Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sunburn Prevalence Among Adults — United States, 1999, 2003, and 2004

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5621a2.htm

  Episodic acute overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (i.e., sunburn) is an important risk factor for two types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma and melanoma. Monitoring sunburn prevalence with population-based surveys allows an estimate of compliance with sun-protection behaviors, assessments of risk for developing skin cancer, and measurement of the success of prevention programs. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that sunburn prevalence among all adults increased from 31.8% in 1999 to 33.7% in 2004. […] Estimated sunburn prevalence among all adults ranged from 31.8% in 1999 to 33.7% in 2004. […] Sunburn prevalence among U.S. adults increased from 1999 to 2004. […] Continued surveillance of sunburn prevalence is necessary for evaluating the effectiveness of both current and new interventions.

• #1 Sunburn – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534837/

  A study conducted on a representative sample of 31,162 adults from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey revealed that 34% of the participants had encountered at least one sunburn during that year. […] Although sunburn can affect individuals of all skin types, people residing in Australia and New Zealand annually report the highest incidence of melanoma, often attributable to preventable sunburns. […] The prevalence of sunburn within 1 year was 13% in Black Americans and 30% in Hispanic Americans.

• #1 Sunburn: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773203-overview

  Previous reports have stated that about one third of US adults have a sunburn each year, and about two thirds of US children have a sunburn each summer. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported in 2012 that just over 50% of all adults reported at least one sunburn in the past 12 months and that just over 65% of White people aged 18-29 years reported at least one sunburn in the past 12 months. Rural US residents may be at higher risk than urban residents. […] The risk of sunburn is increased in regions that are closer to the equator and that are higher in altitude. […] Sunburn is more common in children than in adults. Easy sunburning during infancy may indicate a serious underlying disease, such as porphyria or xeroderma pigmentosum. Referral for further evaluation is prudent.

• #1 The epidemiology of sunburn in the US population in 2003 – EM consulte

  https://www.em-consulte.com/article/352741/the-epidemiology-of-sunburn-in-the-us-population-i

  The epidemiology of sunburn in the US population in 2003 – 09/08/11 […] Sunburn is a major preventable risk factor for skin cancer. […] We investigated risk factors for sunburn in the United States based on the 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. […] Overall, 39% of respondents had at least one sunburn. The strongest factors associated with sunburn were age and socioeconomic factors. Sunburn prevalence was greatest in respondents 18 to 24 years old (61%). This group was more likely to have a sunburn than respondents 45 to 54 years of age (odds ratio [OR] = 2.76). Higher income and higher levels of education were positively associated with sunburn (OR 1.67 and 1.63, respectively). Individuals reporting recent binge drinking had a higher prevalence of sunburn (OR = 1.33). […] Sunburn occurs at a very high rate in the United States.

• #1 Patient education: Sunburn (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sunburn-beyond-the-basics

  Sunburn is common, with 34 percent of adults and 57 percent of children and adolescents reporting at least one sunburn during the course of a year in a large United States study. […] A United States study reported that 10 percent of Black participants and 25 percent of Hispanic participants reported sunburn during one year compared with 42 percent of non-Hispanic White participants. […] Sunburn is associated with premature skin aging (eg, wrinkling of the skin) as well as skin cancer, including malignant melanoma, a very serious form of skin cancer. […] Sun exposure and ultraviolet radiation damage can also increase the risk of developing cataracts (when the lens in the eye becomes cloudy). […] Sunburn prevalence among US adults, National Health Interview Survey 2005, 2010, and 2015.

• #1 Sunburn | Cancer Trends Progress Report

  https://progressreport.cancer.gov/prevention/sun/sunburn

  In 2021, 64.4% of students in grades 9-12 were sunburned in the past year. […] Annually, over 33,000 sunburns are reported that require emergency room visits and may occur among people of all racial/ethnic groups. […] Previous sun burning, particularly experienced at younger ages, is a strong predictor of future skin cancer and especially melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. […] Healthy People 2030 Target: Reduce to 52.2 percent the proportion of adolescents in grades 9 through 12 who report sunburn. […] Sun sensitivity reflects a person’s biological response (e.g., a burn, a burn and then tan, etc.) after prolonged sun exposure or after a long period or season of being relatively unexposed. […] Although race is related to sun sensitivity, race and ethnicity are not adequate proxies for sun sensitivity. […] The Context of Sunburn Among U.S. Adults: Common Activities and Sun Protection Behaviors. […] Prevalence of sun protection use and sunburn and association of demographic and behavioral characteristics with sunburn among US adults.

• #1 Prevalence of Sun Protection Use and Sunburn and Association of Demographic and Behaviorial Characteristics With Sunburn Among US Adults

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/55069

  IMPORTANCE Monitoring sun protection and sunburn over time at the population level can provide valuable information about progress toward skin cancer prevention goals and inform future intervention efforts. […] OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence of sun protection use (shade, sunscreen, and clothing) and sunburn and the association between sunburn and individual characteristics and health behaviors in the US population. […] RESULTS A total of 31 162 respondents (mean [SD] age, 47.0 [0.36] years; 13 932 male [44.7%] and 17 230 female [55.3%]) were included in the analyses, with 34.2% experiencing sunburn in 2015. Sunburn prevalence was higher among younger age groups (51.2% in adults 18-29 years old; 95%CI, 48.8%-53.7%), non-Hispanic white individuals (42.5%; 95%CI, 41.2%-43.9%), and those with sun-sensitive skin (50.2%). However, sunburn was also prevalent among black (13.2%; 95%CI, 11.6%-15.1%) and Hispanic (29.7%; 95%CI, 27.6%-31.9%) individuals, demographic groups that are often considered to be at low risk of skin cancer.

• #1 Sunburn: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773203-overview

  Surveys of US adults show that men have a slightly higher prevalence of sunburn than women. […] Lighter-skinned individuals are affected more frequently and severely. Skin types are traditionally classified into one of six Fitzpatrick categories, based on an individual’s tendency to tan, to burn, or both.

• #1 ClinMed International Library | Sun Sensitivity and Sunburns as Related to Cutaneous Melanoma among Populations of Spanish Descent: A Meta-Analysis | Journal of Dermatology Research and Therapy

  http://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijdrt/journal-of-dermatology-research-and-therapy-ijdrt-1-009.php?jid=ijdrt

  Few studies have examined sun sensitivity risk factors for cutaneous melanoma specifically in populations of Spanish descent. […] The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is increasing in the United States (US), with an average annual increase of 2.3% between 1999 and 2008. […] Cutaneous melanoma has been strongly associated with sun sensitivity factors and intermittent sun exposure including history of sunburns. […] This study looked at the magnitude of association between sun sensitivity factors and cutaneous melanoma in populations of Spanish descent. […] The risk of melanoma was increased for fair vs. dark skin color (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 2.0-4.1) and for skin type I & II vs. III & IV (OR = 3.5, 95% CI of 2.0-6.1). […] Any history of sunburn in childhood and lifetime were also associated with melanoma with ORs of 5.6 and 4.0, respectively.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7688502/

  The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was not significantly different between sun-sensitive and non-sun-sensitive individuals (19.3% versus 15.7%, P = 0.12). […] Sun-sensitive individuals had higher odds of frequent sunscreen use (aOR=1.93; 95% CIs 1.442.59), staying in the shade (aOR=3.08;2.194.33), but not with wearing long sleeves (aOR=1.58;0.982.55). […] Yet still, sun-sensitive individuals had higher odds of multiple sunburns in the past year (aOR=1.93;1.452.55), which was not substantially altered after additionally adjusting for sun protection behaviors and sun exposure time (aOR=1.90;1.442.50). […] Individuals with sun sensitivity did not have higher odds of vitamin D deficiency (aOR=1.15;0.841.58) even after additionally adjusting for sun protection and sun exposure time (aOR=1.14;0.851.52).

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7688502/

  Sun sensitivity is an inherent risk factor for skin cancer. Sun protection is important in sun-sensitive individuals to reduce sunburns for skin cancer prevention. […] To examine the prevalence and correlates of sun protective behaviors (staying in the shade, using sunscreen, and wearing long sleeves) with sunburn and vitamin D deficiency in sun-sensitive individuals. […] Sun-sensitive individuals had higher odds of frequently staying in the shade (aOR=3.08; 95% CI 2.194.33) and using sunscreen (aOR=1.93; 1.442.59) but not with sun exposure time (aOR=0.91; 0.621.32). Yet, sun-sensitive individuals had significantly higher likelihood of sunburns (aOR=1.93; 1.452.55), and no increased likelihood of vitamin D deficiency (aOR=1.15; 0.841.58). […] Sun-sensitive individuals more frequently used sun protection methods yet they still were significantly more likely to experience sunburns and the risk of vitamin D deficiency was not increased.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7688502/

  The health benefits of using sunscreen are well established. However, solely using sunscreen did not seem to provide enough sun protection in the sun sensitive population. […] This is mostly attributed to the finding that in fair skinned individuals, maximum possible vitamin D synthesis occurs rapidly, within a few minutes of summer sun exposure and longer exposures do not provide further benefit. […] Regular moderate sun exposure, even while using consistent photoprotection, still leads to sufficient amount of UV reaching the skin to synthesize vitamin D. […] Solely using sunscreen does not provide adequate protection for patients with sun sensitivity and additional methods are required such as staying in the shade.

• #1 Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts/

  Get the facts about skin cancer, the most common cancer in the United States and worldwide. […] Having 5 or more sunburns doubles your risk for melanoma. […] More than 5.4 million cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer were treated in over 3.3 million people in the U.S. in 2012, still considered the best estimate to date. […] About 90 percent of nonmelanoma skin cancers are associated with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. […] The vast majority of melanomas are caused by the sun. In fact, one UK study found that about 86 percent of melanomas can be attributed to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. […] On average, a person’s risk for melanoma doubles if they have had more than five sunburns. […] Regular daily use of an SPF 15 or higher sunscreen reduces the risk of developing melanoma by 50 percent.

• #1 Association of Sun Safety Behaviors and Barriers with Sunburn History in College Students in a Region with High UV Exposure

  https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/29/12/759

  Over five million cases of skin cancer are diagnosed each year in the United States with melanoma the third most common cancer in young adults. […] Publications have shown that number of sunburns increase the risk of developing melanoma throughout the lifetime, including sunburns in adolescence and adulthood showing the importance of altering sun exposing behaviors throughout the lifetime. […] However, the literature continues to indicate that more than 50% of college students report a sunburn in the past year. […] This study of college students in Arizona, a geographical area with one of the highest mean UV indices in the United States, shows that 47% of students reported receiving at least one sunburn in the last 3 months and 21% reported multiple sunburns. […] Levels of use of sun protective behaviors were low in this population, although those reporting higher protective usage were more likely to report receiving a sunburn.

• #1 Sun protection behaviours, Nov 2023 to Feb 2024 | Australian Bureau of Statistics

  https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/sun-protection-behaviours/latest-release

  One in fourteen (6.9%) people had experienced sunburn in the last week. […] Young people aged 15-24 years were more likely to experience sunburn in the last week than people aged 65 years and over (15.2% compared to 2.0%). […] One in fourteen (6.9%) people aged 15 years and over reported getting sunburnt in the week prior to the survey, during November 2023 to February 2024. […] Younger people were more likely to experience sunburn, with 15.2% of people aged 15-24 years experiencing sunburn compared to 2.0% of people 65 years and over. […] Males were more likely to be sunburnt than females (7.9% compared to 6.0%). […] Australians who were more likely to experience sunburn in the last week between November 2023 and February 2024 include those born in Australia (8.2% compared to 4.2% of those born overseas). […] Tasmanians were more likely to experience sunburn in the last week compared to all Australians (11.3% compared to 6.9%).

• #1 Estimation of exposure durations for vitamin D production and sunburn risk in Switzerland | Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-019-0137-2

  Although overexposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is responsible for cutaneous melanoma and epithelial skin cancer and can cause negative health effects such as sunburn, a little and often exposure regime is often suggested to produce naturally recommended vitamin D levels, being essential for skeletal health. […] This study aimed to quantify solar UV doses needed to trigger 1000 International Units (IU) vitamin D doses and, at the same time, producing sunburn in Switzerland. […] Daily solar UV exposure durations (in minutes) needed to produce vitamin D with limited sunburn risk were estimated while considering mean vitamin D food intake of the Swiss population and seasonal skin coverage. […] Exposure durations between erythema risk and 1000IU vitamin D production vary between 9 and 46min.

• #1 Estimation of exposure durations for vitamin D production and sunburn risk in Switzerland | Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-019-0137-2

  The vitamin D food intake only represented 10% of the recommended vitamin D production and remained unchanged throughout the year. […] Moreover, exposure durations between recommended vitamin D and increased sunburn risk might only differ by few minutes. […] Without additional oral vitamin D supplementation, daily doses of vitamin D (1000IU) are not reachable in autumn and winter months in Switzerland.

• #1 Encouraging sun protective behaviors to reduce skin cancer incidence digital poster

  https://digitalcollections.ohsu.edu/record/9824?ln=en

  Evidence demonstrates how lack of sun protection and UV exposure and radiation, especially in childhood, hugely contribute to the incidence of skin cancer development. […] According to the Youth Risk Surveillance System survey that is taken nationally by high school students, in the most recent data from 2017, 57.2% of students reported having at least 1 sunburn in the previous 12 months. […] Healthy People 2030 aims to have the number of students who report a sunburn in the last year reduced to 52.2% by 2030.

• #1

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/view/2242

  AIMS OF THE STUDY: Although solar overexposure during childhood and adolescence increases the risk of melanoma, determinants of sunburn and sun protective behaviours of Swiss children have scarcely been explored. […] RESULTS: Response rate was 91%. Sunburn prevalence over the preceding year was high (60% at least one sunburn, 30% at least two, 43% at least one severe sunburn). […] CONCLUSIONS: Sunscreen use as a last protective barrier against ultraviolet radiation should be better emphasised in prevention campaigns targeting children and adolescents.

• #1 Reduce the proportion of students in grades 9 through 12 who report sunburn — C‑10 – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/cancer/reduce-proportion-students-grades-9-through-12-who-report-sunburn-c-10

  Reduce the proportion of students in grades 9 through 12 who report sunburn. […] Baseline: 57.2 percent of students in grades 9 through 12 reported sunburn in the past 12 months in 2017. […] Sunburn, especially early in life, can increase the risk of skin cancer. Community-wide programs and educational, environmental, and policy interventions can help increase behaviors that prevent sunburn in 9th- through 12th-graders.

• #1 Risk factors/epidemiology | National Cancer Prevention Policy Skin Cancer Statistics and Issues | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/prevention/uv-radiation/related-resources/risk-factors-epidemiology

  Melanoma risk is particularly linked to habitual low sun exposure combined with high recreational sun exposure. […] High sun exposure in the first 10 years of life more than doubles melanoma risk, while intense, intermittent sun exposure (number of sunburns and sunbathing vacations) during each decade up to 29 years of age increases risk of melanoma by more than one-and-a-half times.

• #1 Strong Sunburns in Youth May Increase Melanoma Risk for White Women

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/strong-sunburns-youth-may-increase-melanoma-risk-white-women

  The results of a prospective study showed that the risk of developing melanoma is higher for white women with a history of strong sun exposure during childhood and adolescence, rather than adulthood. […] Five strong sunburns accompanied by blistering nearly doubled the risk for skin cancer. […] Women who had at least five strong sunburns accompanied by blistering between the ages of 15 and 20 had a 68% increased relative risk for nonmelanoma skin cancers and an 80% increased relative risk for melanoma. […] Family history was a significant risk factor for melanoma. […] The finding that cumulative UV exposure correlates with risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers is consistent with previous studies. […] Pattern of sun exposure was not uniformly associated with the risk for all three main skin cancers we see in the United States, suggesting that there are some differences in the pathophysiology of these skin cancers.

• #1 Risk factors/epidemiology | National Cancer Prevention Policy Skin Cancer Statistics and Issues | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/prevention/uv-radiation/related-resources/risk-factors-epidemiology

  However, other studies found that childhood and youth were critical periods of increased melanoma risk due to sunburn. […] Painful sunburns before the age of 20 are associated with increased risk of melanoma (1.4 times increase in risk), squamous cell carcinoma (1.5 times increase risk), and certain basal cell carcinoma subtypes (1.6 times increase in risk). […] A systematic review has shown a dose-response relationship between sunbed use and melanoma risk. Sunbed use increases melanoma risk by 20%, with an increase of 59% if used before 35 years of age. […] It is estimated that around 200 melanomas and 34,000 keratinocytic skin cancers per year are caused by occupational exposures in Australia. […] Outdoor workers receive between five to ten times the annual dose of UV than indoor workers.

• #1 Predictors of Sunburn Risk Among Florida Residents

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7556/jaoa.2017.029/html?lang=en

  The incidence of skin cancer, the most common type of cancer in the United States, is increasing. Sunburn is a major modifiable risk factor for skin cancer, and its prevalence among the US population is high. […] To identify predictors of having had a red or painful sunburn in the past 12 months among people living in Florida. […] A total of 437 participants whose data were complete for all variables were included in the multivariate analysis. […] This study identified 7 predictors of sunburn in Florida residents. […] Sunburn prevention programs that osteopathic physicians can readily implement in clinical practice are urgently needed, particularly for young adult patients. […] The risk of melanoma nearly doubles for people with a history of sunburn, and 86% of melanomas can be attributed to exposure to UVR from the sun.

• #1 Sunburn’s Skin Cancer and Melanoma Risk Varies by Age of Exposure

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/sunburns-skin-cancer-and-melanoma-risk-varies-by-age-of-exposure

  A new study has shown that the risk of developing melanoma was more closely related to sun exposure in early life than in adulthood in young Caucasian women. […] The longitudinal study, published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention, found that those who had 5 blistering sunburns between age 15 and 20 had a 68% increased risk for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin and an 80% increased risk of melanoma. […] Our results suggest that sun exposures in both early life and adulthood were predictive of non-melanoma skin cancers, whereas melanoma risk was predominantly associated with sun exposure in early life in a cohort of young women, Abrar A. Qureshi, MD, MPH, professor and chair of the Department of Dermatology at Warren Alpert Medical School of the Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, said in a press release.

• #1 Sunburn’s Skin Cancer and Melanoma Risk Varies by Age of Exposure

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/sunburns-skin-cancer-and-melanoma-risk-varies-by-age-of-exposure

  However, those who were exposed to the highest amounts of cumulative ultraviolet (UV) radiation in adulthood had no increased risk for melanoma, but had a 2.35-fold and 2.53-fold increased risk for developing BCC and SCC of the skin. […] Pattern of sun exposure was not uniformly associated with the risk for all three main skin cancers we see in the United States, suggesting that there are some differences in the pathophysiology of these skin cancers, said Qureshi. […] An individuals risk of developing skin cancer depends on both host and environmental risk factors. […] Parents may need to be advised to pay more attention to protection from early-life sun exposure for their kids in order to reduce the likelihood of developing melanoma as they grow up, said Qureshi. […] Older individuals should also be cautious with their sun exposure, because cumulative sun exposure increases skin cancer risk as well.

• #1 Sunburns and Risk of Cutaneous Melanoma: Does Age Matter? A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis – George Washington University Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library

  https://wrlc-gwahlth.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01WRLC_GWAHLTH/gr7gmc/cdi_crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annepidem_2008_04_006

  Sunburns are an important risk factor for melanoma and those occurring in childhood are often cited as posing the greatest risk. […] We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the magnitude of association for melanoma and sunburns during childhood, adolescence, adulthood and over a lifetime. […] An increased risk of melanoma was seen with increasing number of sunburns for all time-periods (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and lifetime). […] Overall, these results show an increased risk of melanoma with increasing number of sunburns during all life-periods, not just childhood. […] Prevention efforts should focus on reducing sunburns during all life-periods.

• #1 Sunburns and Damage to Your Body

  https://www.healthline.com/health-news/heres-how-much-damage-a-really-bad-sunburn-can-do

  Even a single sunburn can increase a persons risk of skin cancer. This is because when the skin absorbs ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, it can damage the genetic material in skin cells. […] In the long term, it builds up and raises the risk of skin cancer. […] For example, one study published by the American Association for Cancer Research found that sunburns earlier in life were linked to higher risk of melanoma skin cancer. […] Early exposures in general are of greater concern than exposures later in life, because you have a longer period of time in which to get additional insults to your cells that can ultimately result in skin cancer or other adverse consequences, Weinstock explained. […] Currently, skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States. […] Other people develop melanoma skin cancer, which is responsible for most skin cancer-related deaths. […] In 2018, the American Cancer Society estimates 91,270 people in the United States will develop melanoma skin cancer, and 9,320 people will die from it. […] Checking for signs of skin cancer can be annoying. But early diagnosis and treatment can mean the difference between life and death.

• #1 Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts/

  More than 419,000 cases of skin cancer in the U.S. each year are linked to indoor tanning, including about 245,000 basal cell carcinomas, 168,000 squamous cell carcinomas and 6,200 melanomas. […] Any history of indoor tanning increases the risk of developing basal cell carcinoma before age 40 by 69 percent. […] Women who have ever tanned indoors are six times more likely to be diagnosed with melanoma in their 20s than those who have never tanned indoors.

• #1

  https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actadv/article/view/1683

  The worldwide incidence of melanoma has increased rapidly over the last 50 years. […] The incidence of melanoma varies by sex, and this factor is also associated with differences in the anatomical site melanoma. […] Indeed, the World Health Organization declared that there is sufficient evidence to classify exposure to ultraviolet radiation (sunbed use and sun exposure) as carcinogenic to humans. […] Primary prevention should be focused mainly on young adult women, while secondary prevention should be focused mainly on elderly men. […] In fact, after the age of 40 years, incidence rates reverse, and the incidence of melanoma among men is greater than among women.

• #1 Sunburn | National Cancer Prevention Policy Skin Cancer Statistics and Issues | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/prevention/uv-radiation/related-resources/sunburn

  Sunburn is a marker of exposure to harmful levels of UV radiation; a history of sunburn is associated with increased melanoma risk. […] Sunburn is influenced by a variety of factors, including skin type, skin hydration, age and anatomical site (skin thickness and previous UV exposure). […] Sunburn is a product of total UV radiation dose and is equally likely to result from both a high UV dose and from exposure to lower levels of UV radiation over an extended period of time. […] Although sunburn can occur in both fairly and darkly pigmented individuals, skin type determines how susceptible an individual is to sunburn. […] Sunburn may be followed by desquamation (skin peeling) and, depending on skin type, tanning. […] In 2016/17 approximately one in four adolescents and one in six adults were sunburnt on a summer weekend when they were outdoors. […] A January 2019 nationally representative survey of Australian adults found approximately one in five adults (21%) were sunburnt on the previous summer weekend when they were outdoors.

• #1 Measuring Self-Reported Sunburn: Challenges and Recommendations – CDIC Vol. 22 No. 2/4, 2001

  https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/202/301/maladies_chroniques_canada/html/2008/v29n01/publicat/cdic-mcc/22-3/a_e.html

  Sunburn is a major preventable risk associated with the development of malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. It is considered a key epidemiological concept to assess in prevention research and a core component of routine behavioural surveillance and program evaluation efforts. […] Given the emerging magnitude of this health problem in North America, the number of practitioners and researchers working in skin cancer prevention has increased rapidly over the past decade. […] This review focuses on sunburn as an important risk factor, and therefore a key outcome, associated primarily with cutaneous malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. […] While increasing numbers of program evaluations, behavioural surveillance surveys and case-control studies have measured sunburn using self-reported data, concerns have been raised about the validity and reliability of these data.

• #1 Measuring Self-Reported Sunburn: Challenges and Recommendations – CDIC Vol. 22 No. 2/4, 2001

  https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/202/301/maladies_chroniques_canada/html/2008/v29n01/publicat/cdic-mcc/22-3/a_e.html

  There is little information to guide researchers and practitioners in assessing existing self-reported measures of sunburn and comparing sunburn results across studies. […] There is little consistency across the studies included in this review in definitional issues or recall periods. In addition, all of the findings of the studies we reviewed rely on self-reported data or parent-proxy reports. Thus, it is difficult to meaningfully compare findings across these studies. […] Improvements in the measurement of self-reported sunburn can serve to enhance the overall quality of data collected during routine behavioural surveillance and program evaluation efforts.

• #1 Clinically Diagnosed Sunburn Among Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2014–2022 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2023/11/01/Sunburn

  Sunburn affects U.S. military mission readiness, from clothing and gear discomfort, to infection and dehydration risk due to skin barrier breakdown and fluid loss. […] A significant cause of skin cancer is excessive UVR exposure, often in the form of repeated sunburn. […] Among U.S. military service members, non-melanoma skin cancers are the most frequently diagnosed cancer. […] A 2014 MSMR report documented 19,172 incident cases of clinically-diagnosed sunburn among active component service members of the U.S. military from January 2002 to December 2013. […] This report describes recent frequencies and rates of clinically-diagnosed sunburn among active component service members. […] This retrospective cohort study covered a surveillance period from January 1, 2014 to September 30, 2022 and included all ACSM of the U.S. Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps.

• #1 Clinically Diagnosed Sunburn Among Active Component Service Members, U.S. Armed Forces, 2014–2022 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2023/11/01/Sunburn

  Data were derived from the Defense Medical Surveillance System, which is maintained by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division. […] Sunburn affects military readiness by removing service members from duty while their burns heal, affecting both garrison and combat missions. […] As a risk factor for future skin cancer, sunburn is a longitudinal concern for both the public health sector and the military due to the health care costs and time involved in management of melanoma and NMSC. […] Emphasis on prevention should continue. […] Mitigation strategies can include pre-deployment or seasonal health promotion focused on increasing use of available sun-protective measures, including sunscreen, sunglasses, headgear, shade structures, and modified outdoor training times to early morning or later day/early evening. […] Survey analysis of military-specific populations could help quantify incidence of sunburn that is more specific than clinical diagnoses, and could quantify occurrence of unreported sunburn.

• #2 Measuring Self-Reported Sunburn: Challenges and Recommendations – CDIC Vol. 22 No. 2/4, 2001

  https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/202/301/maladies_chroniques_canada/html/2008/v29n01/publicat/cdic-mcc/22-3/a_e.html

  Sunburn is a major preventable risk associated with the development of malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. It is considered a key epidemiological concept to assess in prevention research and a core component of routine behavioural surveillance and program evaluation efforts. […] Given the emerging magnitude of this health problem in North America, the number of practitioners and researchers working in skin cancer prevention has increased rapidly over the past decade. […] This review focuses on sunburn as an important risk factor, and therefore a key outcome, associated primarily with cutaneous malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. […] While increasing numbers of program evaluations, behavioural surveillance surveys and case-control studies have measured sunburn using self-reported data, concerns have been raised about the validity and reliability of these data.

• #2 Predictors of Sunburn Risk Among Florida Residents

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7556/jaoa.2017.029/html?lang=en

  The goal of the current study was to examine a more comprehensive set of factors associated with sunburn in a community sample of Florida residents as an initial step toward the development and implementation of interventions to prevent sunburn. […] The 37% prevalence of sunburn in our sample mirrors national prevalence estimates. […] Similar to previous reports, younger age was the most statistically significant predictor of sunburn in the multivariate model. […] The link between attitudinal factors and sunburn history suggests that such programs might benefit from promoting changes in attitudes. […] The findings highlight the urgency of developing tailored sunburn prevention programs, particularly aimed at young adults, who are at greatest risk.

• #2

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7688502/

  The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was not significantly different between sun-sensitive and non-sun-sensitive individuals (19.3% versus 15.7%, P = 0.12). […] Sun-sensitive individuals had higher odds of frequent sunscreen use (aOR=1.93; 95% CIs 1.442.59), staying in the shade (aOR=3.08;2.194.33), but not with wearing long sleeves (aOR=1.58;0.982.55). […] Yet still, sun-sensitive individuals had higher odds of multiple sunburns in the past year (aOR=1.93;1.452.55), which was not substantially altered after additionally adjusting for sun protection behaviors and sun exposure time (aOR=1.90;1.442.50). […] Individuals with sun sensitivity did not have higher odds of vitamin D deficiency (aOR=1.15;0.841.58) even after additionally adjusting for sun protection and sun exposure time (aOR=1.14;0.851.52).

• #2

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7688502/

  The health benefits of using sunscreen are well established. However, solely using sunscreen did not seem to provide enough sun protection in the sun sensitive population. […] This is mostly attributed to the finding that in fair skinned individuals, maximum possible vitamin D synthesis occurs rapidly, within a few minutes of summer sun exposure and longer exposures do not provide further benefit. […] Regular moderate sun exposure, even while using consistent photoprotection, still leads to sufficient amount of UV reaching the skin to synthesize vitamin D. […] Solely using sunscreen does not provide adequate protection for patients with sun sensitivity and additional methods are required such as staying in the shade.

• #2 Reduce the proportion of students in grades 9 through 12 who report sunburn — C‑10 – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/cancer/reduce-proportion-students-grades-9-through-12-who-report-sunburn-c-10

  Reduce the proportion of students in grades 9 through 12 who report sunburn. […] Baseline: 57.2 percent of students in grades 9 through 12 reported sunburn in the past 12 months in 2017. […] Sunburn, especially early in life, can increase the risk of skin cancer. Community-wide programs and educational, environmental, and policy interventions can help increase behaviors that prevent sunburn in 9th- through 12th-graders.

• #2 Sunburn’s Skin Cancer and Melanoma Risk Varies by Age of Exposure

  https://www.oncnursingnews.com/view/sunburns-skin-cancer-and-melanoma-risk-varies-by-age-of-exposure

  A new study has shown that the risk of developing melanoma was more closely related to sun exposure in early life than in adulthood in young Caucasian women. […] The longitudinal study, published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention, found that those who had 5 blistering sunburns between age 15 and 20 had a 68% increased risk for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin and an 80% increased risk of melanoma. […] Our results suggest that sun exposures in both early life and adulthood were predictive of non-melanoma skin cancers, whereas melanoma risk was predominantly associated with sun exposure in early life in a cohort of young women, Abrar A. Qureshi, MD, MPH, professor and chair of the Department of Dermatology at Warren Alpert Medical School of the Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, said in a press release.

• #2 Sunburn – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options

  https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/613/sunburn

  Sunburn is a major preventable risk factor for accelerated photoaging and most common forms of skin cancer. […] The epidemiology of sunburn in the US population in 2003. […] Sunburn frequency and risk and protective factors: a cross-sectional survey. […] Sunburn and sun protective behaviors among adults aged 18-29 years–United States, 2000-2010.

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