […] Benzyl alcohol kills lice but does not kill eggs. Treat again after 7 days to kill any newly hatched lice before they can produce new eggs.

• #15 The Prevention and Treatment of Head Lice in Children

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-prevention-and-treatment-of-head-lice-in-children-32935

  Pyrethrins with PBO are not completely ovicidal, and 20% to 30% of eggs will remain viable and hatch. This warrants a second treatment, ideally on day 9. Unlike permethrin, pyrethrins with PBO have no residual activity. […] Malathion (Ovide): Available by prescription only, malathion was reintroduced in 1999 after being removed from the market two different times based on concerns about its long application time, flammability, and odor. Malathion is an organophosphate that inhibits cholinesterase activity, resulting in increased acetylcholine concentrations. The excess cholinergic activity causes hyperstimulation of the louse nervous system and prevents feeding. […] Malathion is highly ovicidal, and a single application is sufficient for most patients. Superior activity over 1% permethrin has been demonstrated. Because of the increased permeability of infant scalps, malathion is contraindicated in neonates and infants. Malathion has not been studied in children aged less than 6 years, and it is contraindicated in children aged 24 months and younger. The drug is Pregnancy Category B.

• #16 Clinical Care of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Ivermectin lotion, 0.5% kills lice and, although it does not kill eggs, appears to prevent nymphs (newly hatched lice) from surviving. […] Malathion is pediculicidal (kills live lice) and partially ovicidal (kills some lice eggs). A second treatment is recommended if live lice still are present 7-9 days after treatment. […] Spinosad is derived from soil bacteria. Since it kills live lice as well as unhatched eggs, retreatment is usually not needed. […] Lindane is effective at treating lice but is no longer available in the United States or Canada due to its risk for severe side effects. […] The AAP recommends rinsing all topical pediculicides from the hair over a sink, rather than in the shower or bath to limit skin exposure.

• #17 Lice – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374404

  A health care provider may diagnose head lice after finding a live young or adult louse in the person’s hair or on the scalp, or after seeing one or more nits on hair shafts found within 1/4 inch (6 millimeters) of the scalp. […] Use drugs that treat lice only as directed. Applying too much can cause red, irritated skin. […] Head lice treatment may involve: […] Nonprescription products. Shampoos containing permethrin (Nix) are usually the first option used to combat lice. Permethrin is toxic to lice. Follow the directions closely when using this product. […] A lotion containing ivermectin (Sklice) also is available without a prescription. Ivermectin is toxic to lice. […] In some locations, lice have grown resistant to the ingredients in nonprescription treatments. If nonprescription treatments don’t work, your health care provider can prescribe shampoos or lotions that contain different ingredients.

• #18 Treatment for Lice: Cleaning Lice From Combs, Clothing, and Other Items

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/lice-treatment

  If you or your child has lice, you want a treatment that works fast. […] Experts offer a few basic guidelines to help get these parasites under control: If you see lice on your child’s head or body, begin treatment right away. […] Lice treatment shampoos (called pediculicides) are available over the counter or with a prescription. […] Both over-the-counter (OTC) products and prescription treatments may kill live lice and their eggs (nits). […] OTC lice treatments with pesticides contain these active ingredients: Permethrin lotion, 1% (Nix). This lice shampoo is approved for use in babies and children aged 2 months and older. […] OTC treatments without pesticides include: Dimethicone. This is a non-pesticide, silicone-based material that works by coating lice and interfering with their ability to manage water.

• #19 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/head-lice/pest-notes/

  Use a head lice comb to remove nits. […] Diagnosis of a head lice infestation requires the detection of a living louse crawling on the scalp. […] There are seven critical steps to controlling an infestation of head lice: […] Using an effective head louse treatment, with all infested individuals treated at the same time, to prevent re-infestation from others. […] Normal shampooing, hair-conditioning, brushing, and hair-drying will kill a large number of lice and is likely a significant reason why not all louse transfer results in an infestation. […] If live lice are found a day after a treatment, then it’s likely they are resistant to the particular product that was used, and a change in active ingredient is recommended. […] Dimethicone is effective, safe, and affordable and can also be used in all age groups.

• #20 Head lice: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-treatment

  How to treat head lice […] There are several products that you can buy at your local drug or grocery store to get rid of head lice and their nits. These are available without a prescription. Dermatologists offer the following tips for using these products: […] First treatment […] Carefully read and follow the directions. Using a lice shampoo usually involves lathering a shampoo into the hair and leaving the shampoo on for a few minutes before rinsing. […] Apply the product to the head of a fully dressed person, and rinse the product out with a spray hose or running water from a sink. These products are not meant for use while taking a shower or bath. You want to limit the amount of skin that the product touches. […] Use only one product. Using two products meant to treat head lice can be harmful. If two different products are necessary, your dermatologist can tell you which ones can be combined.

• #21 Head lice: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-treatment

  How to treat head lice […] There are several products that you can buy at your local drug or grocery store to get rid of head lice and their nits. These are available without a prescription. Dermatologists offer the following tips for using these products: […] First treatment […] Carefully read and follow the directions. Using a lice shampoo usually involves lathering a shampoo into the hair and leaving the shampoo on for a few minutes before rinsing. […] Apply the product to the head of a fully dressed person, and rinse the product out with a spray hose or running water from a sink. These products are not meant for use while taking a shower or bath. You want to limit the amount of skin that the product touches. […] Use only one product. Using two products meant to treat head lice can be harmful. If two different products are necessary, your dermatologist can tell you which ones can be combined.

• #22 Head lice: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-treatment

  Use the amount stated on the product. Using more can be harmful. […] Use the lice comb that comes with the shampoo. The teeth on a lice comb are closer together than the teeth on a regular comb. Placing the teeth closer together makes it easier to remove the lice and their nits. […] Look at the hair 8 to 12 hours after treatment. If the lice seem as active as they were before the treatment, the medicine may not be working. Do not treat again. Talk with your dermatologist. A different lice medicine may be necessary. […] The next day […] If the medicine seems to be working, youll want to: […] Wait two days to wash your hair. This lets the medicated product continue to work. […] Continue to comb through the hair with the lice comb once a day. Doing this for two to three weeks helps to ensure that you get rid of the lice.

• #23 Head lice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356186

  Permethrin doesn’t kill nits, and treatment needs to be repeated 9 to 10 days after first application. […] Ivermectin is toxic to lice. The lotion is approved for use in adults and children age 6 months or older. […] In some regions, lice have developed resistance to nonprescription medications. Nonprescription treatment also may fail because of incorrect use, such as not repeating the treatment at an appropriate time. […] If the correct use of a nonprescription treatment has failed, your health care provider may recommend a prescription treatment. […] Spinosad is approved for adults and children age 6 months and older. It can be applied to dry hair and rinsed with warm water after 10 minutes. It kills lice and nits and usually doesn’t need repeated treatment. […] Malathion is approved for adults and children age 2 or older. The lotion is applied, left to dry naturally and rinsed out after 8 to 12 hours.

• #24 Clinical Care of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Ivermectin lotion, 0.5% kills lice and, although it does not kill eggs, appears to prevent nymphs (newly hatched lice) from surviving. […] Malathion is pediculicidal (kills live lice) and partially ovicidal (kills some lice eggs). A second treatment is recommended if live lice still are present 7-9 days after treatment. […] Spinosad is derived from soil bacteria. Since it kills live lice as well as unhatched eggs, retreatment is usually not needed. […] Lindane is effective at treating lice but is no longer available in the United States or Canada due to its risk for severe side effects. […] The AAP recommends rinsing all topical pediculicides from the hair over a sink, rather than in the shower or bath to limit skin exposure.

• #25 Head lice: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-treatment

  Malathion lotion: Approved to treat people ages 6 years of age and older, malathion works by paralyzing and killing the lice and their eggs. This is very potent medicine, so be sure that you: […] Keep the medicine away from everyones eyes. If the medicine gets in someones eyes, flush the eyes right away with lots of water for several minutes. […] Do NOT smoke while using this medicine. If anyone in the room smokes while this medicine is being used, a fire can start. Leave cigarettes, cigars, and other things that you can smoke in another room. […] Keep the medicine away from flames. You want to use malathion in a room without a stove or fireplace. Because malathion can easily cause a fire, even unlit lighters and camp stoves should NOT be in the room where youll use malathion. If youre using malathion outdoors, be sure a camp fire is NOT burning.

• #26 Clinical Care of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Ivermectin lotion, 0.5% kills lice and, although it does not kill eggs, appears to prevent nymphs (newly hatched lice) from surviving. […] Malathion is pediculicidal (kills live lice) and partially ovicidal (kills some lice eggs). A second treatment is recommended if live lice still are present 7-9 days after treatment. […] Spinosad is derived from soil bacteria. Since it kills live lice as well as unhatched eggs, retreatment is usually not needed. […] Lindane is effective at treating lice but is no longer available in the United States or Canada due to its risk for severe side effects. […] The AAP recommends rinsing all topical pediculicides from the hair over a sink, rather than in the shower or bath to limit skin exposure.

• #27 Head lice: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-treatment

  Keep all electrical appliances that produce heat turned off. Using this medicine while a blow dryer, iron, curling iron, or space heater is running nearby can start a fire. […] When used as directed, malathion is safe and effective. It can irritate the skin a bit as it works. Some people get dry hair or their skin can burn or sting. These side effects are temporary. […] Spinosad suspension: This medicine is approved to treat head lice in people 6 months of age and older. It has been found to be safe and effective when used as directed. […] Like Ivermectin lotion: […] Most people need to apply this medicine only once […] Nit combing is not necessary […] You will need to check the scalp seven days after treatment. If crawling lice are seen be sure to tell your dermatologist. You may need to repeat the treatment.

• #28 Clinical Care of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Both over-the-counter and prescription medications are available to effectively treat head lice. […] If the medication you use does not kill nits (lice eggs), then retreatment is recommended. […] Many head lice medications are available over-the-counter. […] Pyrethrins can only kill live lice, not unhatched eggs (nits). Treat a second time 9-10 days after the first treatment to kill any newly hatched lice before they can produce new eggs. […] Permethrin kills live lice but not unhatched eggs. Permethrin can kill newly hatched lice for several days after treatment. […] If crawling lice are still present after a full course of treatment and retreatment, consider an alternative medication. […] Benzyl alcohol kills lice but does not kill eggs. Treat again after 7 days to kill any newly hatched lice before they can produce new eggs.

• #29 Head lice: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-treatment

  If the at-home treatment does not work or this seems more than you can handle, you should see a dermatologist for treatment. Your dermatologist may recommend a product that you can buy without a prescription or a prescription medicine. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the following prescription medicines to treat head lice: […] Benzyl alcohol lotion: Approved to treat head lice in people 6 months of age and older, this medicine is applied to dry hair. When using this treatment, you want to saturate the scalp and hair. After 10 minutes, its time to thoroughly rinse off the medicine. Because benzyl alcohol kills the lice but not their eggs, its important to repeat the treatment in seven days. […] Ivermectin lotion: Approved to treat head lice in people 6 months of age and older, this medicine offers convenience. Invermectin treats most head lice with just one use and without the need to comb nits out of the hair.

• #30 Treatment of human lice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_human_lice

  Many of the pediculicides in the market are either not fully effective or are ineffective when they are used according to the instructions. […] Resistance of head lice to insecticides such as lindane, malathion, phenothrin and permethrin has been reported. […] A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance of lice was 77% globally, and even 100% in several countries. […] Ivermectin by mouth has been shown to reduce levels of louse infestation. […] Agents approved by the FDA for treatment of pediculosis include abametapir, topical ivermectin lotion, lindane, malathion, permethrin, and piperonyl butoxide with pyrethrins. […] A standard home blow dryer will kill 96.7% of eggs with proper technique. […] A special fine-toothed comb that can pick out lice is used.

• #31 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  In direct comparisons, dimethicones were more effective than permethrin. Dimethicones are synthetic silicone oils. They spread very well on surfaces and work in a purely mechanical way by sealing the spiracles (breathing pores) of the head lice. There is therefore no reason to anticipate the development of resistance. They are not toxic. […] The efficacy of ivermectin has been well documented in several clinical studies. The dosage is 200 g per kilogram body weight (2 in a 7-day period). The cure rate is up to about 97%. Ivermectin is not licensed for the treatment of head lice in Germany, but may be considered for use on an individual basis, e.g. in a patient with concurrent scabies. […] Repeated wet combing is also effective. According to one study in the UK, mechanical removal with a detection comb was even more effective than a single application of a pediculicide. […] Local treatment suffices for all but exceptional cases of head lice infestation. Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones.

• #32 Head lice: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-treatment

  May be prescribed if other treatments fail or cannot be used […] Lindane shampoo: This medicine has been approved by the FDA to treat head lice. Approved to treat head lice, this treatment is prescribed when other treatments do not work. It is essential to use lindane shampoo only as directed. It can be toxic when misused. […] Outcome […] Two treatments (spaced seven to nine days apart) often get rid of head lice. If your child or someone else in your family still has head lice after a few weeks, it means that the treatments did not work or the person got lice again. Make an appointment to see a dermatologist for help getting rid of the head lice. With proper treatment, it is possible to get rid of head lice.

• #33 Head Lice: Overview, Treatment Options and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/head-lice

  How Is Head Lice Treated? […] To treat your childs lice, they may need: Over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription lice medicine. […] Your childs doctor or health care provider can recommend a shampoo, rinse, or lotion to kill lice or help with itching. […] A lot of head lice shampoos are insecticides. That means they have chemicals in them that kill lice. […] After using the medicine, check for lice again in 8 to 12 hours. […] Keep checking hair and using the nit comb every 2 to 3 days for 2 to 3 weeks. […] The comb-out method lets you check for nits and lice or remove them after treatment. This method alone may not get rid of lice. Head lice medicine is also needed. […] After each medicine treatment, use the comb-out method every 2 to 3 days for 2 to 3 weeks to remove nits and eggs.

• #34 Head lice & nits: children & teens | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/head-lice

  Head lice treatment involves two main methods: anti-lice products and wet-combing. […] Anti-lice products can be obtained from pharmacies without a prescription, and lotions, liquids, and creams are generally more effective than shampoos. […] It’s important to check that the lice are dead after using an anti-lice product. […] Wet-combing treatment involves combing wet hair with a special fine-toothed, metal lice comb and hair conditioner. […] Repeated wet-combing is a very good head lice treatment. […] If your child has been treated for head lice more than 3 times in a year, it’s a good idea to talk to your GP about other treatments. […] Children who keep getting head lice can be prescribed a tablet medication called ivermectin, which is very good at killing lice.

• #35 Head lice – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/bites+stings+and+pests/head+lice+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Head lice – including symptoms treatment and prevention […] Head lice are small wingless biting insects which live and breed in human hair and feed by sucking blood from the scalp. […] Outbreaks of head lice are common in children in schools and institutions everywhere. They infest people of all socio-economic positions and age groups. […] Treatment of head lice […] A number of head lice treatments are available without prescription. Follow directions on the packaging. The two most common head lice treatment methods are: […] wet combing involves wetting the hair and scalp liberally with hair conditioner to stun the head lice, then combing the head lice and nits out. […] Pediculicides which are chemical treatments that kill head lice. […] Ensure you seek medical advice before using treatments on: […] pregnant or breastfeeding women […] infants under 2 years old […] people with sensitive skin or dermatitis. […] Family members may also need treatment. […] Re-treatment after 7 to 10 days is necessary because lice in unhatched eggs may not be killed by the first treatment. If head lice are still found after the second treatment, try another technique or another chemical treatment using a different active ingredient. If infestations persist despite correct insecticide use, seek medical advice on alternative methods of treatment.

• #36 Head lice: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-treatment

  Use the amount stated on the product. Using more can be harmful. […] Use the lice comb that comes with the shampoo. The teeth on a lice comb are closer together than the teeth on a regular comb. Placing the teeth closer together makes it easier to remove the lice and their nits. […] Look at the hair 8 to 12 hours after treatment. If the lice seem as active as they were before the treatment, the medicine may not be working. Do not treat again. Talk with your dermatologist. A different lice medicine may be necessary. […] The next day […] If the medicine seems to be working, youll want to: […] Wait two days to wash your hair. This lets the medicated product continue to work. […] Continue to comb through the hair with the lice comb once a day. Doing this for two to three weeks helps to ensure that you get rid of the lice.

• #37 Head Lice | InfantRisk Center

  https://infantrisk.com/content/head-lice

  Regardless of what medication is used, if any, some careful infection-control measures are necessary to prevent re-infestation. Ova can hide under fingernails and toenails, so careful cleaning and treatment of those areas is important. Wash bedding, clothes, and hats in hot water, and with a hot air cycle in the dryer. Items that cannot be laundered may be dry cleaned or placed in sealed, plastic bags for two weeks to allow time for all lice life cycles to be completed. Vacuuming floors and furniture to remove infested hair is also recommended. […] Each involved member of the household should also take time to wet comb their hair. This is a mechanical removal of lice via straining with a fine-toothed comb. Metal combs seem to be more effective than plastic for this purpose. To perform this maneuver, the hair should be wet with an added lubricant such as hair conditioner or olive oil. The hair should be brushed or combed to remove tangles. Insert the comb near the crown of the head until it touches the scalp gently. Draw it firmly down and examine the comb for lice after each stroke. The entire head should be combed systematically at least twice. Repeat the combing until no lice are found in each session. […] If no pediculicide is used, repeat sessions may be necessary every three to four days for several weeks. It is somewhat uncertain how effective wet combing is when used in place of topical insecticides. Existing studies have used flawed methodology and have produced contradictory results.

• #38 Head Lice: Overview, Treatment Options and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/head-lice

  How Is Head Lice Treated? […] To treat your childs lice, they may need: Over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription lice medicine. […] Your childs doctor or health care provider can recommend a shampoo, rinse, or lotion to kill lice or help with itching. […] A lot of head lice shampoos are insecticides. That means they have chemicals in them that kill lice. […] After using the medicine, check for lice again in 8 to 12 hours. […] Keep checking hair and using the nit comb every 2 to 3 days for 2 to 3 weeks. […] The comb-out method lets you check for nits and lice or remove them after treatment. This method alone may not get rid of lice. Head lice medicine is also needed. […] After each medicine treatment, use the comb-out method every 2 to 3 days for 2 to 3 weeks to remove nits and eggs.

• #39 Patient education: Head lice (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/head-lice-beyond-the-basics/print

  A few live lice may be seen 8 to 12 hours after using an insecticide, and there is no need to immediately reapply the insecticide if they are moving slower than they were prior to treatment. […] Wet-combing is a way to remove lice from the hair with careful and repeated combing. It is a good option for treating very young children or if you want to avoid using insecticides. […] A medicine taken by mouth called ivermectin might be prescribed for people whose lice are resistant to topical insecticide treatment. […] Other products, such as products containing topical dimethicone (a nonpesticide, silicone-based liquid also known as „dimethicone”), are marketed for the treatment of head lice in some regions. […] Studies have examined lotions and other materials (olive oil, butter, mayonnaise, petroleum jelly [Vaseline]) that are applied to the head, and then allowed to dry, with the goal of suffocating lice. However, lice are difficult to suffocate; wet-combing probably works as well and is less messy. […] Because there is no evidence that these treatments are predictably effective, we do not recommend any of these treatments.

• #40 Head lice – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/bites+stings+and+pests/head+lice+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Prevention of head lice […] Head lice infestation can be prevented by the following measures: […] A child with head lice does not need to be sent home from childcare or school immediately but should be treated on the same day. Children may return to school the day after appropriate treatment has been given. […] Family and close contacts should be inspected for signs of infestation and treated if infested (a contact is any person who has been close enough to an infected person to be at risk of having acquired the infection from that person). […] Concentrate on the head. It is not necessary to treat the house or classroom. […] Combs and brushes should be cleaned with detergent and hot water. […] Bed linen should be washed in hot water (60C or more), or dried in a clothes dryer on the hot setting for at least 20 minutes.

• #41 Head Lice | InfantRisk Center

  https://infantrisk.com/content/head-lice

  Regardless of what medication is used, if any, some careful infection-control measures are necessary to prevent re-infestation. Ova can hide under fingernails and toenails, so careful cleaning and treatment of those areas is important. Wash bedding, clothes, and hats in hot water, and with a hot air cycle in the dryer. Items that cannot be laundered may be dry cleaned or placed in sealed, plastic bags for two weeks to allow time for all lice life cycles to be completed. Vacuuming floors and furniture to remove infested hair is also recommended. […] Each involved member of the household should also take time to wet comb their hair. This is a mechanical removal of lice via straining with a fine-toothed comb. Metal combs seem to be more effective than plastic for this purpose. To perform this maneuver, the hair should be wet with an added lubricant such as hair conditioner or olive oil. The hair should be brushed or combed to remove tangles. Insert the comb near the crown of the head until it touches the scalp gently. Draw it firmly down and examine the comb for lice after each stroke. The entire head should be combed systematically at least twice. Repeat the combing until no lice are found in each session. […] If no pediculicide is used, repeat sessions may be necessary every three to four days for several weeks. It is somewhat uncertain how effective wet combing is when used in place of topical insecticides. Existing studies have used flawed methodology and have produced contradictory results.

• #42 Head Lice | InfantRisk Center

  https://infantrisk.com/content/head-lice

  Regardless of what medication is used, if any, some careful infection-control measures are necessary to prevent re-infestation. Ova can hide under fingernails and toenails, so careful cleaning and treatment of those areas is important. Wash bedding, clothes, and hats in hot water, and with a hot air cycle in the dryer. Items that cannot be laundered may be dry cleaned or placed in sealed, plastic bags for two weeks to allow time for all lice life cycles to be completed. Vacuuming floors and furniture to remove infested hair is also recommended. […] Each involved member of the household should also take time to wet comb their hair. This is a mechanical removal of lice via straining with a fine-toothed comb. Metal combs seem to be more effective than plastic for this purpose. To perform this maneuver, the hair should be wet with an added lubricant such as hair conditioner or olive oil. The hair should be brushed or combed to remove tangles. Insert the comb near the crown of the head until it touches the scalp gently. Draw it firmly down and examine the comb for lice after each stroke. The entire head should be combed systematically at least twice. Repeat the combing until no lice are found in each session. […] If no pediculicide is used, repeat sessions may be necessary every three to four days for several weeks. It is somewhat uncertain how effective wet combing is when used in place of topical insecticides. Existing studies have used flawed methodology and have produced contradictory results.

• #43 Head lice – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/bites+stings+and+pests/head+lice+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Prevention of head lice […] Head lice infestation can be prevented by the following measures: […] A child with head lice does not need to be sent home from childcare or school immediately but should be treated on the same day. Children may return to school the day after appropriate treatment has been given. […] Family and close contacts should be inspected for signs of infestation and treated if infested (a contact is any person who has been close enough to an infected person to be at risk of having acquired the infection from that person). […] Concentrate on the head. It is not necessary to treat the house or classroom. […] Combs and brushes should be cleaned with detergent and hot water. […] Bed linen should be washed in hot water (60C or more), or dried in a clothes dryer on the hot setting for at least 20 minutes.

• #44 Treating head lice

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/articles/s_t/treating-head-lice

  Head lice are tiny insect parasites that live on your head and feed on your scalp (the skin covering your head). […] Your child may return to school when all live head lice have been removed. There are two effective head lice treatments: the 10 day hair conditioner treatment and insecticide treatments. […] The 10-day treatment period helps break the reproductive cycle of the head lice. […] Combing out new hatchlings every 1 to 2 days also means they cannot lay further eggs, which can happen about a week after hatching. […] People who cannot use insecticides should use the 10-day hair conditioner treatment instead. […] No insecticide is guaranteed to kill all eggs. Eggs which are not killed or removed manually will hatch 7 to 10 days after being laid. […] If insecticide alone is used, it should be applied on days 1, 7 and 14 to kill any hatchlings before they lay more eggs. […] If treatment is unsuccessful, check you have done the following: Did the chosen treatment cover the 10-day hatching cycle of the eggs? […] Head lice and eggs do not survive long away from your scalp as they are human parasites. […] There are no tested and proven repellents for head lice.

• #45

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/from-insects-animals/Pages/signs-of-lice.aspx

  Never use dangerous products like gasoline or kerosene or medicines made for use on animals! […] Check with your child’s doctor before beginning any treatment. […] You may want to wash your child’s clothes, towels, hats, and bed linens in hot water and dry on high heat if they were used within 2 days before head lice were found and treated. […] Do not spray pesticides in your home. They can expose your family to dangerous chemicals and are not needed when you treat your child’s scalp and hair properly. […] All household members and close contacts should be checked and treated for head lice if necessary.

• #46 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation) Medication: Antiparasitic Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-medication

  Resistance to pediculicides has increased over recent years. Therapeutic agents can be rotated to slow the emergence of resistance. […] Pyrethrins are first-line treatment in head, pubic, and severe body louse infestation. They are available as a mousse or shampoo. These agents stimulate the parasitic nervous system, causing seizures and death of parasites. […] Permethrin is the drug of choice recommended by most authorities as the first line of treatment in head, pubic, and severe body louse infestation, especially for infants older than 2 months and small children. This agent is a neurotoxin that causes paralysis and death in ectoparasites. […] Malathion is approved by the FDA for the treatment of head lice. It is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor that is hydrolyzed and therefore detoxified rapidly by mammals but not by insects; it is both ovicidal and pediculicidal.

• #47 Treatment of human lice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_human_lice

  Many of the pediculicides in the market are either not fully effective or are ineffective when they are used according to the instructions. […] Resistance of head lice to insecticides such as lindane, malathion, phenothrin and permethrin has been reported. […] A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance of lice was 77% globally, and even 100% in several countries. […] Ivermectin by mouth has been shown to reduce levels of louse infestation. […] Agents approved by the FDA for treatment of pediculosis include abametapir, topical ivermectin lotion, lindane, malathion, permethrin, and piperonyl butoxide with pyrethrins. […] A standard home blow dryer will kill 96.7% of eggs with proper technique. […] A special fine-toothed comb that can pick out lice is used.

• #48 Treatment of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/treatment/index.html

  The following reasons may cause treatment for head lice to fail: Misdiagnosis, Recent application of combination shampoo/conditioner or conditioner to hair, Not following treatment instructions, Head lice resisting the medication, Reinfestation after successful treatment. […] The CDC does not have scientific evidence that suffocating head lice with mayonnaise, olive oil, margarine, butter, or similar substances is an effective form of treatment.

• #49 Head lice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164492

  In areas where there is known to be resistance to an OTC treatment, or when attempts to remove an infestation without medical help have not worked, the child should see a doctor. […] A pediatrician can prescribe medication such as spinosad or topical ivermectin. […] Permethrin cream (1 percent) is available without a prescription. […] It is applied to hair that has been shampooed and towel-dried, but not conditioned, then rinsed off after 10 minutes. […] Malathion lotion (0.5%) is available by prescription only. […] Benzyl alcohol lotion (5 percent) is a prescription-only drug that is applied topically and left on for 10 minutes. […] Spinosad topical suspension (0.9 percent) is a prescription drug that is applied to dry hair and rinsed off after 10 minutes. […] Ivermectin lotion (0.5 percent) is a prescription-only lotion that is applied to dry hair and rinsed off after 10 minutes. […] If head lice are found on one family member, all household members should be checked, and those with live lice or nits within one half-inch of the scalp should be treated.

• #50 Head lice – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/bites+stings+and+pests/head+lice+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Head lice – including symptoms treatment and prevention […] Head lice are small wingless biting insects which live and breed in human hair and feed by sucking blood from the scalp. […] Outbreaks of head lice are common in children in schools and institutions everywhere. They infest people of all socio-economic positions and age groups. […] Treatment of head lice […] A number of head lice treatments are available without prescription. Follow directions on the packaging. The two most common head lice treatment methods are: […] wet combing involves wetting the hair and scalp liberally with hair conditioner to stun the head lice, then combing the head lice and nits out. […] Pediculicides which are chemical treatments that kill head lice. […] Ensure you seek medical advice before using treatments on: […] pregnant or breastfeeding women […] infants under 2 years old […] people with sensitive skin or dermatitis. […] Family members may also need treatment. […] Re-treatment after 7 to 10 days is necessary because lice in unhatched eggs may not be killed by the first treatment. If head lice are still found after the second treatment, try another technique or another chemical treatment using a different active ingredient. If infestations persist despite correct insecticide use, seek medical advice on alternative methods of treatment.

• #51 Headlice (Pediculosis Capitis)

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/skin-soft-tissue/headlice/

  Most products kill only adult lice and not the ova (nits), therefore treatment is usually repeated 7 days later to kill lice emerging from any eggs that survive the first application. […] Wet combing is recommended on its own for infants 6 months old. […] Manufacturer’s directions for use need to be followed closely to ensure a safe and effective outcome. […] Some products for the eradication of head lice infestations are combustible/flammable when on the hair and can ignite and cause serious harm in the presence of an open flame or other source of ignition such as when lighting cigarettes (e.g. Full Marks Solution, Hedrin). […] Patients and carers should be advised on the safe and correct use of head lice eradication treatments and if appropriate, should be advised that they should not smoke around treated hair and that it should be kept away from open flames or other sources of ignition.

• #52 Treatment of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/treatment/index.html

  You can treat lice with either over-the-counter or prescription medications. […] Follow all provided instructions when using lice medication. […] Talk to a healthcare provider if you think re-treatment is necessary. […] Treat head lice if you have an active infestation. […] You can treat head lice with medications (pediculicides) that are either over-the-counter or by prescription. […] Some medicines kill lice and eggs; retreatment is usually not required for these. […] Other medicines kill lice but are not effective at killing eggs and so retreatment is recommended. […] Medications are generally safe and effective when used correctly. […] Consult your healthcare provider before treating young children. […] If your medication kills both lice and eggs, then retreatment may not be necessary.

• #53 Treatment of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/treatment/index.html

  Treat again after all eggs (nits) have hatched but before new eggs are produced. […] If your medication kills lice but does not kill eggs, treat again about a week after the first treatment (7 9 days depending on the drug). […] Use the lice medicine as directed on the box or label. […] If, 8 12 hours after treatment, you do not find any dead lice, or the lice seem as active as before treatment, the medicine may not be working. […] Talk to your healthcare provider before re-treating. […] Use nit combs to remove nits and lice from the hair shaft. […] After each treatment, check hair and remove nits and lice every 2 3 days for the next 2 3 weeks. […] Follow your medication’s instructions for retreatment. […] Do not use a combination shampoo/conditioner, or conditioner, before using lice medicine.

• #54 Head lice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356186

  According to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, the gold standard for diagnosing head lice is to identify a live nymph or adult louse. […] Your health care provider will likely recommend a medication available without a prescription that kills lice and some of the nits. These medications may not kill recently laid eggs. Therefore, an appropriately timed second treatment is usually necessary to kill nymphs after they hatch but before they become adult lice. […] Some studies suggest that re-treating 7 to 9 days after the first treatment is the ideal time for a second treatment, but other re-treatment schedules exist. Ask your health care provider for written instructions for a recommended treatment schedule. […] Permethrin is a synthetic version of pyrethrin, which is a chemical compound extracted from the chrysanthemum flower. Permethrin is toxic to lice.

• #55

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/head-lice.html

  Both prescription and over-the-counter remedies are effective in treating head lice. But it is important that pregnant women and infants be treated under the direction of a physician because of concerns about potentially adverse effects. […] Since agents that kill lice may not kill nits completely even when used according to directions the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that infested patients be treated twice. The interval between treatments should approximate the incubation period for nits (seven to 10 days) so the second application will kill any newly hatched parasites. […] Special fine-tooth combs (nit combs) are readily available and can be used to scrape nits and lice off the hair shaft. Combing out nits and lice after proper treatment is not necessary to eliminate infestation, but it may be used for cosmetic reasons or may be required by school „nit-free” policies or by health authorities. Parents and guardians should check treated children for lice and nits daily for two or three weeks after treatment.

• #56 Treating head lice

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/articles/s_t/treating-head-lice

  Head lice are tiny insect parasites that live on your head and feed on your scalp (the skin covering your head). […] Your child may return to school when all live head lice have been removed. There are two effective head lice treatments: the 10 day hair conditioner treatment and insecticide treatments. […] The 10-day treatment period helps break the reproductive cycle of the head lice. […] Combing out new hatchlings every 1 to 2 days also means they cannot lay further eggs, which can happen about a week after hatching. […] People who cannot use insecticides should use the 10-day hair conditioner treatment instead. […] No insecticide is guaranteed to kill all eggs. Eggs which are not killed or removed manually will hatch 7 to 10 days after being laid. […] If insecticide alone is used, it should be applied on days 1, 7 and 14 to kill any hatchlings before they lay more eggs. […] If treatment is unsuccessful, check you have done the following: Did the chosen treatment cover the 10-day hatching cycle of the eggs? […] Head lice and eggs do not survive long away from your scalp as they are human parasites. […] There are no tested and proven repellents for head lice.

• #57 Treatment of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/treatment/index.html

  Treat again after all eggs (nits) have hatched but before new eggs are produced. […] If your medication kills lice but does not kill eggs, treat again about a week after the first treatment (7 9 days depending on the drug). […] Use the lice medicine as directed on the box or label. […] If, 8 12 hours after treatment, you do not find any dead lice, or the lice seem as active as before treatment, the medicine may not be working. […] Talk to your healthcare provider before re-treating. […] Use nit combs to remove nits and lice from the hair shaft. […] After each treatment, check hair and remove nits and lice every 2 3 days for the next 2 3 weeks. […] Follow your medication’s instructions for retreatment. […] Do not use a combination shampoo/conditioner, or conditioner, before using lice medicine.

• #58 Treatment of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/treatment/index.html

  Treat again after all eggs (nits) have hatched but before new eggs are produced. […] If your medication kills lice but does not kill eggs, treat again about a week after the first treatment (7 9 days depending on the drug). […] Use the lice medicine as directed on the box or label. […] If, 8 12 hours after treatment, you do not find any dead lice, or the lice seem as active as before treatment, the medicine may not be working. […] Talk to your healthcare provider before re-treating. […] Use nit combs to remove nits and lice from the hair shaft. […] After each treatment, check hair and remove nits and lice every 2 3 days for the next 2 3 weeks. […] Follow your medication’s instructions for retreatment. […] Do not use a combination shampoo/conditioner, or conditioner, before using lice medicine.

• #59 Treatment of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/treatment/index.html

  Treat again after all eggs (nits) have hatched but before new eggs are produced. […] If your medication kills lice but does not kill eggs, treat again about a week after the first treatment (7 9 days depending on the drug). […] Use the lice medicine as directed on the box or label. […] If, 8 12 hours after treatment, you do not find any dead lice, or the lice seem as active as before treatment, the medicine may not be working. […] Talk to your healthcare provider before re-treating. […] Use nit combs to remove nits and lice from the hair shaft. […] After each treatment, check hair and remove nits and lice every 2 3 days for the next 2 3 weeks. […] Follow your medication’s instructions for retreatment. […] Do not use a combination shampoo/conditioner, or conditioner, before using lice medicine.

• #60

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/from-insects-animals/Pages/signs-of-lice.aspx

  Head lice can be treated at home, but it’s important to check with the doctor first. […] The most effective way to treat head lice is with head lice medicine. After each treatment, using the comb-out method every 2 to 3 days for 2 to 3 weeks may help remove the nits and eggs. […] Head lice medicine should be used only when it is certain that your child has living head lice. […] Check with your child’s doctor before beginning any treatment. […] Here are some safety guidelines for lice treatments: Follow the directions on the package exactly as written. […] Never let children apply the medicine. Medicine should be applied by an adult. […] Always rinse the medicine off over a sink and not during a shower or bath, so the medicine doesn’t run off the head onto other areas of skin. […] Check with your child’s doctor before beginning a second or third medicine. Your child may just need to repeat the same medication, or switch to a new one.

• #61

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/from-insects-animals/Pages/signs-of-lice.aspx

  Head lice can be treated at home, but it’s important to check with the doctor first. […] The most effective way to treat head lice is with head lice medicine. After each treatment, using the comb-out method every 2 to 3 days for 2 to 3 weeks may help remove the nits and eggs. […] Head lice medicine should be used only when it is certain that your child has living head lice. […] Check with your child’s doctor before beginning any treatment. […] Here are some safety guidelines for lice treatments: Follow the directions on the package exactly as written. […] Never let children apply the medicine. Medicine should be applied by an adult. […] Always rinse the medicine off over a sink and not during a shower or bath, so the medicine doesn’t run off the head onto other areas of skin. […] Check with your child’s doctor before beginning a second or third medicine. Your child may just need to repeat the same medication, or switch to a new one.

• #62 The Prevention and Treatment of Head Lice in Children

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-prevention-and-treatment-of-head-lice-in-children-32935

  Permethrin 1% (Nix): Available OTC, permethrin is the least toxic of the pediculicides. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) considers permethrin the first-line treatment of choice. It causes hyperstimulation of the nervous system of lice, resulting in paralysis and death. Widespread resistance to permethrin has been reported, but the prevalence is unknown. Resistance tends to vary geographically. […] Permethrin leaves a residue on the hair that can kill any nymphs remaining after the first application. The use of conditioners and hair products with silicone-based additives may hinder permethrins adherence to the hair shaft and impair the residual effect. Adverse effects include pruritus, erythema, and edema. […] Pyrethrins With Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) (RID): This product is available OTC. Pyrethrin is extracted from the chrysanthemum flower and then formulated with PBO. Individuals who are allergic to ragweed may react to pyrethrins, although this is rare. PBO works synergistically by inhibiting the louse enzymes that catabolize pyrethrins, thus extending pyrethrins action.

• #63 Head Lice Management Guidelines–UC IPM

  https://ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/head-lice/pest-notes/

  It is very important that the methods used to control head lice not cause more health problems than the head lice themselves. […] Select insecticidal shampoo products carefully. […] Insecticidal shampoos should not be used unless live head lice are observed on the scalp and should never be used as a preventative measure. […] Treating Braids, Dreadlocks, Hair Extensions, and Hair that Cannot be Combed An effective treatment protocol for treating heads of hair that cannot be combed include using a dimethicone-based product.

• #64

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/from-insects-animals/Pages/signs-of-lice.aspx

  Never use dangerous products like gasoline or kerosene or medicines made for use on animals! […] Check with your child’s doctor before beginning any treatment. […] You may want to wash your child’s clothes, towels, hats, and bed linens in hot water and dry on high heat if they were used within 2 days before head lice were found and treated. […] Do not spray pesticides in your home. They can expose your family to dangerous chemicals and are not needed when you treat your child’s scalp and hair properly. […] All household members and close contacts should be checked and treated for head lice if necessary.

• #65 Head lice – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/bites+stings+and+pests/head+lice+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Head lice – including symptoms treatment and prevention […] Head lice are small wingless biting insects which live and breed in human hair and feed by sucking blood from the scalp. […] Outbreaks of head lice are common in children in schools and institutions everywhere. They infest people of all socio-economic positions and age groups. […] Treatment of head lice […] A number of head lice treatments are available without prescription. Follow directions on the packaging. The two most common head lice treatment methods are: […] wet combing involves wetting the hair and scalp liberally with hair conditioner to stun the head lice, then combing the head lice and nits out. […] Pediculicides which are chemical treatments that kill head lice. […] Ensure you seek medical advice before using treatments on: […] pregnant or breastfeeding women […] infants under 2 years old […] people with sensitive skin or dermatitis. […] Family members may also need treatment. […] Re-treatment after 7 to 10 days is necessary because lice in unhatched eggs may not be killed by the first treatment. If head lice are still found after the second treatment, try another technique or another chemical treatment using a different active ingredient. If infestations persist despite correct insecticide use, seek medical advice on alternative methods of treatment.

• #66 Lesson: The Pharmacist’s Guide to Head Lice Treatment

  https://journalce.powerpak.com/ce/the-pharmacists-guide-to-head

  If treatment with pyrethroids fails, the choice of agent is based on the patient’s age. […] In patients younger than age 6 months, the AAP recommends using manual removal of lice and/or occlusive agents. […] In patients aged 6 months up to 6 years, ivermectin 0.5% (OTC) or spinosad 0.9% (prescription-only) is recommended. […] In patients aged 6 years and older, ivermectin 0.5%, spinosad 0.9%, or malathion 0.5% (prescription-only) is indicated. […] The effectiveness of physical methods of removal depends on the meticulousness and technique of the person who is performing the removal. […] The wet-combing method is summarized in TABLE 2, which may be used for patient education. […] Essential oils have been employed in the treatment of head lice; however, based on a lack of safety and efficacy data, these products are not recommended.

• #67 Lesson: The Pharmacist’s Guide to Head Lice Treatment

  https://journalce.powerpak.com/ce/the-pharmacists-guide-to-head

  If treatment with pyrethroids fails, the choice of agent is based on the patient’s age. […] In patients younger than age 6 months, the AAP recommends using manual removal of lice and/or occlusive agents. […] In patients aged 6 months up to 6 years, ivermectin 0.5% (OTC) or spinosad 0.9% (prescription-only) is recommended. […] In patients aged 6 years and older, ivermectin 0.5%, spinosad 0.9%, or malathion 0.5% (prescription-only) is indicated. […] The effectiveness of physical methods of removal depends on the meticulousness and technique of the person who is performing the removal. […] The wet-combing method is summarized in TABLE 2, which may be used for patient education. […] Essential oils have been employed in the treatment of head lice; however, based on a lack of safety and efficacy data, these products are not recommended.

• #68 Lesson: The Pharmacist’s Guide to Head Lice Treatment

  https://journalce.powerpak.com/ce/the-pharmacists-guide-to-head

  If treatment with pyrethroids fails, the choice of agent is based on the patient’s age. […] In patients younger than age 6 months, the AAP recommends using manual removal of lice and/or occlusive agents. […] In patients aged 6 months up to 6 years, ivermectin 0.5% (OTC) or spinosad 0.9% (prescription-only) is recommended. […] In patients aged 6 years and older, ivermectin 0.5%, spinosad 0.9%, or malathion 0.5% (prescription-only) is indicated. […] The effectiveness of physical methods of removal depends on the meticulousness and technique of the person who is performing the removal. […] The wet-combing method is summarized in TABLE 2, which may be used for patient education. […] Essential oils have been employed in the treatment of head lice; however, based on a lack of safety and efficacy data, these products are not recommended.

• #69 Lesson: The Pharmacist’s Guide to Head Lice Treatment

  https://journalce.powerpak.com/ce/the-pharmacists-guide-to-head

  If treatment with pyrethroids fails, the choice of agent is based on the patient’s age. […] In patients younger than age 6 months, the AAP recommends using manual removal of lice and/or occlusive agents. […] In patients aged 6 months up to 6 years, ivermectin 0.5% (OTC) or spinosad 0.9% (prescription-only) is recommended. […] In patients aged 6 years and older, ivermectin 0.5%, spinosad 0.9%, or malathion 0.5% (prescription-only) is indicated. […] The effectiveness of physical methods of removal depends on the meticulousness and technique of the person who is performing the removal. […] The wet-combing method is summarized in TABLE 2, which may be used for patient education. […] Essential oils have been employed in the treatment of head lice; however, based on a lack of safety and efficacy data, these products are not recommended.

• #70 Lice | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/lice

  Once a treatment is determined, the following steps should be performed: Nits need to be removed from the hair with a fine-tooth comb. […] Children can return to school or day care the day following their first treatment for head lice according to updated recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics.

• #71 Head lice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356186

  If you prefer not to use a medication for treating head lice, you may consider a home treatment. However, there’s little to no clinical evidence that home treatments are effective. […] Combing wet hair with a fine-toothed nit comb may remove lice and some nits. […] A number of household products are used to treat head lice. These products are thought to deprive the lice of air when generous amounts are applied to the hair, covered with a shower cap and left on overnight. […] However, it’s unclear if these treatments are effective. […] Another option is a machine that uses one application of hot air to kill head lice and their eggs through dehydration. […] Flammable products, such as kerosene or gasoline, should never be used to kill lice or to remove nits. […] As a precaution, you may clean items that the affected person has used in the previous two days.

• #72 Treatment of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/treatment/index.html

  The following reasons may cause treatment for head lice to fail: Misdiagnosis, Recent application of combination shampoo/conditioner or conditioner to hair, Not following treatment instructions, Head lice resisting the medication, Reinfestation after successful treatment. […] The CDC does not have scientific evidence that suffocating head lice with mayonnaise, olive oil, margarine, butter, or similar substances is an effective form of treatment.

• #73 Head lice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164492

  Head lice are tiny, wingless, parasitic insects that live in human hair. […] Treatment involves over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription medication, but resistance to these treatments is growing. […] Before receiving any prescribed medications, there are steps that can be taken to treat a head lice infestation. […] Combing wet hair with a fine-toothed nit comb may remove lice and some nits. […] Small clinical studies have suggested that some natural plant oils may have a toxic effect on lice and eggs. […] In one study, a spray containing a combination of coconut and anise was found to be significantly more effective at clearing head lice than a permethrin lotion. […] Home treatment usually gets rid of head lice. If your child or someone else in your family still has head lice after a few weeks, it means that the treatments have not worked, and an appointment should be made to see a dermatologist.

• #74 What’s the Best Way to Get Rid of Drug Resistant Lice?

  https://www.baystatehealth.org/articles/treatment-for-drug-resistant-head-lice

  The Centers for Disease Control says 6 million to 12 million school-aged children get head lice in the United States each year. […] Dr. John OReilly, chief of general pediatrics at Baystate General Pediatrics – Springfield – High Street, shares how to spot signs of head lice and safely get rid of them without harsh chemicals. […] The Cetaphil method has been proven to eliminate these resistant lice. Cetaphil skin cleanser is a gentle over the counter skin cleanser. A study from 2004 shows a 96 to 97% success rate at eliminating these mutant lice. This treatment works by suffocating the lice. […] The key to lice treatment is to remember that you are treating the scalp, and not the hair. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not recommend excessive cleaning, such as using home pesticides. However, washing pillowcases and treating natural bristle hair care items that may have been in contact with the hair of anyone found to have head lice are reasonable measures.

• #75 Home Remedies for Head Lice: What Works?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/lice-home-remedies

  Dimethicone is not an insecticide. Rather, it works by dehydrating and suffocating the lice and rendering them unable to feed or survive. […] Here are some of the natural suffocating or smothering treatments that work reliably well. […] Its important to note that some experts believe that its actually the combing that does the work the suffocating treatments just stun the lice and make them slower and easier to catch on the comb. […] A number of essential oils have been shown to be effective along with combing in eliminating head lice. […] Mix 2 ounces of olive oil with 15 to 20 drops of the essential oil. Apply this mixture to the scalp using cotton balls. Leave it on the scalp and hair overnight at least 12 hours. Comb out and shampoo, rinse, and repeat. […] When treating lice, its crucial to follow directions carefully and exactly. Failing to follow directions for treatment with medication is one of the leading causes of re-infestation. […] Currently, there isnt enough evidence on home remedies such as mayonnaise or nit-removal facilities as effective lice treatments, so the CDC recommends following your doctors instructions for treatment and letting them know if treatment doesnt appear to be working.

• #76 Hot Air Treatment Is Effective Against Head Lice | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p910.html

  An estimated 6 to 12 million cases of head lice infestation occur in the United States annually. This number is rising because of the increasing resistance of lice to chemical shampoos. Other treatments include louse combs and home remedies of unproven effectiveness. A new treatment uses hot air to kill lice. Several studies have shown that body lice and eggs are desiccated in as little as five minutes after exposure to air that is 122 to 131 F (50 to 55 C). […] All hot air treatments had higher louse eradication rates and lower egg-hatch rates than no treatment. […] The authors conclude that hot air treatments at temperatures lower than blow-dryers effectively treat head lice, but no method results in 100 percent louse mortality. The bonnet-style method appears to be least effective, and the authors do not recommend it. The Lousebuster with handpiece appears to have the highest kill rate.

• #77 Head Lice: Common Childhood Condition – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/head-lice/

  You can remove lice with the wet combing method and/or using a product that suffocates the lice, like a special gel. […] A machine called the LouseBuster uses hot air to kill lice. […] To keep lice from spreading to others or coming back: Wash all clothing, bedding and towels used in the last 3 days by anyone with lice. […] Call your child’s healthcare provider if your child still has lice after 2 weeks of treatment, if their scalp is infected or if you have questions.

• #78 How to Treat Lice – Effective Solutions and Tips

  https://www.liceclinicsofamerica.com/main-site/how-to-treat-lice/

  Unless all lice AND EGGS are eradicated, the lice infestation will continue. Lice will keep laying eggs and those eggs will hatch to lay more eggs. […] Effective treatment of head lice can involve a combination of chemical and mechanical methods. Below, we outline the most reliable treatments available today. […] LCA uses the only FDA-Cleared medical device to effectively treat lice and their eggs in a single 60-90 minute treatment, guaranteed. […] Lice Clinics of America has treated over 1 million lice cases, and has earned over +35,000 5-star Google Reviews. LCA is the most trusted network in the USA for professional lice treatment. […] LCA clinics use the AirAll, an exclusive FDA-cleared medical device that kills head lice and lice eggs in a single treatment. […] Lice Clinics of America offers a one-and-done treatment using a medical heated-air device that safely dehydrates lice and their eggs in a single session.

• #79 Treatment of human lice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_human_lice

  Many of the pediculicides in the market are either not fully effective or are ineffective when they are used according to the instructions. […] Resistance of head lice to insecticides such as lindane, malathion, phenothrin and permethrin has been reported. […] A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance of lice was 77% globally, and even 100% in several countries. […] Ivermectin by mouth has been shown to reduce levels of louse infestation. […] Agents approved by the FDA for treatment of pediculosis include abametapir, topical ivermectin lotion, lindane, malathion, permethrin, and piperonyl butoxide with pyrethrins. […] A standard home blow dryer will kill 96.7% of eggs with proper technique. […] A special fine-toothed comb that can pick out lice is used.

• #80 How to Treat Lice – Effective Solutions and Tips

  https://www.liceclinicsofamerica.com/main-site/how-to-treat-lice/

  With Lice Clinics of America, lice and their eggs can be eliminated in just one session, making it the fastest way to get rid of lice. […] Yes, lice can be effectively treated without chemicals. Lice Clinics of America uses a non-toxic heated air treatment that dehydrates lice and eggs without the need for pesticides. […] The fastest and most effective way to get rid of lice is professional treatment at Lice Clinics of America, where an FDA-cleared, heated air medical device dehydrates lice and nits in one session.

• #81 Our lice treatment process in detail | LiceDoctors

  https://www.licedoctors.com/lice-treatment

  The lice treatment process with LiceDoctors is fast and straightforward. You will not only save time and money, but also get a guarantee that your service will be effective. […] Your expert lice technician will explain the process to you. They will apply oil, section the hair, and methodically comb lice and eggs from the hair using a professional grade comb. […] We leave you with a safe, easy-to-follow treatment plan that will ensure that the case is fully eradicated. The after-care plan also eliminates the need for doing housework and laundry. […] LiceDoctors is confident that our LiceDoctors lice treatment will eradicate your head lice because we have successfully treated over half million clients! We want you to be confident as well so treatments come with a 30 day guarantee. […] LiceDoctors understands that the treatment of head lice is an expense that you didn’t expect. We have made it a priority to offer our services at a price that is usually the lowest in the area. Our prices compare favorably to those of lice clinics and prescription lice treatments.

• #82 Head Lice: Treatment and Prevention | Rochester Regional Health

  https://www.rochesterregional.org/hub/how-to-get-rid-of-lice

  Many head lice treatments are available without a prescription as over-the-counter (OTC) shampoos or creams. Following the directions exactly recommended amount, time left in hair, using only one product, etc. is key to getting rid of any nits and lice in the hair. […] Once the shampoo or cream is applied according to directions, experts from the American Academy of Dermatology recommend checking the hair again 8-12 hours later to make sure any lice activity has slowed or stopped. Continue using the product(s) as directed until any signs of lice are gone. […] If one or more people in a home still have lice after a few weeks, see a dermatologist for additional treatment guidance and recommendations. Medications can be helpful in eradicating any lice or nits some include: benzyl alcohol lotion, ivermectin lotion, malathion lotion, spinosad suspension. […] If lice treatment at home is not an option, there are several local services offering lice treatment and removal. Some will ask individuals or families to come in for treatment, while others come to peoples homes.

• #83 Head Lice (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/head-lice.html

  If medicine doesn’t work and you want to try these methods, talk to your doctor first. […] Don’t use pesticide sprays or hire a pest control company to try to get rid of the lice; these can be harmful. […] If your child has lice 2 weeks after you started treatment or if your child’s scalp looks infected, call your doctor. […] There are professional lice treatment centers that remove lice and nits for a fee.

• #84 Best Ways to Treat Head Lice – Consumer Reports

  https://www.consumerreports.org/babies-kids/childrens-health/best-ways-to-treat-head-lice-a1695480068/

  Wet combing remains a great option for head lice treatment, even with the rise of super lice, which limits the effectiveness of many lice-treating pesticides. […] If your child has head lice, all household members should be checked and treated, if necessary. […] To provide advice on lice treatments, members of CRs product safety team and our senior scientist, Michael Hansen, PhD, did a thorough review of existing evidence about lice treatments in 2019. […] Our experts say that wet combing is a great approach to treating head lice for many people. […] If you do opt for a lice-fighting product, be sure to follow the directions carefully, and pay attention to whether or not a follow-up treatment is recommended. […] The scientific evidence on pesticide resistance suggests that these products are unlikely to be effective.

• #85 Treatment of human lice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_human_lice

  Many of the pediculicides in the market are either not fully effective or are ineffective when they are used according to the instructions. […] Resistance of head lice to insecticides such as lindane, malathion, phenothrin and permethrin has been reported. […] A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance of lice was 77% globally, and even 100% in several countries. […] Ivermectin by mouth has been shown to reduce levels of louse infestation. […] Agents approved by the FDA for treatment of pediculosis include abametapir, topical ivermectin lotion, lindane, malathion, permethrin, and piperonyl butoxide with pyrethrins. […] A standard home blow dryer will kill 96.7% of eggs with proper technique. […] A special fine-toothed comb that can pick out lice is used.

• #86 Headlice (Pediculosis Capitis)

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/skin-soft-tissue/headlice/

  Treatment of head lice (Pediculosis capitis) is recommended for persons with active infection i.e. the detection of a living louse. […] If one member of the household has a current infection, detection combing of all members should be undertaken. Those found to be infected should be treated. All affected members of the household should be treated simultaneously. Wet combing is recommended in all cases, in addition to when other treatments are used. […] Topical occlusive agents kill head lice either by coating and blocking its excretory system or else dissolving their exoskeleton (e.g. isopropyl myristate/cyclomethicone, dimethicone). These are considered less likely to induce treatment resistance unlike those agents with a neurotoxic mode of action (e.g. malathion, permethrin). […] The current recommendation in the case of suspected resistance and treatment failure is to use an agent from a different class for the next course.

• #87 Lice and Scabies: Treatment Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0515/p635.html

  First-line pharmacologic treatment for pediculosis is permethrin 1% lotion or shampoo. […] Noninsecticidal agents, including dimethicone and isopropyl myristate, show promise in the treatment of pediculosis. […] Permethrin 1% is recommended as first-line treatment for head lice. […] Nonovicidal therapies for pediculosis should be applied twice, seven to 10 days apart, to fully eradicate lice. […] A key to formulating an effective treatment regimen is recognizing the effectiveness of available treatments in destroying viable eggs because this dictates if retreatment is necessary. […] Malathion, spinosad, and topical ivermectin are considered ovicidal, and they will kill both live lice and eggs in one treatment. […] Treatment of pubic lice is similar to that of head lice. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends permethrin 1% lotion or pyrethrins 0.3%/piperonyl butoxide 4% shampoo as the first-line agent, and malathion 0.5% lotion or oral ivermectin as an alternative.

• #88 Treatment for head lice effective with one dose and no combing – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/new-treatment-for-head-lice-effective-with-one-dose-and-no-combing-201211015484

  Treatment for head lice traditionally calls for the use of a lice shampoo containing permethrin or pyrethrins as a first salvo against head lice. […] The FDA approved ivermectin for head lice in February 2012. […] The contents of the tube were applied to dry hair and the scalp, left on for 10 minutes, then rinsed off with water. No one was supposed to use a comb to remove nits (juvenile lice) attached to hair strands. […] On day two, 95% of those who used the ivermectin lotion were louse free, compared to 31% of those who used the placebo lotion. […] Some lice are resistant to pyrethrins and permethrin. That’s when it makes sense to turn to stronger prescription drugs, such as ivermectin and spinosad (Natroba). […] „Combing works,” says Dr. Claire McCarthy, a pediatrician at Harvard-affiliated Boston Children’s Hospital. „It takes patience and perseverance, but not only does it get rid of both live lice and eggs, it’s completely nontoxic and without side effects. That can’t be said of any other treatment for head lice, ivermectin included.”

• #89 Head Lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5165061/

  In direct comparisons, dimethicones were more effective than permethrin. Dimethicones are synthetic silicone oils. They spread very well on surfaces and work in a purely mechanical way by sealing the spiracles (breathing pores) of the head lice. There is therefore no reason to anticipate the development of resistance. They are not toxic. […] The efficacy of ivermectin has been well documented in several clinical studies. The dosage is 200 g per kilogram body weight (2 in a 7-day period). The cure rate is up to about 97%. Ivermectin is not licensed for the treatment of head lice in Germany, but may be considered for use on an individual basis, e.g. in a patient with concurrent scabies. […] Repeated wet combing is also effective. According to one study in the UK, mechanical removal with a detection comb was even more effective than a single application of a pediculicide. […] Local treatment suffices for all but exceptional cases of head lice infestation. Many head lice are resistant to pyrethroids. Good results without the development of resistance are achieved with dimethicones.

• #90 Head Lice | InfantRisk Center

  https://infantrisk.com/content/head-lice

  Head lice during pregnancy and breastfeeding can be treated with pediculicides including permethrin, malathion, and ivermectin. There are studies providing evidence that these agents do not increase the risk of birth defects. They are also unlikely to pass into the milk of breastfeeding mothers in clinically relevant amounts. Permethrin is preferred for breastfeeding and pregnant mothers because it is non-toxic, and there is minimal absorption through the skin (2%). However, at least one additional treatment is usually required to completely treat the infestation. […] Newly approved Sklice Lotion (0.5% ivermectin) may be used in children who are six months and older. A recent study has suggested that a single topical application of ivermectin kills most of the lice. The researchers found that 94.9% of ivermectin treated patients were louse free one day after application and there was significant reduction in itching between day one and day two in the ivermectin group, as compared with the control group. The proportion of head louse free patients in the ivermectin group was 85.2% on day eight and 73.8% on day fifteen. The continued efficacy of treatment with topical ivermectin two weeks after a single treatment suggests that this formulation has activity against louse eggs.

• #91 Head Lice | InfantRisk Center

  https://infantrisk.com/content/head-lice

  Head lice during pregnancy and breastfeeding can be treated with pediculicides including permethrin, malathion, and ivermectin. There are studies providing evidence that these agents do not increase the risk of birth defects. They are also unlikely to pass into the milk of breastfeeding mothers in clinically relevant amounts. Permethrin is preferred for breastfeeding and pregnant mothers because it is non-toxic, and there is minimal absorption through the skin (2%). However, at least one additional treatment is usually required to completely treat the infestation. […] Newly approved Sklice Lotion (0.5% ivermectin) may be used in children who are six months and older. A recent study has suggested that a single topical application of ivermectin kills most of the lice. The researchers found that 94.9% of ivermectin treated patients were louse free one day after application and there was significant reduction in itching between day one and day two in the ivermectin group, as compared with the control group. The proportion of head louse free patients in the ivermectin group was 85.2% on day eight and 73.8% on day fifteen. The continued efficacy of treatment with topical ivermectin two weeks after a single treatment suggests that this formulation has activity against louse eggs.

• #92 Treatment of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/treatment/index.html

  The following reasons may cause treatment for head lice to fail: Misdiagnosis, Recent application of combination shampoo/conditioner or conditioner to hair, Not following treatment instructions, Head lice resisting the medication, Reinfestation after successful treatment. […] The CDC does not have scientific evidence that suffocating head lice with mayonnaise, olive oil, margarine, butter, or similar substances is an effective form of treatment.

• #93 Head lice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/head-lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356186

  Permethrin doesn’t kill nits, and treatment needs to be repeated 9 to 10 days after first application. […] Ivermectin is toxic to lice. The lotion is approved for use in adults and children age 6 months or older. […] In some regions, lice have developed resistance to nonprescription medications. Nonprescription treatment also may fail because of incorrect use, such as not repeating the treatment at an appropriate time. […] If the correct use of a nonprescription treatment has failed, your health care provider may recommend a prescription treatment. […] Spinosad is approved for adults and children age 6 months and older. It can be applied to dry hair and rinsed with warm water after 10 minutes. It kills lice and nits and usually doesn’t need repeated treatment. […] Malathion is approved for adults and children age 2 or older. The lotion is applied, left to dry naturally and rinsed out after 8 to 12 hours.

• #94 Treatment of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/treatment/index.html

  The following reasons may cause treatment for head lice to fail: Misdiagnosis, Recent application of combination shampoo/conditioner or conditioner to hair, Not following treatment instructions, Head lice resisting the medication, Reinfestation after successful treatment. […] The CDC does not have scientific evidence that suffocating head lice with mayonnaise, olive oil, margarine, butter, or similar substances is an effective form of treatment.

• #95 Home Remedies for Head Lice: What Works?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/lice-home-remedies

  Dimethicone is not an insecticide. Rather, it works by dehydrating and suffocating the lice and rendering them unable to feed or survive. […] Here are some of the natural suffocating or smothering treatments that work reliably well. […] Its important to note that some experts believe that its actually the combing that does the work the suffocating treatments just stun the lice and make them slower and easier to catch on the comb. […] A number of essential oils have been shown to be effective along with combing in eliminating head lice. […] Mix 2 ounces of olive oil with 15 to 20 drops of the essential oil. Apply this mixture to the scalp using cotton balls. Leave it on the scalp and hair overnight at least 12 hours. Comb out and shampoo, rinse, and repeat. […] When treating lice, its crucial to follow directions carefully and exactly. Failing to follow directions for treatment with medication is one of the leading causes of re-infestation. […] Currently, there isnt enough evidence on home remedies such as mayonnaise or nit-removal facilities as effective lice treatments, so the CDC recommends following your doctors instructions for treatment and letting them know if treatment doesnt appear to be working.

• #96 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pesticides, Occlusive and Nonpesticide Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-treatment

  Treatment of pediculosis has two aspects: medication and environmental control measures. Increasing emphasis is being placed on understanding the life cycle of lice in order to provide effective treatment. […] Not all treatment preparations are ovicidal. For weakly ovicidal or non-ovicidal pediculicides, routine retreatment is recommended typically 7-10 days after the first treatment. For strongly ovicidal pediculicides, retreatment is recommended only if live (ie, crawling) lice are still present after treatment. […] It is extremely important to use medications as directed to ensure total eradication of the lice through their life cycle. Different head lice medications should not be used at the same time. In addition, all infested persons in a household and their infested close contacts and bedmates should be treated at the same time.

• #97 Lice – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374404

  Many home or natural remedies, such as mayonnaise or olive oil, are used to treat head lice. But there’s little to no evidence of their effectiveness. […] Often, you can get rid of lice with nonprescription treatments and by properly washing household items that had lice on them, such as sheets, towels and clothes. If these steps don’t work, see your health care provider.

• #98 Head Lice: Signs, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10824-head-lice

  Head lice are treatable with special shampoos, creams or lotions. […] The best way to treat lice is with an over-the-counter or prescription shampoo, lotion or cream that kills them. Follow the directions on how to apply it and how often to use it. […] Talk to your childs healthcare provider if youre unsure which is best to use or if the first treatment you try isnt working. Lice are becoming resistant to treatment. It may take a combination of treatments to get rid of them completely. […] Some lice treatment options include: Benzyl alcohol lotion (Ulesfia), Ivermectin lotion (Sklice), Permethrin lotion (Nix), Pyrethrin and piperonyl butoxide shampoo (RID, A-200), Spinosad topical suspension (Natroba). […] Another technique is to apply hand lotion or conditioner to your childs wet hair for two minutes, then comb the lotion or conditioner out with a fine-toothed comb. Repeat every few days for two to three weeks after you last saw a live louse. These and other home remedies might work best when combined with medicated shampoo, cream or lotion treatment. […] Call your childs healthcare provider if treatments arent working or if your child has signs of an infection.

• #99 Treatment of Head Lice | Lice | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/lice/treatment/index.html

  You can treat lice with either over-the-counter or prescription medications. […] Follow all provided instructions when using lice medication. […] Talk to a healthcare provider if you think re-treatment is necessary. […] Treat head lice if you have an active infestation. […] You can treat head lice with medications (pediculicides) that are either over-the-counter or by prescription. […] Some medicines kill lice and eggs; retreatment is usually not required for these. […] Other medicines kill lice but are not effective at killing eggs and so retreatment is recommended. […] Medications are generally safe and effective when used correctly. […] Consult your healthcare provider before treating young children. […] If your medication kills both lice and eggs, then retreatment may not be necessary.

• #100 Head lice: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-treatment

  Use the amount stated on the product. Using more can be harmful. […] Use the lice comb that comes with the shampoo. The teeth on a lice comb are closer together than the teeth on a regular comb. Placing the teeth closer together makes it easier to remove the lice and their nits. […] Look at the hair 8 to 12 hours after treatment. If the lice seem as active as they were before the treatment, the medicine may not be working. Do not treat again. Talk with your dermatologist. A different lice medicine may be necessary. […] The next day […] If the medicine seems to be working, youll want to: […] Wait two days to wash your hair. This lets the medicated product continue to work. […] Continue to comb through the hair with the lice comb once a day. Doing this for two to three weeks helps to ensure that you get rid of the lice.

• #101 Head lice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164492

  In areas where there is known to be resistance to an OTC treatment, or when attempts to remove an infestation without medical help have not worked, the child should see a doctor. […] A pediatrician can prescribe medication such as spinosad or topical ivermectin. […] Permethrin cream (1 percent) is available without a prescription. […] It is applied to hair that has been shampooed and towel-dried, but not conditioned, then rinsed off after 10 minutes. […] Malathion lotion (0.5%) is available by prescription only. […] Benzyl alcohol lotion (5 percent) is a prescription-only drug that is applied topically and left on for 10 minutes. […] Spinosad topical suspension (0.9 percent) is a prescription drug that is applied to dry hair and rinsed off after 10 minutes. […] Ivermectin lotion (0.5 percent) is a prescription-only lotion that is applied to dry hair and rinsed off after 10 minutes. […] If head lice are found on one family member, all household members should be checked, and those with live lice or nits within one half-inch of the scalp should be treated.

• #102 What’s the Best Way to Get Rid of Drug Resistant Lice?

  https://www.baystatehealth.org/articles/treatment-for-drug-resistant-head-lice

  Dr. OReilly said, „In general, I think you can say that there is science to back up the use of Cetaphil. All these other home remedies (olive oil, mayo, tea tree oil, etc.) are not proven and may be a waste of time and money.” […] The AAP suggests calling your doctor or familys pediatrician if you live in an area with known resistance to an over-the-counter treatment. You may need a treatment with a prescription medication such as spinosad or topical ivermectin.

• #103 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/headlice.aspx

  Clothes, bedding, and towels used by a person with head lice two days before treatment should be washed in hot water and dried on the hot cycle to kill any lice. […] The best way to prevent getting head lice is to not touch heads with someone that has head lice, including during play or other activities at home, school, or other places.

• #104 Head Lice and Nits (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/head-lice-and-nits

  Head lice treatment and prevention […] The main ways of treating head lice and nits are: […] Medicated lotion and spray treatments. […] Wet combing. […] Most insecticides need to be used twice, and combing has to be done several times over at least two weeks. […] Everything that you need to treat head lice can be bought over the counter – NHS England has advised doctors not to prescribe for this problem and so it is best to see a pharmacist rather than your doctor. […] It is almost impossible to prevent head lice entirely, although if you have a child with long hair, tying it back will reduce the risk of catching them. […] Detection combing once a week will allow you to pick up and treat head lice early. […] Read more detail on treating and preventing head lice.

• #105 Head Lice and Nits (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/head-lice-and-nits

  Head lice treatment and prevention […] The main ways of treating head lice and nits are: […] Medicated lotion and spray treatments. […] Wet combing. […] Most insecticides need to be used twice, and combing has to be done several times over at least two weeks. […] Everything that you need to treat head lice can be bought over the counter – NHS England has advised doctors not to prescribe for this problem and so it is best to see a pharmacist rather than your doctor. […] It is almost impossible to prevent head lice entirely, although if you have a child with long hair, tying it back will reduce the risk of catching them. […] Detection combing once a week will allow you to pick up and treat head lice early. […] Read more detail on treating and preventing head lice.

• #106 Head lice and nits

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/head-lice-and-nits/

  Head lice should die within a day. Some lotions and sprays come with a comb to remove dead lice and eggs. […] Some treatments need to be repeated after a week to kill any newly hatched lice. […] If lotions or sprays do not work, speak to a pharmacist about other treatments. […] Some treatments are not recommended because they’re unlikely to work. […] You cannot prevent head lice. […] You can help stop them spreading by wet combing regularly, using a detection comb, to catch them early. […] Do not use medicated lotions and sprays to prevent head lice. They can irritate the scalp.

• #107 About Lice and Their Control | US EPA

  https://www.epa.gov/ipm/about-lice-and-their-control

  Head lice infestations do requirement treatment and can be prevented. Follow these principles in your treatment plan: […] Avoid pesticide-based shampoos. […] Dont use environmental sprays for lice – they are unnecessary and can pose a health risk if used improperly. […] Dont treat family pets for lice with insecticidal shampoo. It is potentially harmful (to both humans and pets). Lice cannot live on pets, so there is no reason to fear that lice may be hiding on your dog, cat or guinea pig. […] Dont use head lice treatments as a preventive measure. Head lice cant be safely or effectively prevented by shampooing with either chemical or alternative treatments. […] Practice early detection, by making weekly head checks with a good quality comb. Early detection and removal of any live lice or nits can keep head lice problems to a minimum.

• #108 Head lice and nits

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/head-lice-and-nits/

  Head lice should die within a day. Some lotions and sprays come with a comb to remove dead lice and eggs. […] Some treatments need to be repeated after a week to kill any newly hatched lice. […] If lotions or sprays do not work, speak to a pharmacist about other treatments. […] Some treatments are not recommended because they’re unlikely to work. […] You cannot prevent head lice. […] You can help stop them spreading by wet combing regularly, using a detection comb, to catch them early. […] Do not use medicated lotions and sprays to prevent head lice. They can irritate the scalp.

• #109 How to manage head lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070891/

  People are infested by 3 types of lice: body lice (Pediculus humanus var corporis), head lice (P h var capitis), and crab or pubic lice (Phthirus pubis). […] Of the 3 lice types, head lice get the most attention because they are thought to be highly prevalent and to be developing resistance to commonly used pediculicides. The treatment of head lice is a multimillion dollar industry. […] Many experts agree that before treatment, there must be positive identification of live lice and unhatched eggs, not just nits. […] Once head lice infestation has been confirmed, treatment involves a multipronged approach that includes pediculicidal agents, mechanical removal, and possibly environmental measures (although there is not widespread agreement on this) to prevent further transmission and reinfestation.

• #110 Lice and Scabies: Treatment Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0515/p635.html

  First-line pharmacologic treatment for pediculosis is permethrin 1% lotion or shampoo. […] Noninsecticidal agents, including dimethicone and isopropyl myristate, show promise in the treatment of pediculosis. […] Permethrin 1% is recommended as first-line treatment for head lice. […] Nonovicidal therapies for pediculosis should be applied twice, seven to 10 days apart, to fully eradicate lice. […] A key to formulating an effective treatment regimen is recognizing the effectiveness of available treatments in destroying viable eggs because this dictates if retreatment is necessary. […] Malathion, spinosad, and topical ivermectin are considered ovicidal, and they will kill both live lice and eggs in one treatment. […] Treatment of pubic lice is similar to that of head lice. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends permethrin 1% lotion or pyrethrins 0.3%/piperonyl butoxide 4% shampoo as the first-line agent, and malathion 0.5% lotion or oral ivermectin as an alternative.

• #111 Home Remedies for Head Lice: What Works?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/lice-home-remedies

  Dimethicone is not an insecticide. Rather, it works by dehydrating and suffocating the lice and rendering them unable to feed or survive. […] Here are some of the natural suffocating or smothering treatments that work reliably well. […] Its important to note that some experts believe that its actually the combing that does the work the suffocating treatments just stun the lice and make them slower and easier to catch on the comb. […] A number of essential oils have been shown to be effective along with combing in eliminating head lice. […] Mix 2 ounces of olive oil with 15 to 20 drops of the essential oil. Apply this mixture to the scalp using cotton balls. Leave it on the scalp and hair overnight at least 12 hours. Comb out and shampoo, rinse, and repeat. […] When treating lice, its crucial to follow directions carefully and exactly. Failing to follow directions for treatment with medication is one of the leading causes of re-infestation. […] Currently, there isnt enough evidence on home remedies such as mayonnaise or nit-removal facilities as effective lice treatments, so the CDC recommends following your doctors instructions for treatment and letting them know if treatment doesnt appear to be working.

• #112 How to manage head lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070891/

  Malathion is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor with rapid lousicidal and ovicidal effects. […] Ivermectin, given as a single dose of 200 g/kg, may be a safe and effective oral agent against scabies and head lice as well. […] Treatment failures to pyrethrins, permethrins, lindane, and malathion have all been reported. […] Only people with active infections should be treated. […] Over-the-counter pediculicides are the agents of choice. […] Manual removal of lice eggs and nits with a fine-tooth comb should accompany pediculicide treatment. […] A second treatment is usually required in 7 to 10 days to kill any newly hatched lice.

• #113 How to manage head lice

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1070891/

  Malathion is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor with rapid lousicidal and ovicidal effects. […] Ivermectin, given as a single dose of 200 g/kg, may be a safe and effective oral agent against scabies and head lice as well. […] Treatment failures to pyrethrins, permethrins, lindane, and malathion have all been reported. […] Only people with active infections should be treated. […] Over-the-counter pediculicides are the agents of choice. […] Manual removal of lice eggs and nits with a fine-tooth comb should accompany pediculicide treatment. […] A second treatment is usually required in 7 to 10 days to kill any newly hatched lice.

• #114 Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pesticides, Occlusive and Nonpesticide Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/225013-treatment

  Treatment of pediculosis has two aspects: medication and environmental control measures. Increasing emphasis is being placed on understanding the life cycle of lice in order to provide effective treatment. […] Not all treatment preparations are ovicidal. For weakly ovicidal or non-ovicidal pediculicides, routine retreatment is recommended typically 7-10 days after the first treatment. For strongly ovicidal pediculicides, retreatment is recommended only if live (ie, crawling) lice are still present after treatment. […] It is extremely important to use medications as directed to ensure total eradication of the lice through their life cycle. Different head lice medications should not be used at the same time. In addition, all infested persons in a household and their infested close contacts and bedmates should be treated at the same time.

• #115 Lice – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374404

  Many home or natural remedies, such as mayonnaise or olive oil, are used to treat head lice. But there’s little to no evidence of their effectiveness. […] Often, you can get rid of lice with nonprescription treatments and by properly washing household items that had lice on them, such as sheets, towels and clothes. If these steps don’t work, see your health care provider.

• #116 Head lice: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/head-lice-treatment

  May be prescribed if other treatments fail or cannot be used […] Lindane shampoo: This medicine has been approved by the FDA to treat head lice. Approved to treat head lice, this treatment is prescribed when other treatments do not work. It is essential to use lindane shampoo only as directed. It can be toxic when misused. […] Outcome […] Two treatments (spaced seven to nine days apart) often get rid of head lice. If your child or someone else in your family still has head lice after a few weeks, it means that the treatments did not work or the person got lice again. Make an appointment to see a dermatologist for help getting rid of the head lice. With proper treatment, it is possible to get rid of head lice.

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