Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ventricular-contractions/symptoms-causes/syc-20376757

  Premature ventricular contractions may be caused by: […] The cause of premature ventricular contractions isn’t always clear. Certain things including heart diseases or changes in the body can make cells in the lower heart chambers electrically unstable. Heart disease or scarring may cause the heart’s signals to be misrouted. […] Certain medications, including decongestants and antihistamines […] Alcohol or drug misuse […] Stimulants such as caffeine or tobacco […] Increased levels of adrenaline in the body due to exercise or anxiety […] Injury to the heart muscle due to disease.

• #2 Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17381-premature-ventricular-contractions

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are a type of irregular heartbeat. They occur when the electrical signal that starts your heartbeat comes from one of your bottom two heart chambers (ventricles). PVCs are not always a problem. But if they repeatedly happen for months or years, they can cause a type of cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle weakening. […] Several conditions or factors can trigger a premature ventricular contraction, including: Electrolyte imbalances, such as low potassium or magnesium. Heart attack (myocardial infarction). Heart failure. High adrenaline, such as from anxiety or stress. Reduced blood flow to your heart, such as in coronary artery disease. […] PVCs can increase your risk of sudden cardiac death if you have underlying structural heart disease or if they arise from specific areas in your heart. However, in most people, PVCs are benign and don’t lead to sudden cardiac death.

• #3 Premature Ventricular Contraction > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/premature-ventricular-contraction

  A premature ventricular contraction is an occasional extra heartbeat that briefly throws off the hearts regular rhythm. It arises prematurely (before the next heartbeat is expected) in the hearts ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. […] Most of the time, there is no known cause for occasional premature ventricular contractions. […] The following may cause some people to experience premature ventricular contractions: High caffeine consumption, High anxiety levels, Sleep deprivation, The presence of the stress hormones adrenaline, norepinephrine, or dopamine, Abnormal electrolyte levels (low magnesium, low potassium, or high calcium levels), Smoking, Alcohol consumption, Illegal drug usage, Side effects caused by certain medications, Cardiomyopathy, a disease of the heart muscle, Mitral valve prolapse, when a valve within the heart doesnt shut properly, allowing blood to leak backward from one heart chamber to another, Heart attack, Anemia, Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), High blood pressure.

• #4 The Ubiquitous Premature Ventricular Complex

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7001138/

  The most likely underlying pathophysiology of PVCs involves three likely mechanisms: re-entry, triggered activity, and enhanced automaticity. […] Several factors have been identified that affect the likelihood of developing PVC-induced cardiomyopathy including the frequency or burden of PVCs, the origin of the PVC, the QRS duration, and PVCs that are asymptomatic. […] The burden or frequency PVCs have been shown to correlate with the degree of LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction. […] It had been previously hypothesized that PVCs originating from the RVOT were the primary culprit for PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. […] Subsequent studies have shown that actually, PVCs originating from the epicardium are associated with the highest risk of cardiomyopathy. […] The risk of cardiomyopathy is significantly higher in patients whose PVCs have a very wide QRS complex, arise from the epicardium, or occur greater than a quarter of all beats on 24-h Holter monitor.

• #4 The Ubiquitous Premature Ventricular Complex

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7001138/

  Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are one of the most commonly encountered arrhythmias and are ubiquitous in clinical practice, both in the outpatient and inpatient settings. […] Long thought to be completely benign, PVCs have been historically disregarded without pursuing any further evaluation. […] Newer data have revealed that a high burden of PVCs with specific characteristics can significantly increase a patient’s risk of developing PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. […] Management of PVCs should be focused on identifying and treating the underlying causes, such as electrolyte abnormalities, substance use, and underlying structural heart disease. […] Patients who are unable to tolerate medical therapy should undergo catheter ablation of the PVC focus to prevent PVC-induced cardiomyopathy.

• #4 The Ubiquitous Premature Ventricular Complex

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7001138/

  The presence of PVCs should prompt closer evaluation for possible undiagnosed cardiac disease or reversible underlying etiology. […] In patients with known underlying ischemic or structural heart disease, PVCs also appear to have a negative prognostic effect. […] Treatment can be considered in patients who are symptomatic with a high burden of ectopic beats or frequent episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. […] The first consideration in treating symptomatic PVCs is correcting the underlying cause. […] If treatment is indicated, beta-blockers are typically utilized as first-line therapy, as they generally have an excellent safety profile. […] Patients who cannot tolerate medical therapy should be referred to an electrophysiologist for consideration of ablation to prevent future cardiomyopathy. […] Catheter ablation has been shown to reduce PVCs burden and improve LVEF in those with PVC-induced cardiomyopathy.

• #5 Premature ventricular contraction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_ventricular_contraction

  Premature ventricular contraction usually originates from an area of Ectopic focus. […] PVCs may cause no symptoms or may be perceived as a „skipped beat” or felt as palpitations in the chest. […] However, very frequent PVCs can be symptomatic of an underlying heart condition (such as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy). […] Some possible underlying causes of PVCs include: […] Adrenaline excess […] Anemia […] Catecholamine excess […] Certain medicines such as tricyclic antidepressants, digoxin, sympathomimetics, aminophylline […] Chemical (electrolyte) abnormalities in the blood (for example hypokalemia (low blood potassium), which can occur in those taking diuretics and hypomagnesaemia (magnesium deficiency)). […] Any structural heart disease which alters electrical conduction pathways due to tissue alterations […] Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic or dilated […] Myocardial infarction […] Myocarditis […] Myocardial contusion […] Mitral valve prolapse.

• #6 Premature Ventricular Contractions | PVC Heart Condition Causes & Symptoms

  https://heartofdixiecardiologycenter.com/premature-ventricular-contractions-pvc/

  The heart has two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles). In normal rhythm, the heartbeat begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is the heart’s natural pacemaker in the right upper chamber. The SA node sends out an electrical signal that causes the atria to contract. This signal then moves throughout the heart’s electrical conduction system, later causing the ventricles to contract. With a PVC, however, the electrical signal starts earlier than it should and originates from a site in the bottom chambers of the heart. […] PVCs occur more commonly in older people and individuals with underlying heart disease, including a history of heart attack and high blood pressure. […] PVCs may also be indicative of cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, atherosclerosis, and endocarditis.

• #6 Premature Ventricular Contractions | PVC Heart Condition Causes & Symptoms

  https://heartofdixiecardiologycenter.com/premature-ventricular-contractions-pvc/

  PVCs can also occur in healthy hearts and may simply be a response to: Increased catecholamines (adrenaline excess such as at times of stress), Substances like caffeine, cocaine, and alcohol, Hypoxia (low amounts of oxygen in the blood). […] Individuals with frequent PVCs who have underlying heart disease, structural abnormalities in the heart, or have had a previous heart attack have a higher risk of death. […] Over time, frequent PVCs can, in some patients, cause changes in heart function. This is called cardiomyopathy, which is a weakening of the heart muscle.

• #7 Understanding Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/understanding-premature-ventricular-contractions-pvcs

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are a type of abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia). […] Most often, PVCs are harmless. But certain things can help set off a premature signal in the ventricles. These include: Advancing age, Reduced blood flow to your heart (such as coronary artery disease), Scarring after a heart attack, Electrolyte problems, such as low sodium or potassium levels, Caffeine, Alcohol, Nicotine, Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, Increased adrenaline, such as with anxiety, Certain medicines, such as digoxin, Endocrine (hormone) problems, such as hyperthyroid (too much thyroid hormone). […] Many heart conditions raise the risk for PVCs. These include: High blood pressure, Heart attack, Coronary heart disease, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Congenital heart disease, Heart failure. […] They often happen in people without any heart disease. But PVCs are somewhat more common in people with some kind of heart disease.

• #8 Premature Ventricular Complexes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/761148-overview

  Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) (also known as ventricular premature complexes [VPCs]) are ectopic impulses originating from an area distal to the His Purkinje system. PVCs are the most common ventricular arrhythmia. […] The fundamental underlying etiology of PVCs remain to be determined. […] Cardiac causes of PVCs include the following: Acute myocardial infarction, Valvular heart disease, especially mitral valve prolapse, Cardiomyopathy (eg, ischemic, dilated, hypertrophic, infiltrative), Myocardial stretch, Cardiac contusion, Bradycardia, Tachycardia (high-catecholamine state). […] Noncardiac causes of PVCs include the following: Electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or hypercalcemia), Medications (eg, digoxin, tricyclic antidepressants, aminophylline, amitriptyline, pseudoephedrine, fluoxetine), Other drugs (eg, cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, alcohol), Anesthetics, Surgery, Infection, Stress.

• #9 CoxHealth | Premature Ventricular Contractions

  https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/premature-ventricular-contractions/

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are a type of abnormal heartbeat. […] PVCs can happen in people without any heart disease, but they’re more common in people with some kind of heart disease. […] Certain things can help set off a premature signal in the ventricles, such as: Reduced blood flow to your heart for any reason, Acute heart attack (myocardial infarction), Cardiomyopathy, Heart failure, Electrolyte problems, such as low magnesium or potassium levels, Increased adrenaline, such as from stress or anxiety, Some medicines, Alcohol and illegal drugs. […] Many heart conditions increase the risk for PVCs. These include: High blood pressure, Heart attack, Coronary heart disease, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Congenital heart disease, Heart failure. […] PVCs can cause symptoms, but often they don’t. When they happen only once in a while, PVCs don’t need treatment. […] Medicines and catheter ablation are options if you have PVCs that cause symptoms or occur often.

• #10 Premature Ventricular Contractions | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/premature-ventricular-contractions.html

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are a type of abnormal heartbeat. […] PVCs can happen in people without any heart disease, but they’re more common in people with some kind of heart disease. […] Certain things can help set off a premature signal in the ventricles, such as reduced blood flow to your heart for any reason, acute heart attack (myocardial infarction), cardiomyopathy, heart failure, electrolyte problems, increased adrenaline, some medicines, alcohol and illegal drugs. […] Many heart conditions increase the risk for PVCs. These include high blood pressure, heart attack, coronary heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, and heart failure.

• #11 Understanding Premature Ventricular Contractions: Causes and Solutions

  https://avicennacardiology.com/manhattan/premature-ventricular-contractions

  Coronary artery disease (CAD): Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle can irritate the ventricles. […] Heart failure: A weakened heart may develop frequent PVCs due to impaired heart function. […] Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Scarring in the heart’s tissue can interfere with electrical conduction, leading to abnormal heartbeats. […] Valvular heart disease: Conditions affecting the heart’s structure, such as mitral valve prolapse, can provoke PVCs. […] Cardiomyopathy: Enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle increases the risk of PVCs. […] In most cases, PVCs are benign and do not pose a threat to heart health, especially in individuals without underlying heart disease. However, frequent PVCs can have significant consequences: […] Heart muscle weakening: Very frequent PVCs (e.g., 10,000 per day) can cause PVC-induced cardiomyopathy, where the heart becomes weakened over time. […] Sudden cardiac death: In individuals with severe underlying heart disease, such as CAD or heart failure, PVCs may increase the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias like ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.

• #11 Understanding Premature Ventricular Contractions: Causes and Solutions

  https://avicennacardiology.com/manhattan/premature-ventricular-contractions

  Premature ventricular contractions, also known as premature ventricular complexes or ventricular premature beats, are among the most common types of abnormal heartbeats or irregular heart rhythms. […] While PVCs are frequently benign, they can be a sign of underlying heart disease or other health conditions that require attention. […] PVCs can occur in people with or without underlying cardiovascular disease. The following factors can contribute to the development of PVCs: […] Stress hormones: Elevated stress or anxiety increases adrenaline, which can trigger PVCs. […] Caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine: These stimulants can irritate the heart’s electrical activity. […] High blood pressure: Chronic hypertension can strain the heart muscle, leading to irregular heart rhythms. […] Overactive thyroid: Excessive thyroid hormone levels can disrupt the heart’s electrical system.

• #12 Frequent ventricular extrasystoles: significance, prognosis and treatment

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-9/Frequent-ventricular-extrasystoles-significance-prognosis-and-treatment

  Frequent and apparently idiopathic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are usually considered a benign condition that can be managed with conservative measures. […] However, although largely asymptomatic, patients with PVCs can experience upsetting symptoms, and there are occasions when the presence of PVCs signifies susceptibility towards more sinister arrhythmias, especially when heart disease is present. […] The prognostic significance of PVCs in ischemic heart disease is less benign. Indeed, in patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction, the presence of PVCs has been associated with an increase of up to three times the risk of sudden death. […] The presence of heart disease should be sought and, if absent, indicates good prognosis in patients with PVCs. […] Risk of sudden cardiac death from malignant ventricular arrhythmia should be considered in patients with heart disease who have frequent PVCs. […] PVCs have also been shown to trigger malignant ventricular arrhythmias in certain patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and other syndromes.

• #13 Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) and Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs) | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/premature-ventricular-contractions-pvcs-and-premature

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are extra, abnormal heartbeats that begin in the ventricles, or lower pumping chambers, and disrupt your regular heart rhythm, sometimes causing you to feel a skipped beat or palpitations. […] PVCs can be caused or triggered by: Heart disease or scarring, which can interfere with the normal electrical impulses. […] PVCs occur when ventricle contractions beat sooner than the next expected regular heartbeat, often interrupting the normal order of pumping. […] In patients with heart problems such as heart failure or heart disease, PVCs may be a sign of a more dangerous heart rhythm to come.

• #14 Premature Ventricular Complex – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547713/

  Noncardiac conditions like hypercapnia, hyperthyroidism, anemia, and sleep deprivation can provoke PVCs, as can acute cardiac events, eg, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, myocardial contusion, mitral valve prolapse, and cardiomyopathies (particularly hypertrophic and dilated forms). Structural heart diseases that disrupt conduction pathways are frequent culprits. Other factors include various medications, electrolyte abnormalities, and hypoxia. The following describes several etiologies of PVCs: Illicit drug abuse (eg, alcohol, amphetamines, and cocaine), Various medications eg, digoxin, tricyclic antidepressants, sympathomimetics, aminophylline, caffeine, Electrolyte imbalance, including hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or hypercalcemia, Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiomyopathies mainly hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, Myocardial contusion, Mitral valve prolapse.

• #14 Premature Ventricular Complex – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547713/

  Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), or premature ventricular contractions, are ectopic heartbeats originating from the ventricles. Common across diverse populations, they may occur in patients with or without preexisting cardiac conditions. While often benign and asymptomatic, frequent PVCs can cause symptoms, eg, palpitations, dizziness, or fatigue, and may lead to progressive left ventricular dysfunction, which can be reversed with treatment such as catheter ablation. […] Identifying the etiological cause requires a thorough history and physical examination. While most PVCs occur spontaneously without an identifiable cause, several known etiologies exist. PVCs can arise from numerous risk factors or causes, with some occurring benignly due to excessive adrenergic stimulation. PVCs stem from a broad range of cardiac and noncardiac conditions, lifestyle factors, and demographic risks. While some PVCs are benign and self-limited, understanding their etiology is vital for appropriate evaluation and management. Common known etiologies include excess caffeine consumption, excess catecholamines, high levels of anxiety, and electrolyte abnormalities.

• #15 When to Worry About Premature Ventricular Complexes (PVCs)

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/premature-ventricular-complexes-pvcs-1745222

  There are also other health factors or problems not necessarily related to the heart that may contribute to the development of PVCs. These include: Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., low potassium or low magnesium levels in the blood), Substance use, including tobacco, alcohol, and cocaine, Low oxygen level in the bloodstream (hypoxia), Anxiety or excess adrenaline release from exercise or from taking allergy medications, like antihistamines, Digoxin toxicity, Certain non-heart conditions, like thyroid disease or obstructive sleep apnea.

• #15 When to Worry About Premature Ventricular Complexes (PVCs)

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/premature-ventricular-complexes-pvcs-1745222

  A premature ventricular complex (PVC, or premature ventricular contraction) is an extra electrical impulse arising from one of the heart’s ventricles. This extra impulse happens before the next normal heartbeat has a chance to occur. […] PVCs are very common, even in completely healthy people. When normal individuals are monitored by ECG for 24 hours the majority show at least one PVC. In one study, 99.5% of individuals with an average age of 75 years had at least one PVC. […] But more frequently, they occur in people with underlying heart disease. Heart conditions associated with PVCs include: Coronary artery disease (CAD), Heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Heart valve disease, Myocarditis, Congenital heart disease. […] People with chronic high blood pressure (hypertension) may also develop structural changes in their hearts that lead to PVCs. Additionally, an injury to the heart can make the cells of the ventricles electrically unstable and cause PVCs.

• #16 Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs): Symptoms and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ventricular-premature-complexes

  Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are extra heartbeats originating from the hearts lower chambers, potentially causing palpitations or fluttering sensations. […] Examples of causes and risk factors include taking stimulants, stress, and existing heart problems. […] Sometimes, PVCs signal a structural problem with the persons heart. […] Structural heart disease is a condition that affects the valves, chambers, walls, or overall structure of the heart. […] However, some noncardiac health issues also may cause PVCs, including hyperthyroidism, anemia, hypertension, and electrolyte imbalances such as hypomagnesemia. […] Along with the various cardiac and noncardiac health issues that can cause PVCs, other risk factors include excessive caffeine consumption, high levels of anxiety, excessive catecholamines, sleep deprivation, and alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use. […] Frequent PVCs may suggest underlying problems.

• #17 Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) | Longmore Clinic

  https://longmoreclinic.org/premature-ventricular-contractions-pvcs-causes-symptoms-and-management/

  Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) are early heartbeats originating in the hearts lower chambers, called the ventricles. PVCs can arise from a variety of causes, including: […] Electrolyte Imbalances: Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium imbalances can affect heart rhythm. […] Heart Diseases: Conditions like heart attack, high blood pressure, or heart failure may increase PVCs risk. […] Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations, such as those during pregnancy, may trigger PVCs. […] Alcohol and Caffeine: These substances can stimulate the heart and cause PVCs. […] Certain Medications: Some drugs, including decongestants and antiarrhythmic medications, can induce PVCs. […] Stress and Anxiety: Emotional stress can increase the frequency of PVCs.

• #18 Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) Causes, Symptoms, Management

  https://www.medicinenet.com/premature_ventricular_contractions/article.htm

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVC) are premature heartbeats originating from the ventricles of the heart. […] During a premature ventricular contraction, the ventricle electrically discharges (and contracts) prematurely before the normal electrical discharges arrive from the SA node. These premature discharges are due to electrical „irritability” of the heart muscle of the ventricles and can be caused by heart attacks, electrolyte imbalances, lack of oxygen, or medications. […] There are many causes of premature ventricular contractions, which include heart attack; high blood pressure; cardiomyopathy, including congestive heart failure; the disease of heart valves such as mitral valve prolapse; hypokalemia (low blood levels of potassium), and hypomagnesaemia (low blood levels of magnesium) — hypokalemia and hypomagnesaemia can occur, for example, in patients taking diuretics (water pills); hypoxia (low amounts of oxygen in the blood), for example, hypoxia occurs with lung diseases such as emphysema or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); medications such as digoxin (Lanoxin), aminophylline (Phyllocontin, Truphylline), tricyclic antidepressants, and ephedrine-containing, decongestants; excessive intake of alcohol; excessive caffeine intake; stimulant drug use such as cocaine, and amphetamines; myocarditis (heart muscle inflammation) and cardiac contusion (heart muscle injury), and premature ventricular contractions also occur in healthy individuals without heart diseases.

• #19 Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/premature-ventricular-contractions-pvcs?content_id=CON-20376741

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are extra heartbeats that disrupt the heart rhythm. PVCs are common. […] The cause of premature ventricular contractions isn’t always clear. Certain things including heart diseases or changes in the body can make cells in the lower heart chambers electrically unstable. Heart disease or scarring may cause the heart’s signals to be misrouted. […] Premature ventricular contractions may be caused by: Certain medications, including decongestants and antihistamines; Alcohol or drug misuse; Stimulants such as caffeine or tobacco; Increased levels of adrenaline in the body due to exercise or anxiety; Injury to the heart muscle due to disease.

• #20 Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-ventricular-contractions/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376762

  Most people with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) who don’t have heart disease won’t need treatment. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause. […] A health care provider may recommend the following treatment for frequent PVCs: […] Eliminating common premature ventricular contraction (PVC) triggers such as caffeine or tobacco may reduce the number of extra beats and lessen symptoms. […] Blood pressure medications may be prescribed to reduce the premature contractions. […] Drugs to control the heart rhythm also may be prescribed if you have a type of irregular heartbeat called ventricular tachycardia or frequent PVCs that interfere with heart function. […] If lifestyle changes and medications don’t help reduce the PVCs, a catheter procedure may be done to stop the extra beats.

• #21 Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC) • LITFL • ECG Library Diagnosis

  https://litfl.com/premature-ventricular-complex-pvc-ecg-library/

  A premature ventricular complex (PVC) is a premature beat arising from an ectopic focus within the ventricles. […] Premature contractions (ectopics) are classified by their origin atrial (PACs), junctional (PJCs) or ventricular (PVCs). […] Frequent or symptomatic PVCs may be due to: Anxiety, Sympathomimetics, Beta-agonists, Excess caffeine, Hypokalaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Digoxin toxicity, Myocardial ischemia.

• #22 Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC): Symptoms, Cause, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/premature-ventricular-contractions-facts

  If you have PVCs, your heartbeat pattern goes like this: normal heartbeat, extra beat (PVC), slight pause, and then a stronger-than-normal beat. That last beat has an extra kick because your heart fills with more blood during the pause. […] Experts aren’t sure what causes most PVCs. But certain triggers and health conditions may make PVCs more likely These include: High caffeine use, High anxiety levels, Too little sleep, High levels of stress hormones, Abnormal blood levels of magnesium, potassium, or calcium, Smoking, Alcohol use, Recreational drug use, Side effects from medications, including decongestants and antihistamines, Cardiomyopathy, Heart valve problems, Heart attack, Anemia, Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), High blood pressure. […] Most of the time, there’s no known cause. However, many people notice they have more when they feel anxious or stressed or use caffeine.

• #23 Ventricular Contractions, Premature – Arrhythmias-Electrophy

  http://www.drmanshadi.com/a-healthy-heart/arrhythmias-electrophysiology/340422/ventricular-contractions-premature

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are a type of arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat). […] When a cause is found, it is either chemical or structural. […] Changes in the body’s chemistry can prompt PVCs. For instance, raised levels of certain hormones, such as adrenaline or thyroid, can cause PVCs. Consuming substances such as alcohol and caffeine can also cause them. […] This involves existing problems in the heart and/or cardiovascular system. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one type of problem that can be related to PVCs. Others are heart failure and heart valve problems.

• #24 Premature Ventricular Contraction: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/health-topics/focused-health-topics/premature-ventricular-contraction-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Premature ventricular contraction occurs when an extra electrical impulse arises from the ventricles, causing the heart to contract prematurely. […] The exact cause of premature ventricular contraction may vary, but several factors can contribute to its occurrence, including: Heart conditions: Underlying heart conditions, such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, or heart valve disorders, can increase the risk of PVCs. […] Stimulants: Certain substances, including caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs, can trigger PVCs in susceptible individuals. […] Electrolyte imbalances: Abnormal levels of electrolytes, such as potassium, magnesium, or calcium, can disrupt the normal electrical conduction of the heart and lead to PVCs. […] Medications: Some medications, such as certain antiarrhythmic drugs, beta-blockers, or diuretics, may increase the risk of PVCs as a side effect. […] Emotional or physical stress: Stressful situations, anxiety, or intense physical exertion can trigger PVCs in some individuals.

• #25 Premature Ventricular Contraction – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/premature-ventricular-contraction/

  There are also various heart-related and non-heart related conditions that might cause PVCs. For example, conditions like cardiomyopathy (a disease of the heart muscle), mitral valve prolapse (a condition where the heart’s valve doesn’t close properly), and myocardial infarction (a heart attack) can cause PVCs. This happens because any changes in the heart’s structure that affect how electric signals get conducted can lead to PVCs. As for non-heart related conditions, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), anemia (not having enough healthy red blood cells), and hypertension (high blood pressure) can cause PVCs too. […] People who have a higher risk of heart disease and poor heart health are more likely to experience PVCs. […] Certain groups of people are generally more at risk for PVCs. These include older adults, men, people with high blood pressure, African Americans, and those with low magnesium, a blocked bundle branch (a type of heart block), low potassium, or an underlying heart disease.

• #26 Premature Ventricular Contractions in Athletes: Insight into Evaluation and Management

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2022/05/27/16/19/Premature-Ventricular-Contractions-in-Athletes

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) occur in a sizable minority of athletes with a prevalence similar to sedentary counterparts.1 […] Although the majority of PVCs are benign, further evaluation is often warranted to evaluate for underlying arrhythmogenic substrate which may increase sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk even in the asymptomatic athlete.1,2 […] PVC burden and morphology along with imaging and exercise testing can provide insight into the diagnosis and risk-stratification, while management and sports eligibility largely depend on symptoms and the underlying etiology. […] The morphology of PVCs likely provides greater prognostic and diagnostic information by allowing approximate identification of anatomical origin and associated potential underlying disease substrate. […] On the contrary, those with a LBBB pattern with an intermediate or superior axis should prompt investigation for ARVC or sarcoidosis, while those with a RBBB-like morphology may signify underlying cardiomyopathy, particularly in those with multiple morphologies.

• #26 Premature Ventricular Contractions in Athletes: Insight into Evaluation and Management

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2022/05/27/16/19/Premature-Ventricular-Contractions-in-Athletes

  Short-coupled idiopathic PVCs, regardless of morphology, may predispose to ventricular fibrillation. […] A proportion of individuals with PVCs may have underlying myocarditis diagnosed via 18-F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan that can effectively respond to immunosuppression therapy. […] In those with uncommon PVCs with concern for underlying pathology, competitive sports restrictions may be advised during evaluation. […] Management will depend on the underlying etiology, and may include a diagnostic electrophysiology (EP) study, endomyocardial biopsy, implantable loop recorder, or implantable cardiac defibrillator. […] The decision regarding sport participation should be a shared one.

• #27 A Diagnostic dilemma – Bradycardia with Premature Ventricular Contraction – Southern Medical Association

  https://sma.org/abstracts/a-diagnostic-dilemma/

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) is a common arrhythmia resulting from enhanced ectopic nodal automaticity in foci of sub-pulmonic valvular pacemaker cells, re-entry circuit involving Purkinje fibers, and induced by toxins like digoxin or reperfusion after myocardial infarction. […] PVCs are more frequent in patients with underlying heart disease, hypertension, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, males, and African-American patients. […] PVCs associated with underlying heart disease or reversible causes need treatment. […] In absence of underlying structural heart disease or inability to identify the possible trigger, treatment involves beta-blocker therapy.

• #28 Premature Ventricular Contraction-induced Cardiomyopathy | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/premature-ventricular-contraction-induced-cardiomyopathy?language_content_entity=en

  Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are very common cardiac arrhythmias, detected on up to 75 % of Holter monitors of ambulatory patients. […] The three indications for treatment are symptom control, to prevent recurrence in PVC-triggered ventricular fibrillation and to potentially reduce the effects of PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. […] The concept of PVC-induced cardiomyopathy was first proposed by Duffee and coworkers, who observed a small group of patients with cardiomyopathy recover normal left ventricular (LV) function after pharmacological suppression of frequent PVCs. […] Subsequent investigations have focused on distinguishing risk factors for the development of cardiomyopathy in patients with PVCs. […] Frequent PVCs may also exacerbate a pre-existing cardiomyopathy. […] The presence of idiopathic-appearing frequent PVCs, particularly with a singular morphology, should suggest the possibility of contribution to LV dysfunction.

• #29 Premature Ventricular Contraction-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Contemporary Evidence from Risk Stratification, Pathophysiology, and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/9/2635

  Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are commonly encountered problems in clinical settings. […] The diagnosis of PVC-induced cardiomyopathy (PIC) relies on identifying frequent PVCs, an existing cardiomyopathy, and excluding alternative causes. Idiopathic PIC is diagnosed when no other etiology for frequent PVCs is identified. […] One of the most significant risk factors of PIC is the PVC burden. Numerous studies have demonstrated an association between PVC burden and PIC. […] A prospective study aiming to determine the impact of PVC burden, which included patients with frequent PVC, defined as more than 1000 per day, reported that a PVC burden exceeding 20,000 per day was associated with both a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and an increase left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd) over a mean follow-up period of 5.6 years.

• #29 Premature Ventricular Contraction-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Contemporary Evidence from Risk Stratification, Pathophysiology, and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/9/2635

  While many studies have demonstrated a cross-sectional relationship between PVC burden and a decline in LVEF, several reports indicate a reduction in PVC burden after RFA, leading to an improvement in LVEF and LVEDd during follow-up. […] Although PVC burden is a crucial contributing factor to cardiomyopathy, some patients with a high burden do not develop cardiomyopathy, while others with a low PVC burden do develop cardiomyopathy. […] The process of PIC is proposed to involve functional changes and is considered a reversible process. […] The impaired LVEF in PIC could be a result from functional impairment involving calcium handling. […] LV dyssynchrony is an acute effect of PVC that could contribute to the development of cardiomyopathy. […] The diagnosis of PIC is based on the presence of frequent PVCs and existing cardiomyopathy without other alternative causes.

• #29 Premature Ventricular Contraction-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Contemporary Evidence from Risk Stratification, Pathophysiology, and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/9/2635

  A lower PVC burden can also cause cardiomyopathy, but it is harder to confirm as the etiology and usually the resolution of cardiomyopathy after the termination of PVC is required to confirm the diagnosis. […] PIC is LV dysfunction caused by PVC. However, cardiomyopathy itself can also induce PVC. […] PIC is a diagnosis of exclusion and is characterized by the improvement of LVEF after PVC ablation; however, LV dysfunction still persists in cardiomyopathy-induced PVC after PVC ablation. […] Several characteristics are suggested to differentiate between these two conditions.

• #30 Premature ventricular contractions: Reassure or refer? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/7/524

  When patients present with palpitations, the primary care physician can perform the initial evaluation and treatment for premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). […] Idiopathic PVCs (in which there is no structural heart disease) have a benign prognosis. […] Patients who have a high PVC burden ( 10% of total heartbeats, though this is a subject of debate) should have an evaluation of their systolic function. […] Patients with a very high burden ( 20%) are at high risk of arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy. […] PVCs in a patient with a structurally normal heart are called idiopathic. […] Roughly 60% to 80% of idiopathic PVCs originate from the right ventricle, in particular the right ventricular outflow tract. […] Not all idiopathic PVCs arise from the outflow tracts. […] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy may give rise to PVCs or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia with morphologies similar to those of right ventricular outflow tract PVCs and ventricular tachycardia.

• #30 Premature ventricular contractions: Reassure or refer? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/83/7/524

  In our practice we explain to patients that there are two primary indications for treating idiopathic PVCs: (1) to relieve symptoms or (2) in asymptomatic patients with presumed arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy, to try to reverse the cardiomyopathy by eliminating the PVCs. […] Even if they have no symptoms or only minimal symptoms, patients with a high PVC burden require follow-up because of the association between frequent PVCs and arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy. […] Treatment of the PVCs may be indicated in patients with systolic heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy, ie, a biventricular pacemaker.

• #31 What Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) Looks Like on Your Watch ECG | Qaly

  https://www.qaly.co/post/premature-ventricular-contractions-pvcs

  PVCs are abnormal heartbeats that disrupt the regular heart rhythm, causing the heart to skip a beat or flutter. […] PVCs can be caused by factors such as reduced blood flow, heart problems, electrolyte imbalances, stress, and anxiety. […] Some notable causes of PVCs are: Reduced blood flow, Underlying heart problems, Electrolyte imbalance, Stress and anxiety. […] PVCs should not be a cause of concern for people who have no underlying heart conditions. However, according to the National Library of Medicine, people who have frequent PVCs that occur more than one thousand times a day are at a greater risk of developing a condition called dilated cardiomyopathy. […] PVCs can also increase mortality rates in people with an underlying heart condition.

• #32 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200220/New-insights-about-the-extra-heartbeat-in-some-people.aspx

  For people experiencing frequent PVCs, medications such as beta blockers, which slow heart rate, or calcium channel blockers, which relax the heart, may reduce the number of extra beats. Antiarrhythmic medications may also be used. If medication isn’t effective or well tolerated because of side effects, doctors may recommend a minimally invasive procedure called cardiac ablation. It cauterizes the spot in the bottom chamber of the heart that causes the PVCs.

• #33 Clinical Approach to Patients with Frequent PVCs | Sarver Heart Center

  https://heart.arizona.edu/heart-health/heart-rhythm-disorders/clinical-approach-patients-frequent-pvcs

  Premature ventricular complexes, or PVCs, are a common clinical problem. […] There have been some reports of frequent PVCs resulting in a tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, which can be reversed with successful elimination of PVCs by catheter ablation. […] PVCs in patients with structural heart disease such as LVH, cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, etc. […] A more subtle form of cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, which typically presents with a left bundle branch PVC pattern, also needs to be considered. […] PVCs in patients without structural heart disease, here typically two syndromes are to be considered: (1) idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract PVCs/nsVT; (2) idiopathic left ventricular septal PVCs. […] If medical therapy is required to decrease symptoms a trial of calcium channel blocker (diltiazem) or beta blocker is a very reasonable first step.

• #34 Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/premature-ventricular-contractions-pvcs

  The following self-care strategies can help control premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and improve heart health: […] Most people with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) who don’t have heart disease won’t need treatment. If you have heart disease, PVCs can lead to more-serious heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias). Treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Zobacz więcej