Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Systematic review and meta-analysis of global birth prevalence of clubfoot: a study protocol

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5855200/

  Clubfoot is a common congenital birth defect, with an average prevalence of approximately 1 per 1000 live births, although this rate is reported to vary among different countries around the world. […] The global prevalence of clubfoot is estimated to be between 0.6 and 1.5 per 1000 live births with around 80% of all clubfoot cases being born in LMICs. […] According to a 2014 estimate by the Global Clubfoot Initiative, the prevalence of clubfoot is 1.4 per 1000 live births in Sweden. […] A study using the pooled data from 10 birth-defect surveillance programmes in the USA showed the overall prevalence of clubfoot was 1.29 per 1000 live births; 1.38 among non-Hispanic whites, 1.30 among Hispanics and 1.14 among non-Hispanic blacks or African-Americans. […] A recent review conducted by Smythe et al revealed that the pooled estimate for clubfoot birth prevalence in LMICs according to WHO regions is 1.11 (0.96 to 1.26) within the Africa region, 1.74 (1.69, 1.80) in the Americas, 1.21 (0.73, 1.68) in South-East Asia (excluding India), 1.19 (0.96, 1.42) in India, 2.03 (1.54, 2.53) in Turkey (Europe region), 1.19 (0.98, 1.40) in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 0.94 (0.64, 1.24) in the West Pacific (excluding China) and 0.51 (0.50, 0.53) in China. […] In LMICs, birth prevalence of clubfoot varies between 0.51 and 2.03 per 1000 live births.

• #2 Congenital Talipes Equinovarus: A Review

  https://scholars.direct/Articles/orthopedic-surgery/jost-5-084.php?jid=orthopedic-surgery

  Epidemiology of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus: The incidence of clubfoot is approximately one case per 1,000 live births in the United States. Also, an analysis using data from European studies reported that the total prevalence of congenital clubfoot in Europe was 1.13/1,000 births. The incidence differs among ethnicities to the tune of 75 cases per 1000 live births in the Polynesian islands, particularly in Tonga. It is believed that 80% of infants with congenital clubfoot live in developing countries, and the condition is reportedly the commonest congenital musculoskeletal deformity in Nigeria, accounting for 52.8% of all malformations with live birth incidence of 3.4/1000. […] The male-to-female ratio has been reported to be 2:1. Bilateral involvement is found in 30-50% of cases, and patients with bilateral clubfoot are said to have a wider range of severity. There is a 10% chance of a subsequent child being affected if the parents already have a child with a clubfoot. The overall prevalence of clubfoot was 1.29/1,000 live births, with figures of 1.38 among non-Hispanic whites, 1.30 among Hispanics, and 1.14 among non-Hispanic blacks or African Americans. Maternal age, parity, education, and marital status were significantly associated with clubfoot, along with maternal smoking and diabetes.

• #2 Prevalence and epidemiological description of clubfoot at King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia – Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research

  https://journalmsr.com/prevalence-and-epidemiological-description-of-clubfoot-at-king-saud-medical-city-riyadh-saudi-arabia/

  Clubfoot is a burden affecting 150,000 newborns worldwide every year. […] This study looked at the prevalence of clubfoot at King Saud Medical City (KSMC) and examined the risk factors associated with clubfoot in Saudi Arabia. […] A total of 18,515 births at KSMC from 2015 to 2019 were evaluated. It was found that 42 patients were affected by clubfoot resulting in a birth prevalence of 2.3/1000 (0.23%) among Saudis at KSMC. […] The prevalence of clubfoot at KSMC is double that of the estimated prevalence of clubfoot worldwide; the prevalence is 2.3/1000 live birth at KSMC among Saudis. Worldwide, the reported prevalence of clubfoot is estimated to be 1/1000 live births. […] This study provides an initial look at the prevalence of clubfoot in Saudi Arabia by examining the reported cases at KSMC and future studies nationwide can give a better look at the prevalence of clubfoot in Saudi Arabia.

• #3 Importance of Early Detection of Clubfoot in Newborn Babies

  https://www.miraclefeet.org/about-us/our-model/clubfoot-importance-of-early-detection

  Worldwide, clubfoot affects up to 200,000 newborns every year (1 in 800). […] 90% of newborns with clubfoot are born in LMICs and 85% do not have access to proper treatment. […] Developing and implementing guidelines for surveillance, screening, referral, and treatment of every newborn with clubfoot.

• #4 Article: The global birth prevalence of clubfoot: a systematic review and meta-analysis • Sub-Saharan Congenital Anomalies Network

  https://sscan.tghn.org/articles/global-birth-prevalence-clubfoot-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/

  Estimates of the birth prevalence of clubfoot in low and middle income settings range from 0.5 to 2 per 1000 births. […] However, there is currently no estimate of global birth prevalence of clubfoot. […] The pooled prevalence of clubfoot was 1.18 per 1000 births (95% CI: 1.001.36) based on data from 44,818,965 births. […] The highest prevalence rates were observed in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in the South-East Asia Region (1.80, 95% CI: 1.322.28) and the Africa Region (1.31, 95% CI: 0.861.77). […] We estimate that 176,476 (95% CI: 126,126227,010) children will be born with clubfoot globally each year. […] This study provides a comprehensive estimate of the global prevalence of clubfoot and highlights the significant burden of this condition, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

• #5 Clubfoot – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubfoot

  Birth prevalence of clubfoot varies between 0.51 and 2.03/1,000 live births in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). […] Clubfoot disproportionally affects those in LMICs. About 80% of those with clubfoot, or approximately 100,000 children per year as of 2018, are born in LMICs.

• #6 Demographic Profile of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus in A New Clubfoot Program of a Nigerian Regional Hospital | ClinicSearch

  https://clinicsearchonline.org/article/demographic-profile-of-congenital-talipes-equinovarus-in-a-new-clubfoot-program-of-a-nigerian-regional-hospital

  Evidence suggests that 80% of infants with congenital clubfoot live in developing countries, and the condition is said to be the commonest congenital musculoskeletal deformity in Nigeria, accounting for 52.8% of all malformations with live births incidence of 3.4/1000. […] The overall burden of CTEV relative to other paediatric disorders in the study centre was estimated at 3.04%. […] The incidence of CTEV has been reported to vary across the regions of the world from 0.6/1,000 individuals in Asia, 0.9/1,000 individuals in Australia to 6.9/1,000 individuals in Hawaii, Polynesia and Maori. […] Approximately 100,000 children are born world-wide each year with clubfoot. As already stated, about 80% of these children are believed to live in developing countries where many of them are deemed unable to receive the expected optimal treatment.

• #7 Importance of Early Detection of Clubfoot in Newborn Babies

  https://www.miraclefeet.org/about-us/our-model/clubfoot-importance-of-early-detection

  Worldwide, clubfoot affects up to 200,000 newborns every year (1 in 800). […] 90% of newborns with clubfoot are born in LMICs and 85% do not have access to proper treatment. […] Developing and implementing guidelines for surveillance, screening, referral, and treatment of every newborn with clubfoot.

• #8 Birth prevalence of congenital talipes equinovarus in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences

  https://www.ndorms.ox.ac.uk/publications/667575

  OBJECTIVE: Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), or clubfoot, is a structural malformation that develops early in gestation. Birth prevalence of clubfoot is reported to vary both between and within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and this information is needed to plan treatment services. […] RESULTS: Forty-eight studies provided data from 13 962 989 children in 20 countries over 55 years (1960-2015). The pooled estimate for clubfoot birth prevalence in LMICs within the Africa region is 1.11 (0.96, 1.26); in the Americas 1.74 (1.69, 1.80); in South-East Asia (excluding India) 1.21 (0.73, 1.68); in India 1.19 (0.96, 1.42); in Turkey (Europe region) 2.03 (1.54, 2.53); in Eastern Mediterranean region 1.19 (0.98, 1.40); in West Pacific (excluding China) 0.94 (0.64, 1.24); and in China 0.51 (0.50, 0.53). […] CONCLUSION: Birth prevalence of clubfoot varies between 0.51 and 2.03/1000 live births in LMICs. A standardised approach to the study of the epidemiology of clubfoot is required to better understand the variations of clubfoot birth prevalence and identify possible risk factors.

• #9 Clubfoot – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551574/

  Clubfoot has a reported incidence of between 0.5 and 2 cases per 1000 births. […] Certain ethnicities, such as the Hawaiians and Maori, demonstrate a predilection for higher prevalence rates, with the latter population cited at up to 6.8 per 1000 births. […] Males are twice as likely as females to be born with a clubfoot, and cases are bilateral in approximately 50% of cases.

• #10

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pediatrics/4062/clubfoot-congenital-talipes-equinovarus

  Clubfoot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus, is a common idiopathic deformity of the foot that presents in neonates. […] Epidemiology: most common musculoskeletal birth defect. […] overall incidence 1:1,000, though some populations 1:250. […] highest prevalence in Hawaiians and Maoris. […] male:female ratio approximately 2:1. […] half of cases are bilateral. […] in 80%, clubfoot is an isolated deformity.

• #10

• #11 Club Foot | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/club-foot/

  The incidence of clubfoot is 1-2/1000 live births throughout the world every year, but varies according to geographic location. The deformity is bilateral in 50% of cases and is more common in males, with a 2:1 male to female ratio that remains consistent across ethnic populations. Chinese demonstrate the lowest incidence at 0.39 per 1000, and the highest incidence is found in Hawaiians and Moris at 7 per 1000. Currently, there is no known prevention. Intrauterine crowding was initially blamed, but has subsequently been disproven. Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to be a significant and consistent environmental risk factor. […] Clubfoot may be detected during prenatal ultrasonography as early as 13 weeks gestation, though most often a prenatal diagnosis of clubfoot will occur at the routine ultrasound evaluation at 20 weeks gestation. It is important to note that a mild isolated foot deformity on prenatal ultrasound may not be true clubfoot, as transient positional foot deformities are relatively common during pregnancy. The false positive rate of clubfoot on prenatal ultrasound is estimated to be approximately 20%. There is no prenatal treatment for clubfoot and diagnosis is confirmed by postnatal clinical examination of the foot.

• #12 Clubfoot | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617349/1/Clubfoot

  Clubfoot is the most common congenital deformity of the lower extremity. […] 1 to 2:1,000 births in United States. […] Lowest prevalence in Chinese, 0.39:1,000. […] Highest prevalence in Polynesians, 7:1,000.

• #13 Clubfoot (Talipes): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1237077-overview

  The incidence of clubfoot is approximately 1 case per 1000 live births in the United States. An analysis using data from the EUROCAT network reported that the total prevalence of congenital clubfoot in Europe was 1.13 per 1000 births. […] The incidence differs among ethnicities. For example, it is close to 75 cases per 1000 live births in the Polynesian islands, particularly in Tonga. […] The male-to-female ratio has been reported to be 2:1. Bilateral involvement is found in 30-50% of cases. A 2017 study by Zionts et al found that severity did not differ significantly by either sex or bilaterality, though patients with bilateral clubfoot had a wider range of severity. […] There is a 10% chance of a subsequent child being affected if the parents already have a child with a clubfoot. […] Parker et al pooled data from several birth defects surveillance programs (6139 cases of clubfoot) to better estimate the prevalence of clubfoot and investigate its risk factors. The overall prevalence of clubfoot was 1.29 per 1000 live births, with figures of 1.38 among non-Hispanic whites, 1.30 among Hispanics, and 1.14 among non-Hispanic blacks or African Americans. Maternal age, parity, education, and marital status were significantly associated with clubfoot, along with maternal smoking and diabetes.

• #14 Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019: A national register study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0260336

  Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019: A national register study […] This study aimed to estimate the birth prevalence of children born with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot in Sweden using a national clubfoot register. Secondarily we aimed to describe the clubfoot population with respect to sex, laterality, severity of deformity, comorbidity and geographic location. […] A national register, the Swedish Pediatric Orthopedic Quality register, was used to extract data on newborn children with clubfoot. To calculate the birth prevalence of children with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot between 1st of January 2016 and 31st of December 2019, we used official reports of the total number of Swedish live births from the Swedish Board of Statistics. […] In total 612 children with clubfoot were identified. Of these, 564 were children with isolated clubfoot, generating a birth prevalence of 1.24/1000 live births (95% confidence interval 1.151.35). About 8% were children with non-isolated clubfoot, increasing the birth prevalence to 1.35/1000 live births (95% confidence interval 1.251.46).

• #14 Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019: A national register study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0260336

  This national Swedish register study, covering almost half a million births, found 564 children with isolated clubfoot corresponding to a birth prevalence of 1.24/1000 live births. Including the children with non-isolated clubfoot, the prevalence increased to 1.35/1000 live births. […] The estimated birth prevalence of clubfoot in children, both isolated and non-isolated, is in line with the prevalence reported by Wallander et al from 1995 to 1996 of 1.4/1000 live births. Comparing birth prevalence in our study with those in earlier studies covering the Swedish population from 1936 to 1990 (0.740.93/1000 live births), an increasing trend can be seen. […] We have established the birth prevalence of children with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot in Sweden based on data from a total population register. These numbers may serve as a baseline expected birth prevalence when planning clubfoot treatment and when evaluating time trends of children born with clubfoot.

• #15 Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019 : A national register study | Lund University Publications

  https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/366b924a-2f21-44ed-9cc2-5cdcaabbbb71

  BACKGROUND: This study aimed to estimate the birth prevalence of children born with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot in Sweden using a national clubfoot register. Secondarily we aimed to describe the clubfoot population with respect to sex, laterality, severity of deformity, comorbidity and geographic location. […] A national register, the Swedish Pediatric Orthopedic Quality register, was used to extract data on newborn children with clubfoot. To calculate the birth prevalence of children with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot between 1st of January 2016 and 31st of December 2019, we used official reports of the total number of Swedish live births from the Swedish Board of Statistics. […] In total 612 children with clubfoot were identified. Of these, 564 were children with isolated clubfoot, generating a birth prevalence of 1.24/1000 live births (95% confidence interval 1.15-1.35). About 8% were children with non-isolated clubfoot, increasing the birth prevalence to 1.35/1000 live births (95% confidence interval 1.25-1.46).

• #15 Epidemiology of clubfoot in Sweden from 2016 to 2019 : A national register study | Lund University Publications

  https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/366b924a-2f21-44ed-9cc2-5cdcaabbbb71

  We have established the birth prevalence of children born with isolated or non-isolated clubfoot in Sweden based on data from a national register. Moreover, we have estimated the number of children born with atypical clubfeet in instances of both isolated and non-isolated clubfoot. These numbers may serve as a baseline for expected birth prevalence when planning clubfoot treatment and when evaluating time trends of children born with clubfoot.

• #16 Trends in congenital clubfoot prevalence and co-occurring anomalies during 1994–2021 in Denmark: a nationwide register-based study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-023-06889-7

  Congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot) is a common musculoskeletal anomaly, with a suspected multifactorial etiopathogenesis. Herein, we used publicly available data to ascertain liveborn infants with clubfoot delivered in Denmark during 1994-2021, and to classify co-occurring congenital anomalies, estimate annual prevalence, and compare clubfoot occurrence with maternal smoking rates, a commonly reported risk factor. Characterizing this nationwide, liveborn cohort provides a population-based resource for etiopathogenic investigations and life course surveillance. […] Prevalence (per 1,000 liveborn infants) was 1.52 (CI 1.45-1.58) for isolated and 0.19 (CI 0.17-0.22) for MCA clubfoot. Prevalence estimates for both isolated and MCA clubfoot remained relatively stable during the study period, despite marked decreases in population-based maternal smoking rates.

• #16 Trends in congenital clubfoot prevalence and co-occurring anomalies during 1994–2021 in Denmark: a nationwide register-based study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-023-06889-7

  From 1994 to 2021, prevalence of nonsyndromic clubfoot in Denmark was relatively stable. Reduction in population-level maternal smoking rates did not seem to impact prevalence estimates, providing some support for the suspected multifactorial etiopathogenesis of this anomaly. […] The annual nationwide prevalence of clubfoot in Denmark remained stable across the study period and the most frequent anomalies associated with clubfoot were anomalies of the limbs and heart. […] The characterization of this nationwide clubfoot cohort provides a resource for future etiopathogenic investigations and life course surveillance of clinical outcomes.

• #17 Trends in congenital clubfoot prevalence and co-occurring anomalies during 1994-2021 in Denmark: A nationwide register-based study of 1,315,282 live born infants | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.23289837v1.full-text

  During 1994-2021, 1,315,282 live-born infants delivered to Danish parents were sampled for neonatal screening in Denmark. […] The overall prevalence (per 1,000 live births) for nonsyndromic clubfoot during this birth period was 1.71. […] The annual prevalence of clubfoot was relatively stable over three decades and remained stable following the establishment of four clubfoot specialized centres in 2010. […] The characterization of this nationwide clubfoot cohort provides a resource for future etiopathogenic investigations and life course surveillance of clinical outcomes.

• #18 The Incidence of Clubfoot in the Czech Republic: A Nationwide Epidemiological Study from 2000 to 2014

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/4/714

  Clubfoot is one of the most common musculoskeletal birth deformities worldwide. The prevalence varies among individual countries and populations. […] The incidence of clubfoot during the study period was 1.9 (95% CI 1.8–2.0) per 1000 births; males comprised the majority (59%). The incidence significantly differed among individual regions of the Czech Republic (p < 0.001). The incidence in the Czech Republic was higher than in previous European studies. [...] No nationwide epidemiological study has focused on CF in Central European countries in the last 30 years. A population-based study by Wang assessed the prevalence of CF only in 4 regions in 3 different countries in Central Europe (Germany, Poland, and Switzerland). To update information about the incidence of CF in Central Europe, we performed a nationwide epidemiological study in the Czech Republic over 14 consecutive years.

• #19 Incidence and prevalence of congenital clubfoot in Apulia: a regional model for future prospective national studies | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-023-01559-9

  Congenital clubfoot is a fairly common and severe congenital malformation, most often of idiopathic origin. A smaller percentage of cases is related to chromosomal abnormalities and genetic syndromes. It is estimated that 0.5/1000 newborns are affected worldwide, with a male to female ratio of 2:1 and greater distribution in developing countries (80%). […] We aim to provide detailed data on clubfoot incidence according to the Apulian Regional Registry on Congenital Malformations and to report current knowledge on clubfoot genetic factors. […] Over the period from 2015 to 2018 in Apulia, Italy, 124,017 births were recorded and 209 cases of clubfoot were found, accounting for an incidence rate of 1.7/1,000 and a prevalence rate of 1.6/1,000. […] Incidence and prevalence of congenital clubfoot in Apulia, Italy, are comparable with those reported in the other Italian regions but higher than those reported in previous studies from Europe. […] An accurate prospective national study is warranted to improve the knowledge on incidence and prevalence on a larger scale.

• #20 Descriptive epidemiology of clubfoot in Romania: a clinic-based study – University of Iowa

  https://iro.uiowa.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9984040547802771&context=L&vid=01IOWA_INST:ResearchRepository&lang=en&search_scope=Research&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=Research&query=sub%2Cexact%2CMaternal%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=150

  Congenital clubfoot affects 1 per 1000 live births per year in Romania. […] To date, no epidemiological studies have been conducted in this country to assess risk factors associated with the deformity. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate specific environmental and socio-demographic factors that may increase the risk of an infant to be born with clubfoot. […] Our results support reported literature data that males are two times as likely to have clubfoot which indicates a genetic influence. […] This clinic-based study does not support previously recorded data of a positive association for maternal or household smoking. […] Data from this Romanian population also does not support previous data suggesting strong associations with maternal diabetes.

• #21 Descriptive epidemiology of clubfoot in Romania: a clinic-based study

  https://www.europeanreview.org/article/10204

  Congenital clubfoot affects 1 per 1000 live births per year in Romania. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate specific environmental and socio-demographic factors that may increase the risk of an infant to be born with clubfoot. […] We found that males were twice as likely to have clubfoot and half of clubfoot subjects were affected bilaterally. […] Infant and maternal characteristics showing a strong association with clubfoot included breech presentation and old maternal age at conception. […] Our results support reported literature data that males are two times as likely to have clubfoot which indicates a genetic influence. […] This clinic-based study does not support previously recorded data of a positive association for maternal or household smoking. […] Data from this Romanian population also does not support previous data suggesting strong associations with maternal diabetes.

• #22 The epidemiology and treatment outcomes of clubfoot in a South African tertiary academic hospital

  http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1999-76712022000100002

  The epidemiology and treatment outcomes of clubfoot in a South African tertiary academic hospital. Clubfoot is a common congenital condition with a global incidence estimated at 1 in 1 000 live births. There is a paucity of information regarding the epidemiology and incidence of clubfoot in South Africa. A secondary objective was to determine the incidence rate of clubfoot in our direct catchment area (within 40 km from Tygerberg hospital) for the study period. The overall incidence rate of idiopathic clubfoot in our direct catchment area was 1.02 per 1 000 live births. The aim of the present study was to describe the epidemiology and early treatment outcomes of clubfoot patients treated at a tertiary hospital in SA. The incidence rate of idiopathic clubfoot is variable depending on the geographical area, with a global incidence rate estimated at 0.6 – 1.5 per 1 000 live births. The incidence rate observed at our institution falls within the global range, with 1.02 clubfoot cases per 1 000 live births. […] However, we report a low frequency of positive family history as well as a low relapse rate, which could potentially be underreported and should be the focus of future studies.

• #23 Epidemiological characterization of clubfoot: a population-based …: Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/jpob/2024/00000034/00000001/art00002

  Clubfoot is a common musculoskeletal congenital abnormality, with a prevalence of 520 cases per 10000 live births in low to middle-income countries. […] Our objective was to characterize clubfoot and determine its prevalence and associated risk factors in Bogot and Cali, Colombia, from 2002 to 2020. […] Prevalence was calculated considering a 95% confidence interval using Poisson distribution, and risk factors were assessed through adjusted odds ratios obtained by logistic regression model. […] Of 558255 births, 861 cases of clubfoot were identified, 48.20% were postural clubfoot, and 15 cases were syndromic clubfoot. […] In Bogota, prevalence rate was 15.1 per 10000 live births, whereas in Cali it was 17.29 per 10000 live births. […] Family history of clubfoot within first-degree relatives was identified as a risk factor for clubfoot. […] Investigating risk factors for clubfoot holds significant importance in terms of preventing and reducing morbidity within this population.

• #24

  https://journals.lww.com/jpo-b/fulltext/2025/01000/epidemiological_characterization_of_clubfoot__a.2.aspx

  Clubfoot is a common musculoskeletal congenital abnormality, with a prevalence of 520 cases per 10000 live births in low to middle-income countries. […] Our objective was to characterize clubfoot and determine its prevalence and associated risk factors in Bogot and Cali, Colombia, from 2002 to 2020. […] Prevalence was calculated considering a 95% confidence interval using Poisson distribution, and risk factors were assessed through adjusted odds ratios obtained by logistic regression model. Of 558255 births, 861 cases of clubfoot were identified, 48.20% were postural clubfoot, and 15 cases were syndromic clubfoot. In Bogota, prevalence rate was 15.1 per 10000 live births, whereas in Cali it was 17.29 per 10000 live births. Family history of clubfoot within first-degree relatives was identified as a risk factor for clubfoot. Investigating risk factors for clubfoot holds significant importance in terms of preventing and reducing morbidity within this population. Helping to drive government and healthcare initiatives aimed at providing timely and effective treatment.

• #25

  https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume11/epidemiology-and-pattern-of-clubfoot-in-enugu-south-east-nigeria.001619.php

  Aim: To evaluate the epidemiology and pattern of clubfoot at Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. […] Results: Idiopathic clubfoot had highest prevalence of 92%, secondary clubfoot 6% and positional clubfoot 2%. Male gender had occurrence rate of 56% and female 44%. Bilateral clubfoot has greater dominance with a prevalence rate of 75% and unilateral clubfoot 25%. […] Conclusion: Clubfoot is a major birth defect in the study area and is more prevalent in male children and in most cases is bilateral, with idiopathic clubfoot dominance. […] Idiopathic clubfoot dominated in the study with an occurrence rate of 92%, followed by secondary clubfoot 6%. […] The male gender had 56% occurrences and female 44%. Many research studies done on clubfoot prevalence also reported male gender dominance. […] Bilateral clubfoot had 75% occurrences and unilateral 25%. […] The study also supports other studies that have opined that Ponseti method is an effective method of treating clubfoot conservatively because 84% of the total cases studied were effectively treated with ponseti method, with only 16% of the cases requiring surgery/further treatments.

• #26 Investigating clubfoot in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, factors, and future directions

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v15/i9/836.htm

  Future investigations must delve deeper into the intricate interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors that contributes to the pathogenesis of clubfoot. Expanding research efforts to include large-scale epidemiological studies could further enhance our understanding of the global burden of clubfoot and facilitate implementation of targeted public health interventions.

• #27 Epidemiology – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/paediatrics/congenital-club-foot/epidemiology

  Talipes equinovarus is the most common form of club foot: the incidence is 1.2 per 1000 live births, but the incidence varies worldwide, e.g. 0.57/1,000 in Orientals to 6.81/1,000 in Polynesians […] the risk of club foot is increased 20-fold if there is an affected first degree relative; inheritance is either polygenic or autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance […] the incidence is higher in males than females – 3:1 […] one third of cases are bilateral.

• #28 Clubfoot: Causes and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/183991

  According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), just over 1 in every 1,000 infants are born with clubfoot. […] Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in the United States traced the condition to a mutation in a gene critical for early development of lower limbs called PITX1. […] Environmental factors may play a role. Research has found a link between the incidence of clubfoot and maternal age, as well as whether the mother smokes cigarettes, and if she has diabetes. […] A link has also been noted between a higher chance of clubfoot and early amniocentesis, before 13 weeks of gestation during pregnancy. […] The condition is immediately visible at birth. […] It can also be detected before birth by ultrasound, especially if both feet are affected. […] Whether the condition is detected during pregnancy or after birth, doctors will recommend more tests to check for other health problems, such as spina bifida and muscular dystrophy. […] Parker, S.E., Mai, C.T., Strickland, M.J., Olney, R.S., Rickard, R., Maregno, L., Meyer, R.E. (2009, November). Multistate study of the epidemiology of clubfoot [Abstract]. Birth defects research 85(11): 897-904.

• #29 Descriptive Epidemiology of Clubfoot in Peru: A Clinic-Based Study – University of Iowa

  https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Descriptive-Epidemiology-of-Clubfoot-in-Peru/9984040566802771

  congenital clubfoot is the most common birth defect of the musculoskeletal system and affects 1 in every 1000 live births each year. […] To date, no epidemiological studies have been conducted in Peru to assess possible genetic and environmental risk factors associated with this deformity. […] The purpose of this study was to evaluate specific environmental and socioeconomic factors that may increase the risk of clubfoot. […] We found that males were twice as likely to have clubfoot as females, and half of all clubfoot patients had bilateral clubfoot. […] Infant birth in the winter months correlated with an increased risk of clubfoot (p=0.01476). […] Maternal characteristics found to be significantly associated with increased risk of clubfoot were young maternal age at conception (p=0.04369) and low maternal education (p=0.003245). […] Young paternal age also had a correlation with increased risk of clubfoot in the child (p=0.0371). […] Both paternal smoking (p=0.00001) and the presence of any household smoking (p=0.00003) were strongly associated with an increased risk of clubfoot.

• #30 Trends in congenital clubfoot prevalence and co-occurring anomalies during 1994-2021 in Denmark: A nationwide register-based study of 1,315,282 live born infants | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.05.11.23289837v2.full-text

  We aim to establish a nationwide, liveborn cohort for future etiopathogenic investigations and life course surveillance of clinical outcomes. […] The annual prevalence of clubfoot was relatively stable over three decades and remained stable following the establishment of four clubfoot specialized centers in 2010.

• #31 Clubfoot | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/clubfoot

  Clubfoot is a congenital foot deformity that affects a child’s bones, muscles, tendons, and blood vessels. The condition, also known as talipes equinovarus, is fairly common. About one to four of every 1,000 babies are born with clubfoot. The condition affects boys twice as often as it does girls. […] Most children with clubfoot do not have a parent with the condition. However, having an older sibling with clubfoot increases a baby’s risk of being born with the condition. […] Most clubfeet are “idiopathic,” meaning that doctors don’t know for sure what causes them. Clubfoot probably has a genetic component and runs in families. […] Most of the time, a baby’s clubfoot is diagnosed during a prenatal ultrasound before they are born. About 10 percent of clubfeet can be diagnosed as early as 13 weeks into pregnancy. […] The goal of clubfoot treatment is to correct the position of the foot so that the bones, tendons, and muscles of the foot can grow more normally. […] With early treatment and bracing, almost all babies with clubfoot grow up to have normally functioning feet.

• #32 Congenital Anomalies and Deformations of the Musculoskeletal System: Talipes Equinovarus | NCBDDD | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/quick-reference-handbook/tatlipes-equinovarus.html

  Prenatal. Clubfoot can be identified or suspected on prenatal ultrasound. However, it should not be included in birth defects surveillance data without postnatal confirmation. […] Postnatal. Clubfoot is readily diagnosed in the newborn examination. Cases should be followed and evaluated sequentially to assess the degree of severity and whether treatment other than manipulation is necessary. […] Milder cases are positional, meaning that the foot can be gently manipulated into a normal position and typically does not require orthopaedic or surgical interventions. Positional talipes is excluded in surveillance. […] More severe cases are rigid or fixed, meaning the foot cannot be manipulated into a normal position and requires orthopaedic or surgical treatment. […] Note that the following conditions are usually not considered eligible conditions: Flexible/positional TEV because of variability, frequency and minor health impact. […] Talipes associated with neuromuscular sequences and syndromes programmes should code the associated clubfoot but exclude when determining prevalence rates of talipes.

• #33 Chapter 4.9 – Talipes Equinovarus Talipes Equinovarus (Q66.0) | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/surveillancemanual/chapters/chapter-4/chapter4.9a.html

  Flexible/positional talipes equinovarus or other presentations of deformities of the foot are excluded from surveillance tracking because of variability, frequency and minor health impact. […] Talipes associated with neuromuscular sequences and syndromes are included in surveillance tracking; note that programmes should code the associated clubfoot but should consider whether or not these cases are included in prevalence estimates of talipes.

• #34 Clubfoot | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/clubfoot

  Idiopathic clubfoot is one the most common congenital deformities of the lower extremity. Its incidence is reported to be 1-2 cases per 1000 live births. The incidence is higher in Polynesians and lower in Chinese. […] The treatment of idiopathic clubfoot (IC) has changed in the past two decades with Ponseti serial casting currently the preferred method in North America. […] Although initial correction is achieved in almost 95% of IC by Ponseti method, a recurrence rate up to 50% is reported requiring further treatment. Compliance with the orthosis after the initial correction can decrease the recurrence rate.

• #35 Current Concepts in the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Relapsed Clubfoot

  https://www.jfasap.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JFASAP/24317/JPJ/fullText

  Relapse is a recurrence of deformities in a previously corrected clubfoot. The incidence of relapse after the Ponseti method is reported between 26% and 48%. […] Sangiorgio and colleagues, by using the survivorship model, have shown the possibility of relapse following Ponseti serial casting is around 30% at the age of 2 years, 45% at the age of 4 years, and almost 50% at 6 years of age. […] The reported rate of recurrence has a wide range. This could be attributed to how recurrence is defined. There is no clarity on the definition of relapse or recurrence. The definition of relapse or recurrence changes as per the criteria used and hence the rate of relapse is variable in different studies. […] Children with clubfoot need to be followed up for a minimum of 5-6 years or maybe longer to diagnose and treat relapsed. […] Long-term follow-up is required to diagnose and treat all relapses. […] Non-idiopathic clubfoot has a 30-50% incidence of relapse after the Ponseti method. The incidence is higher in children with arthrogryposis as compared to meningo-myelocoele.

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