Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prevention and treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy: lessons from hepatitis B story! – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32053411/

  Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of drug-resistant epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common pathological substrate of TLE. […] Considering the significant consequences of uncontrolled seizures (e.g. increased morbidity and mortality), epilepsy prevention remains a necessity that potentially could save many lives. […] Here, we propose three strategies to fight HHV-6 and its possible long-term consequence (i.e. HS-TLE): Primary prevention: by developing vaccines to prevent HHV-6 infection; Secondary prevention: by considering trials of antiviral drugs to treat HHV-6 infection, when it happens in the childhood to hopefully prevent its long-term consequences; and, Tertiary prevention: by stem cell therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy.

• #2 Temporal Lobe Seizures – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/temporal-lobe-seizures.html

  You may not be able to prevent every seizure. The following can help you manage triggers that may make a seizure start: […] Take your antiepileptic medicine every day at the same time. This will also help prevent medicine side effects. Set an alarm to help remind you to take your medicine every day. […] Manage stress. Stress can be a trigger for seizures. Exercise can help you reduce stress. Talk to your healthcare provider about exercise that is safe for you. Illness can be a form of stress. Eat a variety of healthy foods and drink plenty of liquids during an illness. Talk to your healthcare provider about other ways to manage stress. […] Set a regular sleep schedule. A lack of sleep can trigger a seizure. Try to go to sleep and wake up at the same times every day. Keep your bedroom quiet and dark. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are having trouble sleeping.

• #3 Epilepsy – What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/blog/epilepsy-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Epilepsy is not a single condition but a group of disorders characterised by recurrent seizures. […] While it’s not always possible to prevent epilepsy, some steps can be taken to reduce the risk of developing it and to prevent seizures in those who already have the condition. […] Good prenatal care, including proper nutrition and avoiding infections during pregnancy, can help prevent brain development problems that might lead to epilepsy. […] Using seatbelts, bicycle helmets, and other protective gear can prevent head injuries that might cause epilepsy. […] Managing conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes can lower the risk of stroke, which can cause epilepsy. […] Vaccinations against diseases like meningitis and proper hygiene can prevent infections that might lead to epilepsy.

• #4 Prevention and treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy: lessons from hepatitis B story! – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32053411/

  Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of drug-resistant epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common pathological substrate of TLE. […] Considering the significant consequences of uncontrolled seizures (e.g. increased morbidity and mortality), epilepsy prevention remains a necessity that potentially could save many lives. […] Here, we propose three strategies to fight HHV-6 and its possible long-term consequence (i.e. HS-TLE): Primary prevention: by developing vaccines to prevent HHV-6 infection; Secondary prevention: by considering trials of antiviral drugs to treat HHV-6 infection, when it happens in the childhood to hopefully prevent its long-term consequences; and, Tertiary prevention: by stem cell therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy.

• #5 Pathophysiogenesis of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Is Prevention of Damage Antiepileptogenic?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4101766/

  Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is frequently associated with hippocampal sclerosis, possibly caused by a primary brain injury that occurred a long time before the appearance of neurological symptoms. […] Although prevention of hippocampal damage and epileptogenesis after a primary event could be a key innovative approach to TLE, the lack of clear data on the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to TLE does not allow any rational therapy. […] A thoroughly investigation on these new pharmacological tools may lead to design effective preventive therapies. […] The most rational therapeutic option for difficult-to-control epilepsy is prevention. […] In a remarkable percentage (up to 87%) of cases presenting with TLE and hippocampal sclerosis, usually indicated as mesial TLE, a primary precipitating injury taking place during infancy is reported in the medical record of the patient.

• #6 Understanding Temporal Lobe Seizure — Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-temporal-lobe-seizure-treatment

  Seizures happen in girls and boys at an equal rate and are more common before the age of 15 and after age 65. For now, there is no way to screen for a seizure disorder before it develops. […] Avoiding head injuries — such as by wearing a helmet while riding a bicycle — can lower the risk of head trauma that may lead to a seizure disorder.

• #7 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  Although many causes of epilepsy are out of your control and unpreventable, you can reduce your chance of developing a few conditions that might lead to epilepsy, such as: […] To lower your risk of traumatic brain injury (from blows to your head), always wear your seatbelt when driving and drive defensively; wear a helmet when biking; clear your floors of clutter and power cords to prevent falls; and stay off ladders. […] To lower your risk of stroke, eat a healthy diet (such as the Mediterranean diet), maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly. […] Seek therapy for substance abuse. Alcohol and other illegal drugs can damage your brain, which can then lead to epilepsy.

• #8 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  Although many causes of epilepsy are out of your control and unpreventable, you can reduce your chance of developing a few conditions that might lead to epilepsy, such as: […] To lower your risk of traumatic brain injury (from blows to your head), always wear your seatbelt when driving and drive defensively; wear a helmet when biking; clear your floors of clutter and power cords to prevent falls; and stay off ladders. […] To lower your risk of stroke, eat a healthy diet (such as the Mediterranean diet), maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly. […] Seek therapy for substance abuse. Alcohol and other illegal drugs can damage your brain, which can then lead to epilepsy.

• #9 Epilepsy – What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/blog/epilepsy-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Epilepsy is not a single condition but a group of disorders characterised by recurrent seizures. […] While it’s not always possible to prevent epilepsy, some steps can be taken to reduce the risk of developing it and to prevent seizures in those who already have the condition. […] Good prenatal care, including proper nutrition and avoiding infections during pregnancy, can help prevent brain development problems that might lead to epilepsy. […] Using seatbelts, bicycle helmets, and other protective gear can prevent head injuries that might cause epilepsy. […] Managing conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes can lower the risk of stroke, which can cause epilepsy. […] Vaccinations against diseases like meningitis and proper hygiene can prevent infections that might lead to epilepsy.

• #10 Epilepsy – What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/blog/epilepsy-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Epilepsy is not a single condition but a group of disorders characterised by recurrent seizures. […] While it’s not always possible to prevent epilepsy, some steps can be taken to reduce the risk of developing it and to prevent seizures in those who already have the condition. […] Good prenatal care, including proper nutrition and avoiding infections during pregnancy, can help prevent brain development problems that might lead to epilepsy. […] Using seatbelts, bicycle helmets, and other protective gear can prevent head injuries that might cause epilepsy. […] Managing conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes can lower the risk of stroke, which can cause epilepsy. […] Vaccinations against diseases like meningitis and proper hygiene can prevent infections that might lead to epilepsy.

• #11 Epilepsy – What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/blog/epilepsy-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Epilepsy is not a single condition but a group of disorders characterised by recurrent seizures. […] While it’s not always possible to prevent epilepsy, some steps can be taken to reduce the risk of developing it and to prevent seizures in those who already have the condition. […] Good prenatal care, including proper nutrition and avoiding infections during pregnancy, can help prevent brain development problems that might lead to epilepsy. […] Using seatbelts, bicycle helmets, and other protective gear can prevent head injuries that might cause epilepsy. […] Managing conditions like high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes can lower the risk of stroke, which can cause epilepsy. […] Vaccinations against diseases like meningitis and proper hygiene can prevent infections that might lead to epilepsy.

• #12 Epilepsy: Treatment Options | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0715/p87.html

  The occurrence of a single seizure does not always require initiation of antiepileptic drugs. […] In adults, key risk factors for recurrence are two unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart, epileptiform abnormalities on electroencephalography, abnormal brain imaging, nocturnal seizures, or an epileptic syndrome associated with seizures. […] In children, key risk factors are abnormal electroencephalography results, an epileptic syndrome associated with seizures, severe head trauma, and cerebral palsy. […] In the absence of risk factors, and because many patients do not experience recurrence of a seizure, physicians should consider delaying use of antiepileptic drugs until a second seizure occurs. […] Delaying therapy until a second seizure does not affect one- to two-year remission rates.

• #13 Epilepsy: Treatment Options | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0715/p87.html

  The occurrence of a single seizure does not always require initiation of antiepileptic drugs. […] In adults, key risk factors for recurrence are two unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart, epileptiform abnormalities on electroencephalography, abnormal brain imaging, nocturnal seizures, or an epileptic syndrome associated with seizures. […] In children, key risk factors are abnormal electroencephalography results, an epileptic syndrome associated with seizures, severe head trauma, and cerebral palsy. […] In the absence of risk factors, and because many patients do not experience recurrence of a seizure, physicians should consider delaying use of antiepileptic drugs until a second seizure occurs. […] Delaying therapy until a second seizure does not affect one- to two-year remission rates.

• #14 Epilepsy: Treatment Options | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0715/p87.html

  The occurrence of a single seizure does not always require initiation of antiepileptic drugs. […] In adults, key risk factors for recurrence are two unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart, epileptiform abnormalities on electroencephalography, abnormal brain imaging, nocturnal seizures, or an epileptic syndrome associated with seizures. […] In children, key risk factors are abnormal electroencephalography results, an epileptic syndrome associated with seizures, severe head trauma, and cerebral palsy. […] In the absence of risk factors, and because many patients do not experience recurrence of a seizure, physicians should consider delaying use of antiepileptic drugs until a second seizure occurs. […] Delaying therapy until a second seizure does not affect one- to two-year remission rates.

• #15 Epilepsy: Treatment Options | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0715/p87.html

  For patients with seizures that are not controlled with these agents, alternative treatments include surgical resection of the seizure focus, ketogenic diets, vagus nerve stimulators, and implantable brain neurostimulators. […] Patients who have had a recent seizure within the past three months or whose seizures are poorly controlled should refrain from driving and certain high-risk physical activities. […] The use of AEDs should be considered only when the benefits of reducing the risk of a second seizure outweigh the risks of an adverse drug effect. […] In adults who have had a single seizure and who lack high-risk characteristics, delaying AED therapy until a second seizure does not affect one- to two-year seizure remission rates. […] In the absence of such risk factors, there is generally no difference in one- to two-year seizure remission rates between starting AED therapy after the first childhood seizure and starting it after a second seizure. […] Early initiation of AED therapy may reduce the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which is death in a person with epilepsy in whom no other cause of death is found. […] The risk of SUDEP can be decreased by optimizing seizure control.

• #16 Epilepsy: Treatment Options | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0715/p87.html

  For patients with seizures that are not controlled with these agents, alternative treatments include surgical resection of the seizure focus, ketogenic diets, vagus nerve stimulators, and implantable brain neurostimulators. […] Patients who have had a recent seizure within the past three months or whose seizures are poorly controlled should refrain from driving and certain high-risk physical activities. […] The use of AEDs should be considered only when the benefits of reducing the risk of a second seizure outweigh the risks of an adverse drug effect. […] In adults who have had a single seizure and who lack high-risk characteristics, delaying AED therapy until a second seizure does not affect one- to two-year seizure remission rates. […] In the absence of such risk factors, there is generally no difference in one- to two-year seizure remission rates between starting AED therapy after the first childhood seizure and starting it after a second seizure. […] Early initiation of AED therapy may reduce the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which is death in a person with epilepsy in whom no other cause of death is found. […] The risk of SUDEP can be decreased by optimizing seizure control.

• #17 Epilepsy: Treatment Options | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0715/p87.html

  For patients with seizures that are not controlled with these agents, alternative treatments include surgical resection of the seizure focus, ketogenic diets, vagus nerve stimulators, and implantable brain neurostimulators. […] Patients who have had a recent seizure within the past three months or whose seizures are poorly controlled should refrain from driving and certain high-risk physical activities. […] The use of AEDs should be considered only when the benefits of reducing the risk of a second seizure outweigh the risks of an adverse drug effect. […] In adults who have had a single seizure and who lack high-risk characteristics, delaying AED therapy until a second seizure does not affect one- to two-year seizure remission rates. […] In the absence of such risk factors, there is generally no difference in one- to two-year seizure remission rates between starting AED therapy after the first childhood seizure and starting it after a second seizure. […] Early initiation of AED therapy may reduce the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which is death in a person with epilepsy in whom no other cause of death is found. […] The risk of SUDEP can be decreased by optimizing seizure control.

• #18 Febrile Seizure Duration and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-10-2-7

  Clinical features of febrile seizures and EEG findings were compared in patients who did and did not develop later afebrile seizures among six selected families and 59 family members with febrile convulsions examined at the Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario. […] The duration of the febrile convulsion was the most important determinant of the later development of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs. […] The authors recommend that such children may be candidates for diazepam given at the onset of fever to abort the occurrence of a prolonged seizure. […] Knudsen FU et al, examining the long term outcome of prophylaxis for febrile convulsions, found that the prevention of new febrile convulsions by intermittent diazepam at the onset of fever offered no advantages over treatment with diazepam administered at the time of onset of a seizure. The long term prognosis in terms of subsequent epilepsy, neurological, motor, intellectual, cognitive, and scholastic ability was not influenced by the type of treatment applied in early childhood.

• #19 Febrile Seizure Duration and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-10-2-7

  Clinical features of febrile seizures and EEG findings were compared in patients who did and did not develop later afebrile seizures among six selected families and 59 family members with febrile convulsions examined at the Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario. […] The duration of the febrile convulsion was the most important determinant of the later development of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs. […] The authors recommend that such children may be candidates for diazepam given at the onset of fever to abort the occurrence of a prolonged seizure. […] Knudsen FU et al, examining the long term outcome of prophylaxis for febrile convulsions, found that the prevention of new febrile convulsions by intermittent diazepam at the onset of fever offered no advantages over treatment with diazepam administered at the time of onset of a seizure. The long term prognosis in terms of subsequent epilepsy, neurological, motor, intellectual, cognitive, and scholastic ability was not influenced by the type of treatment applied in early childhood.

• #20 Febrile Seizure Duration and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy | Pediatric Neurology Briefs

  https://pediatricneurologybriefs.com/articles/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-10-2-7

  Clinical features of febrile seizures and EEG findings were compared in patients who did and did not develop later afebrile seizures among six selected families and 59 family members with febrile convulsions examined at the Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario. […] The duration of the febrile convulsion was the most important determinant of the later development of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs. […] The authors recommend that such children may be candidates for diazepam given at the onset of fever to abort the occurrence of a prolonged seizure. […] Knudsen FU et al, examining the long term outcome of prophylaxis for febrile convulsions, found that the prevention of new febrile convulsions by intermittent diazepam at the onset of fever offered no advantages over treatment with diazepam administered at the time of onset of a seizure. The long term prognosis in terms of subsequent epilepsy, neurological, motor, intellectual, cognitive, and scholastic ability was not influenced by the type of treatment applied in early childhood.

• #21 Frontiers | Case Report: “Aggressive” perioperative antiseizure medication prophylaxis in patients with glioma-related epilepsy at high risk of early postoperative seizures following awake craniotomy

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/surgery/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2023.1282013/full

  Early postoperative seizures (EPS) are a common complication of brain tumor surgery. […] However, there are no formal guidelines on perioperative antiseizure medication (ASM) management in patients with tumor-related epilepsy who are deemed high risk for EPS. […] Our case illustrates that aggressive perioperative prophylactic ASM therapy beyond the maintenance ASM regimen can be considered in patients with tumor-related epilepsy at risk of EPS. […] Therefore, understanding the cases of those at higher risk of EPS is crucial, because an intervention with antiseizure medication (ASM) treatment to prevent EPS could have potential implications on outcomes. […] Significantly, there are no guidelines regarding the use of perioperative ASM prophylaxis beyond baseline ASM therapy in preventing EPS among high-risk patients with tumor-related epilepsy.

• #22 Frontiers | Case Report: “Aggressive” perioperative antiseizure medication prophylaxis in patients with glioma-related epilepsy at high risk of early postoperative seizures following awake craniotomy

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/surgery/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2023.1282013/full

  Early postoperative seizures (EPS) are a common complication of brain tumor surgery. […] However, there are no formal guidelines on perioperative antiseizure medication (ASM) management in patients with tumor-related epilepsy who are deemed high risk for EPS. […] Our case illustrates that aggressive perioperative prophylactic ASM therapy beyond the maintenance ASM regimen can be considered in patients with tumor-related epilepsy at risk of EPS. […] Therefore, understanding the cases of those at higher risk of EPS is crucial, because an intervention with antiseizure medication (ASM) treatment to prevent EPS could have potential implications on outcomes. […] Significantly, there are no guidelines regarding the use of perioperative ASM prophylaxis beyond baseline ASM therapy in preventing EPS among high-risk patients with tumor-related epilepsy.

• #23 Frontiers | Case Report: “Aggressive” perioperative antiseizure medication prophylaxis in patients with glioma-related epilepsy at high risk of early postoperative seizures following awake craniotomy

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/surgery/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2023.1282013/full

  Early postoperative seizures (EPS) are a common complication of brain tumor surgery. […] However, there are no formal guidelines on perioperative antiseizure medication (ASM) management in patients with tumor-related epilepsy who are deemed high risk for EPS. […] Our case illustrates that aggressive perioperative prophylactic ASM therapy beyond the maintenance ASM regimen can be considered in patients with tumor-related epilepsy at risk of EPS. […] Therefore, understanding the cases of those at higher risk of EPS is crucial, because an intervention with antiseizure medication (ASM) treatment to prevent EPS could have potential implications on outcomes. […] Significantly, there are no guidelines regarding the use of perioperative ASM prophylaxis beyond baseline ASM therapy in preventing EPS among high-risk patients with tumor-related epilepsy.

• #24 Frontiers | Case Report: “Aggressive” perioperative antiseizure medication prophylaxis in patients with glioma-related epilepsy at high risk of early postoperative seizures following awake craniotomy

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/surgery/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2023.1282013/full

  Our case illustrates that adjusting maintenance ASMs and a brief course of perioperative ASM prophylaxis can potentially prevent EPS, including pSE, thereby significantly lowering morbidity, mortality, and duration of hospital stays associated with EPS among high-risk patients undergoing repeat brain tumor surgeries with DES. […] For these patients, it would be imperative to consider preoperative maintenance ASM dose optimization and a brief use of adjunct intraoperative intravenous loading of ASM with a brief postoperative treatment course, to reduce the risk of EPS and subsequent morbidity, including prolonged hospitalizations and persistent postoperative neurological deficits. […] Future prospective studies are needed to evaluate prophylactic preoperative ASM dosing optimization and perioperative ASM loading in high-risk patients undergoing craniotomy to prevent EPS and its associated morbidity.

• #25 Temporal Lobe Seizures – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/temporal-lobe-seizures.html

  You may not be able to prevent every seizure. The following can help you manage triggers that may make a seizure start: […] Take your antiepileptic medicine every day at the same time. This will also help prevent medicine side effects. Set an alarm to help remind you to take your medicine every day. […] Manage stress. Stress can be a trigger for seizures. Exercise can help you reduce stress. Talk to your healthcare provider about exercise that is safe for you. Illness can be a form of stress. Eat a variety of healthy foods and drink plenty of liquids during an illness. Talk to your healthcare provider about other ways to manage stress. […] Set a regular sleep schedule. A lack of sleep can trigger a seizure. Try to go to sleep and wake up at the same times every day. Keep your bedroom quiet and dark. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are having trouble sleeping.

• #26 Epilepsy – What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/blog/epilepsy-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Taking anti-seizure medications exactly as prescribed is crucial for preventing seizures. […] Keeping a seizure diary can help identify specific triggers to avoid. […] Regular visits to a healthcare provider allow for adjustments to treatment plans as needed. […] Regular sleep, balanced nutrition, exercise, and stress management are all important. […] Taking steps to ensure safety during activities like swimming, bathing, or using machinery can prevent injuries if a seizure occurs. […] While these measures can help reduce the risk and frequency of seizures, it’s important to remember that epilepsy is often unpredictable, and seizures may still occur despite the best prevention efforts.

• #27 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antiepileptic Therapy, Neurostimulation: VNS, RNS, DBS

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184509-treatment

  There are many AEDs used for seizure control in temporal lobe epilepsy. […] Temporal lobectomy is the definitive treatment for medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, as it has a high seizure-free rate. […] When seizures are not controlled by 2 different AED trials, the patient should be considered for a presurgical evaluation. […] Seizure-free state at 2 years postoperatively is predictive of long-term seizure-free outcome. In well-selected cases, 70-80% of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy become seizure free after surgery. […] The dietary therapy that can be tried for intractable epilepsy is the ketogenic diet or the Modified Atkins diet.

• #28 Approach to Seizures – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/neurology/approach-seizures

  Seizure Prophylaxis: […] – Load with phenytoin 1000mg (standard), but you should do a weight-based dosing of 20mg/kg […] – Phenytoin overdose results in horizontal nystagmus on physical exam […] – Then phenytoin 300mg PO daily, measuring a dilantin level several days later […] – Valproic Acid (VPA) / Divalproex (DVP) (Epival) is also a broad spectrum agent and first line for generalized epilepsy syndromes. It is teratogenic though, and newer agents like lamotrigine, topiramate, and levetiracetam (e.g. – 500mg PO BID) are more appropriate for women of child-bearing age.

• #29 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antiepileptic Therapy, Neurostimulation: VNS, RNS, DBS

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184509-treatment

  There are many AEDs used for seizure control in temporal lobe epilepsy. […] Temporal lobectomy is the definitive treatment for medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, as it has a high seizure-free rate. […] When seizures are not controlled by 2 different AED trials, the patient should be considered for a presurgical evaluation. […] Seizure-free state at 2 years postoperatively is predictive of long-term seizure-free outcome. In well-selected cases, 70-80% of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy become seizure free after surgery. […] The dietary therapy that can be tried for intractable epilepsy is the ketogenic diet or the Modified Atkins diet.

• #30 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antiepileptic Therapy, Neurostimulation: VNS, RNS, DBS

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184509-treatment

  There are many AEDs used for seizure control in temporal lobe epilepsy. […] Temporal lobectomy is the definitive treatment for medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, as it has a high seizure-free rate. […] When seizures are not controlled by 2 different AED trials, the patient should be considered for a presurgical evaluation. […] Seizure-free state at 2 years postoperatively is predictive of long-term seizure-free outcome. In well-selected cases, 70-80% of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy become seizure free after surgery. […] The dietary therapy that can be tried for intractable epilepsy is the ketogenic diet or the Modified Atkins diet.

• #31 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antiepileptic Therapy, Neurostimulation: VNS, RNS, DBS

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184509-treatment

  There are many AEDs used for seizure control in temporal lobe epilepsy. […] Temporal lobectomy is the definitive treatment for medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, as it has a high seizure-free rate. […] When seizures are not controlled by 2 different AED trials, the patient should be considered for a presurgical evaluation. […] Seizure-free state at 2 years postoperatively is predictive of long-term seizure-free outcome. In well-selected cases, 70-80% of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy become seizure free after surgery. […] The dietary therapy that can be tried for intractable epilepsy is the ketogenic diet or the Modified Atkins diet.

• #32 Temporal lobe epilepsies

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/temporal-lobe-epilepsies

  Temporal lobe epilepsy is normally treated with anti-seizure medications if there is no obvious cause for the seizures. […] However, if the child has mesial temporal sclerosis or another brain abnormality, or if the seizures do not respond to two different anti-epileptic medications, they will be considered for surgery to remove the area of the brain in which the seizures begin. […] Surgery is more likely to be successful if: it is performed soon after the child starts having seizures; there is an abnormality visible on brain imaging (MRI) that is associated with the seizures; the area of the brain in which the seizures begin can be completely removed with no major risks of neurological deficits after surgery (this depends on how close the area is to other areas that control movement or language).

• #33 Temporal lobe epilepsies

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/temporal-lobe-epilepsies

  If a child’s seizures are not controlled by medication, which is the case in 30% to 40% of children, it is important to recognize this fact early. In up to 90% of children, early surgery to remove the affected areas of the brain can stop the seizures and potentially help to improve behavior, cognition and social development.

• #34 Epilepsy Surgery Is Cost Effective for Refractory Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/epilepsy-surgery-and-referral-is-cost-effective-for-refractory-temporal-lobe-epilepsy

  Patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy may be more inclined to opt for surgery when they understand the long-term cost effectiveness, as well as rates of increased seizure freedom and reduced seizure relapses. […] A study evaluating the cost of epilepsy surgery and surgical evaluation suggests that both the procedure and referral are cost-effective for eligible patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (DR-TLE). […] What our study showed is that as long as a patient has drug-resistant epilepsy, they need to be referred for a surgical evaluation because it is cheaper to put them through testing and then figure out if theyre surgical candidates than it is to waste 10 to 20 years cycling through ineffective medication. […] Additionally, for patients diagnosed with DR-TLE, referral for surgical evaluation becomes a cost-effective strategy for the cohort within 5 to 7 years.

• #35 Epilepsy Surgery Is Cost Effective for Refractory Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/epilepsy-surgery-and-referral-is-cost-effective-for-refractory-temporal-lobe-epilepsy

  Patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy may be more inclined to opt for surgery when they understand the long-term cost effectiveness, as well as rates of increased seizure freedom and reduced seizure relapses. […] A study evaluating the cost of epilepsy surgery and surgical evaluation suggests that both the procedure and referral are cost-effective for eligible patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (DR-TLE). […] What our study showed is that as long as a patient has drug-resistant epilepsy, they need to be referred for a surgical evaluation because it is cheaper to put them through testing and then figure out if theyre surgical candidates than it is to waste 10 to 20 years cycling through ineffective medication. […] Additionally, for patients diagnosed with DR-TLE, referral for surgical evaluation becomes a cost-effective strategy for the cohort within 5 to 7 years.

• #36 Epilepsy Surgery Is Cost Effective for Refractory Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/epilepsy-surgery-and-referral-is-cost-effective-for-refractory-temporal-lobe-epilepsy

  Literature from previous studies factored into this assessment showed that seizure freedom was 71% probable in those who opted for surgery compared to 8% of those who continued medical management. […] Jehi added, There are a lot of fears out there. Some are justified but a lot are due to misinformation that may stop someone from even getting a referral. The biggest misconception though is that epilepsy surgery is riskier than the status quo. […] At the end of the day, I want to demystify everything behind epilepsy surgery. I want to tell patients and providers that if theyre going to take anything away from this study, its that a commitment to look into epilepsy surgery is not a commitment to get it done.

• #37 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Antiepileptic Therapy, Neurostimulation: VNS, RNS, DBS

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184509-treatment

  There are many AEDs used for seizure control in temporal lobe epilepsy. […] Temporal lobectomy is the definitive treatment for medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, as it has a high seizure-free rate. […] When seizures are not controlled by 2 different AED trials, the patient should be considered for a presurgical evaluation. […] Seizure-free state at 2 years postoperatively is predictive of long-term seizure-free outcome. In well-selected cases, 70-80% of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy become seizure free after surgery. […] The dietary therapy that can be tried for intractable epilepsy is the ketogenic diet or the Modified Atkins diet.

• #38 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  There is some evidence to suggest that a ketogenic, or keto, diet which is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet could help prevent seizures in people who do not find antiepileptic drugs effective. […] A 2018 study looked at how 12 sessions of biofeedback spread over 4 weeks affected 40 people with temporal lobe epilepsy whose conditions did not respond to drugs. Overall, their seizures decreased by 43%, and 45% of the participants found that their seizures reduced by 50% or more. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical signals to the brain. It sends well-calibrated, mild, regular electrical signals to the vagus nerve, and these signals calm those that lead to seizures. […] For people with epilepsy, stress and anxiety may increase the risk of having a seizure. […] Knowing and avoiding their triggers may help people reduce the risk of experiencing a seizure. […] People should always talk with a doctor before trying natural treatments to help ease their symptoms.

• #39 Epilepsy and Seizures

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurology/treatments/epilepsy-seizures/

  A thorough neurodiagnostic assessment will need to be performed before epilepsy treatment can begin. […] Once your neurologist has determined the underlying cause of your condition, they can start prescribing treatment. […] An epilepsy management plan may involve: […] Antiepileptic drugs. There are several types of anti-seizure medications. Which type your doctor prescribes will depend on your specific condition. Medication may be so effective that the patient can stop taking it after a few seizure-free years. […] Dietary changes. Ketogenic diets have proven to be useful for preventing seizures in children. These diets are low in carbs and high in protein. This diet is effective because it releases ketones into the body, which shifts the body’s primary fuel source from carbohydrates to fats.

• #40 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  There is some evidence to suggest that a ketogenic, or keto, diet which is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet could help prevent seizures in people who do not find antiepileptic drugs effective. […] A 2018 study looked at how 12 sessions of biofeedback spread over 4 weeks affected 40 people with temporal lobe epilepsy whose conditions did not respond to drugs. Overall, their seizures decreased by 43%, and 45% of the participants found that their seizures reduced by 50% or more. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical signals to the brain. It sends well-calibrated, mild, regular electrical signals to the vagus nerve, and these signals calm those that lead to seizures. […] For people with epilepsy, stress and anxiety may increase the risk of having a seizure. […] Knowing and avoiding their triggers may help people reduce the risk of experiencing a seizure. […] People should always talk with a doctor before trying natural treatments to help ease their symptoms.

• #41 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  There is some evidence to suggest that a ketogenic, or keto, diet which is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet could help prevent seizures in people who do not find antiepileptic drugs effective. […] A 2018 study looked at how 12 sessions of biofeedback spread over 4 weeks affected 40 people with temporal lobe epilepsy whose conditions did not respond to drugs. Overall, their seizures decreased by 43%, and 45% of the participants found that their seizures reduced by 50% or more. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical signals to the brain. It sends well-calibrated, mild, regular electrical signals to the vagus nerve, and these signals calm those that lead to seizures. […] For people with epilepsy, stress and anxiety may increase the risk of having a seizure. […] Knowing and avoiding their triggers may help people reduce the risk of experiencing a seizure. […] People should always talk with a doctor before trying natural treatments to help ease their symptoms.

• #42 Epilepsy and Seizures

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurology/treatments/epilepsy-seizures/

  Nerve stimulation. Vagus nerve stimulation is a procedure in which the vagus nerves are stimulated with electrical impulses. In this treatment, an implant is placed into the patient and releases electrical impulses when abnormal brain behavior occurs, suppressing the activity and preventing seizures. […] Brain surgery. In situations where medication and less-invasive treatment proves ineffective, brain surgery may be recommended. In this procedure, the brain cells sending out abnormal signals are removed. Both open surgery and minimally invasive gamma knife surgery are capable of performing this procedure. Our skilled neurosurgeons, in collaboration with our neurologists, use the latest technology to ensure the greatest accuracy and least invasive methods that suit each individual patient’s situation. We offer access to intraoperative MRI tools such as ClearPoint Navigation to robotic surgery using the ROSA ONE Brain robotic system.

• #43 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  There is some evidence to suggest that a ketogenic, or keto, diet which is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet could help prevent seizures in people who do not find antiepileptic drugs effective. […] A 2018 study looked at how 12 sessions of biofeedback spread over 4 weeks affected 40 people with temporal lobe epilepsy whose conditions did not respond to drugs. Overall, their seizures decreased by 43%, and 45% of the participants found that their seizures reduced by 50% or more. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical signals to the brain. It sends well-calibrated, mild, regular electrical signals to the vagus nerve, and these signals calm those that lead to seizures. […] For people with epilepsy, stress and anxiety may increase the risk of having a seizure. […] Knowing and avoiding their triggers may help people reduce the risk of experiencing a seizure. […] People should always talk with a doctor before trying natural treatments to help ease their symptoms.

• #44 Methods and devices for brain cooling for treatment and/or prevention of epileptic seizures | UW Department of Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.uw.edu/node/397

  A method for inhibiting epileptic seizures is disclosed comprising removing a portion of a skull to form a recess, and implanting a thermally conductive passive cooling device, for example a device in accordance with those described above, and having an inner surface that contacts the brain or meninges, and an outer surface that contacts the scalp, to cool the contacted portion of the brain. […] The present invention provides methods for brain cooling to prevent epileptogenesis after brain injuries, methods for passive brain cooling to prevent ictogenesis and/or epileptogenesis, and devices for passive brain cooling. […] The present invention provides methods and devices for treating and/or preventing epilepsy. The inventors of the present invention discovered that focal cooling is both antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic.

• #45 Methods and devices for brain cooling for treatment and/or prevention of epileptic seizures | UW Department of Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.uw.edu/node/397

  A method for inhibiting epileptic seizures is disclosed comprising removing a portion of a skull to form a recess, and implanting a thermally conductive passive cooling device, for example a device in accordance with those described above, and having an inner surface that contacts the brain or meninges, and an outer surface that contacts the scalp, to cool the contacted portion of the brain. […] The present invention provides methods for brain cooling to prevent epileptogenesis after brain injuries, methods for passive brain cooling to prevent ictogenesis and/or epileptogenesis, and devices for passive brain cooling. […] The present invention provides methods and devices for treating and/or preventing epilepsy. The inventors of the present invention discovered that focal cooling is both antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic.

• #46 Methods and devices for brain cooling for treatment and/or prevention of epileptic seizures | UW Department of Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.uw.edu/node/397

  It is also contemplated that the present invention may be employed in a method for treating a patient suffering from a central nervous system injury, wherein the patient has not experienced epileptogenesis, and the method is performed as a prophylactic measure so as to prevent (and/or mitigate) acquired epilepsy and epileptogenesis. […] The present invention may be applied as a prophylactic to provide prolonged minimal cooling of the injured brain or epileptic focus, without the undesirable side effects observed in previous clinical trials involving lowering core temperature after head injury or the technological challenges of safely achieving the at least 8-10 C. cooling previously assumed necessary for prevention of epilepsy.

• #47 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  There is some evidence to suggest that a ketogenic, or keto, diet which is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet could help prevent seizures in people who do not find antiepileptic drugs effective. […] A 2018 study looked at how 12 sessions of biofeedback spread over 4 weeks affected 40 people with temporal lobe epilepsy whose conditions did not respond to drugs. Overall, their seizures decreased by 43%, and 45% of the participants found that their seizures reduced by 50% or more. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical signals to the brain. It sends well-calibrated, mild, regular electrical signals to the vagus nerve, and these signals calm those that lead to seizures. […] For people with epilepsy, stress and anxiety may increase the risk of having a seizure. […] Knowing and avoiding their triggers may help people reduce the risk of experiencing a seizure. […] People should always talk with a doctor before trying natural treatments to help ease their symptoms.

• #48 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  There is some evidence to suggest that a ketogenic, or keto, diet which is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet could help prevent seizures in people who do not find antiepileptic drugs effective. […] A 2018 study looked at how 12 sessions of biofeedback spread over 4 weeks affected 40 people with temporal lobe epilepsy whose conditions did not respond to drugs. Overall, their seizures decreased by 43%, and 45% of the participants found that their seizures reduced by 50% or more. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical signals to the brain. It sends well-calibrated, mild, regular electrical signals to the vagus nerve, and these signals calm those that lead to seizures. […] For people with epilepsy, stress and anxiety may increase the risk of having a seizure. […] Knowing and avoiding their triggers may help people reduce the risk of experiencing a seizure. […] People should always talk with a doctor before trying natural treatments to help ease their symptoms.

• #49 Temporal Lobe Seizures – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/temporal-lobe-seizures.html

  You may not be able to prevent every seizure. The following can help you manage triggers that may make a seizure start: […] Take your antiepileptic medicine every day at the same time. This will also help prevent medicine side effects. Set an alarm to help remind you to take your medicine every day. […] Manage stress. Stress can be a trigger for seizures. Exercise can help you reduce stress. Talk to your healthcare provider about exercise that is safe for you. Illness can be a form of stress. Eat a variety of healthy foods and drink plenty of liquids during an illness. Talk to your healthcare provider about other ways to manage stress. […] Set a regular sleep schedule. A lack of sleep can trigger a seizure. Try to go to sleep and wake up at the same times every day. Keep your bedroom quiet and dark. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are having trouble sleeping.

• #50 Temporal Lobe Seizures – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/temporal-lobe-seizures.html

  You may not be able to prevent every seizure. The following can help you manage triggers that may make a seizure start: […] Take your antiepileptic medicine every day at the same time. This will also help prevent medicine side effects. Set an alarm to help remind you to take your medicine every day. […] Manage stress. Stress can be a trigger for seizures. Exercise can help you reduce stress. Talk to your healthcare provider about exercise that is safe for you. Illness can be a form of stress. Eat a variety of healthy foods and drink plenty of liquids during an illness. Talk to your healthcare provider about other ways to manage stress. […] Set a regular sleep schedule. A lack of sleep can trigger a seizure. Try to go to sleep and wake up at the same times every day. Keep your bedroom quiet and dark. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are having trouble sleeping.

• #51 Temporal Lobe Seizures – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/temporal-lobe-seizures.html

  Limit or do not drink alcohol as directed. Alcohol can trigger a seizure, especially if you drink a large amount at one time. A drink of alcohol is 12 ounces of beer, 1½ ounces of liquor, or 5 ounces of wine. Talk to your healthcare provider about a safe amount of alcohol for you. Your provider may recommend that you do not drink any alcohol. Tell him or her if you need help to quit drinking.

• #52 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  Although many causes of epilepsy are out of your control and unpreventable, you can reduce your chance of developing a few conditions that might lead to epilepsy, such as: […] To lower your risk of traumatic brain injury (from blows to your head), always wear your seatbelt when driving and drive defensively; wear a helmet when biking; clear your floors of clutter and power cords to prevent falls; and stay off ladders. […] To lower your risk of stroke, eat a healthy diet (such as the Mediterranean diet), maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly. […] Seek therapy for substance abuse. Alcohol and other illegal drugs can damage your brain, which can then lead to epilepsy.

• #53 Seizures: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/neuro/seizures

  Certain medications and lifestyle choices can help reduce the risk of seizures including: […] Taking seizure medication as prescribed without missing doses […] If sensitive, avoid flashing lights […] Refraining from using drugs and alcohol […] Maintaining a healthy sleep schedule.

• #54 Targeting Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/targeting-soluble-epoxide-hydrolase-for-temporal-lobe-epilepsy-.php?aid=80650

  Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by a chronic predisposition to generate spontaneous seizures. […] Currently, extensive evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory approaches might offer a promising alternative therapeutic strategy especially when antiepileptic medications are ineffective. […] Recently, anti-inflammatory approaches to epilepsy management have been considered as a promising alternative therapeutic strategy when antiepileptic medications are ineffective. […] A potential target enzyme for anti-inflammatory treatment of epilepsy, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), has been characterized to participate in regulating inflammatory responses and brain excitability in epileptic animal models in current studies. […] Inhibition of sEH enzymatic activity either by pharmacological inhibitors or genetic deletion stabilizes bioactivity of the arachidonic acid (AA) derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and therefore enhances their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

• #55 Targeting Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/targeting-soluble-epoxide-hydrolase-for-temporal-lobe-epilepsy-.php?aid=80650

  Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by a chronic predisposition to generate spontaneous seizures. […] Currently, extensive evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory approaches might offer a promising alternative therapeutic strategy especially when antiepileptic medications are ineffective. […] Recently, anti-inflammatory approaches to epilepsy management have been considered as a promising alternative therapeutic strategy when antiepileptic medications are ineffective. […] A potential target enzyme for anti-inflammatory treatment of epilepsy, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), has been characterized to participate in regulating inflammatory responses and brain excitability in epileptic animal models in current studies. […] Inhibition of sEH enzymatic activity either by pharmacological inhibitors or genetic deletion stabilizes bioactivity of the arachidonic acid (AA) derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and therefore enhances their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

• #56 Targeting Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/targeting-soluble-epoxide-hydrolase-for-temporal-lobe-epilepsy-.php?aid=80650

  The anti-ictogenesis and anti-inflammatory effects of sEH inhibition on the models of TLE other than the models of seizures caused by GABAA receptor antagonism have also been documented. […] Taken together, the anti-inflammatory and anti-ictogenic effects of sEH inhibition on epileptic animal models are effective in pharmacological but not genetic manipulation suggesting an involvement of sEH in seizure generation and subsequent alterations of EETs-sEH metabolism and neuroinflammatory responses, which may have clinical therapeutic potential for epilepsy in the future, particularly when treating TLE.

• #57 Novel Therapeutic Strategies for secondary prevention of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

  https://sfera.unife.it/handle/11392/2486318

  Study of the effect of the Neuronal Regeneration Peptide 2945 (NRP2945) in the pilocarpine model of mTLE, using two different NRP2945 administration paradigms: (i) following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, to evaluate its ability to prevent epilepsy development (i.e., a presumed anti-epileptogenic effect) and (ii) in the chronic phase of epilepsy, to evaluate its effect on spontaneous seizures. We found that NRP2945 exerts a strong anti-epileptogenic effect, reducing the frequency of spontaneous seizures, exerting a significant neuroprotective effect, and attenuating anxious behaviours and cognitive impairment. These effects appear to depend on the modulation of the epileptogenesis process and not on seizure suppression, because NRP2945 did not reduce the frequency or duration of spontaneous seizures when administered to already epileptic animals.

• #58 Novel Therapeutic Strategies for secondary prevention of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

  https://sfera.unife.it/handle/11392/2486318

  Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is one of the most frequent forms of epilepsy, often burdened by comorbidities that have a significant impact on the quality of life. To date, drug therapy is only symptomatic and one third of the patients are drug resistant. This type of epilepsy often originates from a precipitating event followed by a period defined „epileptogenesis”, in which multiple pathophysiological phenomena occur, including loss of neurons, neuronal plasticity and aberrant neurogenesis, modifications of glial cells, alteration of the BBB and neuroinflammation. […] During my PhD I investigated possible new therapeutic strategies for the of epileptogenesis: Evaluation of the hypothesis that 7,8 dihydroxyflavone (7,8- DHF), an antioxidant agent and an agonist of the BDNF receptor TrkB, may exert an anti-epileptogenic role.

• #59 Daily rhythms in right-sided and left-sided temporal lobe epilepsy | BMJ Neurology Open

  https://neurologyopen.bmj.com/content/4/1/e000264

  Understanding the rhythmicity of seizures could help establish chronotherapeutic strategies, prevention measures and changes in the schedule for taking antiseizure medication. […] Our findings could serve as a basis for therapeutic interventions, since understanding the rhythmicity of seizures could help establish chronotherapeutic strategies, prevention measures knowing the time of greatest seizure frequency, changes in the schedule for taking antiseizure medication, and improve the quality of life of patients.

• #60 Daily rhythms in right-sided and left-sided temporal lobe epilepsy | BMJ Neurology Open

  https://neurologyopen.bmj.com/content/4/1/e000264

  Understanding the rhythmicity of seizures could help establish chronotherapeutic strategies, prevention measures and changes in the schedule for taking antiseizure medication. […] Our findings could serve as a basis for therapeutic interventions, since understanding the rhythmicity of seizures could help establish chronotherapeutic strategies, prevention measures knowing the time of greatest seizure frequency, changes in the schedule for taking antiseizure medication, and improve the quality of life of patients.

• #61 Nocturnal seizures: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326864

  Nocturnal seizures are potentially dangerous and increase the risk of dying from epilepsy. Having a seizure while sleeping can also make a person prone to injuries. […] While this can be frightening, epilepsy is usually treatable. Controlling seizures greatly reduces a persons risk of complications. […] Possible treatments include: antiseizure medication, avoiding seizure triggers, such as sleep deprivation, a high fat, low carbohydrate diet, or ketogenic diet, a vagus nerve stimulator, or surgical implant that sends electrical impulses to the brain. […] People who have nocturnal seizures may also wish to take measures to prevent injuries. These can include: choosing a low bed frame or placing the mattress on the floor, putting a safety mat, such as those for gymnastics, on the floor next to the bed, using wall-mounted lamps rather than table lamps, keeping furniture away from the bed, using a nocturnal seizure monitor that alerts a loved one when a person has a seizure.

• #62 Nocturnal seizures: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326864

  Nocturnal seizures are potentially dangerous and increase the risk of dying from epilepsy. Having a seizure while sleeping can also make a person prone to injuries. […] While this can be frightening, epilepsy is usually treatable. Controlling seizures greatly reduces a persons risk of complications. […] Possible treatments include: antiseizure medication, avoiding seizure triggers, such as sleep deprivation, a high fat, low carbohydrate diet, or ketogenic diet, a vagus nerve stimulator, or surgical implant that sends electrical impulses to the brain. […] People who have nocturnal seizures may also wish to take measures to prevent injuries. These can include: choosing a low bed frame or placing the mattress on the floor, putting a safety mat, such as those for gymnastics, on the floor next to the bed, using wall-mounted lamps rather than table lamps, keeping furniture away from the bed, using a nocturnal seizure monitor that alerts a loved one when a person has a seizure.

• #63 Epilepsy: Treatment Options | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0715/p87.html

  For patients with seizures that are not controlled with these agents, alternative treatments include surgical resection of the seizure focus, ketogenic diets, vagus nerve stimulators, and implantable brain neurostimulators. […] Patients who have had a recent seizure within the past three months or whose seizures are poorly controlled should refrain from driving and certain high-risk physical activities. […] The use of AEDs should be considered only when the benefits of reducing the risk of a second seizure outweigh the risks of an adverse drug effect. […] In adults who have had a single seizure and who lack high-risk characteristics, delaying AED therapy until a second seizure does not affect one- to two-year seizure remission rates. […] In the absence of such risk factors, there is generally no difference in one- to two-year seizure remission rates between starting AED therapy after the first childhood seizure and starting it after a second seizure. […] Early initiation of AED therapy may reduce the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which is death in a person with epilepsy in whom no other cause of death is found. […] The risk of SUDEP can be decreased by optimizing seizure control.

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