Udar cieplny
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Udar cieplny to stan zagrożenia życia charakteryzujący się ekstremalną hipertermią, dysfunkcją OUN oraz niewydolnością wielonarządową, z około 27% śmiertelnością. Kluczowymi czynnikami prognostycznymi złego rokowania są podwyższony poziom białka S100B (iloraz szans 177,37; mediana 0,95 vs 0,20; p<0,001), izolacja społeczna, zdolność do samoopieki, choroby współistniejące, parametry życiowe (temperatura ciała, częstość akcji serca, skala Glasgow), markery laboratoryjne (prokalcytonina, aminotransferaza asparaginianowa) oraz objawy kliniczne, takie jak biegunka. Modele prognostyczne, w tym nomogram oparty na analizie LASSO i regresji Coxa oraz skala SOFA (AUC 0,863 dla klasycznego i 0,979 dla wysiłkowego udaru cieplnego), umożliwiają skuteczną stratyfikację ryzyka i wspomagają decyzje terapeutyczne.

Udar cieplny (Heatstroke) – Prognoza i przewidywanie wyników leczenia

Udar cieplny jest stanem zagrażającym życiu, charakteryzującym się ekstremalną hipertermią, dysfunkcją ośrodkowego układu nerwowego i niewydolnością wielonarządową. Stanowi najcięższą postać chorób związanych z przegrzaniem, a jego skutki mogą być katastrofalne w skutkach.12 Dane epidemiologiczne wskazują na śmiertelność wynoszącą około 27%, a osoby, które przeżyły, często doświadczają długoterminowych negatywnych konsekwencji zdrowotnych – od dysfunkcji neurologicznych po zaburzenia sercowo-naczyniowe.34

Czynniki prognostyczne w udarze cieplnym

Badania wykazały, że istnieje kilka istotnych czynników prognostycznych związanych z gorszym rokowaniem u pacjentów z udarem cieplnym. Do najważniejszych należą:56

  • Biomarkery biochemiczne – szczególnie podwyższony poziom białka S100B, który okazał się niezależnym czynnikiem prognostycznym złego rokowania u pacjentów z udarem cieplnym (iloraz szans 177,37; 95% przedział ufności 2,59-12143,80; p=0,016). Poziom białka S100B był znacząco wyższy w grupie pacjentów ze złym rokowaniem w porównaniu do pacjentów z dobrym rokowaniem (mediana [rozstęp międzykwartylowy], 0,95 [0,62-2,52] vs 0,20 [0,14-0,47]; p<0,001).7
  • Izolacja społeczna i zdolność do samoopieki – czynniki te wykazały istotny lub prawie istotny związek z gorszym rokowaniem u hospitalizowanych pacjentów z klasycznym udarem cieplnym.8
  • Choroby współistniejące – obecność chorób towarzyszących znacząco wpływa na rokowanie.9
  • Parametry życiowe – temperatura ciała, częstość akcji serca, skala Glasgow (GCS).10
  • Markery laboratoryjneprokalcytonina (PCT), aminotransferaza asparaginianowa (AST).11
  • Objawy kliniczne – obecność biegunki.12

Modele prognostyczne w ocenie ryzyka

W ostatnich latach opracowano kilka modeli prognostycznych, które mogą pomóc w stratyfikacji ryzyka i podejmowaniu decyzji terapeutycznych u pacjentów z udarem cieplnym:1314

  • Nomogram oparty na analizie LASSO i wieloczynnikowej analizie regresji Coxa – model ten wykazuje wysoką dokładność prognostyczną i może być stosowany w praktyce klinicznej do zarządzania pacjentami z klasycznym udarem cieplnym. W ramach opracowanego modelu wykorzystano dziewięć niezależnych czynników prognostycznych, które pozwalają na oszacowanie prawdopodobieństwa przeżycia wewnątrzszpitalnego.1516
  • Skala SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) – narzędzie to może przewidywać śmiertelność u pacjentów z udarem cieplnym i być przydatne do oceny rokowania. Analizy jednozmienne i wieloczynnikowe wykazały istotny związek między wynikiem SOFA a 28-dniową śmiertelnością zarówno u pacjentów z klasycznym, jak i wysiłkowym udarem cieplnym hospitalizowanych z powodu dysfunkcji wielonarządowej. Analiza ROC wyniku SOFA i 28-dniowej śmiertelności była również istotna, z AUC wynoszącym 0,863 (p<0,001) dla klasycznego udaru cieplnego i 0,979 (p=0,006) dla wysiłkowego udaru cieplnego.1718

Czynniki ryzyka wpływające na rokowanie

Istnieje kilka czynników ryzyka, które mogą wpływać na wystąpienie udaru cieplnego i potencjalnie na jego przebieg:1920

  • Odwodnienie – może potencjalnie zwiększać ryzyko udaru cieplnego poprzez hipertermię.21
  • Otyłość – związana jest ze zmniejszoną wydolnością sercowo-naczyniową i upośledzeniem funkcji mikronaczyniowej skóry, co potencjalnie prowadzi do zaburzenia odpowiedzi termoregulacyjnych.22
  • Wiek – chociaż udar cieplny jest częstszy w młodszych kohortach, starzenie się można uznać za czynnik ryzyka, ponieważ wiadomo, że utrudnia kilka odpowiedzi termoregulacyjnych i sercowo-naczyniowych.23
  • Wcześniejsza choroba – badania wykazały jednak, że wcześniejsza choroba ma minimalny wpływ na prezentację pacjenta, ciężkość i wynik leczenia wysiłkowego udaru cieplnego. Mimo że maksymalna temperatura rdzenia ciała (Tc max) była podwyższona u pacjentów z wcześniejszą chorobą, nie zmieniło to odpowiedzi na chłodzenie ani ciężkości wysiłkowego udaru cieplnego, na co wskazują parametry życiowe pacjenta, profil biomarkerów krwi pobranych w miejscu opieki lub dni powrotu do zdrowia.24

Powikłania wpływające na rokowanie

Udar cieplny może prowadzić do różnych powikłań, które wpływają na rokowanie pacjenta:2526

  • Powikłania neurologiczne – w tym ataksja móżdżkowa, zaburzenia poznawcze, dysfagia, afazja, inne mniejsze objawy (drażliwość, irracjonalne zachowanie, halucynacje, oczopląs bębenkowy i opsoklonus) oraz ciężkie cechy, takie jak nieprawidłowości nerwów czaszkowych, drgawki i śpiączka.27
  • Zawał mózgu – udar cieplny może być powikłany przez mnogie zawały mózgu, co znacząco pogarsza rokowanie.28
  • Zespół rozsianego wykrzepiania wewnątrznaczyniowego (DIC) – wymaga wczesnego leczenia.29
  • Nagłe zdarzenia sercowo-naczyniowe – takie jak zawał serca lub udar mózgu, które mogą być wyzwolone przez udar cieplny.30
  • Zaostrzenie istniejących stanów medycznych – udar cieplny może pogorszyć istniejące wcześniej schorzenia medyczne.31
  • Uszkodzenie narządów – udar cieplny może prowadzić do poważnego uszkodzenia narządów.32

Znaczenie szybkiego leczenia dla rokowania

Wynik medyczny epizodu udaru cieplnego zależy od kondycji fizycznej ofiary oraz czasu i skuteczności leczenia pierwszej pomocy.33 Natychmiastowe chłodzenie pozostaje najskuteczniejszą strategią leczenia i ma kluczowe znaczenie dla poprawy rokowania.3435

W przypadku podejrzenia udaru cieplnego należy natychmiast wezwać pomoc medyczną i podjąć działania mające na celu obniżenie temperatury ciała pacjenta. Udar cieplny jest stanem nagłym wymagającym natychmiastowej interwencji – bez względu na protesty pacjenta, osoba podejrzewana o udar cieplny nie powinna być odsyłana do domu ani pozostawiana bez opieki, chyba że lekarz wyraźnie zatwierdził takie postępowanie.3637

Podsumowanie czynników wpływających na rokowanie w udarze cieplnym

Rokowanie w udarze cieplnym zależy od wielu współistniejących czynników i może być przewidywane za pomocą różnych biomarkerów i skal klinicznych. Kluczowe znaczenie dla pomyślnego rokowania ma szybkie rozpoznanie stanu i natychmiastowe wdrożenie odpowiedniego leczenia, zwłaszcza metod chłodzenia ciała. Śmiertelność w udarze cieplnym wynosi około 27%, a przeżycie często wiąże się z długotrwałymi negatywnymi konsekwencjami zdrowotnymi.3839

Należy podkreślić, że dokładne narzędzia prognostyczne, takie jak poziom białka S100B, skala SOFA oraz modele oparte na analizie LASSO i wieloczynnikowej analizie regresji Coxa, są użyteczne w procesie podejmowania decyzji dotyczących leczenia i stratyfikacji ryzyka. Dalsze badania są konieczne, aby lepiej zrozumieć, dlaczego niektóre osoby są bardziej podatne na udar cieplny niż inne oraz jakie dodatkowe czynniki mogą wpływać na rokowanie w tej jednostce chorobowej.4041

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Heatstroke | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heatstroke
    Heatstroke is a medical emergency. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance if someone is experiencing symptoms. […] Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition in which your body overheats and can no longer maintain a healthy temperature. You can avoid heatstroke by taking precautions in very hot weather. […] Heatstroke occurs when your body temperature rises from its normal temperature to above 40C. It can lead to serious organ damage or death if not treated urgently. […] Heatstroke can lead to permanent disability and death. It may trigger sudden events such as a heart attack or stroke and can worsen existing medical conditions. […] Heatstroke needs immediate first aid to lower your body temperature as quickly as possible. […] If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] Heatstroke is a medical emergency. If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
  • #2 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9978764/
    Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. […] Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. […] The two most common outcomes of exertional heat stroke are death or recovery with long term negative consequences to health. […] In summary, EHS is accompanied by a strong inflammatory response that leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi-organ damage. The triggers for these responses are endotoxaemia (in catastrophic EHS) and probably hyperthermia. […] Risk factors discussed in this review include dehydration, sex differences, ageing, body composition, and previous illness. The reason why some people are more susceptible to EHS than others warrants further research.
  • #3 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9978764/
    Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. […] Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. […] The two most common outcomes of exertional heat stroke are death or recovery with long term negative consequences to health. […] In summary, EHS is accompanied by a strong inflammatory response that leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi-organ damage. The triggers for these responses are endotoxaemia (in catastrophic EHS) and probably hyperthermia. […] Risk factors discussed in this review include dehydration, sex differences, ageing, body composition, and previous illness. The reason why some people are more susceptible to EHS than others warrants further research.
  • #4 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine
    https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239
    Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. […] Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. […] The two most common outcomes of exertional heat stroke are death or recovery with long term negative consequences to health. […] Immediate cooling remains the most effective treatment strategy. […] Understanding the pathophysiology and the risk factors that lead to EHS is important for the correct diagnosis and the choice of mitigation strategies. […] No sound evidence indicates which risk factors increase EHS predisposition, but several factors have been implicated.
  • #5 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    Classic heatstroke (CHS) is a life-threatening illness characterized by extreme hyperthermia, dysfunction of the central nervous system and multiorgan failure. Accurate predictive models are useful in the treatment decision-making process and risk stratification. This study was to develop and externally validate a prediction model of survival for hospitalized patients with CHS. […] Prognostic factors were identified utilizing least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis in the training cohort. A predictive model was developed based on identified prognostic factors, and a nomogram was built for visualization. […] Social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), procalcitonin (PCT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and diarrhea were found to have a significant or near-significant association with worse prognosis among hospitalized CHS patients.
  • #6 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    Significant or near-significant associations were found between social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, GCS, PCT, AST, and diarrhea and poor outcomes in CHS hospitalized patients. […] A predictive model was established for estimating the probability of in-hospital survival utilizing the nine independent prognostic factors identified by LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses. […] Evaluated by the AUC values and calibration plots, this model exhibited strong discrimination and calibration in predicting CHS patient survival probabilities. […] Ultimately, the external validation cohort achieved high AUC value, and calibration plots demonstrated excellent agreement between prediction and actual observation, ensuring the repeatability and reliability of the established nomogram.
  • #7 Predictors of poor prognosis in patients with heat stroke
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6952628/
    The predictors of poor prognosis in heat stroke (HS) remain unknown. This study investigated the predictive factors of poor prognosis in patients with HS. […] Poor prognosis was identified in 27.8% of the study population (10 patients). […] Multiple regression analysis revealed that poor prognosis was significantly associated with an increased S100B protein level (odds ratio, 177.37; 95% confidence interval, 2.59 to 12,143.80; P=0.016). […] An increased S100B protein level on emergency department admission is an independent prognostic factor of poor prognosis in patients with HS. […] The S100B protein level was significantly higher in the poor prognosis group than in the good prognosis group (median [interquartile range], 0.95 [0.62 to 2.52] vs. 0.20 [0.14 to 0.47]; P0.001). […] Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that only the serum S100B protein was independently associated with poor prognosis in patients with HS (B 5.18; S.E. 2.16; 95% CI 2.59-12,143.80; P=0.016). […] An increased S100B protein concentration was a prognostic factor for HS in the present study.
  • #8 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    Significant or near-significant associations were found between social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, GCS, PCT, AST, and diarrhea and poor outcomes in CHS hospitalized patients. […] A predictive model was established for estimating the probability of in-hospital survival utilizing the nine independent prognostic factors identified by LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses. […] Evaluated by the AUC values and calibration plots, this model exhibited strong discrimination and calibration in predicting CHS patient survival probabilities. […] Ultimately, the external validation cohort achieved high AUC value, and calibration plots demonstrated excellent agreement between prediction and actual observation, ensuring the repeatability and reliability of the established nomogram.
  • #9 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    Significant or near-significant associations were found between social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, GCS, PCT, AST, and diarrhea and poor outcomes in CHS hospitalized patients. […] A predictive model was established for estimating the probability of in-hospital survival utilizing the nine independent prognostic factors identified by LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses. […] Evaluated by the AUC values and calibration plots, this model exhibited strong discrimination and calibration in predicting CHS patient survival probabilities. […] Ultimately, the external validation cohort achieved high AUC value, and calibration plots demonstrated excellent agreement between prediction and actual observation, ensuring the repeatability and reliability of the established nomogram.
  • #10 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    Significant or near-significant associations were found between social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, GCS, PCT, AST, and diarrhea and poor outcomes in CHS hospitalized patients. […] A predictive model was established for estimating the probability of in-hospital survival utilizing the nine independent prognostic factors identified by LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses. […] Evaluated by the AUC values and calibration plots, this model exhibited strong discrimination and calibration in predicting CHS patient survival probabilities. […] Ultimately, the external validation cohort achieved high AUC value, and calibration plots demonstrated excellent agreement between prediction and actual observation, ensuring the repeatability and reliability of the established nomogram.
  • #11 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    Significant or near-significant associations were found between social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, GCS, PCT, AST, and diarrhea and poor outcomes in CHS hospitalized patients. […] A predictive model was established for estimating the probability of in-hospital survival utilizing the nine independent prognostic factors identified by LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses. […] Evaluated by the AUC values and calibration plots, this model exhibited strong discrimination and calibration in predicting CHS patient survival probabilities. […] Ultimately, the external validation cohort achieved high AUC value, and calibration plots demonstrated excellent agreement between prediction and actual observation, ensuring the repeatability and reliability of the established nomogram.
  • #12 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    Significant or near-significant associations were found between social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, GCS, PCT, AST, and diarrhea and poor outcomes in CHS hospitalized patients. […] A predictive model was established for estimating the probability of in-hospital survival utilizing the nine independent prognostic factors identified by LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses. […] Evaluated by the AUC values and calibration plots, this model exhibited strong discrimination and calibration in predicting CHS patient survival probabilities. […] Ultimately, the external validation cohort achieved high AUC value, and calibration plots demonstrated excellent agreement between prediction and actual observation, ensuring the repeatability and reliability of the established nomogram.
  • #13 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    Classic heatstroke (CHS) is a life-threatening illness characterized by extreme hyperthermia, dysfunction of the central nervous system and multiorgan failure. Accurate predictive models are useful in the treatment decision-making process and risk stratification. This study was to develop and externally validate a prediction model of survival for hospitalized patients with CHS. […] Prognostic factors were identified utilizing least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis in the training cohort. A predictive model was developed based on identified prognostic factors, and a nomogram was built for visualization. […] Social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), procalcitonin (PCT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and diarrhea were found to have a significant or near-significant association with worse prognosis among hospitalized CHS patients.
  • #14 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    The model’s prediction and actual observation demonstrated strong concordance on the calibration curve regarding 7-day survival probability. […] We designed and externally validated a prognostic prediction model for CHS. This model has promising predictive performance and could be applied in clinical practice for managing patients with CHS. […] In this multicenter study, we aimed to identify prognostic factors from epidemiological and clinical characteristics, as well as hematological indicators, and subsequently establish and externally validate a nomogram model to predict the survival of CHS patients. […] The results indicated that social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, GCS, leucocytes, FIB, PCT, CK-MB, myoglobin, AST, MODS, and diarrhea were associated with in-hospital survival at the optimal value of lambda in the training cohort.
  • #15 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    The model’s prediction and actual observation demonstrated strong concordance on the calibration curve regarding 7-day survival probability. […] We designed and externally validated a prognostic prediction model for CHS. This model has promising predictive performance and could be applied in clinical practice for managing patients with CHS. […] In this multicenter study, we aimed to identify prognostic factors from epidemiological and clinical characteristics, as well as hematological indicators, and subsequently establish and externally validate a nomogram model to predict the survival of CHS patients. […] The results indicated that social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, GCS, leucocytes, FIB, PCT, CK-MB, myoglobin, AST, MODS, and diarrhea were associated with in-hospital survival at the optimal value of lambda in the training cohort.
  • #16 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    Significant or near-significant associations were found between social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, GCS, PCT, AST, and diarrhea and poor outcomes in CHS hospitalized patients. […] A predictive model was established for estimating the probability of in-hospital survival utilizing the nine independent prognostic factors identified by LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses. […] Evaluated by the AUC values and calibration plots, this model exhibited strong discrimination and calibration in predicting CHS patient survival probabilities. […] Ultimately, the external validation cohort achieved high AUC value, and calibration plots demonstrated excellent agreement between prediction and actual observation, ensuring the repeatability and reliability of the established nomogram.
  • #17 Sequential organ failure assessment score as a predictor of the outcomes of patients hospitalized for classical or exertional heatstroke | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20878-1
    Heatstroke is a life-threatening event that affects people worldwide. Currently, there are no established tools to predict the outcomes of heatstroke. […] Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether the SOFA score could predict the outcome of patients hospitalized with severe heatstroke, including the classical and exertional types, by using data from a Japanese nationwide multicenter observational registry. […] Univariate and multivariable analyses showed a significant difference in the SOFA score between non-survivors and survivors in classical and exertional heatstroke cases. […] This study revealed that the SOFA score may predict mortality in patients with heatstroke and might be useful for assessing prognosis. […] In the present study, univariate and multivariable analysis revealed a significant association between the SOFA score and 28-day mortality in each classical and exertional heatstroke patients hospitalized for multiple organ dysfunction.
  • #18 Sequential organ failure assessment score as a predictor of the outcomes of patients hospitalized for classical or exertional heatstroke | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20878-1
    The ROC analysis of SOFA score and 28-day mortality was also significant with an AUC of 0.863 (P<0.001) and 0.979 (P=0.006), respectively. [...] The results therefore suggest that the SOFA score may predict the outcome of heatstroke, particularly for severe cases. [...] Based on the present results, the SOFA score may be a reliable tool for assessing the prognosis of heatstroke, a non-septic fever, as demonstrated in patients with sepsis. [...] These subanalyses of a Japanese nationwide multicenter observational heatstroke database using data from 2019 revealed that the SOFA score may be useful for predicting mortality and could be used to assess the prognosis of patients with severe heatstroke.
  • #19 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine
    https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239
    Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. […] Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. […] The two most common outcomes of exertional heat stroke are death or recovery with long term negative consequences to health. […] Immediate cooling remains the most effective treatment strategy. […] Understanding the pathophysiology and the risk factors that lead to EHS is important for the correct diagnosis and the choice of mitigation strategies. […] No sound evidence indicates which risk factors increase EHS predisposition, but several factors have been implicated.
  • #20 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9978764/
    Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. […] Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. […] The two most common outcomes of exertional heat stroke are death or recovery with long term negative consequences to health. […] In summary, EHS is accompanied by a strong inflammatory response that leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi-organ damage. The triggers for these responses are endotoxaemia (in catastrophic EHS) and probably hyperthermia. […] Risk factors discussed in this review include dehydration, sex differences, ageing, body composition, and previous illness. The reason why some people are more susceptible to EHS than others warrants further research.
  • #21 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine
    https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239
    Dehydration could potentially enhance the risk of EHS via hyperthermia. […] Obesity is associated with decreased cardiovascular fitness and impaired microvascular function at the skin, potentially leading to impaired thermoregulatory responses. […] Although EHS is more prevalent in young cohorts, ageing can be considered a risk factor because it is known to hinder several thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses. […] The reason why some people are more susceptible to EHS than others warrants further research.
  • #22 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine
    https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239
    Dehydration could potentially enhance the risk of EHS via hyperthermia. […] Obesity is associated with decreased cardiovascular fitness and impaired microvascular function at the skin, potentially leading to impaired thermoregulatory responses. […] Although EHS is more prevalent in young cohorts, ageing can be considered a risk factor because it is known to hinder several thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses. […] The reason why some people are more susceptible to EHS than others warrants further research.
  • #23 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine
    https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239
    Dehydration could potentially enhance the risk of EHS via hyperthermia. […] Obesity is associated with decreased cardiovascular fitness and impaired microvascular function at the skin, potentially leading to impaired thermoregulatory responses. […] Although EHS is more prevalent in young cohorts, ageing can be considered a risk factor because it is known to hinder several thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses. […] The reason why some people are more susceptible to EHS than others warrants further research.
  • #24 Influence of prior illness on exertional heat stroke presentation and outcome | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221329
    Approximately 30% of EHS cases had a medically documented PI. […] This study indicates that PI has a minimal effect on the patient presentation, severity and treatment outcome of EHS. […] This study demonstrated that although Tc max was increased in patients with PI, this did not alter the response to cooling or the severity of EHS as indicated by patient vital signs, the blood biomarker profile taken at the point of care, or recovery days. […] Our primary finding demonstrated that PI did not have a significant role in influencing the severity of EHS (blood biomarkers and thermoregulation) beyond a higher Tc max. […] From a clinical perspective, PI has little influence on the normal course of treatment that follows EHS.
  • #25 Severe heat stroke complicated by multiple cerebral infarctions: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text
    https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-020-02596-2
    Heat-related illnesses include symptoms such as heat syncope/cramps, heat exhaustion, and life-threatening heat stroke. Usually, a heat stroke causes cerebellar ataxia, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, and aphasia. […] Heat stroke is a serious and life-threatening emergency, with a high mortality rate (20%). This is thought to be because heat stroke has several complications, especially neurological ones such as cerebellar ataxia, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, aphasia, other minor symptoms (irritability, irrational behavior, hallucinations, downbeat nystagmus, and opsoclonus), and severe features such as cranial nerve abnormalities, seizures, and coma. […] In conclusion, early management of heat stroke using DIC therapy, anti-bacterial therapy, and fluid resuscitation therapy is required. Even if there is no DIC, anti-coagulant therapy is desirable considering the possible risk of an intracranial hemorrhage.
  • #26 Heatstroke | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heatstroke
    Heatstroke is a medical emergency. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance if someone is experiencing symptoms. […] Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition in which your body overheats and can no longer maintain a healthy temperature. You can avoid heatstroke by taking precautions in very hot weather. […] Heatstroke occurs when your body temperature rises from its normal temperature to above 40C. It can lead to serious organ damage or death if not treated urgently. […] Heatstroke can lead to permanent disability and death. It may trigger sudden events such as a heart attack or stroke and can worsen existing medical conditions. […] Heatstroke needs immediate first aid to lower your body temperature as quickly as possible. […] If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] Heatstroke is a medical emergency. If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
  • #27 Severe heat stroke complicated by multiple cerebral infarctions: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text
    https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-020-02596-2
    Heat-related illnesses include symptoms such as heat syncope/cramps, heat exhaustion, and life-threatening heat stroke. Usually, a heat stroke causes cerebellar ataxia, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, and aphasia. […] Heat stroke is a serious and life-threatening emergency, with a high mortality rate (20%). This is thought to be because heat stroke has several complications, especially neurological ones such as cerebellar ataxia, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, aphasia, other minor symptoms (irritability, irrational behavior, hallucinations, downbeat nystagmus, and opsoclonus), and severe features such as cranial nerve abnormalities, seizures, and coma. […] In conclusion, early management of heat stroke using DIC therapy, anti-bacterial therapy, and fluid resuscitation therapy is required. Even if there is no DIC, anti-coagulant therapy is desirable considering the possible risk of an intracranial hemorrhage.
  • #28 Severe heat stroke complicated by multiple cerebral infarctions: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text
    https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-020-02596-2
    Heat-related illnesses include symptoms such as heat syncope/cramps, heat exhaustion, and life-threatening heat stroke. Usually, a heat stroke causes cerebellar ataxia, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, and aphasia. […] Heat stroke is a serious and life-threatening emergency, with a high mortality rate (20%). This is thought to be because heat stroke has several complications, especially neurological ones such as cerebellar ataxia, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, aphasia, other minor symptoms (irritability, irrational behavior, hallucinations, downbeat nystagmus, and opsoclonus), and severe features such as cranial nerve abnormalities, seizures, and coma. […] In conclusion, early management of heat stroke using DIC therapy, anti-bacterial therapy, and fluid resuscitation therapy is required. Even if there is no DIC, anti-coagulant therapy is desirable considering the possible risk of an intracranial hemorrhage.
  • #29 Severe heat stroke complicated by multiple cerebral infarctions: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text
    https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-020-02596-2
    Heat-related illnesses include symptoms such as heat syncope/cramps, heat exhaustion, and life-threatening heat stroke. Usually, a heat stroke causes cerebellar ataxia, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, and aphasia. […] Heat stroke is a serious and life-threatening emergency, with a high mortality rate (20%). This is thought to be because heat stroke has several complications, especially neurological ones such as cerebellar ataxia, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, aphasia, other minor symptoms (irritability, irrational behavior, hallucinations, downbeat nystagmus, and opsoclonus), and severe features such as cranial nerve abnormalities, seizures, and coma. […] In conclusion, early management of heat stroke using DIC therapy, anti-bacterial therapy, and fluid resuscitation therapy is required. Even if there is no DIC, anti-coagulant therapy is desirable considering the possible risk of an intracranial hemorrhage.
  • #30 Heatstroke | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heatstroke
    Heatstroke is a medical emergency. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance if someone is experiencing symptoms. […] Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition in which your body overheats and can no longer maintain a healthy temperature. You can avoid heatstroke by taking precautions in very hot weather. […] Heatstroke occurs when your body temperature rises from its normal temperature to above 40C. It can lead to serious organ damage or death if not treated urgently. […] Heatstroke can lead to permanent disability and death. It may trigger sudden events such as a heart attack or stroke and can worsen existing medical conditions. […] Heatstroke needs immediate first aid to lower your body temperature as quickly as possible. […] If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] Heatstroke is a medical emergency. If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
  • #31 Heatstroke | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heatstroke
    Heatstroke is a medical emergency. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance if someone is experiencing symptoms. […] Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition in which your body overheats and can no longer maintain a healthy temperature. You can avoid heatstroke by taking precautions in very hot weather. […] Heatstroke occurs when your body temperature rises from its normal temperature to above 40C. It can lead to serious organ damage or death if not treated urgently. […] Heatstroke can lead to permanent disability and death. It may trigger sudden events such as a heart attack or stroke and can worsen existing medical conditions. […] Heatstroke needs immediate first aid to lower your body temperature as quickly as possible. […] If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] Heatstroke is a medical emergency. If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
  • #32 Heatstroke | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heatstroke
    Heatstroke is a medical emergency. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance if someone is experiencing symptoms. […] Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition in which your body overheats and can no longer maintain a healthy temperature. You can avoid heatstroke by taking precautions in very hot weather. […] Heatstroke occurs when your body temperature rises from its normal temperature to above 40C. It can lead to serious organ damage or death if not treated urgently. […] Heatstroke can lead to permanent disability and death. It may trigger sudden events such as a heart attack or stroke and can worsen existing medical conditions. […] Heatstroke needs immediate first aid to lower your body temperature as quickly as possible. […] If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] Heatstroke is a medical emergency. If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
  • #33 Heat Stress Guide | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
    http://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/guides/heat-stress
    Heat Stroke is the most serious heat related disorder and occurs when the body’s temperature regulation fails and body temperature rises to critical levels. The condition is caused by a combination of highly variable factors, and its occurrence is difficult to predict. Heat stroke is a medical emergency that may result in death. The primary signs and symptoms of heat stroke are confusion; irrational behavior; loss of consciousness; convulsions; a lack of sweating (usually); hot, dry skin; and an abnormally high body temperature, e.g., a rectal temperature of 41°C (105.8°F). The elevated metabolic temperatures caused by a combination of work load and environmental heat, both of which contribute to heat stroke, are also highly variable and difficult to predict. […] The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid treatment. […] Regardless of the worker’s protests, no employee suspected of being ill from heat stroke should be sent home or left unattended unless a physician has specifically approved such an order.
  • #34 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine
    https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239
    Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. […] Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. […] The two most common outcomes of exertional heat stroke are death or recovery with long term negative consequences to health. […] Immediate cooling remains the most effective treatment strategy. […] Understanding the pathophysiology and the risk factors that lead to EHS is important for the correct diagnosis and the choice of mitigation strategies. […] No sound evidence indicates which risk factors increase EHS predisposition, but several factors have been implicated.
  • #35 Heatstroke | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heatstroke
    Heatstroke is a medical emergency. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance if someone is experiencing symptoms. […] Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition in which your body overheats and can no longer maintain a healthy temperature. You can avoid heatstroke by taking precautions in very hot weather. […] Heatstroke occurs when your body temperature rises from its normal temperature to above 40C. It can lead to serious organ damage or death if not treated urgently. […] Heatstroke can lead to permanent disability and death. It may trigger sudden events such as a heart attack or stroke and can worsen existing medical conditions. […] Heatstroke needs immediate first aid to lower your body temperature as quickly as possible. […] If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] Heatstroke is a medical emergency. If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
  • #36 Heat Stress Guide | Occupational Safety and Health Administration
    http://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/guides/heat-stress
    Heat Stroke is the most serious heat related disorder and occurs when the body’s temperature regulation fails and body temperature rises to critical levels. The condition is caused by a combination of highly variable factors, and its occurrence is difficult to predict. Heat stroke is a medical emergency that may result in death. The primary signs and symptoms of heat stroke are confusion; irrational behavior; loss of consciousness; convulsions; a lack of sweating (usually); hot, dry skin; and an abnormally high body temperature, e.g., a rectal temperature of 41°C (105.8°F). The elevated metabolic temperatures caused by a combination of work load and environmental heat, both of which contribute to heat stroke, are also highly variable and difficult to predict. […] The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid treatment. […] Regardless of the worker’s protests, no employee suspected of being ill from heat stroke should be sent home or left unattended unless a physician has specifically approved such an order.
  • #37 Heatstroke | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/heatstroke
    Heatstroke is a medical emergency. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance if someone is experiencing symptoms. […] Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition in which your body overheats and can no longer maintain a healthy temperature. You can avoid heatstroke by taking precautions in very hot weather. […] Heatstroke occurs when your body temperature rises from its normal temperature to above 40C. It can lead to serious organ damage or death if not treated urgently. […] Heatstroke can lead to permanent disability and death. It may trigger sudden events such as a heart attack or stroke and can worsen existing medical conditions. […] Heatstroke needs immediate first aid to lower your body temperature as quickly as possible. […] If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] Heatstroke is a medical emergency. If someone has heatstroke, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
  • #38 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9978764/
    Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. […] Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. […] The two most common outcomes of exertional heat stroke are death or recovery with long term negative consequences to health. […] In summary, EHS is accompanied by a strong inflammatory response that leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi-organ damage. The triggers for these responses are endotoxaemia (in catastrophic EHS) and probably hyperthermia. […] Risk factors discussed in this review include dehydration, sex differences, ageing, body composition, and previous illness. The reason why some people are more susceptible to EHS than others warrants further research.
  • #39 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine
    https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239
    Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. […] Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. […] The two most common outcomes of exertional heat stroke are death or recovery with long term negative consequences to health. […] Immediate cooling remains the most effective treatment strategy. […] Understanding the pathophysiology and the risk factors that lead to EHS is important for the correct diagnosis and the choice of mitigation strategies. […] No sound evidence indicates which risk factors increase EHS predisposition, but several factors have been implicated.
  • #40 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine
    https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239
    Dehydration could potentially enhance the risk of EHS via hyperthermia. […] Obesity is associated with decreased cardiovascular fitness and impaired microvascular function at the skin, potentially leading to impaired thermoregulatory responses. […] Although EHS is more prevalent in young cohorts, ageing can be considered a risk factor because it is known to hinder several thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses. […] The reason why some people are more susceptible to EHS than others warrants further research.
  • #41 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7
    Significant or near-significant associations were found between social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, GCS, PCT, AST, and diarrhea and poor outcomes in CHS hospitalized patients. […] A predictive model was established for estimating the probability of in-hospital survival utilizing the nine independent prognostic factors identified by LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses. […] Evaluated by the AUC values and calibration plots, this model exhibited strong discrimination and calibration in predicting CHS patient survival probabilities. […] Ultimately, the external validation cohort achieved high AUC value, and calibration plots demonstrated excellent agreement between prediction and actual observation, ensuring the repeatability and reliability of the established nomogram.