Opryszczkowe zapalenie oka
Epidemiologia

Opryszczkowe zapalenie oka, wywołane przez wirusa Herpes Simplex (HSV), stanowi istotne wyzwanie kliniczne i epidemiologiczne, będąc jedną z głównych przyczyn zakaźnej ślepoty rogówkowej, szczególnie w krajach rozwiniętych. Globalna zapadalność na opryszczkowe zapalenie rogówki wynosi około 1,5-1,7 miliona przypadków rocznie, z roczną zapadalnością na wszystkie typy zapalenia rogówki HSV na poziomie 24,0 przypadków na 100 000 osobolat (95% CI 14,0-41,0). W USA obserwuje się wzrost zapadalności z 8,4 do 11,8 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie w okresie 1950-2007, a około 58 000 nowych lub nawrotowych przypadków diagnozuje się corocznie. Seroprewalencja HSV-1 w populacji amerykańskiej wynosi 47,8%, a HSV-2 11,9%, z tendencją spadkową seroprewalencji HSV-1 o około 14% w ciągu ostatnich 30 lat. Czynniki wpływające na epidemiologię to wiek, status społeczno-ekonomiczny, region geograficzny oraz płeć, przy czym nawroty choroby występują u 27% pacjentów w ciągu pierwszego roku i u ponad 60% w ciągu 20 lat, co znacząco zwiększa ryzyko uszkodzenia rogówki, zwłaszcza w postaci stromalnej (HSK).

  1. Epidemiologia opryszczkowego zapalenia oka
    1. Globalna rozpowszechnienie i zapadalność
    2. Rozpowszechnienie w Stanach Zjednoczonych
    3. Czynniki wpływające na rozpowszechnienie
    4. Obciążenie chorobą i koszty zdrowotne
    5. Nawroty i ryzyko dwustronnego zapalenia
  2. Nadzór i monitorowanie zakażeń HSV oka
    1. Metody diagnostyczne i techniki nadzoru
    2. Badania epidemiologiczne i trendy
    3. Nadzór nad zakażeniami noworodkowymi
    4. Wyzwania w nadzorze
    5. Znaczenie nadzoru dla zdrowia publicznego
  3. Zmiany w epidemiologii opryszczkowego zapalenia oka
    1. Zmiana w seroprewalencji HSV-1
    2. Zmiany w charakterystyce pierwszego zakażenia
    3. Wpływ na opryszczkowe zapalenie oka
    4. Różnice geograficzne i socjoekonomiczne
    5. Znaczenie dla nadzoru i profilaktyki
    6. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia opryszczkowego zapalenia oka

Opryszczkowe zapalenie oka jest jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn zakaźnej ślepoty na świecie, szczególnie w krajach rozwiniętych. Zakażenie wirusem opryszczki pospolitej (Herpes Simplex Virus, HSV) ma charakter powszechny, dotykając znaczną część światowej populacji. Według globalnych szacunków, około 3,8 miliarda ludzi poniżej 50. roku życia (64% światowej populacji) jest zakażonych HSV-1, głównie w postaci opryszczki wargowej.1 Opryszczka oczna stanowi poważny problem zdrowia publicznego, będąc główną przyczyną ślepoty rogówkowej w krajach rozwiniętych i rozwijających się.23

Globalna rozpowszechnienie i zapadalność

Światowa zapadalność na opryszczkowe zapalenie rogówki szacowana jest na około 1,5-1,7 miliona przypadków rocznie, w tym około 40 000 nowych przypadków prowadzących do poważnego upośledzenia wzroku.12 Badania epidemiologiczne wykazały, że roczna zapadalność na wszystkie typy zapalenia rogówki wywołanego przez HSV wynosi około 24,0 przypadków na 100 000 osobolat (95% CI 14,0-41,0).3 W Europie, Ameryce Północnej i Południowej zapadalność na nowe lub nawrotowe przypadki opryszczkowego zapalenia rogówki szacuje się na 12,5 do 31,5 przypadków na 100 000 osobolat.4

Częstość występowania opryszczkowego zapalenia oka różni się w zależności od regionu geograficznego. W krajach rozwiniętych rozpowszechnienie wynosi około 149 przypadków na 100 000 mieszkańców.5 W Stanach Zjednoczonych zapadalność na nowe przypadki opryszczkowego zapalenia oka wzrosła z 8,4 do 11,8 przypadków na 100 000 osób rocznie w okresie od 1950-1982 do 1976-2007.6

Rozpowszechnienie w Stanach Zjednoczonych

W Stanach Zjednoczonych około 500 000 osób cierpi na opryszczkę oczną, z czego około 58 000 nowych lub nawrotowych przypadków diagnozuje się każdego roku.12 Zapadalność na nowe przypadki szacuje się na około 24 000 rocznie.3 Według badania National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) z lat 2015-2016, częstość występowania HSV-1 wynosiła 47,8%, a HSV-2 11,9% w populacji amerykańskiej.45

Warto zauważyć, że w Stanach Zjednoczonych nastąpił spadek seroprewalencji HSV-1 w ciągu ostatnich 30 lat o około 14%.6 Jednocześnie zwiększa się odsetek przypadków opryszczki narządów płciowych wywołanych przez HSV-1, co może mieć wpływ na epidemiologię opryszczki ocznej.7

Czynniki wpływające na rozpowszechnienie

Na częstość występowania zakażeń HSV wpływają różne czynniki, w tym:

  • Wiek – seroprewalencja HSV-1 wzrasta z wiekiem, osiągając ponad 90% u osób po 50. roku życia w wielu populacjach1
  • Status społeczno-ekonomiczny – częstość występowania HSV-1 jest wyższa w grupach o niższym statusie społeczno-ekonomicznym (70-80%) w porównaniu do grup o wyższym statusie (40-60%)2
  • Region geograficzny – w krajach rozwijających się, takich jak Ameryka Łacińska i Afryka Subsaharyjska, częstość występowania HSV-1 przekracza 90%3
  • Płeć – seropozytywność HSV-2 jest częstsza u kobiet (25%) niż u mężczyzn (17%), jednak nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic w częstości występowania HSV-1 związanego z zapaleniem rogówki między płciami45

Obciążenie chorobą i koszty zdrowotne

Opryszczkowe zapalenie oka stanowi znaczne obciążenie dla systemu opieki zdrowotnej. W Stanach Zjednoczonych koszty leczenia sięgają około 17,7 miliona dolarów rocznie.1 Szacuje się, że w 2016 roku około 230 000 osób na świecie mogło doznać jednoocznego upośledzenia widzenia związanego z opryszczkowym zapaleniem rogówki.2

Opryszczkowe zapalenie rogówki jest główną przyczyną ślepoty rogówkowej w krajach rozwiniętych i jednym z głównych wskazań do przeszczepu rogówki.1 Wpływ ekonomiczny choroby, mierzony w dniach aktywnej choroby i wizytach u lekarzy, jest znaczny.2

Nawroty i ryzyko dwustronnego zapalenia

Nawroty są charakterystyczną cechą opryszczkowego zapalenia oka. Szacuje się, że dochodzi do nich u 27% pacjentów w ciągu pierwszego roku i u ponad 60% pacjentów w ciągu 20 lat od pierwszego epizodu.1 Według badań wykorzystujących metody tabeli trwania życia, wskaźniki nawrotów po pierwszym epizodzie wynoszą 9,6% po 1 roku, 22,9% po 2 latach i 63,2% po 20 latach.2

Nawrotowy charakter choroby znacząco przyczynia się do uszkodzenia rogówki, zwłaszcza w przypadku opryszczkowego zapalenia stromą rogówki (HSK). W badaniu Herpetic Eye Disease Study stwierdzono, że u 18% pacjentów z rozpoznanym zakażeniem oka HSV-1 wystąpił nawrót obejmujący stromę, a zapalenie stromalną stanowiło 44% wszystkich nawrotów.3

Wcześniejsze epizody HSK znacznie zwiększają ryzyko przyszłych nawrotów choroby stromalnej, co podkreśla znaczne obciążenie chorobą powodowane przez zakażenie HSV-1.4 Warto zauważyć, że u około 11,9% pacjentów występuje opryszczka oczna wpływająca na oboje oczu, w tym samym lub w różnych epizodach.5 Obustronne zakażenie występuje częściej u osób z młodszych grup wiekowych (do 12% przypadków) oraz u pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością.67

Nadzór i monitorowanie zakażeń HSV oka

System nadzoru nad zakażeniami wirusem opryszczki pospolitej oka jest istotnym elementem monitorowania epidemiologii tej choroby. Różne metody diagnostyczne i techniki nadzoru są stosowane w celu śledzenia występowania, rozprzestrzeniania się i trendów zakażeń HSV oka.

Metody diagnostyczne i techniki nadzoru

Monitorowanie zakażeń HSV oka opiera się na różnorodnych metodach diagnostycznych, które umożliwiają wykrycie wirusa i potwierdzenie diagnozy:1

  • Hodowla wirusowa – tradycyjna metoda wykrywania obecności wirusa w materiale klinicznym
  • Reakcja łańcuchowa polimerazy (PCR) – służy do wykrywania DNA wirusa w płynie mózgowo-rdzeniowym w przypadku zapalenia mózgu lub we krwi w przypadkach noworodkowego zakażenia HSV
  • Bezpośredni test immunofluorescencyjny (DFA) – wykrywa antygeny wirusowe obecne w tkance lub w rozmazie
  • Test Tzancka – umożliwia wykrycie charakterystycznych zmian komórkowych
  • Immunoenzymatyczny test (EIA) – stosowany do wykrywania przeciwciał przeciwko HSV

W przypadku noworodkowego zakażenia HSV oka, diagnostyka polega na wykonaniu wymazu spojówkowego do badania PCR. Mogą być również pobierane próbki krwi i płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego w celu wykluczenia choroby ośrodkowego układu nerwowego i zakażenia rozsianego.2

Badania epidemiologiczne i trendy

Dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące opryszczkowego zapalenia oka pochodzą głównie z krajów rozwiniętych, szczególnie ze Stanów Zjednoczonych i Europy.1 Badania kohortowe, takie jak te przeprowadzone w Rochester, Minnesota, w latach 1950-1982 i 1976-2007, dostarczyły cennych informacji na temat zmian w zapadalności na opryszczkowe zapalenie oka w czasie.2

Obserwuje się zmieniające się trendy w epidemiologii zakażeń HSV oka, w tym:

  • Zmniejszenie częstości występowania pierwotnej opryszczki ocznej u dzieci1
  • Wzrost zapadalności na zakażenia oka HSV u dorosłych2
  • Zmniejszenie seroprewalencji HSV-1 w krajach rozwiniętych, z szacowanym 14% spadkiem w USA w ciągu ostatnich 30 lat3
  • Zmianę epidemiologii HSV-1, z mniejszą ekspozycją w dzieciństwie i większą w wieku dorosłym oraz mniejszym nabywaniem zakażeń drogą jamy ustnej, a większym drogą narządów płciowych4

Nadzór nad zakażeniami noworodkowymi

Noworodkowe zakażenie HSV oka wymaga szczególnego nadzoru ze względu na potencjalnie poważne konsekwencje. Szacunkowe wskaźniki noworodkowego zakażenia HSV różnią się w zależności od regionu świata. W Kanadzie zakażenie występuje u około jednego na 16 500 noworodków, co odpowiada około sześciu na 100 000 żywych urodzeń.1

W Niemczech, według dwuletniego prospektywnego, ogólnokrajowego badania nadzoru przeprowadzonego w latach 2017-2018, zapadalność na noworodkowe zakażenia HSV wynosiła 2,35 na 100 000 żywych urodzeń (95% CI 1,69-3,02), a śmiertelność związana z chorobą wynosiła 0,13 na 100 000 żywych urodzeń (95% CI 0,04-0,21).2 Szacuje się, że zapadalność na noworodkowe zakażenia HSV waha się od 1,4 do 4,7 na 100 000 żywych urodzeń w Szwajcarii, Australii i Holandii, oraz do 5,9, 8,4 i 12,1 na 100 000 żywych urodzeń odpowiednio w Kanadzie, Izraelu i USA.3

Wyzwania w nadzorze

Nadzór nad zakażeniami HSV oka napotyka na pewne wyzwania, które mogą wpływać na dokładność danych epidemiologicznych:

  • Ograniczona dostępność danych – większość badań ogranicza się do USA i Europy, co może prowadzić do niedoszacowania globalnego obciążenia chorobą1
  • Różnice w metodologii badań – różne definicje przypadków i metody diagnostyczne mogą utrudniać porównywanie danych z różnych źródeł
  • Subkliniczne lub łagodne infekcje – większość pierwotnych zakażeń HSV przebiega subklinicznie lub jako tak łagodna choroba, że etiologia herpetyczna nie jest podejrzewana2
  • Zmieniająca się epidemiologia – obserwowane zmiany w epidemiologii HSV-1 mogą wpływać na zapadalność na opryszczkowe zapalenie oka3

Znaczenie nadzoru dla zdrowia publicznego

Skuteczny nadzór nad zakażeniami HSV oka ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zdrowia publicznego z kilku powodów:

  • Umożliwia lepsze zrozumienie obciążenia chorobą, które potencjalnie można by zapobiec lub złagodzić dzięki opracowaniu skutecznych interwencji przeciwko HSV, takich jak szczepionki1
  • Pomaga w identyfikacji grup wysokiego ryzyka i opracowaniu strategii profilaktycznych
  • Dostarcza informacji potrzebnych do planowania zasobów opieki zdrowotnej i szacowania kosztów ekonomicznych związanych z chorobą
  • Wspiera badania nad nowymi metodami diagnostycznymi i terapeutycznymi2

Wysiłki zmierzające do ilościowego określenia globalnego i regionalnego obciążenia chorobami związanymi z HSV są podejmowane w celu lepszego zrozumienia obciążenia chorobą, któremu można by potencjalnie zapobiec lub które można by złagodzić dzięki opracowaniu skutecznych interwencji przeciwko HSV, takich jak szczepionki.3

Zmiany w epidemiologii opryszczkowego zapalenia oka

W ostatnich dekadach obserwuje się istotne zmiany w epidemiologii zakażeń wirusem opryszczki pospolitej, które wpływają również na charakterystykę opryszczkowego zapalenia oka. Zmiany te mają znaczenie dla praktyki klinicznej i zdrowia publicznego.

Zmiana w seroprewalencji HSV-1

W krajach rozwiniętych obserwuje się spadek seroprewalencji HSV-1. W Stanach Zjednoczonych seroprewalencja HSV-1 zmniejszyła się z 62,0% w latach 1988-1994 do 57,7% w latach 1999-2004.1 Późniejsze dane z badania NHANES z lat 2015-2016 pokazują dalszy spadek do 47,8%.2

Ten trend może być związany z poprawą warunków higienicznych i zmianami społeczno-ekonomicznymi. Jednocześnie, w niektórych częściach świata rozwijającego się, takich jak Ameryka Łacińska i Afryka Subsaharyjska, częstość występowania HSV-1 nadal przekracza 90%.3

Zmiany w charakterystyce pierwszego zakażenia

Epidemiologia HSV-1 przechodzi znaczącą transformację, z mniejszą ekspozycją w dzieciństwie i większą w wieku dorosłym, a także mniejszym nabywaniem zakażeń drogą jamy ustnej, a większym drogą narządów płciowych.1 HSV-1 staje się główną przyczyną pierwszych epizodów opryszczki narządów płciowych w Stanach Zjednoczonych i innych krajach.2

W badaniu studentów college’ów w USA odsetek opryszczki narządów płciowych przypisywanej HSV-1 (w przeciwieństwie do HSV-2) wzrósł z 31% w 1993 roku do 78% w 2001 roku.3 Te zmiany mogą wpływać na epidemiologię opryszczki ocznej, potencjalnie wpływając na wiek pierwszego zakażenia i prezentację kliniczną.

Wpływ na opryszczkowe zapalenie oka

Zmiana w epidemiologii HSV-1 może przyczyniać się do wzrostu zapadalności na opryszczkowe zapalenie rogówki, co może częściowo niwelować korzyści wynikające z poprawy metod leczenia.1 Badania kohortowe przeprowadzone w Rochester, Minnesota, sugerują wzrost rocznej zapadalności na nowe przypadki opryszczki ocznej z 8,4 do 11,8 na 100 000 osób rocznie w okresie od 1950-1982 do 1976-2007.2

Obserwuje się również zmiany w epidemiologii opryszczki ocznej, w tym zmniejszenie częstości występowania pierwotnej opryszczki ocznej u dzieci i wzrost zapadalności na zakażenia oka HSV u dorosłych.3 Te zmiany mogą mieć wpływ na strategie diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne.

Różnice geograficzne i socjoekonomiczne

Istnieją znaczące różnice w epidemiologii opryszczkowego zapalenia oka w zależności od regionu geograficznego i statusu społeczno-ekonomicznego. W Stanach Zjednoczonych częstość występowania HSV-1 wśród osób żyjących poniżej granicy ubóstwa wynosi 52%, czyli ponad dwukrotnie więcej niż wśród osób żyjących powyżej granicy ubóstwa.1

Dane epidemiologiczne sugerują, że z makroperspektywy, poprawa rozwoju gospodarczego i zdrowia publicznego może zmniejszyć częstość występowania HSV-1.2 Jednakże, obciążenie związane z chorobą oka wywołaną przez HSV zostało prawdopodobnie niedoszacowane, ponieważ wiele regionów poza USA i Europą ma wyższą częstość występowania HSV-1 i gorszy dostęp do leczenia.3

Znaczenie dla nadzoru i profilaktyki

Zmiany w epidemiologii opryszczkowego zapalenia oka podkreślają potrzebę ciągłego nadzoru i dostosowania strategii profilaktycznych. Istnieje pilna potrzeba rozszerzonej serologii HSV i bezpośredniego wykrywania wirusa u matek, noworodków i członków rodziny w celu oceny okołoporodowego lub poporodowego przenoszenia HSV.1

Zapobieganie zakażeniom HSV może mieć istotny wpływ na zdrowie oczu, biorąc pod uwagę, że rocznie około 1,8 miliona osób może cierpieć na chorobę oka wywołaną przez wirusa opryszczki.2 Ostatecznie, pojawienie się skutecznych szczepionek będzie miało kluczowe znaczenie dla zapobiegania chorobom herpeswirusowym i zmniejszenia częstości występowania powikłań ocznych.3

Długoterminowa profilaktyka doustna wykazała skuteczność w zmniejszaniu częstości nawrotów choroby oka wywołanej przez HSV i ma największe znaczenie dla podgrupy pacjentów z wcześniejszą historią zapalenie stromalne rogówki” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”44470″>opryszczkowego zapalenia stromalnego rogówki.45

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  1. 12.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus
    In 2020 (last available estimates), 3.8 billion people under the age of 50, or 64% of the global population, had HSV-1 infection (oral or genital). Most HSV-1 infections are acquired during childhood to cause oral herpes. Around 10% of these (376 million) were estimated to be genital infections occurring in 15-49-year-olds. […] Genital herpes caused by HSV-2 affects an estimated 520 million (13%) people aged 15-49 years worldwide (2020 data). HSV-2 infects women almost twice as often as men because sexual transmission is more efficient from men to women. Prevalence increases with age, though the highest number of new infections are in adolescents and young adults. […] An estimated 205 million people aged 15-49 (5.3%) experienced at least one symptomatic episode of genital herpes in 2020. The majority of these people (92%) had symptoms related to HSV-2 infection. HSV-2 is much more likely than genital HSV-1 infection to cause recurrent symptoms.
  • #1 Herpes Simplex Epithelial Keratitis – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Herpes_Simplex_Epithelial_Keratitis
    Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a very common, lifelong infection that often is asymptomatic. However, HSV can result in significant eye disease and is the most common cause of corneal blindness in the United States (US). […] HSV keratitis is a leading cause of corneal blindness worldwide. […] Age, geographic location, and socioeconomic status appear to affect the prevalence of disease. […] In the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the prevalence of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) was 47.8% and HSV type 2 (HSV-2) was 11.9%. […] Globally, the incidence of HSV keratitis is 1.5 million yearly, including 40,000 new cases that result in severe visual impairment. […] In the US, approximately 500,000 people are afflicted with ocular HSV. […] Worldwide, approximately 1 million people suffer from HSV epithelial keratitis yearly. […] Several large scale studies have demonstrated that epithelial keratitis is the most common form of HSV ocular involvement.
  • #1 Herpes Simplex: Background, Microbiology, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-overview
    Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2015-2016, prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was 47.8%, and prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was 11.9%. Prevalence of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 increased with age. […] Antibodies to HSV-1 increase with age starting in childhood and correlate with socioeconomic status, race, and cultural group. By age 30 years, 50% of individuals in a high socioeconomic status and 80% in a lower socioeconomic status are seropositive. Antibodies to HSV-2 begin to emerge at puberty, correlating with the degree of sexual activity. More than 90% of adults have antibodies to HSV-1 by the fifth decade of life. […] HSV is well distributed worldwide, with over 23 million new cases per year. An increase in seroprevalence of antibodies to HSV-2 has been documented throughout the world (including the United States) over the last 20 years.
  • #1 HSV Keratitis: An Important Infectious Cause of Blindness
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hsv-keratitis-an-important-infectious-cause-of-blindness
    An estimated 500,000 people in the United States have herpes simplex virus (HSV) ocular disease. Each year about 50,000 new and recurring cases are diagnosed, with their treatment costing the nation approximately $17.7 million annually. Ocular HSV is considered the most common cause of infectious corneal blindness in the U.S. […] A concern in the developed world is that a changing HSV seroprevalence may be contributing to a rising incidence of HSV keratitis, which may be in part counteracting the benefit of improved treatment. […] The global incidence of HSV keratitis is roughly 1.5 million, including 40,000 new cases of severe monocular visual impairment or blindness, per year. HSV keratitis is believed to be an important cause of infectious blindness, with stromal opacification believed to be the main cause. […] While there may be an increasing incidence of ocular HSV in the developed world, improved access to antiviral treatment may cause the overall visual burden of the disease to remain stable or decrease.
  • #1 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Keratitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1194268-overview
    HSV keratitis is the most frequent cause of corneal blindness in the United States and is a leading indication for corneal transplantation. It is also the most common cause of infectious blindness in the Western world. […] The prognosis in HSV keratitis is generally favorable with aggressive treatment. Even with proper therapy, however, corneal scarring can occur. If the scarring develops centrally, visual acuity can be lost.
  • #1 Herpes Simplex Ophthalmicus | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/35539
    Herpes simplex ophthalmicus is a ubiquitous infection and is universal by late adulthood. HSV keratitis is the most common corneal blindness in developing nations. Worldwide, HSV affects between 60-95% of adults. HSV-1 is more commonly affects 70-80% of low socioeconomic groups and 40-60% of improved socioeconomic status. In the United States of America (USA), neonatal HSV infection occurs at a rate of 1 in 3200 deliveries, and 1500 cases are seen every year. The USA has a total prevalence of 400,000 cases of HSV keratitis and a total number of episodes at 58,000/year with an incidence of new cases of about 24,000/year. Recurrent disease, estimated to occur in 27% of patients at one year and over 60% at 20 years, commonly causes keratitis, though it can affect all parts of the eye. […] […] Herpes simplex ophthalmicus is caused by a neurotrophic double-stranded DNA virus with an icosahedral capsid surrounded by a poorly defined tegument (covering). Two types of herpes simplex virus (HSV) affect humans, HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 causes orofacial and eye infections by contact from an infected individual, while HSV-2 causes genital disease transmitted sexually. HSV-2 can be transmitted to neonates during birth through HSV-2 infected genitalia of the mothers and to children through orofacial contact by infected adults. […]
  • #1 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Herpes simplex virus – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/herpes-simplex-virus.html
    SURVEILLANCE: Monitor for symptoms, including lesions in or around the oral cavityFootnote 3. Viral culture or PCR is used to detect presence of viral infection. Culture in cells can show multinucleated giant cells, desquamated epithelial cells with intranuclear inclusions. Direct examination of virus in clinical samples can also be done using fluorescent antibody (DFA) test to detect viral antigens present within a tissue or smear specimen, Tzanck test, Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)Footnote 2,Footnote 3. PCR can be used to detect viral DNA in cerebrospinal fluid in the case of encephalitis or in blood in cases of neonatal HSV infectionFootnote 1-Footnote 4,Footnote 15.
  • #1 LSHTM LSHTM Research Online
    https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4663240/
    PURPOSE: We aimed to review available data on the incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis and other HSV ocular disease and to estimate the global burden of HSV ocular disease. […] In 2016, an estimated 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI 1.0-3.0) million people had HSV keratitis, based on a pooled incidence of 24.0 (95% CI 14.0-41.0; N = 2; I2 = 97.7%) per 100,000 person-years. […] Available studies were few and limited to the USA and Europe. […] Based on global incidence, some 230,000 people may have newly acquired uniocular vision impairment associated with HSV keratitis in 2016. […] Over 1.8 million people may have herpetic eye disease annually. Preventing HSV infection could therefore have an important impact on eye health. Herpetic eye disease burden is likely to have been underestimated, as many settings outside of the USA and Europe have higher HSV-1 prevalence and poorer access to treatment.
  • #1 The Changing Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection: The Associated Effects on the Incidence of Ocular Herpes
    https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_106451.html
    Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) with a worldwide distribution has been reported in all human populations, resulting in a clinical spectrum of infections. […] Moreover, changes in the epidemiology of ocular herpes, i.e., the reduced rate of primary ocular herpes in children and increased incidence of ocular HSV infection in adults, were discussed. […] De plus, les changements observs dans lpidmiologie de lherps oculaire, en loccurrence la rduction de lherps oculaire primaire infantile et lincidence croissante des infections oculaires causes par lHSV chez ladulte sont galement abords.
  • #1 Prevention and management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections | Canadian Paediatric Society
    https://cps.ca/documents/position/prevention-management-neonatal-herpes-simplex-virus-infections
    Estimated rates of neonatal human herpes simplex virus (NHSV) infection vary across different regions of the world. In Canada, the infection occurs in approximately one per 16,500 newborns, which corresponds to approximately six per 100,000 live births. Transmission to newborns can occur with either genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1) or HSV type 2 (HSV-2). Worldwide, an estimated 75% of NHSV cases are caused by HSV-2 and 25% by HSV-1. One Canadian prospective study analyzing reports in the period between 2000 and 2003 found that 63% of cases were due to HSV-1. Studies from Ontario (conducted in 2000 to 2001) and British Columbia (in 1999) investigating infants potentially at risk for HSV-2 detected HSV-2 antibodies in 10% and 17% of pregnant women, respectively. […] The most common and important category of NHSV acquisition is intrapartum. Even for HSV-1, 75% of cases of NHSV are acquired during delivery from genital disease that is often newly acquired and asymptomatic. Newborns may also acquire HSV infection through in utero or postnatal transmission.
  • #1 INCIDENCE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS KERATITIS AND OTHER OCULAR DISEASE: GLOBAL REVIEW AND ESTIMATES
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9397127/
    Purpose: We aimed to review available data on the incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis and other HSV ocular disease and to estimate the global burden of HSV ocular disease. […] In 2016, an estimated 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI 1.03.0) million people had HSV keratitis, based on a pooled incidence of 24.0 (95% CI 14.041.0; N = 2; I2 = 97.7%) per 100,000 person-years. […] Over 1.8 million people may have herpetic eye disease annually. […] Herpetic eye disease burden is likely to have been underestimated, as many settings outside of the USA and Europe have higher HSV-1 prevalence and poorer access to treatment. […] Efforts to quantify the global and regional burden of HSV-related disease are being undertaken to better understand the disease burden that could potentially be prevented or ameliorated with the development of effective HSV interventions such as vaccines.
  • #1 Nongenital Herpes Simplex Virus | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1101/p1075.html
    HSV-1 is initially transmitted in childhood via nonsexual contact, but it may be acquired in young adulthood through sexual contact. In the United States, the seroprevalence of HSV-1 decreased from 62.0 percent between 1988 and 1994 to 57.7 percent between 1999 and 2004.1 In a cross-sectional survey of U.S. college students, the prevalence of HSV-1 antibodies was 37.2 percent in freshmen and 46.1 percent in fourth-year students.2 A history of cold sores was reported in 25.6 percent of freshmen and 28 percent of fourth-year students. Significant predictors of HSV-1 antibodies in this population were female sex, sexual intercourse before 15 years of age, greater total years of sexual activity, history of a partner with oral sores, and personal history of a non-HSV sexually transmitted disease.2 Approximately 90 percent of recurrent HSV-1 infections cause the orofacial lesions known as herpes labialis3
  • #1 Herpes Simplex: Background, Microbiology, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-overview
    HSV is the most common cause of genital ulcers in the United States. HSV-1 is usually acquired in childhood by contact with oral secretions that contain the virus. The presence of HSV-2 can be used as an indirect measure of sexual activity. Seroprevalence rates do not reflect how many of these individuals have or will have symptomatic episodes of HSV recurrence, as the presence of antibodies is poorly correlated with disease protection. Epidemiology of HSV-1 infection in the US is undergoing a remarkable and subtle transition, with less exposure in childhood and more in adulthood, and less oral acquisition but more genital acquisition. […] HSV-1 could be overtaking HSV-2 as the main cause of first episode of genital herpes in the United States and elsewhere. […] In a study of college students in the US, the percentage of genital herpes attributed to HSV-1 (as opposed to HSV-2) increased from 31% in 1993 to 78% in 2001.
  • #1 Current and Emerging Therapies for Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infections
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/10/429
    Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic, double-stranded DNA virus that can cause a wide variety of diseases, including many ocular pathologies. It is one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in the United States. […] HSV-1 and -2 infect up to 90% of adults in the world. HSV-1 alone infects 66% of the world’s population. Seropositivity for HSV-1 has been reported in 65% of Americans and more than 50% of Europeans. […] Interestingly, the seroprevalence of HSV-1 in the developing world has been declining, with an estimated 14% reduction in the US in the past 30 years. However, in some developing parts of the world, such as Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of HSV-1 surpasses 90%. […] On US soil, the prevalence among those under the poverty line is 52%, more than double the rate of those above the poverty line. These epidemiological findings suggest that, from a macro perspective, improvements in economic development and public health may reduce the prevalence of HSV-1.
  • #1 Characteristics of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in Germany: results of a 2-year prospective nationwide surveillance study | ADC Fetal & Neonatal Edition
    https://fn.bmj.com/content/107/2/188
    Objective To assess incidence and burden of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and to explore possible transmission routes. […] A 2-year prospective nationwide surveillance study performed in 2017 and 2018. […] The 2-year incidence of neonatal HSV infections was 2.35 per 100000 live births (95% CI 1.69 to 3.02) and disease-specific mortality was 0.13 per 100000 live births (95%CI 0.04 to 0.21). […] Neonatal HSV infections are rare in Germany. […] Horizontal transmission via mothers and family members may be a possible source of neonatal HSV infection. […] An urgent need exists for extended HSV serology and direct virus detection in mothers, neonates, and family members to assess perinatal or postnatal HSV transmission. […] The actual incidence of neonatal HSV infections in Europe, especially in Germany, is insufficiently evaluated.
  • #2 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Keratitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1194268-overview
    HSV keratitis is the most frequent cause of corneal blindness in the United States and is a leading indication for corneal transplantation. It is also the most common cause of infectious blindness in the Western world. […] The prognosis in HSV keratitis is generally favorable with aggressive treatment. Even with proper therapy, however, corneal scarring can occur. If the scarring develops centrally, visual acuity can be lost.
  • #2 INCIDENCE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS KERATITIS AND OTHER OCULAR DISEASE: GLOBAL REVIEW AND ESTIMATES
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9397127/
    Purpose: We aimed to review available data on the incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis and other HSV ocular disease and to estimate the global burden of HSV ocular disease. […] In 2016, an estimated 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI 1.03.0) million people had HSV keratitis, based on a pooled incidence of 24.0 (95% CI 14.041.0; N = 2; I2 = 97.7%) per 100,000 person-years. […] Over 1.8 million people may have herpetic eye disease annually. […] Herpetic eye disease burden is likely to have been underestimated, as many settings outside of the USA and Europe have higher HSV-1 prevalence and poorer access to treatment. […] Efforts to quantify the global and regional burden of HSV-related disease are being undertaken to better understand the disease burden that could potentially be prevented or ameliorated with the development of effective HSV interventions such as vaccines.
  • #2 Ocular Herpes (Eye Herpes): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/ocular-eye-herpes
    About 500,000 people in the U.S. have HSV-related eye herpes, with about 58,000 cases diagnosed per year. It can affect people of any age. Because HSV is very common, many more people are at risk. Research indicates that among people in the U.S. ages 15 to 49, around 50% have HSV-1 (either active or inactive), and about 12% have HSV-2. […] Varicella zoster virus affects about 1 in 1,000 people in the U.S. each year, and that number climbs to around 1 in 100 people older than 60. Experts estimate that between 8% and 20% of these cases cause eye-related symptoms and issues. Cases in children are rare. […] The most serious complication of eye herpes is vision loss or blindness. Both types of HSV and varicella zoster can damage structures throughout your eyes. Most of the time they affect the cornea, but they can also affect the uvea and the retina. Recurrences (when the virus reactivates) can cause scarring, which leads to permanent vision loss. That’s why eye herpes is a condition that needs quick diagnosis and treatment.
  • #2 Herpes Simplex Ophthalmicus | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/35539
    Herpes simplex ophthalmicus is a ubiquitous infection and is universal by late adulthood. HSV keratitis is the most common corneal blindness in developing nations. Worldwide, HSV affects between 60-95% of adults. HSV-1 is more commonly affects 70-80% of low socioeconomic groups and 40-60% of improved socioeconomic status. In the United States of America (USA), neonatal HSV infection occurs at a rate of 1 in 3200 deliveries, and 1500 cases are seen every year. The USA has a total prevalence of 400,000 cases of HSV keratitis and a total number of episodes at 58,000/year with an incidence of new cases of about 24,000/year. Recurrent disease, estimated to occur in 27% of patients at one year and over 60% at 20 years, commonly causes keratitis, though it can affect all parts of the eye. […] […] Herpes simplex ophthalmicus is caused by a neurotrophic double-stranded DNA virus with an icosahedral capsid surrounded by a poorly defined tegument (covering). Two types of herpes simplex virus (HSV) affect humans, HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 causes orofacial and eye infections by contact from an infected individual, while HSV-2 causes genital disease transmitted sexually. HSV-2 can be transmitted to neonates during birth through HSV-2 infected genitalia of the mothers and to children through orofacial contact by infected adults. […]
  • #2 LSHTM LSHTM Research Online
    https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4663240/
    PURPOSE: We aimed to review available data on the incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis and other HSV ocular disease and to estimate the global burden of HSV ocular disease. […] In 2016, an estimated 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI 1.0-3.0) million people had HSV keratitis, based on a pooled incidence of 24.0 (95% CI 14.0-41.0; N = 2; I2 = 97.7%) per 100,000 person-years. […] Available studies were few and limited to the USA and Europe. […] Based on global incidence, some 230,000 people may have newly acquired uniocular vision impairment associated with HSV keratitis in 2016. […] Over 1.8 million people may have herpetic eye disease annually. Preventing HSV infection could therefore have an important impact on eye health. Herpetic eye disease burden is likely to have been underestimated, as many settings outside of the USA and Europe have higher HSV-1 prevalence and poorer access to treatment.
  • #2 Epidemiology of Ocular Herpes Simplex | CoLab
    https://colab.ws/articles/10.1001%2Farchopht.1989.01070020226030
    W okresie 1950 przez 1982, było 294 epizodów zakażeń wirusem opryszczki ocznej u 151 mieszkańców Rochester, Minn. […] Wskaźniki nawrotów oceniane metodami tabeli życia po pierwszym epizodzie wyniosły 9,6% po 1 roku, 22,9% po 2 latach i 63,2% po 20 latach. […] W przypadku 18 pacjentów (11,9%) wystąpiła opryszczka oczna wpływająca na obie oczy w tym samym i/lub różnych epizodach. […] Dziesiąta część pacjentów miała tylko zaangażowanie powiek, podczas gdy jedna trzecia miała wyłącznie powierzchowne zaangażowanie rogówki. […] Ekonomiczny wpływ, mierzony w dniach aktywnej choroby i wizytach u lekarzy, był znaczny.
  • #2 Herpes simplex ophthalmia neonatorum: a sight-threatening diagnosis | British Journal of General Practice
    https://bjgp.org/content/70/699/513
    Up to 50% of neonates born via vaginal delivery to mothers with primary genital infections develop an infection themselves.5 […] Neonatal ocular HSV is diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of conjunctival swabs. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may also be taken for analysis to exclude CNS and disseminated disease.35 […] An ophthalmic referral should be sought urgently when HSV or any other keratitis is suspected in a neonate.5 Immediate management involves empiric treatment with parenteral aciclovir, ideally in the hospital setting. The recommended treatment is 20 mg/kg three times daily for 14 days (21 days if there is progression to disseminated or CNS disease).25 […] Recurrence in SEM and CNS disease is common. Post-recovery, children should be routinely followed up by ophthalmology and paediatric teams. Many infants require continued suppressive therapy with a lower dose of aciclovir (300 mg/m2/dose three times daily) for 6 months to reduce the frequency of recurrence. Adverse effects of prolonged treatment with aciclovir include neutropaenia, thrombocytopaenia, or elevated creatinine levels. It is wise to check neutrophil counts twice a week while on high-dose aciclovir. This should continue but less frequently while on suppressive therapy along with periodic assessment of kidney and liver function tests.2,3,5 […] There is a clear trend between the progression to disseminated disease and higher morbidity and mortality, and untimely treatment can lead to lifelong devastating effects for the child that are entirely preventable.
  • #2
    https://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/fulltext/2020/11001/adoption_of_innovation_in_herpes_simplex_virus.3.aspx
    Herpes simplex keratitis, caused primarily by human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), remains the most common infectious cause of unilateral blindness and vision impairment in the industrialized world. […] Pooled data suggest that there are 1 to 1.5 million new and 9 million recurrent cases of ocular HSV each year worldwide, resulting in at least 40,000 cases of new-onset, severe visual disability per year. […] The long-held notion that ocular HSV represents the leading infectious cause of blindness in middle-to high-income countries stems from epidemiological studies conducted in Denmark, Croatia, France, and the United States, where the reported incidence rates of total (new and recurrent) cases range from 4.1 to 31.5 per 100,000 persons per year. […] In the United States, much of the data derive from two retrospective cohort studies from Rochester, MN, conducted over two distinct time periods, 1950 to 1982 and 1976 to 2007.
  • #2 The Changing Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection: The Associated Effects on the Incidence of Ocular Herpes
    https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_106451.html
    Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) with a worldwide distribution has been reported in all human populations, resulting in a clinical spectrum of infections. […] Moreover, changes in the epidemiology of ocular herpes, i.e., the reduced rate of primary ocular herpes in children and increased incidence of ocular HSV infection in adults, were discussed. […] De plus, les changements observs dans lpidmiologie de lherps oculaire, en loccurrence la rduction de lherps oculaire primaire infantile et lincidence croissante des infections oculaires causes par lHSV chez ladulte sont galement abords.
  • #2 Characteristics of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in Germany: results of a 2-year prospective nationwide surveillance study | ADC Fetal & Neonatal Edition
    https://fn.bmj.com/content/107/2/188
    Objective To assess incidence and burden of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and to explore possible transmission routes. […] A 2-year prospective nationwide surveillance study performed in 2017 and 2018. […] The 2-year incidence of neonatal HSV infections was 2.35 per 100000 live births (95% CI 1.69 to 3.02) and disease-specific mortality was 0.13 per 100000 live births (95%CI 0.04 to 0.21). […] Neonatal HSV infections are rare in Germany. […] Horizontal transmission via mothers and family members may be a possible source of neonatal HSV infection. […] An urgent need exists for extended HSV serology and direct virus detection in mothers, neonates, and family members to assess perinatal or postnatal HSV transmission. […] The actual incidence of neonatal HSV infections in Europe, especially in Germany, is insufficiently evaluated.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40135-013-0024-2
    Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infects the majority of the worlds population during their lifetime. The prevalence of HSV primarily depends on geographic location, socioeconomic status, and age. HSV ocular disease rarely manifests as primary disease and most commonly as a recurrent disease. Recurrent HSV affects all the anterior segment structures in various clinical forms. […] The annual incidence of all types of new ocular HSV infections has recently been estimated at 11.8 per 100,000 people in the US. […] Ocular HSV disease mostly affects the anterior segment of the eye and its adnexa. Diseases of the posterior segment due to HSV are relatively rare. […] The vast majority of primary infections pass subclinically or as such mild disease that a herpes etiology is not suspected. Primary ocular HSV disease is less common compared with labial herpes.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12250-014-3539-2
    Herpesviruses are a prominent cause of human viral disease, second only to the cold and influenza viruses. […] The most common culprits of herpetic eye disease are the herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Unfortunately, no method currently exists to eradicate herpesviruses from the body after infection. […] Ultimately, the advent of effective vaccines will be crucial to preventing herpesvirus diseases altogether and cutting the incidence of ocular complications. […] Epidemiological and clinical features of primary herpes simplex virus ocular infection. […] Epidemiology of ocular herpes simplex. Incidence in Rochester, Minn, 1950 through 1982. […] Changing trends in genital herpes simplex virus infection in Bergen, Norway. […] Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2United States, 19992010. […] Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in Germany: what has changed? […] Herpes zoster eye complications: rates and trends.
  • #2 Herpes Simplex Epithelial Keratitis – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Herpes_Simplex_Epithelial_Keratitis
    Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a very common, lifelong infection that often is asymptomatic. However, HSV can result in significant eye disease and is the most common cause of corneal blindness in the United States (US). […] HSV keratitis is a leading cause of corneal blindness worldwide. […] Age, geographic location, and socioeconomic status appear to affect the prevalence of disease. […] In the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the prevalence of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) was 47.8% and HSV type 2 (HSV-2) was 11.9%. […] Globally, the incidence of HSV keratitis is 1.5 million yearly, including 40,000 new cases that result in severe visual impairment. […] In the US, approximately 500,000 people are afflicted with ocular HSV. […] Worldwide, approximately 1 million people suffer from HSV epithelial keratitis yearly. […] Several large scale studies have demonstrated that epithelial keratitis is the most common form of HSV ocular involvement.
  • #2 Herpes Simplex: Background, Microbiology, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-overview
    HSV is the most common cause of genital ulcers in the United States. HSV-1 is usually acquired in childhood by contact with oral secretions that contain the virus. The presence of HSV-2 can be used as an indirect measure of sexual activity. Seroprevalence rates do not reflect how many of these individuals have or will have symptomatic episodes of HSV recurrence, as the presence of antibodies is poorly correlated with disease protection. Epidemiology of HSV-1 infection in the US is undergoing a remarkable and subtle transition, with less exposure in childhood and more in adulthood, and less oral acquisition but more genital acquisition. […] HSV-1 could be overtaking HSV-2 as the main cause of first episode of genital herpes in the United States and elsewhere. […] In a study of college students in the US, the percentage of genital herpes attributed to HSV-1 (as opposed to HSV-2) increased from 31% in 1993 to 78% in 2001.
  • #2
    https://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/fulltext/2020/11001/adoption_of_innovation_in_herpes_simplex_virus.3.aspx
    These studies suggest a rise in the annual incidence of new ocular HSV cases from 8.4 to 11.8 per 100,000 persons per year. […] Extrapolating the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of 20.7 total cases per 100,000 person years, as derived from the 1950 to 1982 cohort, to a US census population of 329,135,084 as of January 2020, the number of new and recurrent episodes of ocular HSV now exceeds 68,000 annually.
  • #2 Current and Emerging Therapies for Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infections
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/10/429
    Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic, double-stranded DNA virus that can cause a wide variety of diseases, including many ocular pathologies. It is one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in the United States. […] HSV-1 and -2 infect up to 90% of adults in the world. HSV-1 alone infects 66% of the world’s population. Seropositivity for HSV-1 has been reported in 65% of Americans and more than 50% of Europeans. […] Interestingly, the seroprevalence of HSV-1 in the developing world has been declining, with an estimated 14% reduction in the US in the past 30 years. However, in some developing parts of the world, such as Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of HSV-1 surpasses 90%. […] On US soil, the prevalence among those under the poverty line is 52%, more than double the rate of those above the poverty line. These epidemiological findings suggest that, from a macro perspective, improvements in economic development and public health may reduce the prevalence of HSV-1.
  • #3 Herpes Simplex Epithelial Keratitis – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Herpes_Simplex_Epithelial_Keratitis
    Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a very common, lifelong infection that often is asymptomatic. However, HSV can result in significant eye disease and is the most common cause of corneal blindness in the United States (US). […] HSV keratitis is a leading cause of corneal blindness worldwide. […] Age, geographic location, and socioeconomic status appear to affect the prevalence of disease. […] In the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the prevalence of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) was 47.8% and HSV type 2 (HSV-2) was 11.9%. […] Globally, the incidence of HSV keratitis is 1.5 million yearly, including 40,000 new cases that result in severe visual impairment. […] In the US, approximately 500,000 people are afflicted with ocular HSV. […] Worldwide, approximately 1 million people suffer from HSV epithelial keratitis yearly. […] Several large scale studies have demonstrated that epithelial keratitis is the most common form of HSV ocular involvement.
  • #3 INCIDENCE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS KERATITIS AND OTHER OCULAR DISEASE: GLOBAL REVIEW AND ESTIMATES
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9397127/
    Our aim was to update and expand upon that review to summarise available data on the incidence of new and/or recurrent HSV keratitis, as well as other HSV ocular disease, and to estimate the global burden of HSV ocular disease. […] The global burden of HSV ocular disease in 2016: Across available estimates, the pooled incidence of any HSV keratitis (new and recurrent combined) was 24.0 cases per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 14.041.0; number of contributing studies, N = 2; I2 = 97.7%; p .001). […] Applying the pooled incidence universally across the global population (7.284 billion) gave an estimated 1.7 million cases of any HSV keratitis (95% CI 1.03.0) among 1 month to 99 year olds worldwide in 2016.
  • #3 Herpes Simplex Ophthalmicus | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/35539
    Herpes simplex ophthalmicus is a ubiquitous infection and is universal by late adulthood. HSV keratitis is the most common corneal blindness in developing nations. Worldwide, HSV affects between 60-95% of adults. HSV-1 is more commonly affects 70-80% of low socioeconomic groups and 40-60% of improved socioeconomic status. In the United States of America (USA), neonatal HSV infection occurs at a rate of 1 in 3200 deliveries, and 1500 cases are seen every year. The USA has a total prevalence of 400,000 cases of HSV keratitis and a total number of episodes at 58,000/year with an incidence of new cases of about 24,000/year. Recurrent disease, estimated to occur in 27% of patients at one year and over 60% at 20 years, commonly causes keratitis, though it can affect all parts of the eye. […] […] Herpes simplex ophthalmicus is caused by a neurotrophic double-stranded DNA virus with an icosahedral capsid surrounded by a poorly defined tegument (covering). Two types of herpes simplex virus (HSV) affect humans, HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 causes orofacial and eye infections by contact from an infected individual, while HSV-2 causes genital disease transmitted sexually. HSV-2 can be transmitted to neonates during birth through HSV-2 infected genitalia of the mothers and to children through orofacial contact by infected adults. […]
  • #3 Current and Emerging Therapies for Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infections
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/10/429
    Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic, double-stranded DNA virus that can cause a wide variety of diseases, including many ocular pathologies. It is one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in the United States. […] HSV-1 and -2 infect up to 90% of adults in the world. HSV-1 alone infects 66% of the world’s population. Seropositivity for HSV-1 has been reported in 65% of Americans and more than 50% of Europeans. […] Interestingly, the seroprevalence of HSV-1 in the developing world has been declining, with an estimated 14% reduction in the US in the past 30 years. However, in some developing parts of the world, such as Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of HSV-1 surpasses 90%. […] On US soil, the prevalence among those under the poverty line is 52%, more than double the rate of those above the poverty line. These epidemiological findings suggest that, from a macro perspective, improvements in economic development and public health may reduce the prevalence of HSV-1.
  • #3 Herpes Simplex Virus Stromal Keratitis and Endotheliitis – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Herpes_Simplex_Virus_Stromal_Keratitis_and_Endotheliitis
    HSV-1 infects the majority of the worlds adult population with recent seroprevalence studies from the United States and Germany detecting 57.7% and ~75% HSV-1 positivity, respectively. […] The annual incidence of ocular HSV infections has recently been estimated at 11.8 per 100000 people in the United States and 13.2 per 100000 in France, where the incidence of recurrence was 18.3 per 100000 people. […] In the Herpetic Eye Disease Study, 18% of patients diagnosed with HSV-1 ocular disease experienced a recurrence involving the stroma, and stromal keratitis represented 44% of all recurrences. […] Furthermore, previous bouts of HSK significantly increased the risk of future recurrences of stromal disease. Therefore, HSK represents a significant burden of ocular disease caused by HSV-1 infection. […] The epidemiology of HSV endotheliitis is less clear at least in part because many publications include disciform HSV endotheliitis as a form of HSK.
  • #3 Characteristics of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in Germany: results of a 2-year prospective nationwide surveillance study | ADC Fetal & Neonatal Edition
    https://fn.bmj.com/content/107/2/188
    The incidence of neonatal HSV infections has been previously estimated to range from 1.4 to 4.7 per 100000 live births in Switzerland, Australia and the Netherlands; and up to 5.9, 8.4 and 12.1 per 100000 live births in Canada, Israel and the USA. […] Our study adds evidence to the possibility of postnatal HSV exposure. […] Neonates are at risk of acquiring HSV infections from family members or others with skin or mucous membrane infections. […] In summary, neonatal HSV infections are rare in Germany.
  • #3 HSV Keratitis: An Important Infectious Cause of Blindness
    https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hsv-keratitis-an-important-infectious-cause-of-blindness
    An estimated 500,000 people in the United States have herpes simplex virus (HSV) ocular disease. Each year about 50,000 new and recurring cases are diagnosed, with their treatment costing the nation approximately $17.7 million annually. Ocular HSV is considered the most common cause of infectious corneal blindness in the U.S. […] A concern in the developed world is that a changing HSV seroprevalence may be contributing to a rising incidence of HSV keratitis, which may be in part counteracting the benefit of improved treatment. […] The global incidence of HSV keratitis is roughly 1.5 million, including 40,000 new cases of severe monocular visual impairment or blindness, per year. HSV keratitis is believed to be an important cause of infectious blindness, with stromal opacification believed to be the main cause. […] While there may be an increasing incidence of ocular HSV in the developed world, improved access to antiviral treatment may cause the overall visual burden of the disease to remain stable or decrease.
  • #3 INCIDENCE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS KERATITIS AND OTHER OCULAR DISEASE: GLOBAL REVIEW AND ESTIMATES
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9397127/
    Purpose: We aimed to review available data on the incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis and other HSV ocular disease and to estimate the global burden of HSV ocular disease. […] In 2016, an estimated 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI 1.03.0) million people had HSV keratitis, based on a pooled incidence of 24.0 (95% CI 14.041.0; N = 2; I2 = 97.7%) per 100,000 person-years. […] Over 1.8 million people may have herpetic eye disease annually. […] Herpetic eye disease burden is likely to have been underestimated, as many settings outside of the USA and Europe have higher HSV-1 prevalence and poorer access to treatment. […] Efforts to quantify the global and regional burden of HSV-related disease are being undertaken to better understand the disease burden that could potentially be prevented or ameliorated with the development of effective HSV interventions such as vaccines.
  • #3 Herpes Simplex: Background, Microbiology, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-overview
    HSV is the most common cause of genital ulcers in the United States. HSV-1 is usually acquired in childhood by contact with oral secretions that contain the virus. The presence of HSV-2 can be used as an indirect measure of sexual activity. Seroprevalence rates do not reflect how many of these individuals have or will have symptomatic episodes of HSV recurrence, as the presence of antibodies is poorly correlated with disease protection. Epidemiology of HSV-1 infection in the US is undergoing a remarkable and subtle transition, with less exposure in childhood and more in adulthood, and less oral acquisition but more genital acquisition. […] HSV-1 could be overtaking HSV-2 as the main cause of first episode of genital herpes in the United States and elsewhere. […] In a study of college students in the US, the percentage of genital herpes attributed to HSV-1 (as opposed to HSV-2) increased from 31% in 1993 to 78% in 2001.
  • #3 The Changing Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection: The Associated Effects on the Incidence of Ocular Herpes
    https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_106451.html
    Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) with a worldwide distribution has been reported in all human populations, resulting in a clinical spectrum of infections. […] Moreover, changes in the epidemiology of ocular herpes, i.e., the reduced rate of primary ocular herpes in children and increased incidence of ocular HSV infection in adults, were discussed. […] De plus, les changements observs dans lpidmiologie de lherps oculaire, en loccurrence la rduction de lherps oculaire primaire infantile et lincidence croissante des infections oculaires causes par lHSV chez ladulte sont galement abords.
  • #3
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12250-014-3539-2
    Herpesviruses are a prominent cause of human viral disease, second only to the cold and influenza viruses. […] The most common culprits of herpetic eye disease are the herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Unfortunately, no method currently exists to eradicate herpesviruses from the body after infection. […] Ultimately, the advent of effective vaccines will be crucial to preventing herpesvirus diseases altogether and cutting the incidence of ocular complications. […] Epidemiological and clinical features of primary herpes simplex virus ocular infection. […] Epidemiology of ocular herpes simplex. Incidence in Rochester, Minn, 1950 through 1982. […] Changing trends in genital herpes simplex virus infection in Bergen, Norway. […] Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2United States, 19992010. […] Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in Germany: what has changed? […] Herpes zoster eye complications: rates and trends.
  • #4 Herpes Eye Infections | 5-Minute Clinical Consult
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116272/5.2/Herpes_Eye_Infections
    Predominant age: HSV mean age of onset 37.4 years but can occur at any age, including primary infection in newborns; VZV usually advancing age (50 years) […] HSV keratitis: In Europe, North America, and South America, approximated at 12.5 to 31.5 new or recurrent cases per 100,000 person-years […] VZV: 1 million new cases of shingles per year in the United States; 25-40% develop ophthalmic complications. Temporary keratitis is most common. […] VZV: Prevalence of herpes zoster infection is 20-30%. Ocular involvement in 50% if not treated with antivirals; overall lifetime prevalence of HZO: 1%.
  • #4 Herpes Simplex Epithelial Keratitis – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Herpes_Simplex_Epithelial_Keratitis
    Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a very common, lifelong infection that often is asymptomatic. However, HSV can result in significant eye disease and is the most common cause of corneal blindness in the United States (US). […] HSV keratitis is a leading cause of corneal blindness worldwide. […] Age, geographic location, and socioeconomic status appear to affect the prevalence of disease. […] In the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the prevalence of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) was 47.8% and HSV type 2 (HSV-2) was 11.9%. […] Globally, the incidence of HSV keratitis is 1.5 million yearly, including 40,000 new cases that result in severe visual impairment. […] In the US, approximately 500,000 people are afflicted with ocular HSV. […] Worldwide, approximately 1 million people suffer from HSV epithelial keratitis yearly. […] Several large scale studies have demonstrated that epithelial keratitis is the most common form of HSV ocular involvement.
  • #4 Herpes Simplex: Background, Microbiology, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-overview
    Overall, the mortality rate associated with herpes simplex infections is related to 3 situations: perinatal infection, encephalitis, and infection in the immunocompromised host. […] HSV-2 is most prevalent among non-Hispanic blacks (40.3%) compared with the members of other US racial/ethnic groups; 13.7% among non-Hispanic whites and 11.9% among Mexican Americans. […] Seropositivity to HSV-2 is more common in women (25%) than in men (17%). […] Increased age (after onset of sexual activity) and total number of sexual partners are independent factors associated with increased seroprevalence of HSV-2 antibodies.
  • #4 Herpes Simplex Virus Stromal Keratitis and Endotheliitis – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Herpes_Simplex_Virus_Stromal_Keratitis_and_Endotheliitis
    HSV-1 infects the majority of the worlds adult population with recent seroprevalence studies from the United States and Germany detecting 57.7% and ~75% HSV-1 positivity, respectively. […] The annual incidence of ocular HSV infections has recently been estimated at 11.8 per 100000 people in the United States and 13.2 per 100000 in France, where the incidence of recurrence was 18.3 per 100000 people. […] In the Herpetic Eye Disease Study, 18% of patients diagnosed with HSV-1 ocular disease experienced a recurrence involving the stroma, and stromal keratitis represented 44% of all recurrences. […] Furthermore, previous bouts of HSK significantly increased the risk of future recurrences of stromal disease. Therefore, HSK represents a significant burden of ocular disease caused by HSV-1 infection. […] The epidemiology of HSV endotheliitis is less clear at least in part because many publications include disciform HSV endotheliitis as a form of HSK.
  • #4 Herpes Simplex: Background, Microbiology, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-overview
    HSV is the most common cause of genital ulcers in the United States. HSV-1 is usually acquired in childhood by contact with oral secretions that contain the virus. The presence of HSV-2 can be used as an indirect measure of sexual activity. Seroprevalence rates do not reflect how many of these individuals have or will have symptomatic episodes of HSV recurrence, as the presence of antibodies is poorly correlated with disease protection. Epidemiology of HSV-1 infection in the US is undergoing a remarkable and subtle transition, with less exposure in childhood and more in adulthood, and less oral acquisition but more genital acquisition. […] HSV-1 could be overtaking HSV-2 as the main cause of first episode of genital herpes in the United States and elsewhere. […] In a study of college students in the US, the percentage of genital herpes attributed to HSV-1 (as opposed to HSV-2) increased from 31% in 1993 to 78% in 2001.
  • #4
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40135-013-0024-2
    Studies have shown better or equal efficacy of ganciclovir compared to acyclovir eye ointment. […] The study concluded that long-term oral prophylaxis is effective in reducing the rate of recurrent ocular HSV disease and orofacial HSV disease, and is most important for the subset of patients with a previous history of HSV stromal keratitis.
  • #5 Herpes Simplex Eye Infections: Symptoms and Treatment
    https://patient.info/doctor/herpes-simplex-eye-infections
    Ocular herpes simplex infections have an incidence of 5-15 new cases per 100,000 people per year. […] The overall prevalence in developed countries is 149 cases per 100,000 population. […] Men and women are affected equally. […] Up to 12% of people with ocular herpes simplex have bilateral infection, most often younger age groups. […] Herpes simplex keratitis is the leading cause of corneal blindness in developed countries. […] Ocular herpes simplex infection is the most common cause of unilateral corneal blindness worldwide.
  • #5 Herpes Simplex: Background, Microbiology, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-overview
    Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2015-2016, prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was 47.8%, and prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was 11.9%. Prevalence of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 increased with age. […] Antibodies to HSV-1 increase with age starting in childhood and correlate with socioeconomic status, race, and cultural group. By age 30 years, 50% of individuals in a high socioeconomic status and 80% in a lower socioeconomic status are seropositive. Antibodies to HSV-2 begin to emerge at puberty, correlating with the degree of sexual activity. More than 90% of adults have antibodies to HSV-1 by the fifth decade of life. […] HSV is well distributed worldwide, with over 23 million new cases per year. An increase in seroprevalence of antibodies to HSV-2 has been documented throughout the world (including the United States) over the last 20 years.
  • #5 Disease parameters following ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection are similar in male and female BALB/C mice | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287194
    Epidemiological studies in humans have found no sex differences in the incidence of HSV-1 induced keratitis. […] A previous study using NIH/OLA inbred mice found that eye disease followed a similar pattern in males and females. […] Recently, studies in C57BL/6 mice using an ocular infection model with a single viral strain reported there were no significant sex differences in disease severity or immune cell infiltration of the cornea. […] The question of whether BALB/C mice would behave similarly or whether the virulence of the virus, had in effect remained open questions. […] Our results are like those obtained with other strains of mice and in human studies. […] For most disease parameters in our study, there were no sex differences, however, there was a sex difference for one virus for corneal neovascularization and for three viruses for weight loss. […] Thus, our results extend the sex analysis to BALB/c mice and show that sex does not have an effect for ocular infection. […] Our data also show that sex does not affect the severity of disease caused by the infecting virus.
  • #5 Epidemiology of Ocular Herpes Simplex | CoLab
    https://colab.ws/articles/10.1001%2Farchopht.1989.01070020226030
    W okresie 1950 przez 1982, było 294 epizodów zakażeń wirusem opryszczki ocznej u 151 mieszkańców Rochester, Minn. […] Wskaźniki nawrotów oceniane metodami tabeli życia po pierwszym epizodzie wyniosły 9,6% po 1 roku, 22,9% po 2 latach i 63,2% po 20 latach. […] W przypadku 18 pacjentów (11,9%) wystąpiła opryszczka oczna wpływająca na obie oczy w tym samym i/lub różnych epizodach. […] Dziesiąta część pacjentów miała tylko zaangażowanie powiek, podczas gdy jedna trzecia miała wyłącznie powierzchowne zaangażowanie rogówki. […] Ekonomiczny wpływ, mierzony w dniach aktywnej choroby i wizytach u lekarzy, był znaczny.
  • #5 Understanding the Ocular Manifestations of HSV
    https://www.reviewofcontactlenses.com/article/understanding-the-ocular-manifestations-of-hsv
    Typically, ocular HSV is diagnosed clinically on slit lamp examination, but diagnostic testing is available including polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, viral cultures, immunofluorescence antibody assay and western blot. HSV keratitis typically presents unilaterally, though bilateral infections can occur in immunocompromised individuals and make up 12% of cases. Presenting symptoms are often vague and include redness, photophobia, discharge, watery eyes, irritation, itching, pain and blurry vision. Therefore, to make an accurate diagnosis, we must rely on clinical signs that vary based on the corneal layer affected (epithelium, stroma or endothelium). […] The HEDS Group examined patients who had an ocular HSV episode in the previous year. Specifically, they looked at the effects of oral acyclovir (400mg twice daily) vs. placebo in preventing ocular HSV recurrences in patients with a history of ocular HSV. The findings indicated that during the 12-month treatment period, the incidence of HSV keratitis recurrences was reduced by half in patients receiving oral acyclovir compared to the placebo group. Additionally, the researchers observed that the protective effect of acyclovir ceased once the medication was discontinued. Importantly, patients who benefited most from prophylactic treatment in HEDS included those with a history of HSV stromal keratitis and those who have experienced multiple episodes of other types of HSV keratitis (epithelial or endothelial). Additionally, clinicians might consider using valacyclovir 500mg daily for prophylaxis, as it has proven to be as effective as acyclovir in preventing recurrences.
  • #6
    https://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/fulltext/2020/11001/adoption_of_innovation_in_herpes_simplex_virus.3.aspx
    These studies suggest a rise in the annual incidence of new ocular HSV cases from 8.4 to 11.8 per 100,000 persons per year. […] Extrapolating the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of 20.7 total cases per 100,000 person years, as derived from the 1950 to 1982 cohort, to a US census population of 329,135,084 as of January 2020, the number of new and recurrent episodes of ocular HSV now exceeds 68,000 annually.
  • #6 Current and Emerging Therapies for Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infections
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/10/429
    Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic, double-stranded DNA virus that can cause a wide variety of diseases, including many ocular pathologies. It is one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in the United States. […] HSV-1 and -2 infect up to 90% of adults in the world. HSV-1 alone infects 66% of the world’s population. Seropositivity for HSV-1 has been reported in 65% of Americans and more than 50% of Europeans. […] Interestingly, the seroprevalence of HSV-1 in the developing world has been declining, with an estimated 14% reduction in the US in the past 30 years. However, in some developing parts of the world, such as Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of HSV-1 surpasses 90%. […] On US soil, the prevalence among those under the poverty line is 52%, more than double the rate of those above the poverty line. These epidemiological findings suggest that, from a macro perspective, improvements in economic development and public health may reduce the prevalence of HSV-1.
  • #6 Herpes Simplex Eye Infections: Symptoms and Treatment
    https://patient.info/doctor/herpes-simplex-eye-infections
    Ocular herpes simplex infections have an incidence of 5-15 new cases per 100,000 people per year. […] The overall prevalence in developed countries is 149 cases per 100,000 population. […] Men and women are affected equally. […] Up to 12% of people with ocular herpes simplex have bilateral infection, most often younger age groups. […] Herpes simplex keratitis is the leading cause of corneal blindness in developed countries. […] Ocular herpes simplex infection is the most common cause of unilateral corneal blindness worldwide.
  • #7 Herpes Simplex: Background, Microbiology, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218580-overview
    HSV is the most common cause of genital ulcers in the United States. HSV-1 is usually acquired in childhood by contact with oral secretions that contain the virus. The presence of HSV-2 can be used as an indirect measure of sexual activity. Seroprevalence rates do not reflect how many of these individuals have or will have symptomatic episodes of HSV recurrence, as the presence of antibodies is poorly correlated with disease protection. Epidemiology of HSV-1 infection in the US is undergoing a remarkable and subtle transition, with less exposure in childhood and more in adulthood, and less oral acquisition but more genital acquisition. […] HSV-1 could be overtaking HSV-2 as the main cause of first episode of genital herpes in the United States and elsewhere. […] In a study of college students in the US, the percentage of genital herpes attributed to HSV-1 (as opposed to HSV-2) increased from 31% in 1993 to 78% in 2001.
  • #7 Current and Emerging Therapies for Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Infections
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/10/429
    Ocular HSV-1 infections can progress to a wide range of diseases that span the anatomy of the eye. These include blepharitis, conjunctivitis, uveitis, retinitis, and keratitis which are the inflammation of the eyelids, conjunctiva, uvea, retina, and cornea, respectively. […] Infections most often occur unilaterally, but immunosuppressed patients have an increased risk of bilateral infections. […] With regards to the risk of blindness, herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is the most serious manifestation of ocular herpetic infections. Patients with HSK experience recurring episodes of reactivation, and each recurrence further damages the cornea via processes such as opacification, neovascularization, and scarring. […] Often the patients who suffer from HSK have to be continuously treated for a significant part of their lives.

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seropozytywność HSV-2 zakażenie noworodkowe bezpośredni test immunofluorescencyjny opryszczka narządów płciowych płyn mózgowo-rdzeniowy opryszczka wargowa ślepota rogówkowa test Tzancka wymaz spojówkowy HSV HSK wirus opryszczki pospolitej opryszczka oczna opryszczkowe zapalenie oka badanie kohortowe zapalenie rogówki opryszczkowe zapalenie rogówki reakcja łańcuchowa polimerazy test immunoenzymatyczny zakażenie rozsiane upośledzenie wzroku seroprewalencja HSV-1 PCR