Przewlekłe zaburzenie depresyjne

Przewlekłe zaburzenie depresyjne
Epidemiologia

Przewlekłe zaburzenie depresyjne (PDD), wcześniej dystymia, charakteryzuje się utrzymującym się co najmniej 2 lata obniżeniem nastroju o mniejszym nasileniu niż w dużym zaburzeniu depresyjnym, lecz z długotrwałym przebiegiem. Globalne roczne rozpowszechnienie PDD wynosi około 1,53%, z wyższą częstością u kobiet (1,8%) niż u mężczyzn (1,3%). W populacji USA roczne rozpowszechnienie szacuje się na 1,5%, a w podstawowej opiece zdrowotnej wskaźnik chorobowości w ciągu życia wynosi 5-15%. PDD wiąże się z istotnym upośledzeniem funkcjonowania, w tym problemami zawodowymi i społecznymi, a także wysokim współwystępowaniem zaburzeń lękowych, uzależnień i zaburzeń osobowości. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują płeć żeńską (stosunek 2:1), wiek >50 lat, niską pozycję społeczno-ekonomiczną, doświadczenie traumatycznych wydarzeń oraz obciążenie rodzinne, co sugeruje komponent genetyczny.

Epidemiologia przewlekłego zaburzenia depresyjnego

Rozpowszechnienie na świecie
Różnice demograficzne
Różnice geograficzne i kulturowe
Zaburzenia współistniejące i czynniki ryzyka
Obciążenie ekonomiczne i społeczne
Nadzór i monitorowanie
Trendy i prognozy
Wyzwania w monitorowaniu przewlekłego zaburzenia depresyjnego

Wnioski

Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia przewlekłego zaburzenia depresyjnego

Przewlekłe zaburzenie depresyjne (PDD), wcześniej znane jako dystymia, charakteryzuje się przewlekłym, utrzymującym się przez długi czas obniżeniem nastroju, które nie jest tak nasilone jak w przypadku dużego zaburzenia depresyjnego, ale może trwać znacznie dłużej. Diagnoza PDD wymaga występowania objawów depresyjnych przez co najmniej dwa lata.¹ Jest to zaburzenie istotne klinicznie, związane ze znacznym upośledzeniem funkcjonowania, w tym problemami z zatrudnieniem, trudnościami w nawiązywaniu bliskich relacji, większym wykorzystaniem opieki zdrowotnej i świadczeń publicznych.²

Rozpowszechnienie na świecie

Według danych epidemiologicznych, globalne roczne rozpowszechnienie przewlekłego zaburzenia depresyjnego wynosi około 105 milionów osób, co stanowi 1,53% światowej populacji.³ Badania sugerują, że wskaźniki chorobowości wynoszą 1,8% dla kobiet i 1,3% dla mężczyzn.⁴ W populacji ogólnej Stanów Zjednoczonych szacuje się, że roczne rozpowszechnienie PDD wynosi około 1,5%, przy czym odsetek ten jest wyższy wśród kobiet (1,9%) niż wśród mężczyzn (1,0%).⁵

Rozpowszechnienie PDD na przestrzeni życia szacuje się na 2,5% w populacji USA,⁶⁷ podczas gdy w populacji ogólnej badania sugerują wskaźnik 3-6%.⁸ W warunkach podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej wskaźnik chorobowości w ciągu życia wynosi od 5 do 15%.⁹

Według DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision), 12-miesięczne rozpowszechnienie dystymii wynosi około 0,5%, a przewlekłego dużego zaburzenia depresyjnego około 1,5%.¹⁰ Niektóre badania wskazują, że rozpowszechnienie PDD z utrzymującymi się epizodami dużej depresji może wynosić 15,2%, a PDD z czystą dystymią 3,3%.¹¹

Różnice demograficzne

Istnieją znaczące różnice w rozpowszechnieniu PDD w zależności od płci i wieku. Kobiety są dotknięte tym zaburzeniem znacznie częściej niż mężczyźni. Wskaźnik PDD jest 1,5 do 2 razy wyższy u kobiet w porównaniu do mężczyzn.¹² Ta różnica może wynikać z czynników hormonalnych, efektów związanych z porodem, różnych stresorów psychospołecznych u mężczyzn i kobiet oraz behawioralnego modelu wyuczonej bezradności.¹³

Jeśli chodzi o wiek, PDD może rozpocząć się w każdym momencie życia, od dzieciństwa po dorosłość, przy czym wiele osób zgłasza początek w dzieciństwie, okresie dojrzewania lub wczesnej dorosłości.¹⁴ Objawy zazwyczaj zaczynają się podstępnie w okresie dojrzewania i mogą utrzymywać się przez wiele lat lub dziesięcioleci.¹⁵

W podgrupie osób starszych dystymia jest częstsza u kobiet, ale ma bardziej niekorzystny wpływ na przeżywalność u mężczyzn.¹⁶ Przed okresem dojrzewania i po menopauzie zaburzenia depresyjne wydają się dotykać obu płci w podobnym stopniu.¹⁷

Różnice geograficzne i kulturowe

Występuje znaczna zmienność geograficzna w rozpowszechnieniu zaburzeń depresyjnych. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w USA w 2020 roku oszacowano, że 18,4% dorosłych Amerykanów zgłosiło, że kiedykolwiek zdiagnozowano u nich depresję. Standaryzowane względem wieku szacunki na poziomie stanu wahały się od 12,7% na Hawajach do 27,5% w Wirginii Zachodniej.¹⁸ Na poziomie hrabstw, standaryzowane względem wieku szacunki wahały się od 10,7% (hrabstwo Aleutians East Borough, Alaska) do 31,9% (hrabstwo Logan, Wirginia Zachodnia).¹⁹

Badania wskazują również na różnice rasowe i etniczne w rozpowszechnieniu zaburzeń depresyjnych. Jedno badanie, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), wykazało, że dystymia jest częstsza wśród Afroamerykanów i Amerykanów pochodzenia meksykańskiego niż wśród osób rasy białej.²⁰

Rozpowszechnienie zaburzeń depresyjnych może się znacznie różnić w różnych krajach. Szacunki depresji są niższe w krajach Azji Wschodniej.²¹ W Korei wskaźnik występowania dużej depresji wynosi 4 na 100 osób, podczas gdy światowy wskaźnik wynosi 10 na 100.²²

Zaburzenia współistniejące i czynniki ryzyka

Osoby z przewlekłym zaburzeniem depresyjnym często cierpią na współistniejące zaburzenia psychiczne i medyczne. Pacjenci z PDD są bardziej narażeni na zaburzenia lękowe, zaburzenia związane z używaniem substancji psychoaktywnych lub zaburzenia osobowości (np. zaburzenie osobowości z pogranicza).²³

Badania wykazały, że PDD wiąże się z gorszymi wynikami w porównaniu z niechronicznymi zaburzeniami depresyjnymi w zakresie współwystępowania chorób somatycznych, komponenty psychicznej kwestionariusza SF-36 oraz ograniczeń aktywności wynikających z problemów ze zdrowiem psychicznym.²⁴

Do czynników ryzyka rozwoju PDD należą:²⁵²⁶

Płeć żeńska (stosunek kobiet do mężczyzn około 2:1)
Wiek powyżej 50 lat
Zaburzenie małżeństwa (rozwód, separacja)
Niższy status społeczno-ekonomiczny
Zamieszkanie na obszarach wiejskich
Doświadczenie poważnych wydarzeń życiowych
Rozwód lub śmierć rodziców

²⁷²⁸

Ponadto, PDD ma tendencję do występowania w rodzinach biologicznych, co sugeruje komponent genetyczny.²⁹

Obciążenie ekonomiczne i społeczne

Przewlekłe zaburzenie depresyjne wiąże się ze znacznym obciążeniem indywidualnym i ekonomicznym. Na poziomie populacyjnym, PDD wiąże się z zauważalnie wyższym indywidualnym i ekonomicznym obciążeniem chorobowym niż nichroniczne duże zaburzenie depresyjne, co podkreśla potrzebę poprawy rozpoznawania medycznego przewlekłych przebiegów i ustanowienia specyficznych koncepcji leczenia przewlekłej depresji.³⁰

Wśród dorosłych z PDD w ciągu ostatniego roku, stopień upośledzenia waha się od łagodnego do ciężkiego. Szacuje się, że 49,7% osób z PDD ma poważne upośledzenie, 32,1% ma umiarkowane upośledzenie, a 18,2% ma łagodne upośledzenie.³¹

Szczególnie istotnym problemem jest opornośść na leczenie w przewlekłych zaburzeniach depresyjnych. Roczne rozpowszechnienie depresji opornej na leczenie (TRD) oszacowano na 30,9% wśród dorosłych z leczonym farmakologicznie dużym zaburzeniem depresyjnym, co stanowi 2,8 miliona dorosłych lub 1,1% dorosłej populacji USA.³² Krajowe obciążenie ekonomiczne TRD oszacowano na 43,8 miliarda dolarów rocznie, co stanowi 47,2% obciążenia związanego z leczonym farmakologicznie dużym zaburzeniem depresyjnym.³³

Nadzór i monitorowanie

Ze względu na znaczące obciążenie zdrowotne i ekonomiczne związane z przewlekłym zaburzeniem depresyjnym, ważne jest prowadzenie nadzoru nad tym zaburzeniem. Systemy nadzoru, takie jak kanadyjski Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), śledzą wykorzystanie usług zdrowotnych związanych z zaburzeniami nastroju i lękowymi.³⁴

W Kanadzie w latach 2009/10 prawie 3,5 miliona Kanadyjczyków (czyli 10%) korzystało z usług zdrowotnych z powodu zaburzeń nastroju i lękowych. Najwyższe rozpowszechnienie zaobserwowano wśród osób w wieku od 30 do 54 lat, a następnie wśród osób w wieku 55 lat i starszych, podczas gdy największy względny wzrost rozpowszechnienia stwierdzono wśród dzieci i młodzieży (w wieku od 5 do 14 lat).³⁵

Ważne jest zauważenie, że systemy nadzoru mogą rejestrować osoby, które nie spełniają wszystkich standardowych kryteriów diagnostycznych zaburzeń nastroju lub lękowych, ale przypisano im kod diagnostyczny na podstawie oceny klinicznej. Z drugiej strony, systemy te nie rejestrują osób spełniających wszystkie standardowe kryteria diagnostyczne, ale które nie otrzymały odpowiedniego kodu diagnostycznego.³⁶

Firmy prowadzące badania rynkowe, jak Clarivate Epidemiology, obejmują swoim zasięgiem monitorowanie przewlekłego zaburzenia depresyjnego, dostarczając szacunki epidemiologiczne dla kluczowych populacji pacjentów na głównych dojrzałych rynkach farmaceutycznych (Stany Zjednoczone, Francja, Niemcy, Włochy, Hiszpania, Wielka Brytania i Japonia).³⁷

Trendy i prognozy

Zaburzenia depresyjne stają się coraz bardziej powszechne. Średni wiek wystąpienia waha się od późnych lat dwudziestych do wczesnych trzydziestych, ale wiek wystąpienia staje się wcześniejszy, a rozpowszechnienie dużej depresji rośnie.³⁸

Wskaźnik nawrotów depresji wynosi 85%, a pacjenci doświadczają średnio czterech epizodów depresji.³⁹ Duża depresja została sklasyfikowana jako czwarta najbardziej upośledzająca choroba.⁴⁰

Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, do 2030 roku depresja ma być drugą najważniejszą przyczyną obciążenia chorobami na świecie po HIV.⁴¹ Opóźnienie lub niepowodzenie w poszukiwaniu leczenia po nawrocie oraz niepowodzenie profesjonalistów opieki zdrowotnej w zapewnieniu leczenia są dwiema barierami w zmniejszaniu niepełnosprawności.⁴²

Wyzwania w monitorowaniu przewlekłego zaburzenia depresyjnego

Monitorowanie epidemiologii przewlekłego zaburzenia depresyjnego napotyka na pewne wyzwania. PDD było nową diagnozą w DSM-5 w 2013 roku, która połączyła dystymię i przewlekłe duże zaburzenie depresyjne.⁴³ Ze względu na względną nowość jako kategorii diagnostycznej, epidemiologia PDD nie została jeszcze dobrze zbadana.⁴⁴

Ponadto, wcześniejsze badania, w tym badania wyników, badania epidemiologiczne oraz metaanalizy i inne przeglądy, generalnie opierały się na kategoriach DSM-IV, a nie na konsolidowanej kategorii DSM-5-TR.⁴⁵ W przeciwieństwie do DSM-5-TR, który połączył diagnozę zaburzenia dystymicznego z innymi formami przewlekłej depresji w kategorię przewlekłego zaburzenia depresyjnego, ICD-11 zachowała odrębną klasyfikację zaburzenia dystymicznego.⁴⁶

Istnieją również różnice w kryteriach diagnostycznych i definicjach PDD między poszczególnymi krajami i systemami opieki zdrowotnej, co może prowadzić do różnic w raportowanych wskaźnikach rozpowszechnienia. Ponadto, PDD jest często błędnie diagnozowane, ponieważ prawidłowe kryteria do diagnozy tego stanu często nie są stosowane.⁴⁷

Wnioski

Przewlekłe zaburzenie depresyjne jest powszechnym zaburzeniem, które dotyka znaczną część populacji globalnej. Charakteryzuje się długotrwałym obniżonym nastrojem i objawami depresyjnymi, które utrzymują się przez co najmniej dwa lata. Rozpowszechnienie PDD jest wyższe wśród kobiet niż mężczyzn, a zaburzenie może pojawić się w dowolnym wieku, chociaż często zaczyna się w okresie dojrzewania lub wczesnej dorosłości.

PDD wiąże się ze znacznym upośledzeniem funkcjonowania i obciążeniem ekonomicznym. Zaburzenie to często współwystępuje z innymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi i medycznymi, co dodatkowo pogarsza wyniki zdrowotne. Poprawa rozpoznawania medycznego przewlekłych przebiegów i ustanowienie specyficznych koncepcji leczenia przewlekłej depresji są kluczowe dla zmniejszenia obciążenia związanego z tym zaburzeniem.

Monitorowanie epidemiologii PDD jest ważne dla zrozumienia wpływu tego zaburzenia na zdrowie publiczne i dla opracowania skutecznych strategii zapobiegania i leczenia. Jednakże, ze względu na względną nowość kategorii diagnostycznej PDD w DSM-5, konieczne są dalsze badania w celu lepszego zrozumienia epidemiologii tego zaburzenia.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymic Disorder) – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/persistent-depressive-disorder-dysthymic-disorder
Persistent depressive disorder (formerly dysthymic disorder) is characterized by chronic low-level depression that is not as severe, but may be longer lasting than, major depressive disorder. A diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder requires having experienced a combination of depressive symptoms for two years or more. […] Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), Figure 1 shows past year prevalence of persistent depressive disorder among U.S. adults aged 18 or older. An estimated 1.5% of U.S. adults had persistent depressive disorder in the past year. Past year prevalence of persistent depressive disorder among adults higher for females (1.9%) than for males (1.0%). […] An estimated 2.5% of U.S. adults experience persistent depressive disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with persistent depressive disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to severe, as shown in Figure 2. An estimated 49.7% of people with persistent depressive disorder had serious impairment, 32.1% had moderate impairment, and 18.2% had mild impairment.
#2 Persistent depressive disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/805
Persistent depressive disorder includes common forms of depression, but lasting longer than acute major depressive disorder. […] Frequently misdiagnosed because the correct criteria to diagnose this condition are often not applied. […] Associated with significant functional impairment (including unemployment, difficulty establishing intimate relationships, greater healthcare utilisation, greater utilisation of public entitlements). […] Like other mood disorders, it is frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and medical conditions. […] Prior research, including outcome studies, epidemiological studies, and meta-analyses and other reviews have generally followed DSM-IV categories, not the consolidated DSM-5-TR category. […] In contrast to the DSM-5-TR, which combined the diagnosis of dysthymic disorder with other forms of chronic depression into the category of persistent depressive disorder, the ICD-11 has retained a separate classification of dysthymic disorder. […] The epidemiology of chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
#3 Dysthymia – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymia
Globally, the one-year incidence is about 105 million people (1.53% of the global population). […] As of 2012, research suggests incidence rates of 1.8% for women and 1.3% for men. […] In the U.S. general population, research suggests a lifetime prevalence rate of 3 to 6 percent. In primary care settings the lifetime prevalence rate is 5 to 15 percent.
#4 Dysthymia – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymia
Globally, the one-year incidence is about 105 million people (1.53% of the global population). […] As of 2012, research suggests incidence rates of 1.8% for women and 1.3% for men. […] In the U.S. general population, research suggests a lifetime prevalence rate of 3 to 6 percent. In primary care settings the lifetime prevalence rate is 5 to 15 percent.
#5 Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymic Disorder) – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/persistent-depressive-disorder-dysthymic-disorder
Persistent depressive disorder (formerly dysthymic disorder) is characterized by chronic low-level depression that is not as severe, but may be longer lasting than, major depressive disorder. A diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder requires having experienced a combination of depressive symptoms for two years or more. […] Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), Figure 1 shows past year prevalence of persistent depressive disorder among U.S. adults aged 18 or older. An estimated 1.5% of U.S. adults had persistent depressive disorder in the past year. Past year prevalence of persistent depressive disorder among adults higher for females (1.9%) than for males (1.0%). […] An estimated 2.5% of U.S. adults experience persistent depressive disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with persistent depressive disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to severe, as shown in Figure 2. An estimated 49.7% of people with persistent depressive disorder had serious impairment, 32.1% had moderate impairment, and 18.2% had mild impairment.
#6 Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymic Disorder) – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/persistent-depressive-disorder-dysthymic-disorder
Persistent depressive disorder (formerly dysthymic disorder) is characterized by chronic low-level depression that is not as severe, but may be longer lasting than, major depressive disorder. A diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder requires having experienced a combination of depressive symptoms for two years or more. […] Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), Figure 1 shows past year prevalence of persistent depressive disorder among U.S. adults aged 18 or older. An estimated 1.5% of U.S. adults had persistent depressive disorder in the past year. Past year prevalence of persistent depressive disorder among adults higher for females (1.9%) than for males (1.0%). […] An estimated 2.5% of U.S. adults experience persistent depressive disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with persistent depressive disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to severe, as shown in Figure 2. An estimated 49.7% of people with persistent depressive disorder had serious impairment, 32.1% had moderate impairment, and 18.2% had mild impairment.
#7 Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9292-persistent-depressive-disorder-pdd
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is common and can happen to anyone at any age. […] Researchers estimate that 1.5% of U.S. adults had persistent depressive disorder in the past year. They estimate that 2.5% of U.S. adults have experienced persistent depressive disorder at some time in their lives. […] Persistent depressive disorder affects women more often. The condition also tends to run in biological families. So, if you have a biological family member with persistent depressive disorder, you may be more likely to develop it.
#8 Dysthymia – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymia
Globally, the one-year incidence is about 105 million people (1.53% of the global population). […] As of 2012, research suggests incidence rates of 1.8% for women and 1.3% for men. […] In the U.S. general population, research suggests a lifetime prevalence rate of 3 to 6 percent. In primary care settings the lifetime prevalence rate is 5 to 15 percent.
#9 Dysthymia – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymia
Globally, the one-year incidence is about 105 million people (1.53% of the global population). […] As of 2012, research suggests incidence rates of 1.8% for women and 1.3% for men. […] In the U.S. general population, research suggests a lifetime prevalence rate of 3 to 6 percent. In primary care settings the lifetime prevalence rate is 5 to 15 percent.
#10 Persistent Depressive Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20811
PDD was a new diagnosis in the DSM-5 in 2013 that combined dysthymia and chronic major depressive disorder. […] Due to its relative newness as a diagnostic category, the epidemiology of PDD has not been well-studied. The DSM-5 Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) estimated the 12-month prevalence for dysthymia to be approximately 0.5% and 1.5% for chronic major depressive disorder. […] Results from a study of 3720 patients in Zurich found the prevalence was 15.2% for PDD with persistent major depressive episodes, 3.3% for PDD with pure dysthymia, and 28.2% for major depressive disorder. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, the 12-month prevalence of major depressive disorder in the United States is approximately 7%, with a higher prevalence in women and steeper rates in youth than in older groups. The prevalence of major depressive disorder may vary 8- to 9-fold globally. Estimates of depression may be low in older adults due to the misattribution of depressive symptoms to physical disorders that increase with age.
#11 Persistent Depressive Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20811
PDD was a new diagnosis in the DSM-5 in 2013 that combined dysthymia and chronic major depressive disorder. […] Due to its relative newness as a diagnostic category, the epidemiology of PDD has not been well-studied. The DSM-5 Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) estimated the 12-month prevalence for dysthymia to be approximately 0.5% and 1.5% for chronic major depressive disorder. […] Results from a study of 3720 patients in Zurich found the prevalence was 15.2% for PDD with persistent major depressive episodes, 3.3% for PDD with pure dysthymia, and 28.2% for major depressive disorder. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, the 12-month prevalence of major depressive disorder in the United States is approximately 7%, with a higher prevalence in women and steeper rates in youth than in older groups. The prevalence of major depressive disorder may vary 8- to 9-fold globally. Estimates of depression may be low in older adults due to the misattribution of depressive symptoms to physical disorders that increase with age.
#12 4.3: Mood Disorders – Epidemiology – Social Sci LibreTexts
https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/02%3A_Part_II._Mental_Disorders__Block_1/04%3A_Mood_Disorders/4.03%3A_Mood_Disorders_-_Epidemiology
According to the DSM-5-TR (APA, 2022), the 12-month prevalence rate for major depressive disorder is approximately 7% within the United States. Recall that DSM-5 persistent depressive disorder is a blend of DSM-IV dysthymic disorder and chronic major depressive disorder. The prevalence rate for DSM-IV dysthymic disorder is much lower than MDD, with a 0.5% rate among adults in the United States, while DSM-IV chronic major depressive disorder is 1.5%. […] The estimated lifetime prevalence for major depressive disorder in women is 21.3% compared to 12.7% in men (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001). Regrading DSM-IV dysthymic disorder and chronic major depressive disorder, the prevalence among women is 1.5 and 2 times greater than the prevalence for men for each of these diagnoses, respectively (APA, 2022). […] Major depressive disorder is experienced by about 7% of the population in the United States, afflicting young adults and women the most.
#13 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/
Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. […] Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.
#14 Persistent Depressive Disorder
https://everhealth.net/services/conditions/persistent-depressive-disorder
PDD is not as well-known as major depressive disorder but is nonetheless significant. It affects approximately 1.5% of the adult population in the U.S. annually, with slightly higher rates in women than in men. […] PDD can begin at any time, from childhood through adulthood, with many individuals reporting onset in childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood.
#15 Depressive Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/mood-disorders/depressive-disorders
Depressive disorders occur at any age but typically develop during the mid teens, 20s, or 30s (see also Overview of Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents). In primary care settings, approximately 13% of patients have a diagnosis of depression. […] Depressive symptoms that persist for â¥ 2 years without remission are classified as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), a category that consolidates disorders formerly termed chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder. […] Symptoms typically begin insidiously during adolescence and may persist for many years or decades. The number of symptoms often fluctuates above and below the threshold for major depressive episode. […] Patients with PDD are also more likely to have underlying anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, or personality disorders (eg, borderline personality).
#16 Dysthymic Disorder: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/913941-overview
Best estimates are that the lifetime risk of significant depression exceeds 25%, with a point prevalence of about 5%. The lifetime community prevalence of dysthymia is 6%. Dysthymia affects an estimated 36% of patients in outpatient mental health treatment. […] Minimal research has been performed to define differences in frequency and symptoms between races. One study, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), found that dysthymia is more common among African Americans and Mexican Americans than among Caucasians. […] For major depressive disorders, females outnumber males, with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1 during their childbearing years. Before puberty and after menopause, the two sexes appear to be affected about equally. In elderly people, dysthymia is relatively more frequent in females, but dysthymia adversely affects survival in males more than in females.
#17 Dysthymic Disorder: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/913941-overview
Best estimates are that the lifetime risk of significant depression exceeds 25%, with a point prevalence of about 5%. The lifetime community prevalence of dysthymia is 6%. Dysthymia affects an estimated 36% of patients in outpatient mental health treatment. […] Minimal research has been performed to define differences in frequency and symptoms between races. One study, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), found that dysthymia is more common among African Americans and Mexican Americans than among Caucasians. […] For major depressive disorders, females outnumber males, with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1 during their childbearing years. Before puberty and after menopause, the two sexes appear to be affected about equally. In elderly people, dysthymia is relatively more frequent in females, but dysthymia adversely affects survival in males more than in females.
#18 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged â¥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression â United States, 2020 | MMWR
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm
During 2020, 18.4% of U.S. adults reported having ever been diagnosed with depression; state-level age-standardized estimates ranged from 12.7% in Hawaii to 27.5% in West Virginia. […] Model-based age-standardized county-level prevalence estimates ranged from 10.7% to 31.9%, and there was considerable state-level and county-level variability. […] The age-standardized prevalence of depression among U.S. adults was 18.5%. […] Among states, the age-standardized prevalence of depression ranged from 12.7% to 27.5% (median = 19.9%). […] Among counties, the model-based age-standardized estimates ranged from 10.7% (Aleutians East Borough County, Alaska) to 31.9% (Logan County, West Virginia) (median = 21.8%). […] There was considerable geographic variation in the prevalence of depression, with the highest state and county estimates of depression observed along the Appalachian and southern Mississippi Valley regions. […] The model-based county-level estimates provided in this report offer a starting point for identifying geographic disparities in depression. […] This report provides current estimates of national, state-level, and county-level prevalence of adults reporting a lifetime diagnosis of depression.
#19 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged â¥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression â United States, 2020 | MMWR
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm
During 2020, 18.4% of U.S. adults reported having ever been diagnosed with depression; state-level age-standardized estimates ranged from 12.7% in Hawaii to 27.5% in West Virginia. […] Model-based age-standardized county-level prevalence estimates ranged from 10.7% to 31.9%, and there was considerable state-level and county-level variability. […] The age-standardized prevalence of depression among U.S. adults was 18.5%. […] Among states, the age-standardized prevalence of depression ranged from 12.7% to 27.5% (median = 19.9%). […] Among counties, the model-based age-standardized estimates ranged from 10.7% (Aleutians East Borough County, Alaska) to 31.9% (Logan County, West Virginia) (median = 21.8%). […] There was considerable geographic variation in the prevalence of depression, with the highest state and county estimates of depression observed along the Appalachian and southern Mississippi Valley regions. […] The model-based county-level estimates provided in this report offer a starting point for identifying geographic disparities in depression. […] This report provides current estimates of national, state-level, and county-level prevalence of adults reporting a lifetime diagnosis of depression.
#20 Dysthymic Disorder: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/913941-overview
Best estimates are that the lifetime risk of significant depression exceeds 25%, with a point prevalence of about 5%. The lifetime community prevalence of dysthymia is 6%. Dysthymia affects an estimated 36% of patients in outpatient mental health treatment. […] Minimal research has been performed to define differences in frequency and symptoms between races. One study, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III), found that dysthymia is more common among African Americans and Mexican Americans than among Caucasians. […] For major depressive disorders, females outnumber males, with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1 during their childbearing years. Before puberty and after menopause, the two sexes appear to be affected about equally. In elderly people, dysthymia is relatively more frequent in females, but dysthymia adversely affects survival in males more than in females.
#21 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation
https://psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=731
Prevalence rates of major depression between 3.5-4% and those of depressive symptoms were between 7.4-38.9% in Korea. […] The prevalence rates of major depression in the elderly of Korea were high. […] Risk factors of major depression were woman, old age, recent cohort, disrupted marriage, low socioeconomic status and rural residence. […] The prevalence rates of major depression varied widely among countries and the prevalence rates were low in East Asia. […] In Korea, the life-time prevalence rate of major depression was 2.8% and the annual prevalence rate was 2.3% based on the DSM-III. […] In Korea, the life-time prevalence rate of major depression was 4.3% and the annual prevalence rate was 1.7% based on the DSM-IV. […] The one-year incidence rate of depression (including first-onset depression and recurred depression after 1 year) was 5.1% in a rural elderly community.
#22 KoreaMed Synapse
https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1080288
In Korea, the prevalence of major depression is 4 per 100 and the world prevalence is 10 per 100. […] The mean age of onset ranges from late twenties to early thirties, but the age of onset becomes earlier and the prevalence of major depression is increasing. […] The recurrence rate is 85% and patients experience four episodes of depression on average and major depression is ranked as the fourth disabling disease. […] It was proven that major depression is one of most chronic and disabling diseases. […] In conclusion, the rate of depression is rising and depression is one of the most chronic and disabling diseases.
#23 Depressive Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/mood-disorders/depressive-disorders
Depressive disorders occur at any age but typically develop during the mid teens, 20s, or 30s (see also Overview of Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents). In primary care settings, approximately 13% of patients have a diagnosis of depression. […] Depressive symptoms that persist for â¥ 2 years without remission are classified as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), a category that consolidates disorders formerly termed chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder. […] Symptoms typically begin insidiously during adolescence and may persist for many years or decades. The number of symptoms often fluctuates above and below the threshold for major depressive episode. […] Patients with PDD are also more likely to have underlying anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, or personality disorders (eg, borderline personality).
#24 Persistent depressive disorder across the adult lifespan: results from clinical and population-based surveys in Germany | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-2460-5
PDD cases from the clinical sample had a significantly earlier depression onset, a higher proportion of self-classification as persistent course, and treatment resistance than PDD and NCMDD cases in DEGS1-MH. […] At a population level, PDD cases showed worse outcomes compared with NCMDD cases in terms of somatic comorbidity, SF-36 mental component score, and activity limitations owing to mental health problems, as well as a higher risk for outpatient mental health care contact. […] The distinction between PDD and NCMDD proposed for DSM-5 seems warranted. Early onset depression, self-classification as persistent depressive course, and treatment resistance are suggested as markers of more severe and chronic depression courses. […] At a population level, PDD is associated with remarkably higher individual and economic disease burden than NCMDD, highlighting the need to improve medical recognition of chronic courses and establish specific treatment concepts for chronic depression.
#25 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation
https://psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=731
In Korea, the significant correlates of major depressive disorder were female, age over 50, recent cohort, disrupted marriage, fewer than 13 years of education, being unemployed, and rural habitat. […] The ratio of rates of major depression in women to men was about 2 : 1. […] The prevalence of major depression was higher over the age of 50-59 years in KECA study in 2000. […] The rates of major depression in men seemed to be rising with age but in women, the rates of major depression seemed not to change with age. […] This high rate of major depression in the Korean elderly seemed to be due to severe stress from rapid sociocultural change and economic difficulties.
#26 Epidemiology of depressive disorders among youth during Gaokao to college in China: results from Hunan Normal University mental health survey | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-023-04972-w
The sex-adjusted 9-month (i.e., 3 months pre-CEE, 3 months after CEE, and 3 months post-matriculation) incidence of new-onset DDs was 2.3% (standard error [S.E.] 0.3%), and the sex-adjusted 1-month, 6-month and lifetime prevalence were 0.7 (S.E. 0.3%), 1.7 (S.E. 0.2%) and 7.5% (S.E. 1.3%), respectively. […] The 9-month incidence of new-onset depression from gaokao to college among the youth sample in China is similar to the global annual incidence (3.0%), but the 1-month and lifetime prevalence are significantly lower than the global point (7.2%) and lifetime prevalence (19%). […] The findings suggest a high proportion of new-onset depression during the CEE to college among the sample youth in China. […] The risk factors for depression included having mothers with higher education, experiencing major life events, being female, and experiencing parental divorce or death.
#27 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation
https://psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=731
In Korea, the significant correlates of major depressive disorder were female, age over 50, recent cohort, disrupted marriage, fewer than 13 years of education, being unemployed, and rural habitat. […] The ratio of rates of major depression in women to men was about 2 : 1. […] The prevalence of major depression was higher over the age of 50-59 years in KECA study in 2000. […] The rates of major depression in men seemed to be rising with age but in women, the rates of major depression seemed not to change with age. […] This high rate of major depression in the Korean elderly seemed to be due to severe stress from rapid sociocultural change and economic difficulties.
#28 Epidemiology of depressive disorders among youth during Gaokao to college in China: results from Hunan Normal University mental health survey | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-023-04972-w
The sex-adjusted 9-month (i.e., 3 months pre-CEE, 3 months after CEE, and 3 months post-matriculation) incidence of new-onset DDs was 2.3% (standard error [S.E.] 0.3%), and the sex-adjusted 1-month, 6-month and lifetime prevalence were 0.7 (S.E. 0.3%), 1.7 (S.E. 0.2%) and 7.5% (S.E. 1.3%), respectively. […] The 9-month incidence of new-onset depression from gaokao to college among the youth sample in China is similar to the global annual incidence (3.0%), but the 1-month and lifetime prevalence are significantly lower than the global point (7.2%) and lifetime prevalence (19%). […] The findings suggest a high proportion of new-onset depression during the CEE to college among the sample youth in China. […] The risk factors for depression included having mothers with higher education, experiencing major life events, being female, and experiencing parental divorce or death.
#29 Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9292-persistent-depressive-disorder-pdd
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is common and can happen to anyone at any age. […] Researchers estimate that 1.5% of U.S. adults had persistent depressive disorder in the past year. They estimate that 2.5% of U.S. adults have experienced persistent depressive disorder at some time in their lives. […] Persistent depressive disorder affects women more often. The condition also tends to run in biological families. So, if you have a biological family member with persistent depressive disorder, you may be more likely to develop it.
#30 Persistent depressive disorder across the adult lifespan: results from clinical and population-based surveys in Germany | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text
https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-2460-5
PDD cases from the clinical sample had a significantly earlier depression onset, a higher proportion of self-classification as persistent course, and treatment resistance than PDD and NCMDD cases in DEGS1-MH. […] At a population level, PDD cases showed worse outcomes compared with NCMDD cases in terms of somatic comorbidity, SF-36 mental component score, and activity limitations owing to mental health problems, as well as a higher risk for outpatient mental health care contact. […] The distinction between PDD and NCMDD proposed for DSM-5 seems warranted. Early onset depression, self-classification as persistent depressive course, and treatment resistance are suggested as markers of more severe and chronic depression courses. […] At a population level, PDD is associated with remarkably higher individual and economic disease burden than NCMDD, highlighting the need to improve medical recognition of chronic courses and establish specific treatment concepts for chronic depression.
#31 Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymic Disorder) – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/persistent-depressive-disorder-dysthymic-disorder
Persistent depressive disorder (formerly dysthymic disorder) is characterized by chronic low-level depression that is not as severe, but may be longer lasting than, major depressive disorder. A diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder requires having experienced a combination of depressive symptoms for two years or more. […] Based on diagnostic interview data from National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), Figure 1 shows past year prevalence of persistent depressive disorder among U.S. adults aged 18 or older. An estimated 1.5% of U.S. adults had persistent depressive disorder in the past year. Past year prevalence of persistent depressive disorder among adults higher for females (1.9%) than for males (1.0%). […] An estimated 2.5% of U.S. adults experience persistent depressive disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with persistent depressive disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to severe, as shown in Figure 2. An estimated 49.7% of people with persistent depressive disorder had serious impairment, 32.1% had moderate impairment, and 18.2% had mild impairment.
#32 The Prevalence and National Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression and Major Depressive Disorder in the United States
https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/prevalence-national-burden-treatment-resistant-depression-major-depressive-disorder-in-us/
The annual prevalence of TRD was estimated at 30.9% among adults with medication-treated MDD, representing 2.8 million adults or 1.1% of the US adult population. […] Estimates of the prevalence of TRD vary widely in the literature (12%-55%) in part due to the lack of uniformity in the criteria used to define it. […] The national economic burden of TRD was estimated as $43.8 billion annually and accounted for 47.2% of the burden of medication-treated MDD. […] Adults with TRD represented less than a third of adults with medication-treated MDD, yet they accounted for nearly half of the total incremental cost burden associated with this condition due to a per-person burden approximately two times greater than that of non-TRD MDD. […] The proportions of health care costs (56.6%) and unemployment costs (47.7%) attributable to TRD were particularly high relative to the size of the TRD population among individuals with medication-treated MDD. […] This study offers a novel bottom-up approach to the estimation of the 12-month US prevalence of TRD and the economic burden of MDD and TRD leveraging real-world data from the 4 major national payer types.
#33 The Prevalence and National Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression and Major Depressive Disorder in the United States
https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/prevalence-national-burden-treatment-resistant-depression-major-depressive-disorder-in-us/
The annual prevalence of TRD was estimated at 30.9% among adults with medication-treated MDD, representing 2.8 million adults or 1.1% of the US adult population. […] Estimates of the prevalence of TRD vary widely in the literature (12%-55%) in part due to the lack of uniformity in the criteria used to define it. […] The national economic burden of TRD was estimated as $43.8 billion annually and accounted for 47.2% of the burden of medication-treated MDD. […] Adults with TRD represented less than a third of adults with medication-treated MDD, yet they accounted for nearly half of the total incremental cost burden associated with this condition due to a per-person burden approximately two times greater than that of non-TRD MDD. […] The proportions of health care costs (56.6%) and unemployment costs (47.7%) attributable to TRD were particularly high relative to the size of the TRD population among individuals with medication-treated MDD. […] This study offers a novel bottom-up approach to the estimation of the 12-month US prevalence of TRD and the economic burden of MDD and TRD leveraging real-world data from the 4 major national payer types.
#34 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada, 2016 – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance-system-mood-anxiety-disorders-canada-2016.html
About three-quarters of Canadians who used health services for a mental illness annually consulted for mood and anxiety disorders. […] In 2009/10, almost 3.5 million Canadians (or 10%) used health services for mood and anxiety disorders. […] The highest prevalence was observed among those aged 30 to 54 followed by those 55 years and older, while the largest relative increases in prevalence were found among children and youth (aged 5 to 14 years); although in absolute terms, these increases were less than one percent. […] Adolescent and adult females, especially those middle-aged, were more likely to use health services for mood and anxiety disorders compared to males of the same age. […] In 2009/10, Nova Scotia had the highest age-standardized prevalence of the use of health services for mood and anxiety disorders (11.6%), while the lowest was observed in the Northwest Territories (5.8%).
#35 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada, 2016 – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance-system-mood-anxiety-disorders-canada-2016.html
About three-quarters of Canadians who used health services for a mental illness annually consulted for mood and anxiety disorders. […] In 2009/10, almost 3.5 million Canadians (or 10%) used health services for mood and anxiety disorders. […] The highest prevalence was observed among those aged 30 to 54 followed by those 55 years and older, while the largest relative increases in prevalence were found among children and youth (aged 5 to 14 years); although in absolute terms, these increases were less than one percent. […] Adolescent and adult females, especially those middle-aged, were more likely to use health services for mood and anxiety disorders compared to males of the same age. […] In 2009/10, Nova Scotia had the highest age-standardized prevalence of the use of health services for mood and anxiety disorders (11.6%), while the lowest was observed in the Northwest Territories (5.8%).
#36 Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada, 2016 – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/report-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance-system-mood-anxiety-disorders-canada-2016.html
The CCDSS may capture individuals who do not meet all standard diagnostic criteria for mood or anxiety disorders but were assigned a diagnostic code based on clinical assessment. […] Conversely, the CCDSS does not capture individuals meeting all standard diagnostic criteria for mood or anxiety disorders who did not receive a relevant diagnostic code (includes those who sought care but were not captured in provincial and territorial administrative health databases and those who have not sought care at all). […] For these reasons, the CCDSS estimates represent the prevalence of health service use for mood and anxiety disorders, rather than the prevalence of diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders.
#37
https://clarivate.com/life-sciences-healthcare/report/epidcg0166-biopharma-persistent-depressive-disorder-epidemiology-mature-markets/
Clarivate Epidemiologys coverage of persistent depressive disorder comprises epidemiological estimates of key patient populations in the major mature pharmaceutical markets (the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Japan). We report the 12-month prevalence of persistent depressive disorder for each country, as well as annualized case counts projected to the national population. […] We forecast the 12-month prevalence over a period of 20 years for these markets. […] Clarivate Epidemiology forecasts the following patient population: Total 12-month prevalent cases.
#38 KoreaMed Synapse
https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1080288
In Korea, the prevalence of major depression is 4 per 100 and the world prevalence is 10 per 100. […] The mean age of onset ranges from late twenties to early thirties, but the age of onset becomes earlier and the prevalence of major depression is increasing. […] The recurrence rate is 85% and patients experience four episodes of depression on average and major depression is ranked as the fourth disabling disease. […] It was proven that major depression is one of most chronic and disabling diseases. […] In conclusion, the rate of depression is rising and depression is one of the most chronic and disabling diseases.
#39 KoreaMed Synapse
https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1080288
In Korea, the prevalence of major depression is 4 per 100 and the world prevalence is 10 per 100. […] The mean age of onset ranges from late twenties to early thirties, but the age of onset becomes earlier and the prevalence of major depression is increasing. […] The recurrence rate is 85% and patients experience four episodes of depression on average and major depression is ranked as the fourth disabling disease. […] It was proven that major depression is one of most chronic and disabling diseases. […] In conclusion, the rate of depression is rising and depression is one of the most chronic and disabling diseases.
#40 KoreaMed Synapse
https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1080288
In Korea, the prevalence of major depression is 4 per 100 and the world prevalence is 10 per 100. […] The mean age of onset ranges from late twenties to early thirties, but the age of onset becomes earlier and the prevalence of major depression is increasing. […] The recurrence rate is 85% and patients experience four episodes of depression on average and major depression is ranked as the fourth disabling disease. […] It was proven that major depression is one of most chronic and disabling diseases. […] In conclusion, the rate of depression is rising and depression is one of the most chronic and disabling diseases.
#41 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder
Major depression was the leading cause of disease burden in North America and other high-income countries, and the fourth-leading cause worldwide as of 2006. In the year 2030, it is predicted to be the second-leading cause of disease burden worldwide after HIV, according to the WHO. […] Delay or failure in seeking treatment after relapse and the failure of health professionals to provide treatment are two barriers to reducing disability.
#42 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder
Major depression was the leading cause of disease burden in North America and other high-income countries, and the fourth-leading cause worldwide as of 2006. In the year 2030, it is predicted to be the second-leading cause of disease burden worldwide after HIV, according to the WHO. […] Delay or failure in seeking treatment after relapse and the failure of health professionals to provide treatment are two barriers to reducing disability.
#43 Persistent Depressive Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20811
PDD was a new diagnosis in the DSM-5 in 2013 that combined dysthymia and chronic major depressive disorder. […] Due to its relative newness as a diagnostic category, the epidemiology of PDD has not been well-studied. The DSM-5 Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) estimated the 12-month prevalence for dysthymia to be approximately 0.5% and 1.5% for chronic major depressive disorder. […] Results from a study of 3720 patients in Zurich found the prevalence was 15.2% for PDD with persistent major depressive episodes, 3.3% for PDD with pure dysthymia, and 28.2% for major depressive disorder. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, the 12-month prevalence of major depressive disorder in the United States is approximately 7%, with a higher prevalence in women and steeper rates in youth than in older groups. The prevalence of major depressive disorder may vary 8- to 9-fold globally. Estimates of depression may be low in older adults due to the misattribution of depressive symptoms to physical disorders that increase with age.
#44 Persistent Depressive Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20811
PDD was a new diagnosis in the DSM-5 in 2013 that combined dysthymia and chronic major depressive disorder. […] Due to its relative newness as a diagnostic category, the epidemiology of PDD has not been well-studied. The DSM-5 Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) estimated the 12-month prevalence for dysthymia to be approximately 0.5% and 1.5% for chronic major depressive disorder. […] Results from a study of 3720 patients in Zurich found the prevalence was 15.2% for PDD with persistent major depressive episodes, 3.3% for PDD with pure dysthymia, and 28.2% for major depressive disorder. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, the 12-month prevalence of major depressive disorder in the United States is approximately 7%, with a higher prevalence in women and steeper rates in youth than in older groups. The prevalence of major depressive disorder may vary 8- to 9-fold globally. Estimates of depression may be low in older adults due to the misattribution of depressive symptoms to physical disorders that increase with age.
#45 Persistent depressive disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/805
Persistent depressive disorder includes common forms of depression, but lasting longer than acute major depressive disorder. […] Frequently misdiagnosed because the correct criteria to diagnose this condition are often not applied. […] Associated with significant functional impairment (including unemployment, difficulty establishing intimate relationships, greater healthcare utilisation, greater utilisation of public entitlements). […] Like other mood disorders, it is frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and medical conditions. […] Prior research, including outcome studies, epidemiological studies, and meta-analyses and other reviews have generally followed DSM-IV categories, not the consolidated DSM-5-TR category. […] In contrast to the DSM-5-TR, which combined the diagnosis of dysthymic disorder with other forms of chronic depression into the category of persistent depressive disorder, the ICD-11 has retained a separate classification of dysthymic disorder. […] The epidemiology of chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
#46 Persistent depressive disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/805
Persistent depressive disorder includes common forms of depression, but lasting longer than acute major depressive disorder. […] Frequently misdiagnosed because the correct criteria to diagnose this condition are often not applied. […] Associated with significant functional impairment (including unemployment, difficulty establishing intimate relationships, greater healthcare utilisation, greater utilisation of public entitlements). […] Like other mood disorders, it is frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and medical conditions. […] Prior research, including outcome studies, epidemiological studies, and meta-analyses and other reviews have generally followed DSM-IV categories, not the consolidated DSM-5-TR category. […] In contrast to the DSM-5-TR, which combined the diagnosis of dysthymic disorder with other forms of chronic depression into the category of persistent depressive disorder, the ICD-11 has retained a separate classification of dysthymic disorder. […] The epidemiology of chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
#47 Persistent depressive disorder – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice
https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/805
Persistent depressive disorder includes common forms of depression, but lasting longer than acute major depressive disorder. […] Frequently misdiagnosed because the correct criteria to diagnose this condition are often not applied. […] Associated with significant functional impairment (including unemployment, difficulty establishing intimate relationships, greater healthcare utilisation, greater utilisation of public entitlements). […] Like other mood disorders, it is frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and medical conditions. […] Prior research, including outcome studies, epidemiological studies, and meta-analyses and other reviews have generally followed DSM-IV categories, not the consolidated DSM-5-TR category. […] In contrast to the DSM-5-TR, which combined the diagnosis of dysthymic disorder with other forms of chronic depression into the category of persistent depressive disorder, the ICD-11 has retained a separate classification of dysthymic disorder. […] The epidemiology of chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.