Specyficzne fobie
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rokowanie w specyficznych fobiach jest zróżnicowane i zależy od ciężkości objawów, rodzaju fobii, czasu trwania zaburzenia oraz zastosowanego leczenia. Nieleczone fobie mogą utrzymywać się średnio około 20 lat (SD = 20) i często prowadzą do przewlekłego upośledzenia funkcjonowania, zwłaszcza gdy dotyczą powszechnych sytuacji trudnych do uniknięcia. W populacji osób powyżej 65 roku życia częstość występowania specyficznych fobii wynosiła 12,07% w ciągu ostatniego roku, a zaburzenia te znacząco obniżają jakość życia i funkcjonowanie, co potwierdzają narzędzia WHOQOL-BREF, WHODAS II oraz HoNOS65+. Ponadto, około 75% pacjentów cierpi na więcej niż jeden rodzaj fobii, co dodatkowo komplikuje rokowanie i terapię. Mediana opóźnienia w poszukiwaniu leczenia wynosi aż 28 lat, co negatywnie wpływa na efektywność interwencji terapeutycznych.

Rokowanie w specyficznych fobiach

Rokowanie w przypadku specyficznych fobii zależy od wielu czynników, w tym ciężkości objawów, rodzaju fobii, czasu trwania zaburzenia oraz zastosowanego leczenia. Badania naukowe dostarczają zróżnicowanych danych dotyczących przewidywania wyników terapii oraz naturalnego przebiegu nieleczonych fobii.12

Przebieg nieleczonych fobii

Rokowanie w przypadku nieleczonych specyficznych fobii jest zmienne i zależy głównie od rodzaju obiektu lub sytuacji wywołującej lęk. Niektóre fobie dotyczące rzadko spotykanych obiektów (np. węże, jaskinie) są stosunkowo łatwe do uniknięcia w codziennym życiu, co może minimalizować ich wpływ na funkcjonowanie. Z kolei fobie związane z powszechnie występującymi sytuacjami lub obiektami (np. mosty, burze) są trudniejsze do uniknięcia, co znacząco pogarsza rokowanie i jakość życia pacjentów.1

Badania wskazują, że nieleczone fobie specyficzne mogą utrzymywać się przez wiele lat. Według jednego z badań średni czas trwania fobii wynosi około 20 lat (odchylenie standardowe = 20), co wskazuje na ich przewlekły charakter. Ponadto, nieleczone fobie z dzieciństwa często utrzymują się w dorosłości, powodując długotrwałe upośledzenie funkcjonowania i zaburzając normalny rozwój.12

Szczególnie niepokojący jest fakt, że mediana opóźnienia między wystąpieniem objawów a poszukiwaniem leczenia może wynosić nawet 28 lat, co znacząco pogarsza długoterminowe rokowanie.3

Wpływ na funkcjonowanie i jakość życia

Specyficzne fobie mogą mieć istotny wpływ na jakość życia i funkcjonowanie pacjentów. Badania przeprowadzone wśród osób powyżej 65 roku życia wykazały, że częstość występowania zaburzeń lękowych w ciągu ostatniego roku wynosiła od 3,6% do 17,2%, a najczęstszymi zaburzeniami były właśnie fobie specyficzne. W badanej grupie 12,07% osób cierpiało na specyficzną fobię w ciągu ostatniego roku.4

Istotnym wnioskiem z badań jest fakt, że specyficzne fobie znacząco obniżają poziom funkcjonowania i negatywnie wpływają na jakość życia, co potwierdzono za pomocą trzech różnych narzędzi oceny (WHOQOL-BREF, WHODAS II oraz HoNOS65+). Ograniczony styl życia wynikający z lęku i unikania przyczynia się do upośledzenia funkcjonalnego.5

Nieleczone fobie mogą prowadzić do poważnego ograniczenia życia. Około 75% osób z fobią specyficzną cierpi na więcej niż jeden rodzaj fobii, co może czynić to zaburzenie bardzo destrukcyjnym dla codziennego funkcjonowania.6

Czynniki prognostyczne w leczeniu

Pomimo licznych badań, identyfikacja stabilnych czynników prognostycznych w leczeniu fobii specyficznych pozostaje wyzwaniem. W jednym z badań z procedurą walidacji krzyżowej analizowano potencjalne predyktory wyniku leczenia fobii specyficznych tydzień po zakończeniu terapii oraz rok później. Wyniki wykazały, że rozkurczowe ciśnienie krwi przed testem było predyktorem wyniku bezpośrednio po leczeniu w jednej grupie, a wiarygodność była predyktorem w drugiej grupie zarówno bezpośrednio po leczeniu, jak i rok później. Jednak pomimo dużej wielkości próby i procedury walidacji krzyżowej, nie znaleziono stabilnych predyktorów wyniku krótko- i długoterminowego. Nieliczne istotne predyktory należy uznać za przypadkowe znaleziska.7

Badania wskazują, że 30-40% pacjentów nie wykazuje poprawy po leczeniu, co stanowi istotny problem kliniczny i teoretyczny. Ten odsetek niepowodzeń podkreśla potrzebę lepszego zrozumienia czynników wpływających na skuteczność terapii.8

Skuteczność różnych form terapii

Najszerzej badaną i najbardziej skuteczną psychoterapią fobii specyficznych jest terapia ekspozycyjna, która ma na celu odwrócenie cyklu lęku i unikania. Poprzez proces ekspozycji i stopniowej desensytyzacji pacjent przyzwyczaja się do bodźca wywołującego lęk.9

Nowe technologie, takie jak rzeczywistość wirtualna (VR) i rozszerzona (AR), okazały się skuteczną strategią leczenia zaburzeń lękowych. Głównym wnioskiem z przeglądów systematycznych jest potwierdzenie wykonalności stosowania VR lub AR jako terapii ekspozycyjnej w leczeniu różnych typów fobii specyficznych, w tym fobii zwierzęcych, naturalnych, sytuacyjnych i krwi-zastrzyków-obrażeń.10

Aplikacje wykorzystujące ekspozycję w środowisku wirtualnym (VRET) lub rozszerzonym (ARET) ewoluowały do poziomu realnej alternatywy, która pod względem skuteczności może dorównywać tradycyjnym metodom leczenia fobii. Jednak w przypadku niektórych fobii specyficznych standardowe procedury okazały się bardziej skuteczne.1112

Skuteczność leczenia można mierzyć, gdy lęk zmniejsza się lub znika po umieszczeniu pacjenta w tej samej sytuacji bez reakcji strachu.13

Znaczenie wytrwałości w poszukiwaniu pomocy

Interesujące dane dotyczą skuteczności leczenia w kontekście wytrwałości pacjentów w poszukiwaniu pomocy. Badania z Światowych Badań Zdrowia Psychicznego wykazały, że 23,0% respondentów zgłosiło otrzymanie pomocnego leczenia od pierwszego spotkanego specjalisty, natomiast skumulowane prawdopodobieństwo otrzymania pomocnego leczenia wynosiło 85,7% po konsultacji z maksymalnie 9 specjalistami.14

Jednak tylko 14,7% pacjentów wytrwało w konsultacjach z aż 9 specjalistami, co spowodowało, że odsetek pacjentów, którzy kiedykolwiek otrzymali pomocne leczenie (47,5%), był znacznie niższy niż mógłby być przy większej wytrwałości w poszukiwaniu pomocy. Te wyniki sugerują, że skuteczność leczenia fobii specyficznej mogłaby zostać znacznie zwiększona poprzez zwiększenie wytrwałości pacjentów w poszukiwaniu pomocy po wcześniejszych nieskutecznych terapiach.15

Prawdopodobieństwo uzyskania pomocy od konkretnego specjalisty wynosiło tylko około 20-30%, co kontrastuje z badaniami randomizowanymi wykazującymi bardzo wysokie wskaźniki odpowiedzi na terapię ekspozycyjną w fobii specyficznej.16

Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji

Rokowanie w fobii specyficznej jest najlepsze przy zastosowaniu leczenia, zwłaszcza wczesnego. Bez leczenia te zaburzenia mogą znacznie wpłynąć na zdrowie psychiczne i sposób życia pacjenta. Wczesne leczenie objawów fobii może mieć duże znaczenie, nawet jeśli pacjent nie ma oficjalnej diagnozy fobii, ponieważ objawy nie trwały jeszcze przez co najmniej sześć miesięcy. Jest to prawdziwe niezależnie od wieku pacjenta czy rodzaju fobii.17

Fobie współwystępujące z innymi zaburzeniami

Łagodna fobia społeczna wiąże się z dobrym rokowaniem i może mieć łagodny przebieg. Natomiast ciężkie zachowania unikające i nadużywanie substancji są często związane z ostrożnym rokowaniem. Lęk społeczny może występować w obecności autyzmu i może mieć gorsze rokowanie, zwłaszcza jeśli w dorosłości rozwinie się ciężka depresja.18

Wyniki badań sugerują, że specyficzna fobia jest związana ze znacznym spadkiem poziomu funkcjonowania i jakości życia osób powyżej 65 roku życia, co może stać się poważne i wymagać wsparcia w celu zapewnienia trwałego autonomicznego funkcjonowania i pełnego uczestnictwa społecznego osób starszych. Wskazuje to na potrzebę włączenia przez specjalistów podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej wykrywania zaburzeń fobii specyficznej do swoich protokołów, ponieważ ludzie nie otrzymują leczenia tego problemu i mogą nosić go przez całe życie.19

Kolejne rozdziały

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Specific Phobias – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/specific-phobias
    The prognosis for untreated specific phobias varies because certain uncommon situations or objects (eg, snakes, caves) are easy to avoid, whereas other situations or objects (eg, bridges, thunderstorms) are common and difficult to avoid. […] The most extensively studied and most effective psychotherapy for specific phobia is exposure therapy, which aims to reverse the cycle of anxiety and avoidance. […] Through this process of exposure and gradual desensitization, the patient becomes habituated to the anxiety-provoking trigger.
  • #1 Prevalence and Characterization of Specific Phobia Disorder in People over 65 Years Old in a Madrid Community Sample (Spain) and its Relationship to Quality of Life
    https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/6/1915
    The prevalence of anxiety disorders over the last year among seniors ranged from 3.6% to 17.2%. The most prevalent disorders are specific phobias. […] A total of 12.07% of the sample suffered a specific phobia disorder over the last year. The average age at onset of the specific phobia was 38.78 (sd = 21.61) years. The mean duration of the phobia was approximately 20 (sd = 20) years. A significant effect of the specific phobia was found for the current levels of functioning and quality of life: WHOQOL-BREF total score (p < 0.05), WHODAS II overall score (p < 0.01), and HoNOS65+ total score (p < 0.001). Having specific phobia disorder decreased the level of functioning and negatively affected the quality of life. [...] The results show a 12-month prevalence of specific phobia disorder of approximately 12% among people over 65 years old.
  • #2 Social Phobia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290854-overview
    Mild social phobia is associated with a good prognosis and may have a benign course. Severe avoidance behavior and substance abuse are often associated with a guarded prognosis. […] The median delay from onset to seeking treatment can be as long as 28 years. […] Untreated childhood social phobia typically continues into adulthood and thus can potentially cause significant duration of impairment and interfere with normal development. […] Social anxiety can occur in the presence of autism and can have a poorer prognosis, especially if major depression develops in adulthood.
  • #3 Social Phobia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290854-overview
    Mild social phobia is associated with a good prognosis and may have a benign course. Severe avoidance behavior and substance abuse are often associated with a guarded prognosis. […] The median delay from onset to seeking treatment can be as long as 28 years. […] Untreated childhood social phobia typically continues into adulthood and thus can potentially cause significant duration of impairment and interfere with normal development. […] Social anxiety can occur in the presence of autism and can have a poorer prognosis, especially if major depression develops in adulthood.
  • #4 Prevalence and Characterization of Specific Phobia Disorder in People over 65 Years Old in a Madrid Community Sample (Spain) and its Relationship to Quality of Life
    https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/6/1915
    The prevalence of anxiety disorders over the last year among seniors ranged from 3.6% to 17.2%. The most prevalent disorders are specific phobias. […] A total of 12.07% of the sample suffered a specific phobia disorder over the last year. The average age at onset of the specific phobia was 38.78 (sd = 21.61) years. The mean duration of the phobia was approximately 20 (sd = 20) years. A significant effect of the specific phobia was found for the current levels of functioning and quality of life: WHOQOL-BREF total score (p < 0.05), WHODAS II overall score (p < 0.01), and HoNOS65+ total score (p < 0.001). Having specific phobia disorder decreased the level of functioning and negatively affected the quality of life. [...] The results show a 12-month prevalence of specific phobia disorder of approximately 12% among people over 65 years old.
  • #5 Prevalence and Characterization of Specific Phobia Disorder in People over 65 Years Old in a Madrid Community Sample (Spain) and its Relationship to Quality of Life
    https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/6/1915
    Having specific phobia disorder decreased the level of functioning and negatively affected the quality of life of people over 65 years old, according to the three measures used (the WHOQOL-BREF, the overall WHODAS II, and the HoNOS65+). These data corroborate those of previous studies concerning the effects of anxiety and in particular the specific phobia disorders on the level of functioning and quality of life of elderly people. The restricted lifestyle resulting from fear and avoidance in specific phobia is likely to contribute to functional impairment. […] The results suggest that specific phobia is associated with a considerable decline in the level of functioning and quality of life of people over 65, which can become serious and require support to ensure elderly people’s sustained autonomous functioning and full social participation. These findings suggest that specific phobia deserves attention of clinicians and researchers in view of its direct effects on the level of functioning and quality of life of people over 65. Ultimately, these data suggest the need for primary healthcare professionals to include the detection of specific phobia disorders in their protocols because people do not receive treatment for this problem and they might carry it throughout their lives.
  • #6 Phobias: What They Are, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24757-phobias
    Phobias can majorly impact your mental health and well-being, especially if they involve something you encounter often. About 75% of people with specific phobia also have more than one type of phobia, which can make this condition very disruptive. […] Over time, untreated phobias can cause some people to limit their lives severely. […] The outlook for specific phobia is best with treatment, especially early on. Without treatment, these conditions can greatly impact your mental health and how you live your life. […] Early treatment for phobia symptoms can make a major difference, even if you dont have an official phobia diagnosis because you havent had symptoms for at least six months. This is true no matter what your age or what phobia you have.
  • #7 Prediction of outcome in the treatment of specific phobia. A cross validation study – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8687362/
    The purpose of this study was to investigate possible predictors of treatment outcome in specific phobia at 1 week after treatment, and at I year follow-up. […] The results showed that diastolic blood pressure at pretest was a predictor at post-treatment for one sample and credibility was found as a predictor for the other sample both at post-treatment and at 1 year follow-up. […] Despite the large sample size and the cross validation procedure no stable predictors were found for short- and long-term outcome. The few significant predictors should be considered as chance findings.
  • #8 Prediction of Outcome Following In Vivo Exposure Treatment of Agoraphobia | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-73543-1_20
    The development of in vivo exposure treatment for agoraphobia has led to a significant increase in our ability to successfully treat these previously refractory clients. […] However, these authors also pointed to the dearth of research on prognostic variables which might help us understand the variability of outcome. […] That 30%40% of clients fail to improve poses an important problem clinically and theoretically.
  • #9 Specific Phobias – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/specific-phobias
    The prognosis for untreated specific phobias varies because certain uncommon situations or objects (eg, snakes, caves) are easy to avoid, whereas other situations or objects (eg, bridges, thunderstorms) are common and difficult to avoid. […] The most extensively studied and most effective psychotherapy for specific phobia is exposure therapy, which aims to reverse the cycle of anxiety and avoidance. […] Through this process of exposure and gradual desensitization, the patient becomes habituated to the anxiety-provoking trigger.
  • #10 Phobia Exposure Therapy Using Virtual and Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/3/1672
    A specific phobia is a common anxiety-related disorder that can be treated efficiently using different therapies including exposure therapy or cognitive therapy. […] The results demonstrated a positive outcome of virtual reality exposure treatment in the treatment of most phobias. In contrast, some of these treatments did not work for a few specific phobias in which the standard procedures were more effective. […] The treatment efficiency can be measured when the fear decreases or disappears once the patient is placed in the same situation with no fear response. […] Emerging technologies such as augmented reality and virtual reality have proven to be an effective treatment strategy for anxiety disorders. […] The main finding of this systematic review is focusing on the feasibility of using virtual reality or augmented reality as an exposure therapy to treat different types of specific phobia. Virtual reality has proved its ability to treat various types of a specific phobia including animal phobia, natural phobia, situational phobia, and blood-injection-injury phobia.
  • #11 Phobia Exposure Therapy Using Virtual and Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/3/1672
    Overall, the studies included were mostly randomized controlled trials that were tested on adults more than 18 years old from both genders that must have the tested phobia. […] VRET/ARET applications have evolved into a viable alternative that, in terms of efficacy, can meet the results of traditional phobia treatments. […] This study identifies a research gap in the efficacy of ARET in the treatment of particular phobia.
  • #12 Phobia Exposure Therapy Using Virtual and Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/3/1672
    A specific phobia is a common anxiety-related disorder that can be treated efficiently using different therapies including exposure therapy or cognitive therapy. […] The results demonstrated a positive outcome of virtual reality exposure treatment in the treatment of most phobias. In contrast, some of these treatments did not work for a few specific phobias in which the standard procedures were more effective. […] The treatment efficiency can be measured when the fear decreases or disappears once the patient is placed in the same situation with no fear response. […] Emerging technologies such as augmented reality and virtual reality have proven to be an effective treatment strategy for anxiety disorders. […] The main finding of this systematic review is focusing on the feasibility of using virtual reality or augmented reality as an exposure therapy to treat different types of specific phobia. Virtual reality has proved its ability to treat various types of a specific phobia including animal phobia, natural phobia, situational phobia, and blood-injection-injury phobia.
  • #13 Phobia Exposure Therapy Using Virtual and Augmented Reality: A Systematic Review
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/3/1672
    A specific phobia is a common anxiety-related disorder that can be treated efficiently using different therapies including exposure therapy or cognitive therapy. […] The results demonstrated a positive outcome of virtual reality exposure treatment in the treatment of most phobias. In contrast, some of these treatments did not work for a few specific phobias in which the standard procedures were more effective. […] The treatment efficiency can be measured when the fear decreases or disappears once the patient is placed in the same situation with no fear response. […] Emerging technologies such as augmented reality and virtual reality have proven to be an effective treatment strategy for anxiety disorders. […] The main finding of this systematic review is focusing on the feasibility of using virtual reality or augmented reality as an exposure therapy to treat different types of specific phobia. Virtual reality has proved its ability to treat various types of a specific phobia including animal phobia, natural phobia, situational phobia, and blood-injection-injury phobia.
  • #14 Perceived helpfulness of treatment for specific phobia: findings from the World Mental Health Surveys
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8154701/
    23.0% of respondents reported receiving helpful treatment from the first professional seen, whereas cumulative probability of receiving helpful treatment was 85.7% after seeing up to 9 professionals. […] However, only 14.7% of patients persisted in seeing up to 9 professionals, resulting in the proportion of patients ever receiving helpful treatment (47.5%) being much lower than it could have been with persistence in help-seeking. […] Despite these limitations, results suggest that helpfulness of specific phobia treatment could be increased, perhaps substantially, by increasing patient persistence in help-seeking after earlier unhelpful treatments. […] The cumulative probability of ever obtaining helpful treatment for specific phobia was 86% if respondents persisted in seeing up to nine professionals. However, persistence was relatively low, with about half of respondents reporting that they sought out a second professional if the first professional did not provide helpful treatment. […] The probability of being helped by a particular professional was only about 20 to 30%, which contrasts with randomized trials showing very high response rates to exposure-based therapy in specific phobia.
  • #15 Perceived helpfulness of treatment for specific phobia: findings from the World Mental Health Surveys
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8154701/
    23.0% of respondents reported receiving helpful treatment from the first professional seen, whereas cumulative probability of receiving helpful treatment was 85.7% after seeing up to 9 professionals. […] However, only 14.7% of patients persisted in seeing up to 9 professionals, resulting in the proportion of patients ever receiving helpful treatment (47.5%) being much lower than it could have been with persistence in help-seeking. […] Despite these limitations, results suggest that helpfulness of specific phobia treatment could be increased, perhaps substantially, by increasing patient persistence in help-seeking after earlier unhelpful treatments. […] The cumulative probability of ever obtaining helpful treatment for specific phobia was 86% if respondents persisted in seeing up to nine professionals. However, persistence was relatively low, with about half of respondents reporting that they sought out a second professional if the first professional did not provide helpful treatment. […] The probability of being helped by a particular professional was only about 20 to 30%, which contrasts with randomized trials showing very high response rates to exposure-based therapy in specific phobia.
  • #16 Perceived helpfulness of treatment for specific phobia: findings from the World Mental Health Surveys
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8154701/
    23.0% of respondents reported receiving helpful treatment from the first professional seen, whereas cumulative probability of receiving helpful treatment was 85.7% after seeing up to 9 professionals. […] However, only 14.7% of patients persisted in seeing up to 9 professionals, resulting in the proportion of patients ever receiving helpful treatment (47.5%) being much lower than it could have been with persistence in help-seeking. […] Despite these limitations, results suggest that helpfulness of specific phobia treatment could be increased, perhaps substantially, by increasing patient persistence in help-seeking after earlier unhelpful treatments. […] The cumulative probability of ever obtaining helpful treatment for specific phobia was 86% if respondents persisted in seeing up to nine professionals. However, persistence was relatively low, with about half of respondents reporting that they sought out a second professional if the first professional did not provide helpful treatment. […] The probability of being helped by a particular professional was only about 20 to 30%, which contrasts with randomized trials showing very high response rates to exposure-based therapy in specific phobia.
  • #17 Phobias: What They Are, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24757-phobias
    Phobias can majorly impact your mental health and well-being, especially if they involve something you encounter often. About 75% of people with specific phobia also have more than one type of phobia, which can make this condition very disruptive. […] Over time, untreated phobias can cause some people to limit their lives severely. […] The outlook for specific phobia is best with treatment, especially early on. Without treatment, these conditions can greatly impact your mental health and how you live your life. […] Early treatment for phobia symptoms can make a major difference, even if you dont have an official phobia diagnosis because you havent had symptoms for at least six months. This is true no matter what your age or what phobia you have.
  • #18 Social Phobia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290854-overview
    Mild social phobia is associated with a good prognosis and may have a benign course. Severe avoidance behavior and substance abuse are often associated with a guarded prognosis. […] The median delay from onset to seeking treatment can be as long as 28 years. […] Untreated childhood social phobia typically continues into adulthood and thus can potentially cause significant duration of impairment and interfere with normal development. […] Social anxiety can occur in the presence of autism and can have a poorer prognosis, especially if major depression develops in adulthood.
  • #19 Prevalence and Characterization of Specific Phobia Disorder in People over 65 Years Old in a Madrid Community Sample (Spain) and its Relationship to Quality of Life
    https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/6/1915
    Having specific phobia disorder decreased the level of functioning and negatively affected the quality of life of people over 65 years old, according to the three measures used (the WHOQOL-BREF, the overall WHODAS II, and the HoNOS65+). These data corroborate those of previous studies concerning the effects of anxiety and in particular the specific phobia disorders on the level of functioning and quality of life of elderly people. The restricted lifestyle resulting from fear and avoidance in specific phobia is likely to contribute to functional impairment. […] The results suggest that specific phobia is associated with a considerable decline in the level of functioning and quality of life of people over 65, which can become serious and require support to ensure elderly people’s sustained autonomous functioning and full social participation. These findings suggest that specific phobia deserves attention of clinicians and researchers in view of its direct effects on the level of functioning and quality of life of people over 65. Ultimately, these data suggest the need for primary healthcare professionals to include the detection of specific phobia disorders in their protocols because people do not receive treatment for this problem and they might carry it throughout their lives.