Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Preeclampsia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570611/

  Preeclampsia and eclampsia account for 50,000 maternal deaths yearly worldwide. […] Like hypertensive disorders, the incidence of preeclampsia is correlated to ethnicity and race, most prevalent among black and Hispanic patients, resulting in approximately 26% of maternal deaths among this population in the US. […] Worldwide, preeclampsia affects 2% to 8% of pregnancies, but varies among race groups, as mentioned, but also among those groups within different countries. […] Recent studies suggest morbidity is higher in developing countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America, and that Asians may be a low-risk population. […] Several studies have reported similar observations and a low incidence of preeclampsia in patients in China, New Zealand, and Asian Americans in comparison to Native Americans, black Americans, and Europeans.

• #2 Preeclampsia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1476919-overview

  The incidence of preeclampsia in the United States is estimated to range from 2% to 8% in healthy, nulliparous women. […] Among all cases of the preeclampsia, 10% occur in pregnancies of less than 34 weeks’ gestation. The global incidence of preeclampsia has been estimated at 5-14% of all pregnancies. […] In developing nations, the incidence of the disease is reported to be 4-18%, with hypertensive disorders being the second most common obstetric cause of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths in these countries. […] Eclampsia is estimated to occur in 1 in 200 cases of preeclampsia when magnesium prophylaxis is not administered.

• #3 Preeclampsia: Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/preeclampsia-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Preeclampsia is a multisystem progressive disorder characterized by the new onset of hypertension and proteinuria or the new onset of hypertension plus significant end-organ dysfunction with or without proteinuria, typically presenting after 20 weeks of gestation or postpartum. […] In a systematic review, 4.6 percent (95% CI 2.7-8.2) of pregnancies worldwide were complicated by preeclampsia. The incidence in the United States is approximately 5 percent. […] The incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (preeclampsia, gestational hypertension) is increasing, likely related to population-level increases in risk factors for the disease. […] Late-onset preeclampsia (≥34 weeks of gestation) is more common than early onset preeclampsia (<34 weeks of gestation): incidence 2.7 versus 0.3 percent, respectively, in a population-based study.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia affects 28% of pregnancies worldwide. […] There are around 46 000 maternal deaths due to pre-eclampsia per year and around 500 000 fetal or newborn deaths. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are responsible for approximately 10% of maternal deaths in Asia and Africa, and 25% in Latin America. […] Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia contribute significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) develops guidelines to improve health during pregnancy. This includes prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia and continuously reviewing evidence to see if revisions in the recommendations are needed so that improvements in care can be effected. These guidelines aim to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality by promoting evidence-based clinical practices.

• #5 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia affects approximately 28% of all pregnancies worldwide. […] The incidence of pre-eclampsia has risen in the U.S. since the 1990s, possibly as a result of an increased prevalence of predisposing disorders, such as chronic hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. […] Pre-eclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. […] Nearly one-tenth of all maternal deaths in Africa and Asia and one-quarter in Latin America are associated with hypertensive diseases in pregnancy, a category that encompasses pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is much more common in women who are pregnant for the first time. […] Women who have previously been diagnosed with pre-eclampsia are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia in subsequent pregnancies.

• #6 Preeclampsia Incidence and Its Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes With Associated Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9723483/

  Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder that usually arises after 20 weeks of pregnancy. It is considered a major cause of maternal and fetal mortality worldwide. […] This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of preeclampsia and associated risk factors (family history, age, hypertension, and diabetes) and to investigate its fetal and maternal outcomes. […] A total of 142 patients were diagnosed with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia during the two-year study period. Our findings showed 8.67% cases of gestational hypertension and 3% of preeclampsia. […] Preeclamptic incidents are on the rise worldwide, and the condition’s prevalence is greater in developing countries as compared to the developed world. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of preeclampsia ranges between 2% and 10% of pregnancies worldwide. About 1.8-16.7% of the incidents are reported in developing countries, while in developed countries, the rate is 0.4%.

• #7 Preeclampsia, Genomics and Public Health | Blogs | CDC

  https://blogs.cdc.gov/genomics/2022/10/25/preeclampsia/

  Preeclampsia is estimated to occur in 5 to 7 percent of all pregnancies and is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity. […] Annually, preeclampsia is responsible for over 70,000 maternal deaths and 500,000 fetal deaths worldwide. […] In the United States, the rate of preeclampsia in Black women is 60 percent higher than in White women. […] As stated earlier, the number of GWAS on preeclampsia that exist is in stark contrast to its public health importance. […] More studies need to be done on preeclampsia and genetics.

• #8 Genetic predictors of blood pressure traits are associated with preeclampsia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-68469-6

  Preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication characterized by hypertension after 20 gestational weeks, is a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. […] Globally, preeclampsia is estimated to complicate 2.0% to 8.0% of all pregnancies. […] In the United States (U.S.), the prevalence of preeclampsia increased by 25% between 1987 and 2004. […] The risk of preeclampsia has also increased over the years, with women giving birth in 2003 at a 6.7-fold increased risk of preeclampsia compared to women who gave birth in 1980. […] The overall rate of preeclampsia was 15.49%. […] Higher percentages of preeclampsia were found in Black individuals compared to White individuals (18.78% vs 13.20%). […] Pre-existing maternal conditions, pregnancy-specific characteristics, environmental factors, and family history have been identified as risk factors for preeclampsia.

• #9 Preeclampsia: Clinical features and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/preeclampsia-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Clinical practice guidelines have included a total of approximately 80 risk factors for preeclampsia, with varying strengths of association and quality of evidence. […] The severity of preeclampsia in the first pregnancy strongly impacts the risk of developing preeclampsia in the next pregnancy. […] A past history of preeclampsia increases the risk of developing preeclampsia in a subsequent pregnancy eightfold compared with patients without this history. […] The incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy is increasing, likely related to population-level increases in risk factors for the disease.

• #10 Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy and Mortality at Delivery Hospitalization — United States, 2017–2019 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7117a1.htm

  Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDPs) are common pregnancy complications and leading causes of pregnancy-related death in the United States. […] During 2017-2019, HDP prevalence among delivery hospitalizations increased from 13.3% to 15.9%. […] Among deaths occurring during delivery hospitalization, 31.6% had a diagnosis code for HDP documented. […] Severe HDP-associated complications and mortality are preventable with equitable implementation of quality improvement initiatives to recognize and promptly treat HDP and to increase awareness of urgent maternal warning signs. […] During 2017-2019, the prevalence of HDP among delivery hospitalizations increased from 13.3% to 15.9% (Figure 1), an increase of approximately 1 percentage point annually. […] An HDP diagnosis code was documented in approximately one in three deaths occurring during delivery hospitalization. […] The prevalence of HDP increased during the 3-year study period with noted racial and ethnic, sociodemographic, and place-based disparities. Severe HDP-associated maternal complications and mortality are preventable with equitable implementation of public health and clinical strategies.

• #11 Eclampsia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253960-overview

  Ten percent of all pregnancies are complicated by hypertension. Eclampsia and preeclampsia account for about half of these cases worldwide, and these conditions have been recognized and described for years despite the general lack of understanding of the disease. […] In developed countries, many reported cases have been classified as unpreventable. […] Eclampsia and preeclampsia account for approximately 63,000 maternal deaths annually worldwide. […] The maternal mortality rate is as high as 14% in developing countries. […] Black woman have twice the risk that White women have for mortality associated with preeclampsia/eclampsia. This is most likely due to inadequate access to prenatal care among Black women, as well as to increased incidences in Black women of genetic diseases associated with circulating antiphospholipids.

• #12 Pre-eclampsia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pre-eclampsia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of preeclampsia is approximately 2000-8000 per 100,000 pregnancies worldwide. […] Between 1987 and 2004, the incidence of preeclampsia was estimated to be 25,000 per 100,000 pregnancies in the united state. […] Preeclampsia is more commonly observed among pregnant women aged before 20 and after 40 years old. […] Preeclampsia usually affects individuals of the Non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks and American Indians/Alaska Natives race.

• #13 The epidemiology of preeclampsia with focus on family data (Chapter 19) – Placental Bed Disorders

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/placental-bed-disorders/epidemiology-of-preeclampsia-with-focus-on-family-data/F0FE8D0EA97734417AAA55E38E203FA2

  This review of epidemiological aspects of preeclampsia focuses on family data, with particular emphasis on the recurrence of preeclampsia within sibships and between generations. […] Preeclampsia has been a major cause of stillbirth and infant mortality. […] Usually, recurrence of preeclampsia is studied using data from two successive pregnancies, preferably the first and second pregnancy. […] Preeclampsia is related to increased risk of a perinatal death, and it is well documented that fertility subsequent to a perinatal death is increased. […] First birth and high maternal age are well known risk factors for preeclampsia. […] The relation between preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction is well established. […] In recent years the proportion of preeclampsia with preterm delivery has increased due to early induction of pregnancy.

• #14 Pre-eclampsia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia

  Pre-eclampsia is also more common in women who have pre-existing hypertension, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, various inherited thrombophilias such as Factor V Leiden, renal disease, multiple gestation (twins or multiple birth), and advanced maternal age. […] Women who live at high altitude are also more likely to experience pre-eclampsia. […] Pre-eclampsia is also more common in some ethnic groups (e.g. African-Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans, African Caribbeans, and Filipinos). […] Eclampsia is a major complication of pre-eclampsia. Eclampsia affects 0.56 per 1,000 pregnant women in developed countries and almost 10 to 30 times as many women in low-income countries as in developed countries.

• #15 Genetic predictors of blood pressure traits are associated with preeclampsia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-68469-6

  Having preeclampsia in a prior pregnancy and/or a family history of preeclampsia are significant risk factors for preeclampsia. […] Heritability studies of preeclampsia present strong support for a genetic basis for preeclampsia with twin studies estimating heritability for preeclampsia to be approximately 55%. […] Several small genome wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed, with less than 50 associated polymorphisms identified to date. […] However, identified risk factors and polymorphisms have yet to fully explain the exact biologic mechanism leading to preeclampsia. […] There is some evidence supporting that genetic predisposition to hypertension may be associated with preeclampsia in European ancestry and Asian women. […] Our study found small differences in the associations of blood pressure PGSs and preeclampsia between the EHR-identified races, which cannot be corroborated by other research as previous studies have limited diversity or did not validate the PGS associations across other, non-European populations.

• #16 A population-based study of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Ecuador: ethnic, geographical and altitudes differences | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-021-03602-1

  In Ecuador eclampsia and preeclampsia were identified as the third cause of maternal death. […] This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Ecuador, and the influence of demographic factors, geographical location, altitude, and ethnic background. […] The incidence of preeclampsia was estimated between 5.11 (5.05-5.18) and 6.23 (6.16-6.30), and 0.25 (0.23-0.26) for eclampsia. […] High altitude has a significant odds ratio (OR=2.31, 1.93-2.78) of preeclampsia. […] Montubio residing in middle altitude (1500-3500m) have the highest risk of preeclampsia (OR=18.13, 9.53-34.50). […] Afro-Ecuadorians also have an increased risk of preeclampsia associated with altitude (OR=2.36, 1.78-3.14). […] Preeclampsia is widespread across low and high-altitude areas, while eclampsia is mostly located at lower altitudes.

• #17 A population-based study of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Ecuador: ethnic, geographical and altitudes differences | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-021-03602-1

  Ethnicity and altitude shown a significant effect on the risk of preeclampsia but not eclampsia. […] Caucasian and Afro-Ecuadorian have an increased risk of developing preeclampsia regarding altitude. […] Montubios living at middle or high altitude represent the ethnic group with higher risk of preeclampsia. […] We also found that women living more than 20 Km from the hospital also have an increased risk for both hypertensive disorders. […] The relative risk of eclampsia seems higher than for preeclampsia regarding geographical distance.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2008/11001/air_pollution_and_preeclampsia_among_pregnant.860.aspx

  Ambient air pollution exposures have been linked to hypertension and other cardiovascular events. […] Air pollution has also been associated with preterm delivery, of which preeclampsia is considered to be an important risk factor. […] We evaluate the relationship between air pollution and preeclampsia in pregnant women in California to assess the possible contribution of air pollution to preeclampsia. […] Our analysis included 2,307,366 births. […] We found adjusted odds ratios of 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.14] for high CO exposures (75th percentile) among mothers during their entire pregnancy who were residing within a 10 kilometer distance of a monitor. […] We also observed an elevated odds ratio of 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.23] for high SO2 exposures (75th percentile). […] This study suggests that maternal CO and SO2 exposure during pregnancy may be a risk factor for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. […] the association between air pollution exposures and risk pre-eclampsia and eclampsia should be further studied.

• #19 Instituting Surveillance Guidelines and Adverse Outcomes in Preeclampsia

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2076259594

  Instituting Surveillance Guidelines and Adverse Outcomes in Preeclampsia […] OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of combined adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with preeclampsia before and after introducing standardized assessment and surveillance. […] Standardized surveillance of women with preeclampsia was associated with reduced maternal risk. […] Introducing standardized surveillance of women with preeclampsia is associated with reduced maternal risk.

• #20 Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy | California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative

  https://www.cmqcc.org/toolkits-quality-improvement/hypertensive-disorders-pregnancy

  Preeclampsia-related deaths were determined to have a significant chance of prevention. […] CMQCC led a Preeclampsia Quality Improvement Collaborative with approximately 25 hospitals in 2013. The primary aim of this collaborative was to help participating hospitals reduce the rate of severe morbidities in women/birthing people with preeclampsia/eclampsia by using tools developed to support early recognition, diagnosis, treatment and management of preeclampsia. […] CMQCC is currently collaborating with the March of Dimes on a low-dose aspirin initiative to reduce preeclampsia and related preterm birth using a hospital-community approach. […] CMQCC member hospitals are also encouraged to use the Maternal Data Center (MDC) to monitor their hypertension and preeclampsia metrics.

• #21 Hypertension and Preeclampsia Data Tools in the Maternal Data Center | California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative

  https://www.cmqcc.org/qi-initiatives/hypertensive-disorders-pregnancy/preeclampsia-data-tools-maternal-data-center

  We encourage all member hospitals to actively monitor their hypertension and preeclampsia metrics in the Maternal Data Center (MDC). […] Under the Preeclampsia Patient Safety link, you can find several different measures to evaluate processes and outcomes related to preeclampsia and maternal hypertension. […] An important process measure to consider in quality improvement for hypertension and preeclampsia is Timely Treatment for Severe Hypertension. […] Secondly, you can utilize the Joint Commission Maternal Safety Standard Tool for Hypertension/Preeclampsia.

• #22 What doctors wish patients knew about preeclampsia | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-preeclampsia

  The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists recommends that women with severe high blood pressure BP of 160/110 during birth are evaluated again within 72 hours postpartum, Dr. Peterson said. […] While it is unclear why some women develop preeclampsia, there are some factors that may put you in the high-risk category. […] The treatment for preeclampsia is delivery, and the timing and route of delivery is based on the severity of disease and other obstetric factors, Dr. Peterson said. […] A lot of people think that theyre cured after they have their baby, Dr. Hoppe said. […] Women whove had a hypertension related diagnosis in a prior pregnancy are at risk of developing hypertension during a subsequent pregnancy, Dr. Hoppe said. […] I would suggest that prenatal care is set up to try to detect preeclampsia and other complications in pregnancy, Dr. Hoppe said. […] Low dose aspirin therapy during pregnancy can reduce the chance of developing preeclampsia in patients who are at risk for the disease, Dr. Peterson said.

• #23 ACOG Preeclampsia Guidelines: Antenatal Management and Timing of Delivery – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2018/12/27/acog-preeclampsia-guidelines-antenatal-management-and-timing-of-delivery/

  Recommendations for prenatal assessment and perinatal management, including delivery, are included in the ACOG preeclampsia and gestational hypertension guidelines. […] Ambulatory management (outpatient) appropriate for the following: Gestational hypertension without severe features or Preeclampsia without severe features. […] Inpatient management appropriate for the following: Severe preeclampsia or Poor adherence to monitoring recommendations. […] Fetal growth assessment every 3-4 weeks. […] Labs weekly (more frequently if concern that patient status is deteriorating). […] sFlt-1/PlGF ratio to predict progression to preeclampsia with severe features. […] There are insufficient data to recommend management strategies after a positive or negative test result. […] The sFlt-1:PlGF ratio alone should not replace current clinical criteria for diagnosing or excluding a diagnosis of preeclampsia with severe features.

• #24 Developing Accurate Preeclampsia Tests

  https://www.preeclampsia.org/biomarkers

  A key component needed in the fight against preeclampsia is the development of tests for simple, rapid, and accurate diagnosis and prediction. […] The Preeclampsia Foundation has advocated for the development and adoption of biomarkers for over a decade by bringing together leaders in research, industry, regulatory bodies, policy makers, professional societies, and eventually payers to engage and address this call to action, remove barriers and accelerate the development and adoption of biomarkers to improve screening and diagnosis of hypertensive and placental disorders of pregnancy. […] Preeclampsia is a heterogenous maternal syndrome recognized ultimately by the development of high blood pressure and multi-organ dysfunction or injury. Its clinical presentation can be quite varied and confusing: elevated BP may precede or follow proteinuria, other symptoms may be obscured; its onset may be gradual, quite sudden, or even present postpartum. It is the most common severe obstetrical complication in the U.S., affecting 2 to 8 percent of pregnancies, and leading to multiple adverse maternal outcomes including seizure, stroke, heart disease, and death, as well as neonatal outcomes that include growth restriction, preterm birth, and death.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00404-022-06864-y

  The integration of remote monitoring of pregnant women at increased risk into the clinical routine has the potential to additionally improve care, treatment and safety of patients at home. […] Machine learning-based algorithms for early detection of adverse events in pregnant women with preeclampsia are at least equivalent and in some cases superior to conventional methods.

• #26 Developing Accurate Preeclampsia Tests

  https://www.preeclampsia.org/biomarkers

  The estimated cost of preeclampsia in the United States was $2.18 billion dollars in 2012, the average preeclamptic pregnancy cost three times more than normotensive pregnancies, and the incidence of preeclampsia – especially its severe variants – has been increasing, underscored by the unacceptable disparities we are seeing in both higher prevalence and worse outcomes amongst Black and American Indian/Alaskan Native women. […] Rapid, reliable and clinically useful biomarkers for preeclampsia are urgently needed as decision aids to improve pregnancy outcomes. […] There are several important benefits to introducing biomarkers into the fight against preeclampsia: 1) Screening pregnant women for pre-symptomatic disease to enable interventional research studies, accelerating progress toward therapeutic drugs or biologics; 2) Determining disease severity and risk stratifying women to improve surveillance and management, such as timing of delivery; 3) Reducing costs associated with short and long term medical care by eliminating unnecessary testing and surveillance; 4) and most importantly, saving the lives and well-being of mothers and their babies.

• #27 Preeclampsia: 3 Things Women Should Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/preeclampsia

  This serious condition, characterized by high blood pressure during (and after) pregnancy, is on the rise. […] Preeclampsia and other types of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which include a spectrum of diseases from gestational hypertension to a severe form of preeclampsia called HELLP Syndrome (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets), are on the rise. […] These disorders affect more than twice as many non-Hispanic Black women compared to non-Hispanic White women and are significant contributors to the high rate of maternal mortality (death) in the United States. […] There were 1,205 deaths in 2021, which translates to 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births, an increase from 861 deaths, or 23.8 per 100,000 live births, in 2020. […] Because preeclampsia can occur postpartum, or after delivery, it can have a long-lasting impact on maternal health.

• #28 Preeclampsia: 3 Things Women Should Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/preeclampsia

  Both the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association list it as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, even far in the future. […] Women who have had preeclampsia are at least twice as likely to have heart disease later in life. […] Cardiovascular disease was responsible for one in five deaths in women in the U.S. more than any other cause, including deaths from all types of cancer combined, in 2021. […] We now think of preeclampsia as a red flag or a canary in the coal mine type of diagnosis that should be considered an indication for earlier cardiovascular risk factor assessment, which typically may not be pursued until later in life. […] Patients diagnosed with preeclampsia would likely benefit from earlier cardiovascular risk factor screening, including cardiometabolic testing, which involves checking cholesterol levels, markers of type 2 diabetes and other diseases, within a year after delivery.

• #29 Mothers with history of pre-eclampsia may encounter cardiovascular challenges later in life – Mayo Clinic News Network

  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mothers-with-history-of-pre-eclampsia-may-encounter-cardiovascular-challenges-later-in-life/

  Mayo Clinic researchers found that women with a history of pre-eclampsia are more likely to face atherosclerosis – hardening and narrowing of the arteries – decades after their pregnancy. […] The complication poses a concern to the mother and fetus, and affects between 2 and 7 percent of pregnancies. […] “Even without a history of cardiovascular events, women who’ve had pre-eclampsic pregnancies are facing a higher risk of atherosclerosis decades later during their postmenopausal years,” says Dr. Garovic. “This makes pre-eclampsia a pregnancy complication that extends well beyond the pregnancy itself.” […] Further study is needed on women with pre-eclampsia histories, according to Dr. Garovic, and that should continue to follow women late into life, where further complications may become apparent.

• #30 Fetal Exposure to Preeclampsia and Later Risk of Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Population-Based Cohort Study | Section for epidemiology and medical statistics | UiB

  https://www.uib.no/en/epistat/165647/fetal-exposure-preeclampsia-and-later-risk-cardiometabolic-disorders-population-based

  Fetal preeclampsia exposure has been associated with later cardiometabolic disease. […] Using data from The Medical Birth Registry of Norway and The Norwegian Prescription Database, we have looked at the risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol in young adulthood in individuals who were exposed to preeclampsia during fetal life. […] Compared to individuals in the general population who had not been exposed to preeclampsia in fetal life, individuals exposed to preeclampsia had an increased risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol later in life. […] Our conclusion is that individuals exposed to preeclampsia in fetal life have an increased risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol later in life.

• #31 Diagnosis and Management of Preeclampsia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1215/p2317.html

  There currently are no well-established measures for preventing preeclampsia. […] Although preeclampsia is not preventable, many deaths from the disorder can be prevented. Women who do not receive prenatal care are seven times more likely to die from complications related to preeclampsia-eclampsia than women who receive some level of prenatal care. […] To decrease preeclampsia-related mortality, appropriate prenatal care must be available to all women. Early detection, careful monitoring, and treatment of preeclampsia are crucial in preventing mortality related to this disorder.

• #32 Pre-eclampsia | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-023-00417-6

  Pre-eclampsia is a life-threatening disease of pregnancy unique to humans and a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. […] Despite decades of research, the aetiology of pre-eclampsia, particularly of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, remains poorly defined. […] Significant advances have been made in the prediction and prevention of preterm pre-eclampsia, which is predicted in early pregnancy through combined screening and is prevented with daily low-dose aspirin, starting before 16 weeks of gestation. […] By contrast, the prediction of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia is limited and there are no preventive treatments. […] Future research must investigate the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, in particular of term and postpartum pre-eclampsia, and evaluate new prognostic tests and treatments in adequately powered clinical trials.

• #33 Diagnosis and Management of Preeclampsia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1215/p2317.html

  Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific multisystem disorder of unknown etiology. The disorder affects approximately 5 to 7 percent of pregnancies and is a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. […] Preeclampsia complicates approximately 5 to 7 percent of pregnancies, with an incidence of 23.6 cases per 1,000 deliveries in the United States. […] Access to prenatal care, early detection of the disorder, careful monitoring, and appropriate management are crucial elements in the prevention of preeclampsia-related deaths. […] Complications of hypertension are the third leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths, superseded only by hemorrhage and associated with increased risks of placental abruption, acute renal failure, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular complications, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and maternal death. Consequently, early diagnosis of preeclampsia and close observation are imperative.

• #34 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CFH/DMCAH/Pages/Health-Observances/Preeclampsia-Awareness.aspx

  Preeclampsia Awareness Month is a month-long communication campaign to raise awareness of this life-threatening hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. […] In California, 1 in 14 pregnant people experience preeclampsia. Knowing the symptoms of preeclampsia can save a life. […] Recognizing the symptoms of preeclampsia can be livesaving.

• #35 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence of Preeclampsia in Brazil: An Integrative Review Prevalence of Preeclampsia in Brazil: An Integrative Review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgo/a/qJLyYLLLvnfNC3d8hxJ68Lt/?lang=en

  The overall frequency of preeclampsia in Brazil was similar to that reported elsewhere; however, some Brazilian studies presented frequencies much higher than those reported in international studies. […] Our results also show an increase in the frequency of preeclampsia from 2010, when new diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia were established and widely accepted, until today. […] The frequency of preeclampsia is probably increasing in Brazil due to new diagnostic criteria and higher surveillance. The development of national networks of research on preeclampsia is paramount to understand the impact of the disease in Brazil.

• #36 Eclampsia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Eclampsia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Since preeclampsia and eclampsia are one of the main causes of maternal deaths, the data on incidence is required at both national and local levels to inform policies to further target the affected population and for the focused distribution of resources. […] The incidence of eclampsia in the developed countries of North America and Europe is similar and estimated to be about 57 cases per 10,000 deliveries. On the other hand, incidence of eclampsia in developing nations varies widely, ranging from 1 case per 100 pregnancies to 1 case per 1700 pregnancies. […] A systematic review conducted for the incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) with the objective of evaluating its magnitude globally, representing 39 million women from 40 countries, estimates the incidence to be 4.6% (95% uncertainty range 2.7-8.2), and 1.4% (95% uncertainty range 1.0-2.0) of all deliveries for preeclampsia and eclampsia respectively, with a wide variation across regions.

• #37 Developing Accurate Preeclampsia Tests

  https://www.preeclampsia.org/biomarkers

  Combined with usual clinical and ultrasound surveillance during pregnancy, these biomarkers have been shown to diagnose preeclampsia and predict adverse outcomes with an even greater accuracy than traditional tests, and some have even been shown to reduce medical costs associated with evaluations of suspected preeclampsia. […] The Preeclampsia Foundation is a strong advocate of biomarker research and clinical utilization. The Foundation has extended its support of biomarkers by awarding biomarker-based research grants, using patient surveys to demonstrate the importance of biomarkers to preeclampsia survivors, and encouraging industry to engage in biomarker development.

• #38 Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy | Million Hearts®

  https://millionhearts.hhs.gov/tools-protocols/tools/hypertension-disorders-pregnancy.html

  Additional evidence is needed to better define optimal treatment targets and the threshold for pharmacotherapy for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Treatment of hypertension, prevention of seizures, and timed delivery are currently the primary approaches for women with preeclampsia. […] Epidemiology of Pre-eclampsia and the Other Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy This review outlines the disease definitions, global burden of disease, natural history, and unresolved epidemiologic questions of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

• #39 Care Plan to Prevent Preeclampsia AJOG 2023

  https://www.mirvie.com/care-plan-to-prevent-preeclampsia-ajog-2023

  AJOG Special Report: First comprehensive care plan to prevent preeclampsia. It represents a critical step in preventing preeclampsia and saving lives. […] Care plan for individuals at risk for preeclampsia: Shared approach to education, strategies for prevention, surveillance and follow up. […] The new AJOG report synthesizes them all into an objective, evidence-based recommendation for the first time and provides checklists for both individuals at risk and health care providers, which can be easily downloaded and shared. […] Full health care provider guidelines for care of individuals at risk for preeclampsia. […] The Care Plan for Individuals at Risk for Preeclampsia is for pregnant persons considered at risk for preeclampsia at least sufficient to recommend prophylactic aspirin therapy during pregnancy. […] By streamlining the evidence-based recommendations into a straightforward Care Plan, the report systematically outlines the multi-pronged preventive approach that patients at risk should be receiving.

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