Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  Heatstroke is a severe heat-related illness involving an elevation in body temperature, typically but not always greater than 40 C. The patient has clinical signs of central nervous system dysfunction that may include confusion, ataxia, delirium, or seizures brought on after strenuous physical exertion or exposure to hot weather. […] It is important to differentiate where the patient is on the heat illness continuum. The signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion may present similarly, including cramping, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and headache. If progression to end-organ damage occurs, it then becomes heat injury. Finally, neurologic alteration distinguishes heat stroke from heat injury. There are 2 forms of heat stroke: classic and exertional. Classic heat stroke typically affects elderly individuals with chronic medical conditions, while exertional heat stroke affects otherwise healthy people who engage in strenuous exercise in hot or humid weather.

• #2 Heatstroke: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Prevention, and Complications | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/heat-stroke-symptoms-causes-and-types

  Understanding Heatstroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment […] As temperatures rise, particularly during hot summer months or in environments with high humidity, the risk of heat stroke increases, making it essential to understand the warning signs, risk factors, and preventive measures associated with this condition. […] Heat stroke occurs when the body’s normal mechanisms for dissipating heat become overwhelmed, leading to a dangerous increase in core body temperature. Several factors can contribute to the development of heat stroke, including: […] Prolonged exposure to high temperatures: Spending extended periods of time in hot and humid environments, especially without access to adequate cooling measures, can increase the risk of heat stroke. […] Dehydration: Inadequate fluid intake or excessive fluid loss through sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea can lead to dehydration, impairing the body’s ability to regulate temperature and increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses. […] Physical exertion: Engaging in strenuous physical activity, particularly in hot conditions, can lead to heat exhaustion and eventually heat stroke if the body is unable to dissipate heat effectively. […] Certain medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders, can impair the body’s ability to regulate temperature and increase susceptibility to heat stroke. […] Age: Infants, young children, older adults, and individuals with certain medical conditions are at increased risk of heat stroke due to factors such as reduced ability to regulate temperature, decreased thirst sensation, or impaired mobility. […] Alcohol or drug use: Alcohol consumption or drug use can impair judgment, increase dehydration, and interfere with the body’s ability to regulate temperature, increasing the risk of heat-related illness.

• #3 Heatstroke 101: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment

  https://ercare24.com/heatstroke

  Heatstroke can lead to a number of complications depending on the amount of time the body temperature has been high. […] Without immediate medical treatment, heatstroke can lead to death. […] It is essential that the body temperature is lowered as quickly as possible. If the body temperature is not lowered immediately, heatstroke can lead to swelling of your brain and other vital organs leading to permanent damage.

• #4 Heat stroke – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_stroke

  Heat stroke occurs because of high external temperatures and/or physical exertion. […] Heat stroke results in more than 600 deaths a year in the United States. […] Heat stroke occurs when thermoregulation is overwhelmed by a combination of excessive metabolic production of heat (exertion), excessive heat in the physical environment, and insufficient or impaired heat loss, resulting in an abnormally high body temperature. […] Substances that inhibit cooling and cause dehydration such as alcohol, stimulants, medications, and age-related physiological changes predispose to so-called „classic” or non-exertional heat stroke (NEHS), most often in elderly and infirm individuals in summer situations with insufficient ventilation. […] Young children have age specific physiologic differences that make them more susceptible to heat stroke including an increased surface area to mass ratio (leading to increased environmental heat absorption), an underdeveloped thermoregulatory system, a decreased sweating rate and a decreased blood volume to body size ratio (leading to decreased compensatory heat dissipation by redirecting blood to the skin). […] Exertional heat stroke (EHS) can happen in young people without health problems or medications most often in athletes, outdoor laborers, or military personnel engaged in strenuous hot-weather activity or in first responders wearing heavy personal protective equipment.

• #5 Heat Stroke Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, First Aid, Death

  https://www.medicinenet.com/heat_stroke/article.htm

  Heat stroke is a form of hyperthermia or heat-related illness, an abnormally elevated body temperature with accompanying physical symptoms including changes in the nervous system function. […] Heat stroke is a true medical emergency that is often fatal if not properly and promptly treated. […] The body normally generates heat as a result of metabolism and is usually able to dissipate the heat by radiation of heat through the skin or by evaporation of sweat. However, in extreme heat, high humidity, or vigorous physical exertion under the sun, the body may not be able to sufficiently dissipate the heat and the body temperature rises, sometimes up to 106 F (41.1 C) or higher. […] Another cause of heat stroke is dehydration. A dehydrated person may not be able to sweat fast enough to dissipate heat, which causes the body temperature to rise. […] Heat stroke is sometimes classified as exertional heat stroke (EHS, which is due to overexertion in hot weather) or non-exertional heat stroke (NEHS, which occurs in climactic extremes and affects the elderly, infants, and chronically ill.

• #6 Heat stroke | Deranged Physiology

  https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/environmental-injuries-and-toxicology/Chapter-405/heat-stroke

  Heat stroke is characterised by temperature over 40.6°C, failure of thermoregulation and a decreased level of consciousness. […] Pathophysiology of heat stroke involves dehydration and the resulting failure to produce sweat leading to thermal cellular damage, shock, and a SIRS due to tissue damage, cytokine release and endotoxaemia. […] The defining feature of heat stroke is the rise of core body temperature in the context of a failing thermoregulatory system. Somewhat artificially, it is divided along aetiological boundaries into exertional and non-exertional heat stroke. […] Exertional heat stroke occurs in the presence of excess physical activity and normal thermoregulation. […] Non-exertional heat stroke occurs in the presence of normal physical activity and impaired thermoregulation.

• #7 What Happens to the Brain During a Heatstroke?

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/injury/2020/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-a-heatstroke-062520

  Heatstroke occurs after the body reaches an internal temperature of 40 degrees Celsius, or 104 degrees Fahrenheit and when there are clinical signs of loss of neural function and organ damage. […] Exercise is an important contributor to overheating, especially for athletes playing in hot conditions. Active muscles create a lot of heat. That much heat can overcome the body’s ability to expel it. Passive heatstroke which occurs when the body is at rest mostly affects the elderly, especially during sustained heat waves. […] At 40 degrees Celsius, the blood-brain barrier begins to break down. This barrier separates the brain tissue from the bloodstream, keeping out unwanted particles and bacteria while allowing in the oxygen and nutrients the brain needs. At high temperatures, unwanted proteins and ions can build up in the brain, often causing an inflammatory response and negatively affecting normal functioning.

• #8 Heatstroke: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Prevention, and Complications | Max Hospital

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/heat-stroke-symptoms-causes-and-types

  Understanding Heatstroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment […] As temperatures rise, particularly during hot summer months or in environments with high humidity, the risk of heat stroke increases, making it essential to understand the warning signs, risk factors, and preventive measures associated with this condition. […] Heat stroke occurs when the body’s normal mechanisms for dissipating heat become overwhelmed, leading to a dangerous increase in core body temperature. Several factors can contribute to the development of heat stroke, including: […] Prolonged exposure to high temperatures: Spending extended periods of time in hot and humid environments, especially without access to adequate cooling measures, can increase the risk of heat stroke. […] Dehydration: Inadequate fluid intake or excessive fluid loss through sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea can lead to dehydration, impairing the body’s ability to regulate temperature and increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses. […] Physical exertion: Engaging in strenuous physical activity, particularly in hot conditions, can lead to heat exhaustion and eventually heat stroke if the body is unable to dissipate heat effectively. […] Certain medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders, can impair the body’s ability to regulate temperature and increase susceptibility to heat stroke. […] Age: Infants, young children, older adults, and individuals with certain medical conditions are at increased risk of heat stroke due to factors such as reduced ability to regulate temperature, decreased thirst sensation, or impaired mobility. […] Alcohol or drug use: Alcohol consumption or drug use can impair judgment, increase dehydration, and interfere with the body’s ability to regulate temperature, increasing the risk of heat-related illness.

• #9 Heatstroke – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581

  Heatstroke is a condition caused by the body overheating. This usually happens because of exposure to high temperatures or physical activity in high temperatures for too long. […] Heatstroke can happen as a result of: […] Being in a hot environment. In a type of heatstroke, called nonexertional (classic) heatstroke, being in a hot environment leads to a rise in core body temperature. This type of heatstroke typically happens after exposure to hot, humid weather, especially for a long period of time. It happens most often in older adults and in people with ongoing health conditions. […] Doing strenuous activity. Exertional heatstroke is caused by an increase in core body temperature brought on by intense physical activity in hot weather. Anyone exercising or working in hot weather can get exertional heatstroke, but it’s most likely to happen if you’re not used to high temperatures.

• #10 Heat Stroke Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-clinical

  Clinically, 2 forms of heat stroke are differentiated: classic, or nonexertional, heat stroke (NEHS) and exertional heat stroke (EHS). NEHS occurs because of failure of the body’s heat dissipating mechanisms. […] EHS results from increased heat production, which overwhelms the body’s ability to dissipate heat. […] Risk factors that increase the likelihood of heat-related illnesses include a preceding viral infection, dehydration, fatigue, obesity, lack of sleep, poor physical fitness, and lack of acclimatization. Although lack of acclimatization is a risk factor for heat stroke, EHS also can occur in acclimatized individuals who are subjected to moderately intense exercise. […] Classic heat stroke most commonly occurs during episodes of prolonged elevations in ambient temperatures. It affects people who are unable to control their environment and water intake (eg, infants, elderly persons, individuals who are chronically ill), people with reduced cardiovascular reserve (eg, elderly persons, patients with chronic cardiovascular illnesses), and people with impaired sweating (eg, from skin disease or ingestion of anticholinergic or psychiatric drugs).

• #11 Heatstroke 101: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment

  https://ercare24.com/heatstroke

  Heatstroke is caused when your body overheats, causing your bodys temperature regulating mechanism to fail, usually as a result of long exposure to or physical activity in high temperature (104 F or higher). […] Heatstroke is a serious condition that is caused when your body overheats. It can be the result of spending too much time in the heat or by overexerting yourself when it is hot outside. […] While heatstroke is preventable, there are several factors that can put you at a higher risk of elevating your body temperature and suffering heatstroke. […] If you spend a prolonged period of time in a hot, humid environment, you could be at risk of increasing your body temperature to a dangerous level. This is known as classic heatstroke and it occurs most often in those with chronic illnesses or in older adults.

• #12 Heat Stroke – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537135/

  Patients presenting with heat stroke have high mortality depending on the etiology of the presentation. However, the death rate from exertional heat stroke is relatively low (3 to 5%) compared to classic heat stroke (10 to 65%). The increased mortality rate is likely due to the higher prevalence of comorbidities and older age in the classic population. If immediate rapid cooling is successful, there has been a zero-fatality rate for young exertional heat-stroke patients.

• #13 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/heat-stroke?srsltid=AfmBOoqo4XHMMD7p9HYSGfGnbT96aMLychs0K2MBCgJCJxLUClZvmovy

  Heat stroke is the least common but most severe heat-related illness. It occurs when the bodys cooling system is completely overwhelmed and stops working. […] Environmental temperatures that are greater than 100 F (38 C) increase risk. However, if someone is unaccustomed to labor or exercise in the heat, they can develop a heat-related illness at lower environmental temperatures. Other factors, such as humid air, inadequate fluid intake, heavy clothing and personal characteristics (e.g., the presence of certain medical conditions, taking certain medications and the persons age, especially older adults and young children and infants) can increase the risk for heat-related illness.

• #14 Heatstroke (sunstroke): Signs, Symptoms, First Aid, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/heat-stroke-symptoms-and-treatment

  Heatstroke happens when your body temperature rises very high, usually because of being in a hot environment. It can damage your brain and other internal organs and be fatal. […] This type of heatstroke is caused by doing intense physical activity in hot weather. It’s most common in people who aren’t used to such a climate. […] Heatstroke is most likely to affect older people who live in apartments or homes that don’t have air conditioning or good airflow. Other high-risk groups include people of any age who don’t drink enough water, have chronic diseases, or drink too much alcohol. […] Heatstroke is strongly related to the heat index, which is a measurement of how hot you feel when relative humidity and air temperature are combined. A relative humidity of 60% or more slows sweat evaporation, making it harder for your body to cool itself.

• #15 What causes heat stroke? | HowStuffWorks

  https://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/diet-fitness/information/question699.htm

  Your body can produce a half gallon of sweat every hour in a hot environment. […] Summer temperatures in the United States can climb above 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius), making heat stroke a big problem. […] Sweat works really well as long as there is plenty of water in your body — it takes water to manufacture sweat. […] If you run out of water, sweat stops and your body rapidly overheats. […] The other thing that can lead to heat stroke is very high humidity, which keeps sweat from evaporating. […] In either case — be it the lack of sweat or the inability to evaporate it — the core body temperature can rise very quickly if it is hot outside. […] Once the core gets to 106 degrees F, it is a serious problem. […] For children and pets, one way for heat stroke to happen suddenly and unexpectedly involves a hot car or a hot room in a house. […] The reason the temperature rises so high and so fast is because the interior of a car is an excellent solar oven that uses the greenhouse effect to trap heat. […] If not treated, heat stroke can be fatal in less than an hour.

• #16 Heat Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://expresserharkerheights.com/blog/heat-stroke-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/

  Heatstroke may occur when a person over-exerts in hot weather. This type of heatstroke is known as Exertional Heat Stroke. It affects athletes and people who over-exert themselves physically while under the sun. […] Heatstroke suffered as a result of extremely hot climatic conditions is called Non-Exertional Heat Stroke. This type is common in infants, the elderly, and the chronically ill when they are exposed to hot, humid weather. […] Dehydration is a major cause of heatstroke. When you do not take enough fluids that replenish the water lost through sweating and are in direct sunlight, you may be a victim. […] Wearing tight, heavy clothes that do not allow sweat to evaporate and cool the body may cause a heat stroke. Firefighters are susceptible to heat strokes due to their heavy clothing.

• #17 Bag In The Back | Understanding Vehicular Heatstroke And Its Causes

  https://bagintheback.org/what-is-vehicular-heatstroke-and-causes/

  Vehicular heatstroke occurs when a child dies due to being left intentionally or unintentionally in a hot car. A child’s body can overheat three to five times faster than an adult’s body, making them highly susceptible to the condition. […] Once a child’s internal temperature reaches 104 degrees, the major organs begin to shut down. Heatstroke is usually fatal once the child’s temperature has reached 107 degrees. […] Children might get into a car to play, to retrieve a forgotten toy, or for any other reason without their caregiver’s knowledge. A child who is unable to get out is at risk of vehicular heatstroke. Nearly 3 in 10 heatstroke deaths happen when an unattended child gains access to a vehicle. […] The majority of children who die of vehicular heatstroke were unintentionally left in a vehicle by their caregiver. Most often, when children are unknowingly left, their caregiver reports a routine change, false memory, and/or stress that led them to think that they had dropped their child off when they, in fact, had not.

• #18 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239

  Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. Exertional heat stroke is characterised by central nervous system dysfunction in people with hyperthermia during physical activity and can be influenced by environmental factors such as heatwaves, which extend the incidence of exertional heat stroke beyond athletics only. […] The pathophysiology of exertional heat stroke involves thermoregulatory and cardiovascular overload, resulting in severe hyperthermia and subsequent multiorgan injury due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and coagulopathy. […] Research about risk factors for exertional heat stroke remains limited, but dehydration, sex differences, ageing, body composition, and previous illness are thought to increase risk.

• #19 Heatstroke 101: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment

  https://ercare24.com/heatstroke

  If you perform a strenuous activity in hot weather, you are at risk for exertional heatstroke. This can happen as you are working or exercising outdoors, and you may be especially susceptible to exertional heatstroke if you are not accustomed to warm or humid climate. […] If you are wearing thick, dark clothes, your body will absorb the heat of the sun and you will not be able to sweat properly, which can cause your body temperature to rise. Wearing too much clothing in high temperature can put you at risk of heat stroke. […] When you consume alcohol, your body has a difficult time regulating its temperature. This can make you more susceptible to heatstroke if you are drinking alcohol outside on a hot day. […] As your body loses fluids through sweating, you must replenish them by drinking plenty of fluids. If you do not stay hydrated, your body may not be able to cool itself off when you get hot.

• #20 Heat Illness Prevention | What Causes Heat Illness?

  https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-006/whatcauses.htm

  Heat build-up inside the body from physical work activities is the major source of heat load on the body. During a high heat period, the external heat load on the body from working in extremely hot temperatures is much greater. […] The more the body is covered with materials which limit cooling, the greater the potential risk for heat illness. […] In warm or hot conditions, drinking enough water (one quart per hour during the entire work shift) to stay healthy is vital for maintaining a normal body temperature. […] Dehydration increases a persons susceptibility to heat illness and deteriorates their work performance. […] Adjusting to working in the heat is called acclimatization. […] However, in any large group of workers, remember that there are wide differences in the ability of individuals to adapt to the heat.

• #21 Heatstroke: Symptoms, Causes, First Aid, Recovery, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heat-stroke

  Heatstroke is a life threatening medical emergency. Its usually caused by being outdoors in extremely hot and humid weather, but it can also be caused by being in overheated indoor spaces. […] Heatstroke is the most serious type of heat injury that can occur. Its caused by overheating of the body to a core temperature of 104F (40C) or higher. […] Heatstroke is usually brought about by being in an environment thats very hot and humid. Drinking alcohol, not drinking enough water, or wearing heavy or dark clothing in a hot environment may increase your risk. […] Certain health conditions, such as type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, may increase your risk of heatstroke. […] While not a cause, age can be a risk factor. Its more difficult for babies and adults older than 65 to regulate internal body temperature. This may make people in these age groups more prone to heatstroke should overheating occur.

• #22 Heat exhaustion and heatstroke

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heat-exhaustion-heatstroke/

  Heat exhaustion does not usually need emergency medical help if you can cool down within 30 minutes. If it turns into heatstroke, it needs to be treated as an emergency. […] Immediate action required: Call 999 now if: You or someone else have signs of heatstroke, including: still unwell after 30 minutes of resting in a cool place, being cooled and drinking fluids, a very high temperature, hot skin that’s not sweating and might look red (this can be harder to see on brown and black skin), a fast heartbeat, fast breathing or shortness of breath, confusion and lack of coordination, a seizure or fit, loss of consciousness. […] There’s a high risk of heat exhaustion or heatstroke during hot weather or exercise. […] Children, older people and people with long-term health conditions (such as diabetes or heart problems) are more at risk of heat exhaustion or heatstroke.

• #23 Heat stroke (hyperthermia) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/heat-stroke-hyperthermia.html

  Exertional heat stroke occurs when someone is vigorously active in a hot environment, such as playing sports on a hot summer day or participating in military training activities. It typically strikes young, otherwise healthy people, those least likely to be concerned about the effects of heat on their health. Because of the lack of concern, early symptoms may be dismissed or ignored. […] Non-exertional heat stroke tends to occur in people who have a diminished ability to regulate body temperature, such as older people, very young children or people with chronic illnesses. High heat in the surrounding environment, without vigorous activity, can be enough to cause heat stroke in these people. […] Factors that can contribute to heat stroke include: Dehydration from not drinking enough water, Wearing bulky or heavy clothing, such as firefighting gear, in the heat, Being overweight, which causes the body to generate more heat and reduces the body’s ability to cool down, Sleep deprivation, which can decrease the rate of sweating, Being unaccustomed to the heat, such as moving from a cooler climate to a warmer climate, Some medications, most commonly antihistamines (taken for allergies), diuretics (taken for high blood pressure or leg swelling), laxatives (taken to relieve constipation), calcium channel blockers (one type of blood pressure or heart medicine), medicines for Parkinson’s disease, some diarrhea treatments and tricyclic antidepressants, Being confined to a poorly ventilated or non-air-conditioned living space, Having had heat stroke in the past, Use of illicit drugs, including cocaine, heroin, amphetamines and ecstasy (MDMA).

• #24 Heat Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://expresserharkerheights.com/blog/heat-stroke-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/

  Drinks like alcohol and coffee, when taken in large quantities, may affect the ability of the body to regulate its temperature. […] Medication like antihistamines, diuretics, tricyclic antidepressants, laxatives, and calcium channel blockers may cause heatstroke. […] Poorly ventilated spaces like cars and rooms without air conditioning are a cause for heatstroke. […] Overweight people are at risk of heatstroke. This is because their body generates more heat, thus reducing the body’s ability to cool down.

• #25 Heatstroke (sunstroke): Signs, Symptoms, First Aid, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/heat-stroke-symptoms-and-treatment

  The risk of heat-related illness dramatically increases when the heat index climbs to 90 degrees or more. […] Other risk factors associated with heat-related illness include: […] Health conditions. These include heart, lung, or kidney disease, obesity or underweight, high blood pressure, diabetes, mental illness, sickle cell trait, alcoholism, sunburn, and any conditions that cause fever. […] Medications. These include antihistamines, diet pills, diuretics, sedatives, tranquilizers, stimulants, seizure medications (anticonvulsants), heart and blood pressure medications such as beta-blockers and vasoconstrictors, and medications for psychiatric illnesses such as antidepressants and antipsychotics. Illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine also are associated with an increased risk of heatstroke. […] Heatstroke can be prevented by avoiding outdoor activity in hot weather, drinking plenty of fluids, staying in the shade, wearing sunscreen, and wearing light, breathable clothing.

• #26 Heatstroke – Symptoms, Causes, Prevention and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/heatstroke

  Not drinking enough water. […] Alcoholic beverages can interfere with how your body controls the temperature. […] The central nervous system of very young children is underdeveloped and deteriorates in older adults. Both age groups tend to drink inadequate water. Therefore, they are at higher risk of developing heatstroke. […] A history of heatstroke or preexisting chronic diseases such as heart or lung disease and obesity.

• #27

• #28 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-heat-stroke.aspx

  Heat stroke and other heat related conditions occur when the body is exposed to high levels of heat and is unable to cool itself. […] A severe lack of sweating may be caused by dehydration and lack of body water. […] Thus not only the environmental temperature but other factors like humid weather and physical exertion may also lead to heat strokes. […] In the elderly and those with long term health conditions the thermoregulation of the brain is not adequate. This puts these individuals at a higher risk of getting heat exhaustion and heatstroke. […] High risk groups include those with Alzheimers disease, disabled and bed ridden patients, babies and infants, those who have taken too much alcohol – since alcohol causes dehydration, those with anorexia, those with cystic fibrosis, those with epilepsy, those with diabetes insipidus, those with gastroenteritis and diarrhea, those with Parkinsons disease, those with thyroid overactivity and thyrotoxicosis, those with low potassium levels in blood etc., people who are obese, those who are unused to exertion when they undergo an unusual session of physical activity, those wearing tight fitting, non-cotton and inappropriate clothing, sleep deprived, those with a sweat gland dysfunction. […] In addition, certain drugs also raise the risk of heat related health conditions.

• #29 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239

  Understanding the pathophysiology and the risk factors that lead to EHS is important for the correct diagnosis and the choice of mitigation strategies. […] No sound evidence indicates which risk factors increase EHS predisposition, but several factors have been implicated. […] No direct evidence indicates that dehydration has a causative role in EHS. But to hypothesise that it will be a risk factor is logical, given the known impact of dehydration on human physiology. […] Obesity is associated with decreased cardiovascular fitness and impaired microvascular function at the skin, potentially leading to impaired thermoregulatory responses. […] Although EHS is more prevalent in young cohorts, ageing can be considered a risk factor because it is known to hinder several thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses. […] When an organism has an immunological challenge, the innate and adaptive immune systems are activated. […] Increased adiposity is well known to cause chronic inflammation and metabolic disease, which are thought to be predisposing EHS risk factors.

• #30 Heatstroke – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581

  In either type of heatstroke, your condition can be brought on by: […] Wearing heavy clothing that prevents sweat from evaporating easily and cooling the body. […] Drinking alcohol, which can affect the body’s ability to regulate temperature. […] Becoming dehydrated by not drinking enough water to replenish fluids lost through sweating.

• #31 Heatstroke – Symptoms, Causes, Prevention and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/heatstroke

  Heatstroke is a medical emergency that can lead to severe complications such as organ failure, damage, or even death if there is a delay in the diagnosis and treatment. […] When you exercise or do strenuous physical activities in hot and humid weather and not drinking enough water, your body temperature can become too high, leading to heatstroke. […] Exertional heatstroke is secondary to doing strenuous physical activity in hot weather. […] Nonexertional or classic heatstroke is due to prolonged exposure to hot and humid weather. Older adults or people with chronic illnesses are susceptible to this heatstroke type. […] Hot, humid weather. […] Exercise or do intense physical activities in hot, humid weather. […] Wear non-breathable or thick clothes so your sweat cannot evaporate, preventing your body from cooling off.

• #32 Heat Stroke: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/59236-heat-stroke-facts.html

  According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, heat cramps usually muscle cramps in the leg or abdomen are the first sign of heat stroke. Other symptoms include fainting, dizziness, confusion, lightheadedness, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness and unusual behavior such as aggression. […] It’s important to take preventive measures to avoid heat stroke. „Those most at risk for heat stroke are children, the elderly who may live alone, those with chronic medical issues, and those who participate in strenuous activity outdoors,” said Polan. […] Being informed about what medications and substances can contribute to heat stroke is also useful. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, these include: Alcohol, Amphetamines, Anticholinergics, Antihistamines, Benzodiazepines, Beta blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Cocaine, Diuretics, Laxatives, Neuroleptics, Phenothiazines, Thyroid agonists, Tricyclic antidepressants.

• #33 Heat-related Illness: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/heat-related-illness

  Age – infants and elderly (particularly if bed-bound/unable to self-care). […] Impaired cognition […] Physical – obesity, dehydration, being unacclimatised to heat, unusual exertion, inappropriate clothing, sleep deprivation, sunburn, sweat gland dysfunction. […] Medical conditions – alcoholism, anorexia, cardiac disease, cystic fibrosis, dehydration, delirium tremens, dermatological conditions with decreased sweating, diabetes insipidus, epilepsy, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, febrile illness, gastroenteritis, previous heat-related illness, hypokalaemia, Parkinson’s disease, spinal injuries, and thyrotoxicosis. […] Medicines – anticholinergics, alpha-adrenergics, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), diuretics, phenothiazines, neuroleptics, beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, aspirin, clopidogrel, laxatives and lithium. […] Illicit drugs – cocaine, amfetamines, ecstasy, LSD, phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol. […] Heatstroke involves coagulopathies and cytokines, and can result in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction.

• #34 Hyperthermia (Heat-Related Illnesses) Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22111-hyperthermia

  Heat-related illnesses happen when your body’s usual mechanisms for managing heat get overwhelmed. […] This can occur due to hot and humid weather, metabolic heat (heat your body makes) or both. As a result, your body can’t get rid of heat efficiently enough to keep your temperature at a normal level. […] Not all heat-related illnesses cause a spike in your body temperature, or hyperthermia. But the most serious forms heat exhaustion and heat stroke typically do. […] Hyperthermia is a medical term that means your internal (core) body temperature is higher than normal. […] Heat stroke is a life-threatening heat illness. It’s when your internal body temperature gets very high typically above 104 degrees F. […] Heat exhaustion is a moderate form of heat illness that can quickly turn into heat stroke without treatment.

• #35 Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heat-stroke-hyperthermia-a-to-z

  The human body usually can regulate its temperature. […] When the body gets too hot, it uses several strategies to cool down, including sweating. […] But if a person spends too much time in the heat without taking in enough fluids, the body’s cooling processes can’t work properly. […] When the body becomes dehydrated, it can no longer cool itself by sweating. […] When this happens, body temperature can rise high enough to make the person sick. […] Heat stroke is a serious, potentially life-threatening form of heat illness. […] There are two main causes of heat stroke: Exertional heat stroke occurs when someone is vigorously active in a hot environment, such as playing sports on a hot summer day or participating in military training activities. […] Non-exertional heat stroke tends to occur in people who have a diminished ability to regulate body temperature, such as older people, very young children or people with chronic illnesses.

• #36

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/medications/Pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=sth149604&lang=en-ca

  Heatstroke occurs when the body fails to regulate its own temperature, and body temperature continues to rise. […] Classic heatstroke can develop without exertion when a person is exposed to a hot environment and the body is unable to cool itself effectively. In this type of heatstroke, the body’s ability to sweat and transfer the heat to the environment is reduced. […] Exertional heatstroke may develop when a person is working or exercising in a hot environment. A person with heatstroke from exertion may sweat profusely, but the body still produces more heat than it can lose. […] Both types of heatstroke cause severe dehydration and can cause body organs to stop functioning.

• #37 Heatstroke: One of summer’s biggest dangers

  https://www.samitivejhospitals.com/page/heatstroke-symptoms-prevention

  Heatstroke is caused by the body overheating during periods of high temperature, thus impairing the brains ability to regulate body temperature. […] Extended exposure to the sun or heat should be avoided because it can lead to the body overheating and the onset of heatstroke. […] When the body overheats due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures it results in the brain being unable to regulate body temperature, which can cause the body to reach a potentially dangerous temperature greater than 40 degrees Celsius. […] However, when an imbalance occurs and the body reaches temperatures in excess of those mentioned above, it is considered to be in a state of heatstroke. […] Prolonged overheating can severely impact organ function and potentially cause a range of other complications, such as arrhythmia, low blood pressure, myocardial hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, acute kidney (renal) failure, seizure, or liver failure. […] Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun or heat as that is what causes the body to overheat.

• #38 What Happens to the Brain During a Heatstroke?

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/injury/2020/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-a-heatstroke-062520

  Also, high temperatures can cause cell death. As temperature rises, proteins can unfold, which can kill cells. Some cells are more susceptible than others, and this affects what brain regions are damaged. The cerebellum is one of the first to start failing. This area controls motor functions, among other tasks.

• #39 Pathophysiology of heatstroke in dogs – revisited

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5800390/

  Heatstroke results from a failure to dissipate accumulated heat during exposure to hot environments, or during strenuous physical exercise under heat stress. […] In dogs, these include hot, especially highly humid environments, excessive physical activity, obesity, large (15 kg) body weight, being of certain breed (e.g., Labrador retrievers and brachycephalic breeds), upper airway obstruction and prolonged seizures. […] Lack of acclimation to heat and physical fitness decreases the survival of heat stroked dogs. […] At the systemic level, blood pooling within the large internal organs (e.g., spleen, liver) is a major contributor to the development of shock and consequent intestinal ischemia, hypoxia and endothelial hyperpermeability, commonly occurring in heatstroke patients. […] Heatstroke is a highly fatal syndrome, caused by elevated core body temperature, where intrinsic and extrinsic heat production exceeds the capability of the heat dissipation mechanisms.

• #40 Pathophysiology of heatstroke in dogs – revisited

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5800390/

  It results from exposure to a hot, often highly humid environment (classical or environmental heatstroke), due to excessive voluntary strenuous physical exercise and/or prolonged uncontrolled muscle tremors or seizures (exertional heatstroke). […] Pooling of blood within the large internal organs (e.g., spleen and liver) is a major contributor to the development of shock and the consequent intestinal ischemia, hypoxia and endothelial hyperpermeability that commonly occur in heatstroke patients. […] The serious complications of heatstroke in dogs include rhabdomyolysis, neurological damage and dysfunction, acute kidney injury (AKI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), hepato-billiary damage, sepsis, acute pancreatitis and DIC. […] It seems that the main causes of death in dogs with heatstroke are systemic hemodynamic deterioration and pulmonary lesions, as determined from postmortem studies of dogs that sustained naturally occurring heatstroke.

• #41 Heat Stroke: What is it, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Recovery

  https://www.artemishospitals.com/blog/articles-by-doctors/heat-stroke-symptoms-causes-treatment

  There are several factors that can increase the risk of experiencing a heat stroke: Age, lack of acclimatization, poor hydration, and outdoor occupations or sports. […] Heat stroke can strain the heart, leading to irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), low blood pressure, or even cardiac arrest, especially in older adults or those with heart conditions. […] Prolonged exposure to high body temperature can cause swelling in the brain, leading to confusion, seizures, coma, or permanent neurological damage. […] If not treated promptly, heat stroke can lead to multi-organ failure and death, especially in vulnerable populations like the elderly, children, or athletes exercising in extreme heat.

• #42 Heat-related health problems | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/heat-stress-and-heat-related-illness

  Heat can cause serious and potentially fatal health problems such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke, trigger sudden events like heart attack or stroke, or worsen existing medical conditions like kidney or lung disease. […] Heat-related health problems occur when our bodies cant cool down well enough to maintain a healthy temperature, or become dehydrated through sweating. […] Heat-related health problems happen when these protective changes in the body, combined with the actions people take are not enough to avoid overheating or dehydration, and organ systems begin to malfunction. […] A major rise in body temperature, due to a build-up of heat, leads to conditions such as heat exhaustion, and eventually heat stroke, which is a medical emergency. […] The redirection of blood flow to the skin, means that the heart must work harder than normal. Strain on the heart can cause problems for people with existing heart conditions, for example by triggering a heart attack. […] An increase in sweating can lead to dehydration if fluid loss is not replaced by drinking enough. Dehydration can cause weakness and fainting, lead to kidney problems and worsen other medical conditions.

• #43 Heatstroke | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heatstroke

  Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition in which your body overheats. […] Heatstroke is caused by your body not being able to cool down effectively. […] Heatstroke happens after prolonged exposure to heat. It can occur when your body absorbs more heat than it can get rid of by sweating. […] You can get heatstroke indoors or outdoors. You can get heatstroke if you work or exercise in hot conditions without good air flow and if you don’t drink enough water. […] Heatstroke can lead to permanent disability and death. It may trigger sudden events such as a heart attack or stroke and can worsen existing medical conditions.

• #44 Pathophysiology of heatstroke in dogs – revisited

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5800390/

  The pathogenesis of heatstroke-associated AKI is likely multifactorial. Such factors include direct renal thermal injury, decreased renal perfusion due to hypovolemic, distributive shock and dehydration, endotoxemia, myoglobulinemia secondary to rhabdomyolysis, release of cytokines and vasoactive mediators and microthromboses, associated with DIC. […] In a recent study, we have prospectively assessed kidney injury urinary biomarkers in dogs with naturally occurring heatstroke, including, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urinary retinol-binding protein and urinary C-reactive protein (CRP). […] This study has shown that AKI occurs invariably in dogs with heatstroke, and that the urinary concentrations of all these three biomarkers were significantly higher among dogs with heatstroke, compared to healthy controls. […] These novel biomarkers were increased even in dogs in which serum creatinine concentration was within its reference interval.

• #45 Heat-related Illnesses | Heat | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/heat-stress/about/illnesses.html

  Workers exposed to extreme heat or work in hot environments may be at risk for experiencing heat-related illnesses. […] Heat-related illnesses include heat stroke, heat exhaustion, rhabdomyolysis, heat syncope, heat cramps, and heat rash. […] Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related illness. […] Rhabdomyolysis (rhabdo) is a medical condition associated with heat stress and prolonged physical exertion. […] Heat cramps usually affect workers who sweat a lot during strenuous activity. […] Heat rash is a skin irritation caused by excessive sweating during hot, humid weather.

• #46 Nonexertional (classic) heat stroke in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/severe-nonexertional-hyperthermia-classic-heat-stroke-in-adults

  Important risk factors for the development of nonexertional (classic) heat stroke include extremes of age, pregnancy, obesity, poor physical condition, lack of acclimatization, lack of air conditioning, and social isolation. Dehydration resulting from inadequate water intake to replace fluids lost by sweating is an important factor. Other risk factors include diabetes, cardiovascular disease, heavy alcohol use, and a number of medications and illicit drugs. […] Severe nonexertional (classic) heat stroke carries a high mortality rate. Mortality correlates with the degree of temperature elevation, time to initiation of cooling measures, and the number of organ systems affected. Patients with nonexertional (classic) heat stroke generally have increased susceptibility to the heat due to age, underlying medical conditions (eg, diabetes, cardiovascular disease), and use of particular medications or illicit drugs.

• #47 Quick Facts:Heatstroke – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-injuries-and-poisoning/heat-disorders/heatstroke

  Heatstroke is a medical emergency caused by your body temperature going too high. If you don’t cool down quickly enough, you can die or have brain or organ damage. […] Heatstroke happens when you’re very hot and your body doesn’t cool itself properly. […] You can get heatstroke from: Working or exercising hard when it’s hot, Being locked in a hot car, Being inside a hot room for a few days. […] It can take only a few hours of work or exercise in the heat to get heatstroke, especially if your body hasn’t gotten used to the heat. […] Older people who are shut in a hot room in the summer for a few days can get heatstroke even if the room doesn’t seem really hot. Their body gradually gets overloaded by the heat.

• #48 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  The etiology of heat stroke may involve any of the following: […] Increased metabolism can result from any of the following: […] Increased muscular activity may involve any of the following: […] Reduced sweating can result from any of the following: […] Reduced central nervous system (CNS) responses may result from the following: […] Reduced cardiovascular reserve may result from the following: […] Drugs that can result in decreased heat loss include the following: […] Exogenous factors that can decrease heat loss include the following: […] Persons at the extremes of age (ie, toddlers and young children, the elderly) may be less able to generate adequate physiologic responses to heat stress. […] Infants, patients who are bedridden, and patients who are chronically ill are at risk for heat stroke because they are unable to control their environment and water intake.

• #49 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21812-heatstroke

  Heat stroke causes reduced blood flow and damage to vital organs. […] Heat stroke is the most severe form of heat-related illness (hyperthermia). It occurs when your body overheats and can’t cool down. […] Heat stroke happens when excess heat overwhelms your body’s built-in system for cooling itself. Excess heat can come from: Outside your body. This is environmental heat. […] Heat stroke risk factors fall into several categories: Jobs and activities. Agricultural workers, construction workers, firefighters, military members and athletes face an increased risk of heat stroke. […] Serious complications that can occur with heat stroke include: Disruption to your brain activity (coma). […] Heat stroke can lead to life-threatening complications, every minute counts when it comes to getting medical care.

• #50 Heat Stroke | Causes | Symptoms | Risk Factors | Complications | Prevention

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/first-aid-and-emergencies/heat-stroke

  The reason for a heat stroke, without any confusion, is anything that does not let the body cool itself. Causes include: […] Working Under the Sun for a Longer Period: People who work outdoors under the sun suffer heat strokes often. As the heat exposure is continuous, even when the body tries to cope and cool itself, it fails, leading to heat stroke. […] Increased Physical Exertion in a Hot Climate: This primarily affects younger individuals who get involved in strenuous exercises in hot climates, as it increases the body temperature. […] Apart from these two, other certain factors that trigger heat stroke, such as, wearing multiple layers of clothing, wearing winter clothes during summer or in humid regions, insufficient hydration in the body, alcohol abuse, infection, and sepsis (body reaction to an infection that accidentally damages its tissue). […] The major cause of a heat stroke is body overheating due to continuous exposure to the sun for a longer period of time and over-exerting the body during hot temperatures.

• #51 Nonexertional (classic) heat stroke in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/severe-nonexertional-hyperthermia-classic-heat-stroke-in-adults

  Nonexertional (classic) heat stroke is defined as an elevated core body temperature, usually in excess of 40.5°C (105°F), with associated central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction in the setting of a large environmental heat load that cannot be dissipated. It is a potentially fatal condition that requires rapid identification and treatment. […] Nonexertional heat stroke affects individuals with a physiologic or anatomic predisposition or underlying chronic medical conditions that impair thermoregulation, prevent removal from a hot environment, or interfere with access to hydration or attempts at cooling. Such predispositions and conditions include cardiovascular disease, neurologic or psychiatric disorders, obesity, anhidrosis, physical disability, extremes of age, and the use of recreational drugs (eg, alcohol or cocaine) and certain prescription drugs (eg, beta-blockers, diuretics, or anticholinergic agents).

• #52 Heat Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Risk, Preventions

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/articles/heat-stroke

  Heatstroke occurs when the body can’t cool itself down through its natural thermoregulatory system (hypothalamus) in response to hot temperatures. […] Exposure to high temperatures and humidity for extended periods is the primary risk factor for heat stroke. […] Certain medical conditions such as heart disease, lung disease, obesity, and diabetes can make it more difficult for the body to maintain its temperature. […] Some medications, like antihistamines, diuretics, and beta-blockers, can interfere with the body’s natural ability to regulate its temperature. […] Lack of adequate fluid intake or excessive sweating can lead to dehydration, which increases the risk of heat stroke. […] Engaging in strenuous physical activity in humid and hot conditions can increase the risk of heat stroke.

• #53 Heatstroke: Causes, consequences and clinical guidelines – The National Medical Journal of India

  https://nmji.in/heatstroke-causes-consequences-and-clinical-guidelines/

  In India, deaths due to heatstroke rose to more than 2500 in 2015 five times that in 2001. […] This increase in the number of deaths due to heatstroke is probably related to climate change and increase in frequency and intensity of heatwaves. […] The distinguishing feature of heatstroke is hyperpyrexia (40 C) with altered sensorium, hot, red, dry skin and dehydration. […] The success in managing heatstroke is through prevention of its progression from heat exhaustion. […] Those especially vulnerable to heatstroke are: The elderly, children especially infants, and pregnant women. […] Heatstroke can be superimposed on other illnesses such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection (UTI) and alcohol withdrawal. […] Heatstroke should be suspected in any patient presenting to an emergency room or hospital with altered consciousness, confusion or seizure in heatwave or high ambient temperature conditions, especially in summer.

• #54 Heatstroke: Causes, consequences and clinical guidelines – The National Medical Journal of India

  https://nmji.in/heatstroke-causes-consequences-and-clinical-guidelines/

  If it exceeds 40 C, a presumptive diagnosis of heatstroke is made. […] The presence and seriousness of persistent complications is indicative of the severity of the heatstroke and a negative outcome in terms of mortality or irreversible brain damage. […] Mortality ranges from 20% to 60% in heatstrokes. […] Countries, states and regions with annual heatwave disasters have begun to develop government policies to minimize heat exposure.

• #55 Heatstroke in Cats – Causes, Treatment and Associated Conditions – Vetster

  https://vetster.com/en/conditions/cat/heatstroke

  Feline heatstroke is a rare, potentially fatal condition that occurs when body heat cannot dissipate effectively. […] Environmental heatstroke is caused by prolonged exposure to hot, humid environments. […] Exertional heatstroke is caused by excessive exercise or prolonged seizure activity. […] Most cases of heatstroke result from being trapped in a hot environment such as the interior of a car or a clothes dryer. […] Heatstroke can be caused by two different scenarios. Environmental heatstroke is caused by prolonged exposure to hot, humid environments. Most cases of feline heatstroke are environmental and are caused by being left in a hot car or accidental entrapment in a working drier. Exertional heatstroke is caused by excessive exercise or prolonged seizure activity. […] Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures can cause irreversible brain damage and widespread tissue destruction.

• #56 Heat-related illnesses – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/heat-related-illnesses/

  Heat-related illnesses are pathological conditions caused by hyperthermia, an elevated body temperature caused by an impaired ability to maintain temperature at the normal hypothalamic set point. […] Underlying causes of hyperthermia include endogenous, environmental, and behavioral factors which can be present concurrently, increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses. […] Causes include endogenous, environmental, and behavioral factors and many disease states (see Causes of hyperthermia). […] Multiple concurrent risk factors for hyperthermia increase the likelihood of developing a heat-related illness. […] Increased heat production […] Conditions include sepsis, status epilepticus, thyroid storm, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, and serotonin syndrome. […] Decreased heat dissipation

• #57

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-heat-and-health

  Heat is an important environmental and occupational health hazard. Heat stress is the leading cause of weather-related deaths and can exacerbate underlying illnesses including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health, asthma, and can increase the risk of accidents and transmission of some infectious diseases. Heatstroke is a medical emergency with a high-case fatality rate. […] The frequency and intensity of extreme heat and heat waves will continue to rise in the 21st century because of climate change. Extended periods of high day and nighttime temperature conditions create cumulative stress on the human body, increasing the risk of illness and death from heat exposure. […] Heat can affect health through a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms. There is limited research on the impact of chronic (sustained) exposure to high temperatures and humidity.

• #58 Heatstroke in Dogs: Signs, Treatment, and Prevention | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/systemic/heatstroke-dogs

  Heatstroke is the result of a dog’s inability to cool their body down. […] Dogs are more susceptible to the effects of heat-related illnesses than humans because they are not able to cool themselves by sweating. […] Dog heatstroke occurs when a pup’s body cannot cool down. […] There are two main causes of heatstroke in dogs: A dog is left in the car, even on a relatively cool day. […] A dog exercising on a hot, humid day. […] Dogs are more susceptible to the effects of heat-related illnesses than humans because they are not able to cool themselves by sweating. […] Heatstroke in dogs is becoming increasingly more dangerous due to climate change and extreme weather patterns. […] Major damage can occur when the body’s temperature reaches higher than 109 F. […] A dog’s prognosis is considered poor if multiple organ failure occurs.

• #59 Sunstroke (Heatstroke): Symptoms, Causes & Prevention Tips

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/sunstroke-heatstroke-symptoms-causes-prevention

  Sunstroke or heatstroke happens when the body’s internal temperature rises too high—usually above 104F (40C)—due to prolonged exposure to heat or physical exertion in high temperatures. […] Sunstroke is a medical emergency that needs immediate attention to prevent damage to the brain, heart, kidneys, and muscles. […] In India, where summer temperatures can regularly cross 45C, the threat of sunstroke is real and rising. […] According to the National Disaster Management Authority, thousands of people have died due to heat-related illnesses over the past few years. […] With climate change, these numbers are expected to increase. […] Yes, if left untreated, sunstroke can lead to serious complications such as brain swelling, kidney failure, or damage to internal organs. Quick treatment is crucial to avoid long-term effects.

• #60 Heat Stroke in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/heat-stroke-in-dogs

  Heat stroke is a term commonly used for hyperthermia or elevated body temperature. Generally speaking, if a pet’s body temperature exceeds 103F (39.4C), it is considered abnormal or hyperthermic. Body temperatures above 106F (41F) without previous signs of illness are most commonly associated with exposure to excessive external or environmental heat and are often referred to as heat stroke. The most common cause of heat stroke or hyperthermia is leaving a dog in a car with inadequate ventilation. The dog’s body temperature in this situation can elevate very rapidly, often within minutes. Other common causes of heat stroke include being left in a yard without access to shade or water on a hot day, being exposed to a hair dryer for an extended period of time, and excessive or vigorous exercise during hot temperatures.

• #61 Heat stroke | Deranged Physiology

  https://derangedphysiology.com/main/required-reading/environmental-injuries-and-toxicology/Chapter-405/heat-stroke

  Failure of normal thermoregulatory mechanisms (eg. use of anticholinergic drugs leads to impaired sweating). […] Increased thermogenesis (eg. exercise, hyperthyroidism, sepsis). […] The process of acclimatization to heat is the gradual adaptation to increasing amounts of work performed in an uncomfortably hot environment. […] Salt depletion and dehydration are both important to the pathogenesis of heat stroke.

• #62 Heat Illness Prevention | What Causes Heat Illness?

  https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-006/whatcauses.htm

  Even employees who were previously fully acclimatized may still be susceptible to heat illness and need further acclimatization when workplace conditions change. […] Certain „over-the-counter” medicines, prescription medicines, and other drugs may increase the risk for heat illness and other serious medical conditions.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-heat-and-health

  The body’s inability to regulate internal temperature and eliminate heat gain in such conditions increases the risk of heat exhaustion and heatstroke. The strain put on the body as it tries to cool itself also stresses the heart and kidneys. As a result, heat extremes can worsen health risks from chronic conditions (cardiovascular, mental, respiratory and diabetes related conditions) and cause acute kidney injury. […] Mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions is imperative and urgent to limit the magnitude of human costs from extreme heat.

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