Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Abscess: Causes, Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/abscess

  A skin abscess is a tender mass generally surrounded by a colored area from pink to deep red. Abscesses are often easy to feel by touching. The vast majority of them are caused by infections. Inside, they are full of pus, bacteria and debris. […] When our normal skin barrier is broken, even from minor trauma, or small tears, or inflammation, bacteria can enter the skin. An abscess can form as your body’s defenses try to kill these germs with your inflammatory response (white blood cells = pus). Obstruction in a sweat or oil (sebaceous) gland, or a hair follicle or a pre-existing cyst can also trigger an abscess. […] People with weakened immune systems get certain abscesses more often. Those with any of the following are all at risk for having more severe abscesses. This is because the body has a decreased ability to ward off infections. […] Other risk factors for abscess include exposure to dirty environments, exposure to persons with certain types of skin infections, poor hygiene, and poor circulation.

• #2 Abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess

  An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body, usually caused by bacterial infection. […] They are usually caused by a bacterial infection. […] Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection. […] In many areas of the world, the most common bacteria present is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. […] Abscesses are caused by bacterial infection, parasites, or foreign substances. Bacterial infection is the most common cause, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. The more invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may also be a source of infection, though is much rarer. […] Rarely parasites can cause abscesses and this is more common in the developing world.

• #3 Cutaneous Abscess – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess

  Bacteria causing cutaneous abscesses are typically indigenous to the skin of the involved area. […] For abscesses on the trunk, extremities, axillae, or head and neck, the most common organisms are Staphylococcus aureus (with methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA] being the most common in the United States) and streptococci. […] Abscesses in the perineal (ie, inguinal, vaginal, buttock, perirectal) region contain organisms found in the stool, commonly anaerobes or a combination of aerobes and anaerobes. […] Pathogens reflect flora of the involved area (eg, S. aureus and streptococci in the trunk, axilla, head, and neck).

• #4 Skin Abscess: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-abscess

  A skin abscess is usually the result of a cut or nick in your skin that allows typical bacteria found on your skin, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, to enter the wound and cause inflammation. […] You’re at an increased risk of this bacterial infection if you: have close contact with an individual who has a Staphylococcus (staph) infection, which is why these infections are more common in hospitals; live with a chronic skin disease, like acne or eczema; live with diabetes; live with metabolic syndrome; smoke; have a weakened immune system. […] Other, less common causes of skin abscesses include: viruses, fungus, parasites, tuberculosis.

• #5 Folliculitis and Skin Abscesses – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/folliculitis-and-skin-abscesses

  Folliculitis and skin abscesses are pus-filled pockets in the skin resulting from bacterial infection. They may be superficial or deep, affecting just hair follicles or deeper structures within the skin. […] Most skin abscesses are caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and appear as pus-filled pockets on the skin surface. A strain of Staphylococcus that is resistant to previously effective antibiotics has become a more common cause. This strain is called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] Sometimes the bacteria enter the skin through a hair follicle, small scrape, or puncture, although often there is no obvious point of entry. People who live in crowded conditions, have poor hygiene or chronic skin diseases, or whose nasal passages contain Staphylococcus are more likely to have repeat episodes of folliculitis or skin abscesses. A weakened immune system, obesity, old age, and possibly diabetes are also common risk factors.

• #6 Skin abscess: Pictures, symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/skin-abscess

  People can develop skin abscesses for various reasons, but the most common cause is bacterial infection. […] The bacteria typically enter the skin through a hair follicle, puncture wound, or cut to the skin. Sometimes abscesses form around a foreign object, such as a splinter or piece of glass stuck in the skin. […] Bacteria that can cause abscess infections include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), also known as staph, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), strains of staph that are resistant to certain antibiotics, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] Other less common causes of skin abscesses are: anaerobic organisms, fungal infections, viruses, parasites. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing infected skin abscesses, including: those with obesity, those who smoke, people with diabetes, people with compromised immune systems, those who use drugs intravenously.

• #7 Cutaneous Abscess – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess

  Bacteria causing cutaneous abscesses are typically indigenous to the skin of the involved area. […] For abscesses on the trunk, extremities, axillae, or head and neck, the most common organisms are Staphylococcus aureus (with methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA] being the most common in the United States) and streptococci. […] Abscesses in the perineal (ie, inguinal, vaginal, buttock, perirectal) region contain organisms found in the stool, commonly anaerobes or a combination of aerobes and anaerobes. […] Pathogens reflect flora of the involved area (eg, S. aureus and streptococci in the trunk, axilla, head, and neck).

• #8 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Cellulitis due to lymphatic obstruction or venectomy may be caused by nongroup A streptococci (ie, groups B, C, and G). Postvenectomy status following saphenous vein stripping can also result in cellulitis. […] In individuals with normal host defenses, the most common causative organisms are group A streptococci (GAS) and S aureus. Group B Streptococcus cellulitis occurs in infants younger than 6 months because their immune responses are not fully developed, and it may also be seen in adults with comorbidities such as diabetes or liver disease. […] Immunocompromised hosts may become infected from nontraditional cellulitis organisms, including gram-negative rods (eg, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Serratia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter), anaerobes, and others (eg, Helicobacter cinaedi, Fusarium species). Although fungi (eg, Cryptococcus) and herpes simplex virus may also cause cellulitis, these causes are rare.

• #9 Cutaneous Abscess – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess

  Bacteria causing cutaneous abscesses are typically indigenous to the skin of the involved area. […] For abscesses on the trunk, extremities, axillae, or head and neck, the most common organisms are Staphylococcus aureus (with methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA] being the most common in the United States) and streptococci. […] Abscesses in the perineal (ie, inguinal, vaginal, buttock, perirectal) region contain organisms found in the stool, commonly anaerobes or a combination of aerobes and anaerobes. […] Pathogens reflect flora of the involved area (eg, S. aureus and streptococci in the trunk, axilla, head, and neck).

• #10 Cutaneous Abscess – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess

  Bacteria causing cutaneous abscesses are typically indigenous to the skin of the involved area. […] For abscesses on the trunk, extremities, axillae, or head and neck, the most common organisms are Staphylococcus aureus (with methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA] being the most common in the United States) and streptococci. […] Abscesses in the perineal (ie, inguinal, vaginal, buttock, perirectal) region contain organisms found in the stool, commonly anaerobes or a combination of aerobes and anaerobes. […] Pathogens reflect flora of the involved area (eg, S. aureus and streptococci in the trunk, axilla, head, and neck).

• #11 Abscess: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22876-abscess

  Bacterial infections usually cause abscesses. […] A bacteria called Staphylococcus causes most abscesses. […] Rarely, viruses, parasites and fungi can cause abscesses.

• #12 Skin Abscess: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-abscess

  A skin abscess is usually the result of a cut or nick in your skin that allows typical bacteria found on your skin, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, to enter the wound and cause inflammation. […] You’re at an increased risk of this bacterial infection if you: have close contact with an individual who has a Staphylococcus (staph) infection, which is why these infections are more common in hospitals; live with a chronic skin disease, like acne or eczema; live with diabetes; live with metabolic syndrome; smoke; have a weakened immune system. […] Other, less common causes of skin abscesses include: viruses, fungus, parasites, tuberculosis.

• #13 Abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess

  An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body, usually caused by bacterial infection. […] They are usually caused by a bacterial infection. […] Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection. […] In many areas of the world, the most common bacteria present is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. […] Abscesses are caused by bacterial infection, parasites, or foreign substances. Bacterial infection is the most common cause, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. The more invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may also be a source of infection, though is much rarer. […] Rarely parasites can cause abscesses and this is more common in the developing world.

• #14 Cutaneous abscess – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cutaneous_abscess

  Cutaneous abscess may be classified as sterile abscess and infectious abscess. […] Sterile abscesses are mainly seen in diabetic patients secondary to insulin injection. […] Infectious abscesses which are mostly due to staphylococcus aureus infection. […] Abscess is usually caused by staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection in an injured skin. […] S. aureus (either methicillin-susceptible or methicillin-resistant S. aureus) is counting for 75% of cases. […] Mixed flora (including S. aureus together with S. pyogenes and gram-negative bacilli with anaerobes) […] Anaerobes, mostly seen in injecting drug users. […] Nontuberculous mycobacteria, blastomycosis, nocardiosis, and cryptococcosis.

• #15 Abscess: Causes, Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/abscess

  A skin abscess is a tender mass generally surrounded by a colored area from pink to deep red. Abscesses are often easy to feel by touching. The vast majority of them are caused by infections. Inside, they are full of pus, bacteria and debris. […] When our normal skin barrier is broken, even from minor trauma, or small tears, or inflammation, bacteria can enter the skin. An abscess can form as your body’s defenses try to kill these germs with your inflammatory response (white blood cells = pus). Obstruction in a sweat or oil (sebaceous) gland, or a hair follicle or a pre-existing cyst can also trigger an abscess. […] People with weakened immune systems get certain abscesses more often. Those with any of the following are all at risk for having more severe abscesses. This is because the body has a decreased ability to ward off infections. […] Other risk factors for abscess include exposure to dirty environments, exposure to persons with certain types of skin infections, poor hygiene, and poor circulation.

• #16 Abscess: Causes, Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/abscess

  A skin abscess is a tender mass generally surrounded by a colored area from pink to deep red. Abscesses are often easy to feel by touching. The vast majority of them are caused by infections. Inside, they are full of pus, bacteria and debris. […] When our normal skin barrier is broken, even from minor trauma, or small tears, or inflammation, bacteria can enter the skin. An abscess can form as your body’s defenses try to kill these germs with your inflammatory response (white blood cells = pus). Obstruction in a sweat or oil (sebaceous) gland, or a hair follicle or a pre-existing cyst can also trigger an abscess. […] People with weakened immune systems get certain abscesses more often. Those with any of the following are all at risk for having more severe abscesses. This is because the body has a decreased ability to ward off infections. […] Other risk factors for abscess include exposure to dirty environments, exposure to persons with certain types of skin infections, poor hygiene, and poor circulation.

• #17 Abscess | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/abscess

  Most abscesses are caused by a bacterial infection. […] When bacteria enter your body, your immune system sends infection-fighting white blood cells to the affected area. […] As the white blood cells attack the bacteria, some nearby tissue dies. This creates a hole which then fills with pus to form an abscess. […] Most skin abscesses are caused by bacteria getting into a minor wound, the root of a hair or a blocked oil or sweat gland.

• #18 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0915/p474.html

  For example, diabetes increases the risk of infection-associated complications fivefold. […] Comorbidities and mechanisms of injury can determine the bacteriology of SSTIs. […] Most SSTIs occur de novo, or follow a breach in the protective skin barrier from trauma, surgery, or increased tissue tension secondary to fluid stasis. […] S. aureus and streptococci are responsible for most simple community-acquired SSTIs. […] MRSA infections are characterized by liquefaction of infected tissue and abscess formation; the resulting increase in tissue tension causes ischemia and overlying skin necrosis. […] Diabetic lower limb infections, severe hospital-acquired infections, necrotizing infections, and head and hand infections pose higher risks of mortality and functional disability.

• #19 Recurrent cutaneous abscesses caused by PVL-MRSA

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128329/

  A 41-year-old female presented with a superficial buttock abscess. In the preceding 6 months she had four other abscesses at different anatomical sites. […] Review of microbiology revealed Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus harbouring Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes. PVL syndrome is an emerging disorder associated with recurrent necrotic skin lesions in the young, otherwise healthy population. […] PVL is a cytotoxin produced by fewer than 5% Staphylococcal strains. It causes membrane pore formation and the lysis of phagocytic cells. PVL strains are leading to increased virulence and the emergence of community acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] PVL syndrome has been proposed to describe the clinical presentation manifesting mainly as skin and soft tissue infections in immunocompetent, young age adults. These include cellulitis, furunculosis and cutaneous abscesses. […] Virulence factors such as PVL genes are leading to more community acquired infections of both MRSA and methicillin sensitive S aureus.

• #20

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/abscess/causes/

  Most abscesses are caused by a bacterial infection. […] Some types of staphylococcal bacteria produce a toxin called Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). This kills white blood cells. […] In rare cases, a virus, fungus or parasite may cause an abscess. […] Bacteria can get into your skin and cause an abscess if you have a minor skin wound. […] Internal abscesses often develop as a complication of an existing condition. […] There are many ways an infection can spread into the tummy and cause an abscess to develop. […] Other things that increase the chance of an abscess developing include: a weak immune system – this can be caused by a medical condition such as HIV or a treatment such as chemotherapy, having diabetes, having an underlying inflammatory condition, such as hidradenitis suppurativa, being a carrier of staphylococcal bacteria.

• #21 Recurrent cutaneous abscesses caused by PVL-MRSA

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3128329/

  A 41-year-old female presented with a superficial buttock abscess. In the preceding 6 months she had four other abscesses at different anatomical sites. […] Review of microbiology revealed Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus harbouring Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes. PVL syndrome is an emerging disorder associated with recurrent necrotic skin lesions in the young, otherwise healthy population. […] PVL is a cytotoxin produced by fewer than 5% Staphylococcal strains. It causes membrane pore formation and the lysis of phagocytic cells. PVL strains are leading to increased virulence and the emergence of community acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] PVL syndrome has been proposed to describe the clinical presentation manifesting mainly as skin and soft tissue infections in immunocompetent, young age adults. These include cellulitis, furunculosis and cutaneous abscesses. […] Virulence factors such as PVL genes are leading to more community acquired infections of both MRSA and methicillin sensitive S aureus.

• #22 Skin Abscess: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-abscess

  A skin abscess is usually the result of a cut or nick in your skin that allows typical bacteria found on your skin, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, to enter the wound and cause inflammation. […] You’re at an increased risk of this bacterial infection if you: have close contact with an individual who has a Staphylococcus (staph) infection, which is why these infections are more common in hospitals; live with a chronic skin disease, like acne or eczema; live with diabetes; live with metabolic syndrome; smoke; have a weakened immune system. […] Other, less common causes of skin abscesses include: viruses, fungus, parasites, tuberculosis.

• #23 Skin abscess: Pictures, symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/skin-abscess

  People can develop skin abscesses for various reasons, but the most common cause is bacterial infection. […] The bacteria typically enter the skin through a hair follicle, puncture wound, or cut to the skin. Sometimes abscesses form around a foreign object, such as a splinter or piece of glass stuck in the skin. […] Bacteria that can cause abscess infections include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), also known as staph, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), strains of staph that are resistant to certain antibiotics, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] Other less common causes of skin abscesses are: anaerobic organisms, fungal infections, viruses, parasites. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing infected skin abscesses, including: those with obesity, those who smoke, people with diabetes, people with compromised immune systems, those who use drugs intravenously.

• #24 Bacterial Skin Abscess | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71743

  The abscess can also be fatal in rare cases, such as when it is in an area where pressure on vital organs such as the trachea in the case of abscess in the neck area. […] The most important complication is the spread of the abscess (pus) to neighboring tissues by means of treatment tools, which may sometimes cause the death of these tissues (gangrene). […] The presence of specific risk factors may stimulate the skin abscess, may impose pathogens, disease course and respond to specific treatments. […] It includes predisposing factors associated with the risk of skin abscess are: Disable the skin barrier due to trauma (such as corrosion, penetrating wound, pressure ulcers, venous leg ulcers, insect bite, injecting drug use). […] Colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus in the front lines on the skin increases the risk of skin abscess.

• #25 Abscess: Causes, Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/abscess

  A skin abscess is a tender mass generally surrounded by a colored area from pink to deep red. Abscesses are often easy to feel by touching. The vast majority of them are caused by infections. Inside, they are full of pus, bacteria and debris. […] When our normal skin barrier is broken, even from minor trauma, or small tears, or inflammation, bacteria can enter the skin. An abscess can form as your body’s defenses try to kill these germs with your inflammatory response (white blood cells = pus). Obstruction in a sweat or oil (sebaceous) gland, or a hair follicle or a pre-existing cyst can also trigger an abscess. […] People with weakened immune systems get certain abscesses more often. Those with any of the following are all at risk for having more severe abscesses. This is because the body has a decreased ability to ward off infections. […] Other risk factors for abscess include exposure to dirty environments, exposure to persons with certain types of skin infections, poor hygiene, and poor circulation.

• #26 Skin abscess

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/skin-abscess/

  Skin abscesses are usually caused by an infection. […] However, bacteria can sometimes get into your skin, for example through a cut or along a hair follicle. This can cause pus to form, creating an abscess. […] You may be more likely to get skin abscesses if you: smoke, are living with obesity, have diabetes, are between 15 and 40 years old, have a skin condition or inflammation such as eczema.

• #27 Skin abscess Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/skin-abscess

  A skin abscess is a buildup of pus in or on the skin. […] Skin abscesses are common and affect people of all ages. They occur when an infection causes pus to collect in the skin. […] Skin abscesses may occur after developing: A bacterial infection (often staphylococcus), A minor wound or injury, Boils, Folliculitis (infection in a hair follicle). […] A skin abscess may occur anywhere on the body.

• #28 Bacterial Skin Abscess | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71743

  The abscess can also be fatal in rare cases, such as when it is in an area where pressure on vital organs such as the trachea in the case of abscess in the neck area. […] The most important complication is the spread of the abscess (pus) to neighboring tissues by means of treatment tools, which may sometimes cause the death of these tissues (gangrene). […] The presence of specific risk factors may stimulate the skin abscess, may impose pathogens, disease course and respond to specific treatments. […] It includes predisposing factors associated with the risk of skin abscess are: Disable the skin barrier due to trauma (such as corrosion, penetrating wound, pressure ulcers, venous leg ulcers, insect bite, injecting drug use). […] Colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus in the front lines on the skin increases the risk of skin abscess.

• #29 Cutaneous abscess

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-abscess

  A painful abscess is usually due to acute bacterial infection. Bacteria penetrate a break in the skin such as a puncture wound, or via a hair follicle. An abscess may also develop around a foreign body, such as a splinter. The most common causes of infective abscesses are: […] A sterile abscess may persist after an infection has been cleared, as it contains dead or necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. […] A sterile abscess may occur after corticosteroid injection. This is more likely when the medication has spilt into subcutaneous fat. A foreign-body or other hypersensitivity reaction to injected material such as bovine collagen may also result in abscess formation. […] Certain inflammatory skin diseases may cause tissue destruction and abscess formation, in the absence of pathogens (infectious microbes). These include: Hidradenitis suppurativa, Acne conglobata and acne fulminans, Crohn skin disease, Panniculitis (inflamed subcutaneous fat).

• #30 Skin abscess: Pictures, symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/skin-abscess

  People can develop skin abscesses for various reasons, but the most common cause is bacterial infection. […] The bacteria typically enter the skin through a hair follicle, puncture wound, or cut to the skin. Sometimes abscesses form around a foreign object, such as a splinter or piece of glass stuck in the skin. […] Bacteria that can cause abscess infections include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), also known as staph, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), strains of staph that are resistant to certain antibiotics, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] Other less common causes of skin abscesses are: anaerobic organisms, fungal infections, viruses, parasites. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing infected skin abscesses, including: those with obesity, those who smoke, people with diabetes, people with compromised immune systems, those who use drugs intravenously.

• #31 Most Common Causes of Abscesses: Health Solutions: Board Certified Family Medicine

  https://www.hstinleypark.com/blog/most-common-causes-of-abscesses

  People with diabetes are at particular risk for abscesses. If your diabetes isn’t controlled well and your blood sugar levels spike, you may have damage to your blood vessels. This can impede blood flow to your skin. Your body can’t send enough infection-fighting white blood cells to the target area. […] Likewise, if you’re fighting cancer or have a disease like AIDs, sickle cell disease, or Crohn’s disease, you’re at increased risk of an abscess. […] If you have peripheral vascular disease (PVD), plaque has built up on the walls of your blood vessels, causing them to become very narrow. PVD often affects your legs and/or feet. […] Many people with diabetes have PVD. Because your blood vessels are narrow, you have poor circulation. Your skin can become thin and unhealthy because it’s not getting proper blood flow. It can tear, leaving you at risk for an abscess.

• #32 Abscess: Causes, Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/abscess

  A skin abscess is a tender mass generally surrounded by a colored area from pink to deep red. Abscesses are often easy to feel by touching. The vast majority of them are caused by infections. Inside, they are full of pus, bacteria and debris. […] When our normal skin barrier is broken, even from minor trauma, or small tears, or inflammation, bacteria can enter the skin. An abscess can form as your body’s defenses try to kill these germs with your inflammatory response (white blood cells = pus). Obstruction in a sweat or oil (sebaceous) gland, or a hair follicle or a pre-existing cyst can also trigger an abscess. […] People with weakened immune systems get certain abscesses more often. Those with any of the following are all at risk for having more severe abscesses. This is because the body has a decreased ability to ward off infections. […] Other risk factors for abscess include exposure to dirty environments, exposure to persons with certain types of skin infections, poor hygiene, and poor circulation.

• #33 Skin abscess

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/skin-abscess/

  Skin abscesses are usually caused by an infection. […] However, bacteria can sometimes get into your skin, for example through a cut or along a hair follicle. This can cause pus to form, creating an abscess. […] You may be more likely to get skin abscesses if you: smoke, are living with obesity, have diabetes, are between 15 and 40 years old, have a skin condition or inflammation such as eczema.

• #34 Most Common Causes of Abscesses: Health Solutions: Board Certified Family Medicine

  https://www.hstinleypark.com/blog/most-common-causes-of-abscesses

  People with diabetes are at particular risk for abscesses. If your diabetes isn’t controlled well and your blood sugar levels spike, you may have damage to your blood vessels. This can impede blood flow to your skin. Your body can’t send enough infection-fighting white blood cells to the target area. […] Likewise, if you’re fighting cancer or have a disease like AIDs, sickle cell disease, or Crohn’s disease, you’re at increased risk of an abscess. […] If you have peripheral vascular disease (PVD), plaque has built up on the walls of your blood vessels, causing them to become very narrow. PVD often affects your legs and/or feet. […] Many people with diabetes have PVD. Because your blood vessels are narrow, you have poor circulation. Your skin can become thin and unhealthy because it’s not getting proper blood flow. It can tear, leaving you at risk for an abscess.

• #35 Skin Abscess – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/plastic-surgery/infections/skin-abscess/

  Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL) is a cytotoxin produced by Staphylococcus Aureus. PVL causes leukocyte and tissue destruction and is produced by 5% of S. aureus strains. […] The main risk factors for developing a skin abscess include diabetes mellitus, patients on steroids or any immunosuppressive medication, sickle cell disease, intravenous drug users, or malnutrition. […] Patients with a skin abscess will present with a localised erythematous tender swelling, that may or may not be discharging purulent material. […] If left untreated, the infective process may progress into further cellulitis, necrotising fasciitis, or sepsis. […] Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a condition of chronic and recurrent infections affecting the apocrine gland-bearing areas of the body. It is characterised by multiple superficial abscesses, with or without features of chronic sinus formation or ulceration. […] Patients will present with recurrent abscess formation, often resulting in sinus formation due to the breakdown of the apocrine gland walls.

• #36 Skin Abscess: Treatment, Symptoms, Antibiotics, Types, Surgery & At Home

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/abscess/article_em.htm

  A skin abscess is a localized collection of pus that generally develops in response to infection or to the presence of other foreign materials under the skin. […] Skin abscesses are typically caused by either an inflammatory reaction to an infectious process (bacteria or parasite) or, less commonly, to a foreign substance within the body (a needle or a splinter, for example). […] The most common bacterial organism responsible for the development of skin abscesses is Staphylococcus aureus, although various other organisms can also lead to abscess formation. […] A major risk factor for developing skin abscesses includes a weakened immune system (either from chronic diseases or from medications) because the body’s ability to fight infection is decreased. […] The following conditions are risk factors for developing abscesses and for getting recurrent or multiple abscesses: Chronic steroid therapy, Chemotherapy, Diabetes, Cancer, Lupus, Dialysis for kidney failure, HIV/AIDS, Sickle cell disease, Peripheral vascular disease, Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis, Severe burns, Severe trauma, Intravenous (IV) drug use, Skin injections from medical procedures, prescription drugs, or tattoos, Alcoholism.

• #37 Skin Abscess: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-abscess

  A skin abscess is usually the result of a cut or nick in your skin that allows typical bacteria found on your skin, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, to enter the wound and cause inflammation. […] You’re at an increased risk of this bacterial infection if you: have close contact with an individual who has a Staphylococcus (staph) infection, which is why these infections are more common in hospitals; live with a chronic skin disease, like acne or eczema; live with diabetes; live with metabolic syndrome; smoke; have a weakened immune system. […] Other, less common causes of skin abscesses include: viruses, fungus, parasites, tuberculosis.

• #38 Skin abscess

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/skin-abscess/

  Skin abscesses are usually caused by an infection. […] However, bacteria can sometimes get into your skin, for example through a cut or along a hair follicle. This can cause pus to form, creating an abscess. […] You may be more likely to get skin abscesses if you: smoke, are living with obesity, have diabetes, are between 15 and 40 years old, have a skin condition or inflammation such as eczema.

• #39 What Is the Main Cause of Abscess? Treatment, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_main_cause_of_abscess/article.htm

  Complicating conditions: Internal injuries caused by conditions such as inflammatory bowel syndrome sometimes become infected. These injuries can sometimes lead to abscesses and even may be complicated if the person is diabetic. […] Immune system disorders: People with weakened immune systems such as those with human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, or diabetes are more likely to develop abscesses. […] Unsterile environment: Constant picking and touching a wound or an ulcer may make it more prone to abscess development. […] Intravenous drug use: Injecting drugs with a needle can cause skin irritation and the introduction of bacteria and/or foreign objects into the skin, resulting in the formation of an abscess. […] Surgery: Surgical incisions can cause abscesses in some cases when sterilization of instruments is not properly done. This is unusual, but the cause cannot be ruled out.

• #40 Abscess: Causes, Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/abscess

  A skin abscess is a tender mass generally surrounded by a colored area from pink to deep red. Abscesses are often easy to feel by touching. The vast majority of them are caused by infections. Inside, they are full of pus, bacteria and debris. […] When our normal skin barrier is broken, even from minor trauma, or small tears, or inflammation, bacteria can enter the skin. An abscess can form as your body’s defenses try to kill these germs with your inflammatory response (white blood cells = pus). Obstruction in a sweat or oil (sebaceous) gland, or a hair follicle or a pre-existing cyst can also trigger an abscess. […] People with weakened immune systems get certain abscesses more often. Those with any of the following are all at risk for having more severe abscesses. This is because the body has a decreased ability to ward off infections. […] Other risk factors for abscess include exposure to dirty environments, exposure to persons with certain types of skin infections, poor hygiene, and poor circulation.

• #41 Most Common Causes of Abscesses: Health Solutions: Board Certified Family Medicine

  https://www.hstinleypark.com/blog/most-common-causes-of-abscesses

  If your work involves dirt and grime or working in an environment where you might get hurt, such as a construction site, you’re at risk for an infection that could turn into an abscess. Proper hygiene is critical to ensure your health. […] Bacteria love moist environments. If a sweat gland in your armpit is obstructed, an abscess could result. Likewise, an inflamed hair follicle can cause an abscess.

• #42

  https://www.clinikally.com/blogs/news/comprehensive-guide-to-skin-abscesses?srsltid=AfmBOorSFapi7IHYfrX1E_FQvWEjQY4WTo180rvVBvUcsjlf-gmMgU3h

  A skin abscess is an accumulation of localised pus brought on by an infection, frequently one that is bacterial. […] The most common cause of skin abscesses is bacterial infection, which is frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus. […] Poor hygiene increases the likelihood of bacterial infection. […] Bacterial infections are usually the source of skin abscesses, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most prevalent culprit. […] Bacterial infections, blocking sweat glands or hair follicles, immune system weakness, inadequate hygiene, skin problems, trauma or injury, foreign bodies, shared personal objects, long-term medical issues, and pre-existing skin infections are some of the typical causes. […] Understanding the causes, recognising symptoms, and seeking medical attention as soon as possible are all critical to effectively managing skin abscesses.

• #43 Folliculitis and Skin Abscesses – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/folliculitis-and-skin-abscesses

  Folliculitis and skin abscesses are pus-filled pockets in the skin resulting from bacterial infection. They may be superficial or deep, affecting just hair follicles or deeper structures within the skin. […] Most skin abscesses are caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and appear as pus-filled pockets on the skin surface. A strain of Staphylococcus that is resistant to previously effective antibiotics has become a more common cause. This strain is called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] Sometimes the bacteria enter the skin through a hair follicle, small scrape, or puncture, although often there is no obvious point of entry. People who live in crowded conditions, have poor hygiene or chronic skin diseases, or whose nasal passages contain Staphylococcus are more likely to have repeat episodes of folliculitis or skin abscesses. A weakened immune system, obesity, old age, and possibly diabetes are also common risk factors.

• #44 Bacterial Skin Abscess | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71743

  The abscess can also be fatal in rare cases, such as when it is in an area where pressure on vital organs such as the trachea in the case of abscess in the neck area. […] The most important complication is the spread of the abscess (pus) to neighboring tissues by means of treatment tools, which may sometimes cause the death of these tissues (gangrene). […] The presence of specific risk factors may stimulate the skin abscess, may impose pathogens, disease course and respond to specific treatments. […] It includes predisposing factors associated with the risk of skin abscess are: Disable the skin barrier due to trauma (such as corrosion, penetrating wound, pressure ulcers, venous leg ulcers, insect bite, injecting drug use). […] Colonization with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus in the front lines on the skin increases the risk of skin abscess.

• #45 Skin abscesses in adults: Treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/skin-abscesses-in-adults-treatment

  Management of abscesses associated with wounds or injury or with underlying medical devices requires specific approaches. […] We suggest preprocedural antibiotics for patients with risk factors for endocarditis. […] The duration of therapy should be individualized based on clinical response. […] Recurrences of skin abscesses are not uncommon, occurring in 7 to 14 percent of individuals within two months of completing therapy. […] Studies suggest that antimicrobial therapy decreases the risk of recurrent skin abscess.

• #46 Skin Abscess: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-abscess

  A skin abscess is usually the result of a cut or nick in your skin that allows typical bacteria found on your skin, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, to enter the wound and cause inflammation. […] You’re at an increased risk of this bacterial infection if you: have close contact with an individual who has a Staphylococcus (staph) infection, which is why these infections are more common in hospitals; live with a chronic skin disease, like acne or eczema; live with diabetes; live with metabolic syndrome; smoke; have a weakened immune system. […] Other, less common causes of skin abscesses include: viruses, fungus, parasites, tuberculosis.

• #47 Skin Abscess: Types, Healing Stages, and Pictures

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/abscess-causes-and-treatment-1068819

  A skin abscess is a walled-off, bump-like collection of pus that appears either within or just below the surface of the skin. Abscesses are typically caused by a bacterial infection. […] Abscesses are most often caused by bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus, which normally exist on the skin and inside the nose. It can enter the body through a cut, abrasion, puncture, or even an insect bite. Other factors can increase the risk of S. aureus infection, including: […] A condition called folliculitis can cause an abscess to form within a hair follicle. Infection begins when a hair is trapped beneath the surface and can’t break through (a condition commonly referred to as an ingrown hair). Folliculitis can be caused by shaving (particularly in Black people). It is also associated with swimming in an improperly chlorinated pool or hot tub. […] Most often, it is caused by bacteria, called Staphylococcus aureus, which normally exist on the skin and inside the nose. But other culprits, like acne, eczema, or poor hygiene shouldn’t be overlooked as possible culprits.

• #48 Skin abscess

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/skin-abscess/

  Skin abscesses are usually caused by an infection. […] However, bacteria can sometimes get into your skin, for example through a cut or along a hair follicle. This can cause pus to form, creating an abscess. […] You may be more likely to get skin abscesses if you: smoke, are living with obesity, have diabetes, are between 15 and 40 years old, have a skin condition or inflammation such as eczema.

• #49 Cutaneous abscess

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-abscess

  A painful abscess is usually due to acute bacterial infection. Bacteria penetrate a break in the skin such as a puncture wound, or via a hair follicle. An abscess may also develop around a foreign body, such as a splinter. The most common causes of infective abscesses are: […] A sterile abscess may persist after an infection has been cleared, as it contains dead or necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. […] A sterile abscess may occur after corticosteroid injection. This is more likely when the medication has spilt into subcutaneous fat. A foreign-body or other hypersensitivity reaction to injected material such as bovine collagen may also result in abscess formation. […] Certain inflammatory skin diseases may cause tissue destruction and abscess formation, in the absence of pathogens (infectious microbes). These include: Hidradenitis suppurativa, Acne conglobata and acne fulminans, Crohn skin disease, Panniculitis (inflamed subcutaneous fat).

• #50 Cutaneous abscess

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-abscess

  A painful abscess is usually due to acute bacterial infection. Bacteria penetrate a break in the skin such as a puncture wound, or via a hair follicle. An abscess may also develop around a foreign body, such as a splinter. The most common causes of infective abscesses are: […] A sterile abscess may persist after an infection has been cleared, as it contains dead or necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. […] A sterile abscess may occur after corticosteroid injection. This is more likely when the medication has spilt into subcutaneous fat. A foreign-body or other hypersensitivity reaction to injected material such as bovine collagen may also result in abscess formation. […] Certain inflammatory skin diseases may cause tissue destruction and abscess formation, in the absence of pathogens (infectious microbes). These include: Hidradenitis suppurativa, Acne conglobata and acne fulminans, Crohn skin disease, Panniculitis (inflamed subcutaneous fat).

• #51 Cutaneous abscess

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-abscess

  A painful abscess is usually due to acute bacterial infection. Bacteria penetrate a break in the skin such as a puncture wound, or via a hair follicle. An abscess may also develop around a foreign body, such as a splinter. The most common causes of infective abscesses are: […] A sterile abscess may persist after an infection has been cleared, as it contains dead or necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. […] A sterile abscess may occur after corticosteroid injection. This is more likely when the medication has spilt into subcutaneous fat. A foreign-body or other hypersensitivity reaction to injected material such as bovine collagen may also result in abscess formation. […] Certain inflammatory skin diseases may cause tissue destruction and abscess formation, in the absence of pathogens (infectious microbes). These include: Hidradenitis suppurativa, Acne conglobata and acne fulminans, Crohn skin disease, Panniculitis (inflamed subcutaneous fat).

• #52 Cutaneous abscess

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-abscess

  A painful abscess is usually due to acute bacterial infection. Bacteria penetrate a break in the skin such as a puncture wound, or via a hair follicle. An abscess may also develop around a foreign body, such as a splinter. The most common causes of infective abscesses are: […] A sterile abscess may persist after an infection has been cleared, as it contains dead or necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. […] A sterile abscess may occur after corticosteroid injection. This is more likely when the medication has spilt into subcutaneous fat. A foreign-body or other hypersensitivity reaction to injected material such as bovine collagen may also result in abscess formation. […] Certain inflammatory skin diseases may cause tissue destruction and abscess formation, in the absence of pathogens (infectious microbes). These include: Hidradenitis suppurativa, Acne conglobata and acne fulminans, Crohn skin disease, Panniculitis (inflamed subcutaneous fat).

• #53 Cutaneous abscess – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Cutaneous_abscess

  Cutaneous abscess may be classified as sterile abscess and infectious abscess. […] Sterile abscesses are mainly seen in diabetic patients secondary to insulin injection. […] Infectious abscesses which are mostly due to staphylococcus aureus infection. […] Abscess is usually caused by staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection in an injured skin. […] S. aureus (either methicillin-susceptible or methicillin-resistant S. aureus) is counting for 75% of cases. […] Mixed flora (including S. aureus together with S. pyogenes and gram-negative bacilli with anaerobes) […] Anaerobes, mostly seen in injecting drug users. […] Nontuberculous mycobacteria, blastomycosis, nocardiosis, and cryptococcosis.

• #54 Cutaneous abscess

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-abscess

  A painful abscess is usually due to acute bacterial infection. Bacteria penetrate a break in the skin such as a puncture wound, or via a hair follicle. An abscess may also develop around a foreign body, such as a splinter. The most common causes of infective abscesses are: […] A sterile abscess may persist after an infection has been cleared, as it contains dead or necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. […] A sterile abscess may occur after corticosteroid injection. This is more likely when the medication has spilt into subcutaneous fat. A foreign-body or other hypersensitivity reaction to injected material such as bovine collagen may also result in abscess formation. […] Certain inflammatory skin diseases may cause tissue destruction and abscess formation, in the absence of pathogens (infectious microbes). These include: Hidradenitis suppurativa, Acne conglobata and acne fulminans, Crohn skin disease, Panniculitis (inflamed subcutaneous fat).

• #55 Skin Abscess – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/plastic-surgery/infections/skin-abscess/

  Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL) is a cytotoxin produced by Staphylococcus Aureus. PVL causes leukocyte and tissue destruction and is produced by 5% of S. aureus strains. […] The main risk factors for developing a skin abscess include diabetes mellitus, patients on steroids or any immunosuppressive medication, sickle cell disease, intravenous drug users, or malnutrition. […] Patients with a skin abscess will present with a localised erythematous tender swelling, that may or may not be discharging purulent material. […] If left untreated, the infective process may progress into further cellulitis, necrotising fasciitis, or sepsis. […] Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a condition of chronic and recurrent infections affecting the apocrine gland-bearing areas of the body. It is characterised by multiple superficial abscesses, with or without features of chronic sinus formation or ulceration. […] Patients will present with recurrent abscess formation, often resulting in sinus formation due to the breakdown of the apocrine gland walls.

• #56 Cutaneous abscess

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-abscess

  A painful abscess is usually due to acute bacterial infection. Bacteria penetrate a break in the skin such as a puncture wound, or via a hair follicle. An abscess may also develop around a foreign body, such as a splinter. The most common causes of infective abscesses are: […] A sterile abscess may persist after an infection has been cleared, as it contains dead or necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. […] A sterile abscess may occur after corticosteroid injection. This is more likely when the medication has spilt into subcutaneous fat. A foreign-body or other hypersensitivity reaction to injected material such as bovine collagen may also result in abscess formation. […] Certain inflammatory skin diseases may cause tissue destruction and abscess formation, in the absence of pathogens (infectious microbes). These include: Hidradenitis suppurativa, Acne conglobata and acne fulminans, Crohn skin disease, Panniculitis (inflamed subcutaneous fat).

• #57 Cutaneous abscess

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-abscess

  A painful abscess is usually due to acute bacterial infection. Bacteria penetrate a break in the skin such as a puncture wound, or via a hair follicle. An abscess may also develop around a foreign body, such as a splinter. The most common causes of infective abscesses are: […] A sterile abscess may persist after an infection has been cleared, as it contains dead or necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. […] A sterile abscess may occur after corticosteroid injection. This is more likely when the medication has spilt into subcutaneous fat. A foreign-body or other hypersensitivity reaction to injected material such as bovine collagen may also result in abscess formation. […] Certain inflammatory skin diseases may cause tissue destruction and abscess formation, in the absence of pathogens (infectious microbes). These include: Hidradenitis suppurativa, Acne conglobata and acne fulminans, Crohn skin disease, Panniculitis (inflamed subcutaneous fat).

• #58 Cutaneous abscess

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-abscess

  A painful abscess is usually due to acute bacterial infection. Bacteria penetrate a break in the skin such as a puncture wound, or via a hair follicle. An abscess may also develop around a foreign body, such as a splinter. The most common causes of infective abscesses are: […] A sterile abscess may persist after an infection has been cleared, as it contains dead or necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. […] A sterile abscess may occur after corticosteroid injection. This is more likely when the medication has spilt into subcutaneous fat. A foreign-body or other hypersensitivity reaction to injected material such as bovine collagen may also result in abscess formation. […] Certain inflammatory skin diseases may cause tissue destruction and abscess formation, in the absence of pathogens (infectious microbes). These include: Hidradenitis suppurativa, Acne conglobata and acne fulminans, Crohn skin disease, Panniculitis (inflamed subcutaneous fat).

• #59 What Is the Main Cause of Abscess? Treatment, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_main_cause_of_abscess/article.htm

  Complicating conditions: Internal injuries caused by conditions such as inflammatory bowel syndrome sometimes become infected. These injuries can sometimes lead to abscesses and even may be complicated if the person is diabetic. […] Immune system disorders: People with weakened immune systems such as those with human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, or diabetes are more likely to develop abscesses. […] Unsterile environment: Constant picking and touching a wound or an ulcer may make it more prone to abscess development. […] Intravenous drug use: Injecting drugs with a needle can cause skin irritation and the introduction of bacteria and/or foreign objects into the skin, resulting in the formation of an abscess. […] Surgery: Surgical incisions can cause abscesses in some cases when sterilization of instruments is not properly done. This is unusual, but the cause cannot be ruled out.

• #60 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Various hospital-acquired infections following soft tissue trauma may lead to cellulitis. It is unusual to have infection occur in areas around surgical wounds fewer than 24 hours postoperatively, but if there is such a clinical problem, group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus [GABHS] or Clostridium perfringens (which produces gas that may be appreciated as crepitus on examination) usually is the cause. Acinetobacter baumannii is an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen in these scenarios. […] Cellulitis can complicate varicella and may be identified by larger margins of erythema surrounding the vesicles. One study identified patients with invasive GAS cellulitis complicating varicella. […] Although cellulitis can be complicated by abscess formation, it typically develops from an abscessogenic focus. One maxim in microbiology is the following: „The hallmark of staph infection is abscess formation.” This has become a significant concern because of changing patterns of antibiotic resistance of S aureus, particularly MRSA.

• #61 Abscesses: Causes, Symptoms and ER Treatment Options

  https://ercare24.com/abscesses

  Conditions like cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis or the presence of a sebaceous cyst can sometimes contribute to abscess formation. This is more likely if these skin conditions are left untreated for an extended period of time. […] Conditions like inflammatory bowel syndrome or diabetes can sometimes lead to internal injuries that then become infected. These injuries sometimes develop into abscesses. […] People with compromised immune systems, such as those affected by HIV, cancer or diabetes may be at a higher risk for developing abscesses. […] Injecting drugs with a needle can lead to skin irritation and the introduction of bacteria and/or foreign objects into the skin, resulting in abscess formation. […] In some cases, surgical incisions can lead to abscesses. This is uncommon but happens occasionally. […] Rarely, microscopic parasites can invade the body. Their presence can introduce bacteria into the skin which may lead to abscess formation. This is most common in areas of the world where these microscopic organisms are prevalent.

• #62 Cellulitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214222-overview

  Mammalian bite wounds represent a specific subset of cellulitis with unique pathogens, and the infections are usually polymicrobial. Human, dog, cat, and wild animal bites all predispose to cellulitis with unique pathogens, but dog bites are the most commonly encountered bite wound in both the primary care and the emergency setting.

• #63 Cutaneous Abscess – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/cutaneous-abscess

  Bacteria causing cutaneous abscesses are typically indigenous to the skin of the involved area. […] For abscesses on the trunk, extremities, axillae, or head and neck, the most common organisms are Staphylococcus aureus (with methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA] being the most common in the United States) and streptococci. […] Abscesses in the perineal (ie, inguinal, vaginal, buttock, perirectal) region contain organisms found in the stool, commonly anaerobes or a combination of aerobes and anaerobes. […] Pathogens reflect flora of the involved area (eg, S. aureus and streptococci in the trunk, axilla, head, and neck).

• #64 Folliculitis and Skin Abscesses – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/folliculitis-and-skin-abscesses

  Folliculitis and skin abscesses are pus-filled pockets in the skin resulting from bacterial infection. They may be superficial or deep, affecting just hair follicles or deeper structures within the skin. […] Most skin abscesses are caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and appear as pus-filled pockets on the skin surface. A strain of Staphylococcus that is resistant to previously effective antibiotics has become a more common cause. This strain is called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). […] Sometimes the bacteria enter the skin through a hair follicle, small scrape, or puncture, although often there is no obvious point of entry. People who live in crowded conditions, have poor hygiene or chronic skin diseases, or whose nasal passages contain Staphylococcus are more likely to have repeat episodes of folliculitis or skin abscesses. A weakened immune system, obesity, old age, and possibly diabetes are also common risk factors.

• #65 Abscess: Causes, Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/abscess

  A skin abscess is a tender mass generally surrounded by a colored area from pink to deep red. Abscesses are often easy to feel by touching. The vast majority of them are caused by infections. Inside, they are full of pus, bacteria and debris. […] When our normal skin barrier is broken, even from minor trauma, or small tears, or inflammation, bacteria can enter the skin. An abscess can form as your body’s defenses try to kill these germs with your inflammatory response (white blood cells = pus). Obstruction in a sweat or oil (sebaceous) gland, or a hair follicle or a pre-existing cyst can also trigger an abscess. […] People with weakened immune systems get certain abscesses more often. Those with any of the following are all at risk for having more severe abscesses. This is because the body has a decreased ability to ward off infections. […] Other risk factors for abscess include exposure to dirty environments, exposure to persons with certain types of skin infections, poor hygiene, and poor circulation.

• #66 Skin abscess: Pictures, symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/skin-abscess

  People can develop skin abscesses for various reasons, but the most common cause is bacterial infection. […] The bacteria typically enter the skin through a hair follicle, puncture wound, or cut to the skin. Sometimes abscesses form around a foreign object, such as a splinter or piece of glass stuck in the skin. […] Bacteria that can cause abscess infections include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), also known as staph, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), strains of staph that are resistant to certain antibiotics, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. […] Other less common causes of skin abscesses are: anaerobic organisms, fungal infections, viruses, parasites. […] Some people have a higher risk of developing infected skin abscesses, including: those with obesity, those who smoke, people with diabetes, people with compromised immune systems, those who use drugs intravenously.

• #67 Skin abscess

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/skin-abscess/

  Skin abscesses are usually caused by an infection. […] However, bacteria can sometimes get into your skin, for example through a cut or along a hair follicle. This can cause pus to form, creating an abscess. […] You may be more likely to get skin abscesses if you: smoke, are living with obesity, have diabetes, are between 15 and 40 years old, have a skin condition or inflammation such as eczema.

• #68 Cutaneous abscess

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cutaneous-abscess

  A painful abscess is usually due to acute bacterial infection. Bacteria penetrate a break in the skin such as a puncture wound, or via a hair follicle. An abscess may also develop around a foreign body, such as a splinter. The most common causes of infective abscesses are: […] A sterile abscess may persist after an infection has been cleared, as it contains dead or necrotic tissue and inflammatory cells. […] A sterile abscess may occur after corticosteroid injection. This is more likely when the medication has spilt into subcutaneous fat. A foreign-body or other hypersensitivity reaction to injected material such as bovine collagen may also result in abscess formation. […] Certain inflammatory skin diseases may cause tissue destruction and abscess formation, in the absence of pathogens (infectious microbes). These include: Hidradenitis suppurativa, Acne conglobata and acne fulminans, Crohn skin disease, Panniculitis (inflamed subcutaneous fat).

• #69 What Is the Main Cause of Abscess? Treatment, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_the_main_cause_of_abscess/article.htm

  Complicating conditions: Internal injuries caused by conditions such as inflammatory bowel syndrome sometimes become infected. These injuries can sometimes lead to abscesses and even may be complicated if the person is diabetic. […] Immune system disorders: People with weakened immune systems such as those with human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, or diabetes are more likely to develop abscesses. […] Unsterile environment: Constant picking and touching a wound or an ulcer may make it more prone to abscess development. […] Intravenous drug use: Injecting drugs with a needle can cause skin irritation and the introduction of bacteria and/or foreign objects into the skin, resulting in the formation of an abscess. […] Surgery: Surgical incisions can cause abscesses in some cases when sterilization of instruments is not properly done. This is unusual, but the cause cannot be ruled out.

• #70 Skin abscesses in adults: Treatment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/skin-abscesses-in-adults-treatment

  Patients with skin and soft tissue infections may present with cellulitis, skin abscess, and other syndromes of infection. […] We suggest antibiotic treatment for all patients undergoing incision and drainage of a skin abscess. […] Many abscesses are treated successfully with incision and drainage alone and expert opinion varies. […] Several trials have indicated a benefit to antibiotic therapy, even in patients with small abscesses. […] Antibiotics decrease the likelihood of treatment failure. […] Antibiotics appear to improve outcomes regardless of lesion size, causative organism, or presence of fever or comorbidities based on a randomized placebo-controlled trial of 1220 patients with drained abscess who received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or placebo. […] In addition to decreasing treatment failures, antimicrobial therapy decreases the risk of recurrent skin abscesses.

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