Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Influenza Vaccines: From Surveillance Through Production to Protection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2843114/

  Influenza is an important contributor to population and individual morbidity and mortality. […] This review presents an overview of influenza-related topics to help meet this need and includes a discussion of the burden of disease, virology, epidemiology, viral surveillance, and vaccine strain selection. […] The current influenza A pandemic with novel H1N1 and the race to develop effective vaccines against it have increased the profile of influenza and influenza vaccination among the lay public and medical professional community, making them more likely to inquire about influenza strain surveillance and vaccine development. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the Global Influenza Surveillance Network (GISN) in 1947 to track the development and migration of influenza drift mutants for the purpose of vaccine strain selection.

• #1 CDC’s Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Networks | Flu Vaccines Work | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu-vaccines-work/php/vaccine-effectiveness/index.html

  In the United States, CDC and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommend annual influenza (flu) vaccination for all people 6 months and older. Monitoring the performance of flu vaccines is important for understanding and improving the benefits of flu vaccination. […] Over the past few years, CDC has conducted VE studies using multiple networks, including the U.S. Flu VE Network, Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network, the National Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), and the VISION VE Network. […] CDC continues to collect information on adults hospitalized with flu through IVY and VISION. […] Some flu vaccine effectiveness networks are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of other vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines. […] The US Flu VE Network consists of 7 sites and one coordinating center spread across the U.S.

• #1 WHO EMRO | Influenza surveillance | Influenza | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/influenza/influenza-surveillance.html

  Influenza surveillance is the collection, compilation and analysis of information on influenza activity in a defined population. This could be a country, specific population groups or a region. Data are collected over a defined period of time and reported for the purposes of monitoring influenza activity to facilitate the undertaking early actions to stop or minimize its transmission. The purpose of systematic surveillance of influenza activity is to: […] better understand when and where influenza activity is occurring; […] determine which influenza viruses are circulating; […] detect changes (mutations) in influenza virus; and […] measure the impact influenza is having on illness, hospitalizations and deaths. […] Influenza viruses are constantly changing, therefore ongoing data collection and characterization of viruses is required.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/vaccines

  Global Influenza Programme We provide Member States with strategic guidance, technical support and coordination of activities essential to make their health systems better prepared against seasonal, zoonotic and pandemic influenza threats to populations and individuals. […] Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection and severe outcomes caused by influenza viruses. […] Development and production of influenza vaccines, planning for their supplies and use as well as provision of other respective health care resources are essential components of a comprehensive seasonal and pandemic influenza response. […] The constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses requires continuous global monitoring and frequent reformulation of influenza vaccines. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) convenes technical consultations in February and September each year to recommend viruses for inclusion in seasonal influenza vaccines for the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively.

• #1 CDC Spotlight: Using Influenza Surveillance to Select Influenza Vaccines · Influenza: Complex Virus/Complex History · CDC Museum Digital Exhibits

  https://cdcmuseum.org/exhibits/show/influenza/scientific-breakthroughs-giss/surveillance-vaccines

  Global public health leaders meet twice a year to recommend which influenza viruses should be used for flu vaccine production. Selecting which viruses to include in the vaccine must be done six months in advance so vaccines can be produced and distributed before flu season begins. […] As influenza viruses constantly change, the formulation of seasonal flu vaccines for each hemisphere is reviewed and updated each year, as needed. The goal is make a good match between the recommended candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) and the influenza viruses circulating among people. […] During World War II, U.S. Army field trials showed how flu viruses could change quickly and that continual surveillance would be needed to produce an effective flu vaccine each year. […] Despite advances in technology, today the most common method for developing influenza vaccine still involves the use of chicken eggs. However, new vaccine technologies such as cell-based vaccine and recombinant vaccine have the potential to improve the way flu vaccines are made each year. […] A CDC scientist performs genome sequencing to compare genetic sequences of influenza vaccine viruses with circulating influenza viruses. This is one way to assess how closely related the circulating influenza viruses are to the viruses selected for the influenza virus vaccine.

• #1 Interim Estimates of 2024–2025 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — Four Vaccine Effectiveness Networks, United States, October 2024–February 2025 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/wr/mm7406a2.htm

  CDC routinely monitors influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE). […] Interim 20242025 seasonal influenza VE estimates were derived from four U.S. VE networks. […] Vaccination with the 20242025 influenza vaccine reduced the risk for influenza-associated outpatient visits and hospitalization. […] These findings support recommendations that all eligible persons aged 6 months should receive an annual influenza vaccination. […] Vaccination should be offered as long as influenza viruses are circulating. […] These interim estimates of 202425 VE indicate that influenza vaccination was effective in preventing medically attended influenza-associated illness in children, adolescents, and adults in the United States. […] Given the high levels of influenza activity and severity in the United States this season, increasing influenza vaccination could reduce influenza-associated illnesses, medical visits, hospitalizations and deaths.

• #1 Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9143275/

  Influenza is a vaccine preventable disease and vaccination remains the most effective method of controlling the morbidity and mortality of seasonal influenza, especially with respect to risk groups. […] Effectiveness studies allow an assessment of the positive effects of influenza vaccines in the field. […] The effectiveness of current influenza is suboptimal, being estimated as 40% to 60% when the vaccines strains are antigenically well-matched with the circulating viruses. […] Overall, influenza vaccines are effective against morbidity and mortality in all age and risk groups, especially in young children and older adults. […] However, the effectiveness is dependent on several factors such as the age of vaccinees, the match between the strain included in the vaccine composition and the circulating virus, egg-adaptations occurring during the production process, and the subjects history of previous vaccination.

• #1 Studies Show Flu Vaccine Reduces Risk of Hospitalization in Children and Death in Adults

  https://www.idsociety.org/news–publications-new/articles/2019/studies-show-flu-vaccine-reduces-risk-of-hospitalization-in-children-and-death-in-adults/

  Influenza vaccination can reduce the risk of serious flu complications, including hospitalization in children and death and other severe outcomes in adults, according to analyses of data being presented at ID. […] Flu vaccination reduced the risk of a child being hospitalized from flu by nearly half, one study found. […] Adults who received the flu vaccine prior to being hospitalized with influenza were 36 percent less likely to die or experience other severe outcomes such as pneumonia, according to another study. […] The influenza (flu) vaccine can not only prevent illness that may cause a week or more of misery, it can reduce the likelihood of hospitalization in children and death in adults, according to two analyses of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-supported U.S. influenza surveillance data being presented at IDWeek 2019.

• #1 Immunizations: Influenza Vaccine Data | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/immunization/influenza.htm

  Influenza, also called the flu, affects people differently and can lead to serious complications or even death. The best way to protect yourself and your community from the flu is to get a vaccine every fall. Flu vaccines are safe and effective at protecting people against illness, hospitalization, and even death. The Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS) reports on flu vaccinations for all persons at least 6 months old who have received at least one dose of flu vaccine during the season. […] Seasonal flu vaccination data for Wisconsin is based on information from the Wisconsin Immunization Registry (WIR), unless otherwise specified. WIR is an internet database that tracks vaccine records for Wisconsin children and adults. […] Vaccination coverage: An estimated percentage of the whole population who have received a flu vaccine. This helps us understand how well communities are protected from flu. It also helps us see which areas and groups are less protected against flu.

• #1 How many Australians have had a flu vaccine? | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/influenza-vaccination-coverage-data

  NCIRS is monitoring and reporting influenza (flu) vaccination coverage data throughout the 2025 flu season. […] These data will be updated regularly between early April and the end of August 2025. […] These data, drawn from the Australian Immunisation Register (AIR), have been calculated based on the proportion of AIR-registered, Medicare-eligible people recorded as having received at least one dose of influenza vaccine since 1 March 2025 (or in the same period during 20202024), and by age at vaccination and (for 2025 data only) state/territory of residence.

• #1 Influenza-like Illness Awareness System (IIAS) | Health Surveillance

  https://www.ihs.gov/epi/health-surveillance/iias/

  The Influenza-like Illness Awareness System (IIAS) was established as part of IHS’ response to the influenza (H1N1) pandemic beginning in 2009. The mission of the IIAS has been to inform IHS staff at all levels, from senior leadership to personnel in the field, on weekly influenza-like illness prevalence and influenza vaccine coverage. […] The IIAS was designed to monitor influenza-like illness prevalence geographically, and to monitor influenza vaccine uptake in the same populations. The system is dependent upon IHS, Tribal, and Urban health facilities participating in and automatically submitting export files containing specified information on a daily basis. Standardized and formatted reports are then made available to customers on a weekly basis. Once established in a production capacity, the IIAS has been informing awareness about influenza-like illness and influenza vaccine uptake since 2009.

• #1 Overview of influenza monitoring in Canada – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/flu-influenza/influenza-surveillance/about-fluwatch.html

  FluWatch is Canada’s national surveillance system that monitors the spread of the influenza and influenza-like illnesses (ILI) year-round. A weekly surveillance report on influenza activity in Canada is posted online every Friday during active influenza season. […] The FluWatch program is a surveillance system consisting of virological surveillance, influenza and ILI activity level surveillance, syndromic surveillance, outbreak surveillance, severe outcome surveillance and vaccine monitoring. […] FluWatch uses laboratory data to monitor and analyse patterns of influenza circulation in Canada in order to: Assess influenza activity including signals for the start, progression and end of seasonal epidemics. […] Influenza vaccine monitoring provides evidence to support public health interventions and their evaluation. Results of monitoring activities related to vaccine coverage and effectiveness are included in the FluWatch reports.

• #1 Flu and flu vaccine | RIVM

  https://www.rivm.nl/en/flu-and-flu-vaccine

  Flu occurs every year in the Netherlands, usually in the winter months. It is caused by the flu virus (influenza virus). The flu vaccine lowers the risk of getting flu. RIVM monitors the development of the flu virus in the Netherlands and conducts research into flu and the flu vaccine. […] RIVM monitors the development of the flu virus in various ways. We call this surveillance. […] RIVM publishes weekly updates on the spread of the flu virus in the Netherlands. […] The flu epidemic that started halfway through December 2022 is now over. This is the conclusion drawn by experts of RIVM, Erasmus MC and the Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel) on the basis of information supplied by GPs, hospitals and laboratories. […] The Netherlands is experiencing a flu epidemic. The number of people with flu (influenza) increased significantly in the past two weeks. Laboratories, hospitals and GPs throughout the country report that the flu virus has been turning up in more throat and nasal samples from people with flu-like symptoms. […] RIVM monitors the development of the flu virus in various ways. We call this surveillance.

• #1 Flu | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/immunizations/data/surveys/nis/flu

  The NIS-Flu estimates the annual flu vaccination coverage levels for the nation, states, select local areas, and some U.S. territories for people 6 months and older. […] The NIS-Flu combines annual, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) flu vaccination survey responses from the NIS-Child, NIS-Teen, NIS-Childhood Influenza Module (NIS-CIM), and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). […] The 2022-2023 survey assessed the self-reported immunization status of 428,510 children and adults in the United States. […] NIS-Flu Immunization Coverage Estimates in the U.S. and Texas, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 Seasons. […] Influenza Immunization Coverage Estimates by Age Group, Children and Adults, 2022-23 Season. […] Influenza Immunization Coverage Estimates for Texas, 2018-19 Season to 2022-2023 Season by Pediatric Age Group. […] Influenza Immunization Coverage Estimates for Texas, 2018-2019 through 2022-2023 Season, by Adult Age Group. […] Archived Survey Results.

• #1 Annual influenza surveillance and influenza vaccination uptake reports – Public Health Wales

  https://phw.nhs.wales/topics/immunisation-and-vaccines/fluvaccine/annual-influenza-surveillance-and-influenza-vaccination-uptake-reports/

  Public Health Wales monitors uptake of seasonal influenza immunisation each year. […] During each influenza immunisation programme (usually October – March), uptake is summarised every week in the weekly influenza activity in Wales report. Final figures are presented each year at the end of the influenza season in an annual report, which also includes an epidemiological summary of the season. […] Uptake of influenza vaccine was 72.5% in those aged 65 years and older, compared to 76.3% last season. […] Uptake was 39.1% in patients younger than 65 years in one or more clinical risk groups, which is a decrease compared to 44.2% in 2022/23. […] Uptake of influenza vaccine in pregnant women was 60.9% (measured in an annual survey of women in major maternity units in January 2024). […] Uptake of influenza vaccine in children aged two and three years, mainly immunised in general practices, was 42.8%.

• #1 Influenza vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_vaccine

  Influenza vaccines, colloquially known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza. Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s, with large-scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945. […] Both the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend yearly vaccination for nearly all people over the age of six months, especially those at high risk, and the influenza vaccine is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) also recommends yearly vaccination of high-risk groups, particularly pregnant women, the elderly, children between six months and five years, and those with certain health problems.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/immunization/influenza.aspx

  Flu can be a serious illness that is easily spread from person to person. CDC estimates that flu causes millions of illnesses, hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations and thousands of deaths each year in the United States. The best way to protect yourself and your family against flu is by getting vaccinated. Everyone six months of age and older should receive the flu vaccine every year. […] Flu vaccines help keep you from getting very sick from flu. Flu vaccines lower chances of illness and hospitalization. […] Flu vaccines lower the risk of serious flu complications. Especially among older adults or those with chronic health conditions such as asthma, diabetes, and heart disease. […] Flu vaccines during pregnancy help protect people who are pregnant and their babies from flu complications. This includes early delivery, low birth weight of the baby, and stillbirth.

• #1 Influenza (flu) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/influenza-flu

  Influenza is a common disease of the respiratory tract. It affects people of all ages. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for everyone ≥6 months of age. […] Influenza vaccination is particularly recommended for: children aged 6 months to <5 years, adults aged ≥65 years, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people with medical conditions that increase their risk of severe influenza, people experiencing homelessness, pregnant women, healthcare workers, carers and household contacts of people in high-risk groups, residents, staff, volunteers and visitors to aged care and long-term residential facilities, commercial poultry and pork industry workers, people who provide essential community services, and people who are travelling during influenza season. [...] People with the following medical conditions have a higher risk of severe influenza: immunocompromising conditions, such as HIV, malignancy, functional or anatomical asplenia, and chronic steroid use; receiving immuno-oncology therapy; received a haematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplant; cardiac disease; Down syndrome; obesity; chronic respiratory conditions; chronic neurologic conditions; chronic liver disease; other chronic illnesses that need medical follow-up or hospitalisation; long-term aspirin therapy in children (aged 6 months to 10 years); preterm infants (<37 weeks gestation).

• #1 The Fate of Flu – Public Citizen

  https://www.citizen.org/article/global-flu-surveillance-and-response/

  U.S. participation in WHO’s Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), a collaborative model led by the WHO for sharing viruses and data, bolsters U.S. preparedness. […] WHO vaccine recommendations guide national decision-making on the composition of seasonal flu vaccines. […] U.S. disengagement from global flu surveillance and response could have far-reaching consequences. […] The Trump administration’s short-sighted plan to withdraw from WHO leaves unanswered critical questions about our ability to respond to infectious disease threats. […] Vaccines are the primary method to prevent and lower the risk of harm from seasonal flu. […] The GISRS network enables the collection of information on a large scale which allows WHO and partners to detect and analyze seasonal flu strains that are circulating.

• #1 Post-marketing surveillance study on influenza vaccine in South Korea using a nationwide spontaneous reporting database with multiple data mining methods | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21986-8

  Safety profiles of the influenza vaccine and its subtypes are still limited. […] We conducted a post-marketing surveillance study between 2005 and 2019 using the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System database. […] Compared to other vaccines, we identified 36 safety signals for the influenza vaccine, and 7 safety signals were unlabeled. […] In subtype-stratified analyses, application site disorders were reported more frequently with quadrivalent and cell-based vaccines, while a wide range of AEs were noted for trivalent and egg-based vaccines. […] Among the detected signals of influenza vaccines, narcolepsy requires special attention. […] Given the limited safety profiles on influenza vaccine and inconsistent results by different data mining methods, we conducted a nationwide, post-marketing surveillance study to detect adverse events following influenza vaccination using three different data mining methods.

• #1 Flu Vaccine Studies | Passive Surveillance Method | DSRU

  https://www.dsru.org/conducting-studies/flu-vaccine-studies/

  Flu Vaccine Studies […] Since the publication in April 2014 of EMA interim guidance detailing the requirement for enhanced safety surveillance (ESS) on seasonal flu vaccines, the DSRU has conducted active or passive enhanced safety surveillance studies on seasonal flu vaccines each year. […] An example of an active surveillance study is the Flu Vaccine Feedback study conducted on the children’s intranasal flu vaccine in 2014. In the ‘active’ approach, we collected safety data by inviting parents or carers to complete a post-vaccination survey. […] In the last few years we have used an enhanced passive method for flu vaccine surveillance. In the enhanced ‘passive’ method, Safety Report Cards are handed out at the time of vaccination by immunisation staff to encourage reporting of side effects by vaccine recipients. […] Both of these methods have been successful because we can set them up rapidly with a network of general practitioners and vaccination nurses. They also allow us to monitor patterns of reported suspected adverse drug reactions from season to season.

• #1 Community virus surveillance can double the data of vaccine trials | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/spotlight/2022/09/vidd-follmann-statmed.html

  Emerging viruses constantly challenge researchers to make vaccines that protect people from disease. […] For influenza virus, this means yearly adaptations in the compositions of the flu vaccine are made to account for predicted changes to the circulating strains. […] To learn how well a vaccine holds up against emerging virus variants, the researchers aimed to extend what is learned from a vaccine trial by using the placebo group vaccination as a second vaccination time point and adapting surveillance data of circulating variants to deduce control rates of infection for this delayed vaccination group. […] This approach requires accurate community surveillance of emerging virus variants over the timespan of the vaccine trial, which is available for SARS-CoV-2 variants. […] Current methods of estimating vaccine efficacy assume that the efficiency is constant over time because they only evaluate one point in time.

• #1

  https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/flu-who-trump-1.7463413

  Seasonal flu vaccines need to be updated each year because the virus changes so frequently. […] Detailed seasonal flu information is important to monitor outbreaks globally and to inform which influenza strains should be included in vaccines for the Northern Hemisphere’s following winter. […] „Since 20th January, CDC has not yet reported into the WHO platform of Flunet and FluID,” Zhang said, referring to two databases for influenza surveillance. […] A WHO meeting is scheduled for next week in London to discuss the composition of influenza vaccines. […] At the meeting, participants look at the data to come to a consensus on if the strains in the previous seasonal vaccine are still thought to work or if they need to be updated. […] U.S. participation is crucial to be able to accurately predict which influenza strains are going to be circulating in Canada, the U.S., and Mexico, said Angela Rasmussen, a virologist and principal research scientist at the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization in Saskatoon. […] WHO’s influenza surveillance program includes about 130 member states. […] WHO said its influenza vaccine meeting will continue whether U.S. delegates show up or not.

• #2 Influenza Vaccines: From Surveillance Through Production to Protection

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2843114/

  The network consists of 125 centers in 96 countries and continues to grow in order to broaden its reach and increase the depth of its global surveillance. […] Sampling by the WHO GISN has been able to describe the antigenic evolution of circulating strains of influenza viruses throughout the world; however, it is important to emphasize the constant genetic evolution of influenza viruses even in small geographic areas during short periods. […] The WHO meets twice annually to review surveillance data and make recommendations as to which strains should be contained in the following season’s influenza vaccine; recommendations for the northern hemisphere are made in February, and recommendations for the southern hemisphere are made in September each year. […] The rigorous process of vaccine candidate selection is important because the effectiveness of the vaccine can be reduced if the vaccine components are not well matched to the circulating strains. […] The process of vaccine production takes 6 to 8 months from the time of candidate strain recommendation to actual production and delivery, permitting time for substantial changes to the antigenic appearance of the predominant circulating strains.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/vaccines

  Vaccine virus selection has been conducted by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) since 1973. […] National Influenza Centres (NICs) of GISRS conduct virological surveillance at national level with more than 600,000 clinical specimens tested annually since 2007. […] Twice yearly WHO organizes consultations with experts from WHO CCs, ERLs and other partners to review data generated by GISRS and makes recommendations on influenza vaccine composition for the next northern or southern hemisphere influenza seasons.

• #2 Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9143275/

  The WHO recommendations of viruses for inclusion in the annual seasonal vaccines are based on GISRS surveillance. […] Vaccine production takes 6 to 8 months from the WHO recommendations. […] The degree of protection conferred by vaccination depends on a complex interplay between vaccine composition and circulating influenza viruses, the age of vaccinees and their history of previous exposure to influenza viruses, and/or influenza vaccinations, as well as product-specific factors such as the vaccine formulation. […] The VE of current influenza vaccines is suboptimal, having been estimated as 40% to 60% when the vaccines strains are antigenically well-matched with the circulating viruses. […] VE is dependent on several factors such as the age of vaccinees, the match between the strain included in the vaccine composition and the circulating virus, egg-adaptations occurring during the production process, and the subjects history of previous vaccination as recently supposed.

• #2 Influenza | IFPMA

  https://www.ifpma.org/areas-of-work/improving-health-security/influenza/

  Immediate, unrestricted access to pathogens and their genetic information is fundamental to global health security and the crucial first step to developing the vaccines, medicines, and tests the world needs. […] Since 1952, global influenza surveillance has been conducted through WHOs Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). […] The Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) is a network of 100+ hospitals in 25+ countries performing active surveillance following the same core protocol.

• #2 Overview of influenza monitoring in Canada – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/flu-influenza/influenza-surveillance/about-fluwatch.html

  The Public Health Agency of Canada conducts a National Influenza Immunization Coverage Survey to collect information on uptake of the influenza vaccine each season. […] Vaccine effectiveness is a measure of how well the influenza vaccine is able to prevent the influenza infections. Throughout the influenza season, surveillance networks estimate how well the influenza vaccine is working.

• #2 Annual influenza surveillance and influenza vaccination uptake reports – Public Health Wales

  https://phw.nhs.wales/topics/immunisation-and-vaccines/fluvaccine/annual-influenza-surveillance-and-influenza-vaccination-uptake-reports/

  Uptake of influenza immunisation in Health Board and NHS staff, reported by Health Board Occupational Health Departments, was 40.8% during 2023/24. […] The total number of individuals in Wales who were immunised against influenza was 922,842 for 2023/24 (around 29% of the population in Wales), compared to an estimated 1,063,495 last season.

• #2

  https://ibis.utah.gov/epht-view/indicator/important_facts/ImmInflAdu.html

  The percentage of Utahns aged 65+ who received a flu vaccine is measured by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey, and was estimated to be 58.2% in 2023 as compared to 66.5% in 2022 and 69.1% in 2021. […] In Utah, 58.2% of adults aged 65+ surveyed on the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in 2023 reported receiving a flu shot in the previous 12 months. Nationwide for the same age group, the rate was 63.4%. […] The DHHS Immunization Program and Office of Epidemiology educate health care providers, clinic staff, and the public about flu vaccination. […] Everyone 6 months of age and older should get an flu vaccine every season with rare exception. […] For the 2023-2024 season, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends annual influenza vaccination for everyone six months and older with any licensed, appropriate influenza vaccine with no preference expressed for any one vaccine over another.

• #2 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/immunization/influenza.aspx

  Flu vaccines help babies and young children stay healthy. Flu vaccines help protect love ones who are at risk from flu. Getting vaccinated not helps protect infants, young children, and older adults in your family. […] Flu vaccines can be given at the same time as other recommended vaccines, such as COVID-19 and RSV. It is safe, effective, and convenient to get these vaccines at the same time. […] CDPH Influenza Guidance for Local Health Departments (PDF) […] California Influenza and Other Respiratory Disease Surveillance (CDPH) […] National Influenza Surveillance (CDC)

• #2 From Surveillance to Syringe: The Making of a Flu Vaccine – APHL Blog

  https://www.aphlblog.org/from-surveillance-to-syringe-the-making-of-a-flu-vaccine/

  Over the year, 144 national influenza centers in 114 countries collect data on circulating influenza viruses. These centers send representative flu samples to one of several WHO Collaborating Centers for Influenza. […] Public health laboratories play a critical role in monitoring viruses, including influenza viruses, to see what’s circulating in the area and to determine if the viruses are changing in ways that can affect a vaccine’s efficacy. […] This kind of surveillance informs national and international organizations on upcoming vaccine development as well as monitoring for seasonal, avian, and novel variants that might emerge—and it’s one reason why last year’s quadrivalent vaccine was changed to a trivalent one. […] The strength of this surveillance system and the ability to develop accurate vaccines is dependent on strong partnerships between clinical laboratories, hospitals and clinics with public health laboratories as well as strong collaboration and support between the public health community and CDC and other WHO Collaborating Centers. […] CDC estimates that in 2019-2020, the vaccine helped prevent 7.1 million illnesses, 3.45 million medical visits, 100,000 hospitalizations and 7,200 deaths due to flu. […] Annual vaccination is important, say experts, as flu viruses—and hence the vaccine—change from year to year.

• #2 The Fate of Flu – Public Citizen

  https://www.citizen.org/article/global-flu-surveillance-and-response/

  The current process to select and produce seasonal flu vaccines relies on collaboration between WHO-GISRS, manufacturers, and national regulatory authorities. […] U.S. withdrawal from WHO/GISRS could result in less effective seasonal flu vaccines globally and for the U.S. […] U.S. withdrawal could weaken flu surveillance capacities in other countries. […] U.S. withdrawal from global flu surveillance and response weakens both domestic and global capacity to prevent and respond to pandemics. […] The global flu surveillance and response infrastructure underscores what is at stake when the U.S. disengages from WHO and broader global health cooperation.

• #2 Covering the ongoing bird flu story as it unfolds  | Association of Health Care Journalists

  https://healthjournalism.org/blog/2025/05/covering-the-ongoing-bird-flu-story-as-it-unfolds/

  The U.S. currently has three licensed H5N1 vaccines, but these are specific to the strains, or clades and sub-clades (genetically similar groups of viruses), circulating in 2024-2025 and may not be as effective against a future clade. […] Key challenges with a bird flu vaccine, if a pandemic occurs, will share similarities with those of COVID-19 vaccines: production capacity, rapid distribution, access (and disparities in access), and vaccine hesitancy and uptake.

• #2 Post-marketing surveillance study on influenza vaccine in South Korea using a nationwide spontaneous reporting database with multiple data mining methods | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21986-8

  We identified unexpected AEs which are potentially related to influenza vaccination, particularly focusing on five serious AEs of special interest (GBS, febrile seizure, anaphylaxis, narcolepsy, and Bells palsy). […] We measured the performance indicators of each data mining method based on the confusion matrix, where all detected signals were categorized into true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN), or false negative (FN) based on the reference standard. […] Overall, TSS demonstrated well balance. […] In this post-marketing surveillance study, we identify 7 new safety signals for influenza vaccine including narcolepsy as a serious AE, and observed TIVs and egg-based influenza vaccine showed a wide range of new safety signals when compared to QIVs and cell-based influenza vaccine, respectively. […] This result suggests that the complementary use of multiple data mining methods should be utilized to detect new safety signals conservatively.

• #2 Community virus surveillance can double the data of vaccine trials | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/spotlight/2022/09/vidd-follmann-statmed.html

  A two-period approach enriches our understanding of changes in vaccine efficacy over a short duration of time and may provide essential insights into changes in vaccine efficacy during the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. […] While these approaches do not determine the vaccine efficacy to variants in real-time, studying vaccine efficacies across multiple trials over time may inform on how frequently adaptations to the vaccine targets are needed to maintain high vaccine efficacy for a particular circulating virus type.

• #2

  http://www.bccdc.ca/about/news-stories/stories/2025/flu-vaccine-reduces-medical-visits

  The SPSN team found that vaccine cut the risk of medically attended influenza illness by about half compared to unvaccinated people, similar for both subtypes at 53 per cent for A(H1N1) and 54 per cent for A(H3N2). […] To better understand the match between the vaccine and circulating strains of influenza, the team applied whole genome sequencing to about one in three influenza viruses they detected. […] The SPSN will be submitting its genetic and vaccine effectiveness findings to the World Health Organization alongside the Global Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (GIVE) network to help inform the need for vaccine strain update.

• #3 Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9143275/

  Vaccine impact is referred to as the reduction in disease incidence where some subjects have received vaccination. […] Effectiveness studies which investigate the positive effects of influenza vaccines in the field are an excellent alternative. […] Nevertheless, the selection of single studies or meta-analyses of a variety of studies confirm that in general influenza vaccines are effective against morbidity and mortality in all age and risk groups, especially in young children and elderly adults. […] However, the outcome of such effectiveness studies is very dependent on influenza virus-specific parameters, mainly the antigenic drift, especially of the A-strains or the differently circulating B-strains of the two divergent lineages B-Victoria and B-Yamagata. […] The negative impact of the latter was overcome by the introduction of the quadrivalent vaccines with representative vaccine strains of both lineages.

• #3 Influenza vaccines – frequently asked questions (FAQs) | NCIRS

  https://ncirs.org.au/influenza/influenza-vaccines-frequently-asked-questions-faqs

  The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) assesses the quality of every batch of vaccine, including influenza vaccine, before it is distributed in Australia. It also collects, analyses and reports data on vaccine side effects once a vaccine is in use. […] Additionally, programs such as AusVaxSafety collect information from individuals regarding side effects experienced after vaccination, including influenza vaccination. Experts analyse this information to detect any safety problems as soon as possible.

• #4 Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9143275/

  A more challenging issue is the antigenic drift of the A strains, especially for H3N2 viruses, which can result in a complete lack of protection in specific seasons. […] This issue can be exacerbated by the conventional influenza vaccine production technology of embryonated hens eggs which carries the risk of antigenically mis-matched vaccine virus by the introduction of egg-adapted mutations. […] This issue can be overcome by new technologies such as cell culture or the use of recombinant vaccines which ensure the antigenic similarity of the vaccine strains with the wildtype viruses circulating in nature. […] Nevertheless, even these vaccines may face the limitations of potential mismatches between the circulating strains and the WHO-recommended vaccine strains caused by antigenic drift, especially during an influenza season. […] However, novel technologies, namely recombinant RNA/DNA-platforms, may offer a higher flexibility in addressing antigenic changes during an influenza season potentially allowing the adaptation of the vaccine during the season.

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