Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21627-tricuspid-valve-regurgitation

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation is when the valve between your right atrium and right ventricle doesnt fully close. This causes some blood to flow the wrong way. Trace tricuspid regurgitation (a small amount of backward flow) isnt a concern. But severe regurgitation can cause symptoms and complications. Treatment includes medications and surgery. […] Trace or mild tricuspid regurgitation causes no symptoms. You may have symptoms with moderate to severe regurgitation, often due to the underlying conditions causing it. […] Possible symptoms (things you feel) include: Shortness of breath when youre active. Fatigue or weakness that lasts several days or more. Swelling (edema) in your belly, ankles or feet, which happens when your heart struggles to do its job. […] Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation is more serious. It may cause symptoms and require treatments ranging from medications to surgery. […] Severe tricuspid regurgitation can cause organ damage and lead to: Kidney failure. Liver failure. Right-sided heart failure.

• #1 Tricuspid valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350168

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation often doesn’t cause symptoms until the condition is severe. It may be found when medical tests are done for another reason. […] Symptoms of tricuspid valve regurgitation may include: Extreme tiredness. Shortness of breath with activity. Feelings of a rapid or pounding heartbeat. Pounding or pulsing feeling in the neck. Swelling in the belly, legs or neck veins. […] Mild tricuspid valve regurgitation may not cause symptoms or require treatment. If the condition is severe and causing symptoms, medicine or surgery may be needed. […] In severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, the heart has to work harder to pump enough blood to the body. The extra effort causes the lower right heart chamber to get bigger. Untreated, the heart muscle becomes weak. This can cause heart failure.

• #1 10 Symptoms of Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation

  https://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/heart-surgery-blog/2007/08/23/symptoms-of-tricuspid-valve-regurgitation/

  One of the most common questions I get via email is about heart valve disease symptoms. I just received an email that reads, What are the tricuspid valve regurgitation symptoms? […] Some of the most common tricuspid valve regurgitation symptoms are: Shortness of breath, especially with exertion or when you lie down; Fatigue, especially during times of increased activity; Cough, especially at night or when lying down; Heart palpitations sensations of a rapid, fluttering heartbeat; Swollen feet or ankles; Heart murmur; Excessive urination; Chest pain (angina) or tightness; Feeling faint or fainting with exertion; Dizziness. […] However, it should be noted that not all patients are symptomatic. For example, out of all the symptoms referenced above, I only experienced one of the valve regurgitation symptoms listed which led to my valve replacement.

• #1 Problem: Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-tricuspid-valve-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation may not have symptoms or the symptoms may be vague, such as weakness and fatigue. The symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation develop due to a backup in volume and pressure from the right side of heart and venous system, resulting in abdominal swelling and engorgement or enlarged liver. […] Other symptoms may include: Active pulsing in the neck veins, Swelling in the legs, ankles, and/or feet, Decreased urine output. […] Those with untreated, severe tricuspid regurgitation may face a poor prognosis, either from the valve disease itself or because of complications from the underlying condition causing the valve problem.

• #1 Tricuspid regurgitation: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000169.htm

  Mild tricuspid regurgitation may not cause any symptoms. Symptoms of heart failure may occur, and can include: […] Active pulsing in the neck veins […] Decreased urine output […] Fatigue, tiredness […] General swelling […] Swelling of the abdomen […] Swelling of the feet and ankles […] Weakness. […] The outlook is poor for people who have symptomatic, severe tricuspid regurgitation that cannot be corrected.

• #1 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  Tricuspid regurgitation is a condition characterized by the backward flow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium during systole due to an incompetent tricuspid valve. This regurgitation often results from structural abnormalities of the valve apparatus, including issues with the valve leaflets, annulus, or papillary muscles. Contributing factors may include valve degeneration, annular dilation, or damage from conditions such as pulmonary hypertension or infective endocarditis. The condition can lead to symptoms such as right-sided heart failure, including edema and ascites, and requires careful evaluation to determine its severity and impact on cardiac function. […] Patients present with clinical features of right-sided heart failure. These features may be painful hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, and peripheral edema. In severe cases, pulsations in the neck from the distended and pulsatile jugular veins are noted. Exercise intolerance may be seen. Clinical features of the underlying condition causing tricuspid regurgitation may be observed. For example, pulmonary hypertension may cause symptoms such as weakness, shortness of breath, and exercise intolerance; patients presenting with infective endocarditis, a common cause of tricuspid regurgitation, may present with febrile episodes. […] The prognosis of tricuspid regurgitation is generally good. The presence of elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary hypertension predict an increased incidence of right ventricular dysfunction and the need for inotropic support post tricuspid valve surgery.

• #1 Tricuspid regurgitation – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_regurgitation

  The symptoms of TR depend on its severity. Severe TR causes right-sided heart failure, with the development of ascites and peripheral edema. […] In severe cases of right heart failure due to TR, venous congestion of the kidneys and liver may lead to cardiorenal syndrome (kidney failure secondary to heart failure) and cardiohepatic syndromes (liver failure secondary to heart failure) respectively. […] Venous congestion from TR and right heart failure may also lead to anasarca (diffuse swelling) and decreased intestinal absorption due to the swelling surrounding the intestines, in severe cases this may lead to cachexia and malnutrition. […] The prognosis of TR is less favorable for females than males. Females are at a greater risk of progressing to severe TR as compared to males. […] Survival rates are proportional to TR severity; but even mild TR reduces survival compared to those with no TR. In some studies, the 1 year mortality rate of severe, medically treated TR is 36-42% with a 2-3.2 times increased risk of death in moderate or severe TR as compared to mild TR or no tricuspid valvular disease. […] Even in those with mild TR, a large population based study showed about a 29% greater risk of death as compared to healthy controls.

• #1 Stages of Tricuspid Regurgitation by Severity and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/stages-of-tricuspid-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation is a condition divided into four stages based on several factors. Treatment for the condition varies based on the stage and symptoms and may include watchful waiting or, in some cases, surgery. […] The ACC and AHA guidelines characterize progressive tricuspid regurgitation (stage B) as a regurgitant volume, or volume of blood flowing backward, of less than 45 milliliters (mL). […] People with stage B tricuspid regurgitation dont have symptoms. […] At this stage, people dont experience symptoms. […] People can experience symptoms of right-sided heart failure. […] Symptoms can include: pulsing in the neck veins, weakness, fatigue, enlarged liver, abdominal swelling, swelling in legs, ankles, or feet. […] According to the guidelines, surgery can help reduce symptoms in people with stage D and symptoms of right-sided heart failure.

• #1 Clinical outcomes and progression rate of tricuspid regurgitation in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10476137/

  A substantial proportion of patients with rheumatic heart disease (RHD) have tricuspid regurgitation (TR). This study aimed to identify the impact of functional TR on clinical outcomes and predictors of progression in a large population of patients with RHD. […] Functional TR was absent in 3.4%, mild in 83.7%, moderate in 8.5% and severe in 4.3%. Moderate and severe functional TR was associated with adverse outcome (HR 1.91 (95% CI 1.15 to 3.2) for moderate, and 2.30 (95% CI 1.28 to 4.13) for severe TR, after adjustment for other prognostic variables. […] During mean follow-up of 4.1 years, TR progression occurred in 83 patients (13%) with an overall incidence of 3.7 events (95%CI 2.9 to 4.5) per 100 patient-years. […] In patients with RHD, functional TR was frequent and associated with adverse outcomes. TR may progress over time, mainly related to right-sided cardiac chambers remodelling.

• #1 Tricuspid valve regurgitation – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350173

  The valve disease is severe and you have symptoms such as shortness of breath. […] Careful and regular checkups are needed for those who have tricuspid valve disease during pregnancy. If you have tricuspid regurgitation, you may be told not to get pregnant to reduce the risk of complications, including heart failure.

• #1 Tricuspid valve regurgitation – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350173

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation can occur silently. It may be found when imaging tests of the heart are done for other reasons. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs. […] Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms. […] Treatment for tricuspid valve regurgitation depends on the cause and how severe it is. The goals of treatment are to: […] Reduce symptoms. […] The exact treatment depends on your symptoms and how severe the valve disease is. […] Some people with mild tricuspid valve regurgitation only need regular health checkups. […] You may need tricuspid valve repair or replacement surgery if:

• #1 Signs and Symptoms

  http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/tricuspid-regurgitation/signs-and-symptoms

  How you feel will depend on a few things, including the amount of blood that is leaking backward in the heart. […] If your valve is leaking only a little (mild tricuspid regurgitation), you may feel fine. […] As the valve starts leaking more (moderate to severe regurgitation), your heart has to work harder, and less oxygen-rich blood gets to the body. For this reason, you may feel very tired, have swelling in your ankles or feet, or feel short of breath, even after very little activity. […] Common symptoms, especially at later stages of the disease, include: […] Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired and worn out. […] Trouble breathing: Feeling short of breath, especially with activity or when exerting yourself even after going for just a short walk, shopping, visiting with family. […] Swelling: You may notice swelling or excess fluid in your belly (called ascites), legs or feet (called edema).

• #1 Tricuspid Regurgitation Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158484-clinical

  Patients with tricuspid regurgitation present with the signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure. The spectrum of presenting symptoms depends on whether the condition is secondary to right ventricular (RV) dilatation or other conditions (eg, left ventricular [LV] dysfunction). […] Common presenting complaints in patients with RV dysfunction include the following: Dyspnea on exertion, Orthopnea, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, Ascites, Peripheral edema. […] Exercise intolerance may also be observed. Rarely, patients report angina, which may result from RV overload and strain, even in the absence of coronary artery disease. […] Findings on cardiovascular examination in patients with tricuspid regurgitation include the following: S3 gallop, Jugular venous distention with a prominent V wave, In some patients, a pansystolic murmur, Diminished peripheral pulse volume secondary to impaired forward blood flow; patients with this sign may have relative hypotension secondary to therapeutic interventions used to decrease volume overload, Pulmonary rales, if the tricuspid regurgitation is associated with left ventricular dysfunction or mitral stenosis, Right ventricular heave and S4 gallop that increases with inspiration, Ascites, Peripheral edema, Cachexia and jaundice, Atrial fibrillation.

• #1 What is Tricuspid Regurgitation? | Tricuspid Regurgitation Symptoms

  https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/heart-valve-disease/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation symptoms vary depending on the severity of the condition. Tricuspid regurgitation can force the heart to work harder, causing symptoms that can seriously affect your quality of life. Tricuspid regurgitation worsens over time and may not cause signs or symptoms until the disease is severe. Symptoms associated with tricuspid valve regurgitation may include: A pulsing feeling in the neck due to blood flow disruptions. […] Fatigue and reduced exercise capacity as the heart works harder to compensate. […] Swelling in the feet and ankles, often worsening over time. […] A heart murmur or distinct sound caused by blood leaking backward (tricuspid valve regurgitation murmur). […] If you are experiencing any of the symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation, talk to your doctor to receive a thorough examination and proper diagnosis. You should also promptly seek treatment if you notice that your symptoms are getting worse – for example, if the swelling in your feet and ankles has increased or if you find it more difficult to perform daily activities such as walking up the stairs.

• #1 Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation means that this valve lets blood leak backward (regurgitate) into your right atrium. It may not cause problems. But sometimes it can weaken the heart. […] Watch for new or worse symptoms. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have new or changed symptoms of heart failure, such as: New or increased shortness of breath. New or worse swelling in your legs, ankles, or feet. Sudden weight gain, such as more than 2 to 3 pounds in a day or 5 pounds in a week. (Your doctor may suggest a different range of weight gain.) Not sleeping well. Shortness of breath wakes you at night. You need extra pillows to prop yourself up to breathe easier. Feeling dizzy or lightheaded or like you may faint. Feeling so tired or weak that you cannot do your usual activities.

• #1 Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/triscuspid-valve-regurgitation

  Moderate to severe tricuspid valve disease requires treatment to prevent serious heart complications. […] The four stages of tricuspid valve regurgitation include: At-risk: You have risk factors for heart valve disease that require monitoring, Progressive: Mild valve disease doesnt cause symptoms, but may require treatment, Asymptomatic severe: Severe valve disease doesnt cause symptoms, but may require treatment, Symptomatic severe: Severe valve disease causes serious symptoms and may require treatment. […] The impact on daily activities depends on the disease stage. Mild or trace tricuspid valve regurgitation shouldnt affect daily life. More severe valve disease can cause shortness of breath and fatigue that makes it harder to be physically active or complete daily tasks.

• #1 Tricuspid valve disease – Harris- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/15056/html

  Tricuspid valve disease may not cause any symptoms until it has become severe. When individuals are symptomatic, they may report fatigue, shortness of breath, decreased exercise tolerance, swelling of the legs or abdomen and a pulsing sensation in the neck. […] Tricuspid surgery may significantly alleviate symptoms, enhance ones quality of life and prolong survival.

• #2 Tricuspid Valve Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17578-tricuspid-valve-disease

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation occurs when the valve doesn’t close tightly enough. Blood leaks backward through the tricuspid valve every time the right ventricle contracts. This leakage increases the amount of blood in the atrium. The buildup of blood can enlarge the atrium and change pressure in the heart and blood vessels, potentially causing heart damage. […] Mild tricuspid valve disease may not cause any symptoms or problems. But moderate to severe cases can enlarge the heart and cause permanent damage over time. […] The signs and symptoms of tricuspid valve disease vary. People with mild cases might have no signs at all. Those with moderate to severe cases might have noticeable tricuspid valve disease symptoms, such as fatigue or weakness, arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm), edema (swelling) in the abdomen (belly), legs, ankles or feet, enlarged liver, heart murmur, pulsing or fluttering feeling in the chest or neck, shortness of breath (dyspnea), skin that feels abnormally cold. […] But people with severe, untreated cases often have a poor prognosis, including progressively worse symptoms.

• #2 Stages of Tricuspid Regurgitation by Severity and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/stages-of-tricuspid-regurgitation

  Mild tricuspid valve regurgitation often doesnt progress to a more advanced stage. […] People with mild tricuspid regurgitation often never develop issues. […] Severe forms of tricuspid regurgitation may have a poor outlook due to the disease or complications as a result of the underlying cause of the condition.

• #2 What is Tricuspid Regurgitation? | Tricuspid Regurgitation Symptoms

  https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/heart-valve-disease/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation symptoms vary depending on the severity of the condition. Tricuspid regurgitation can force the heart to work harder, causing symptoms that can seriously affect your quality of life. Tricuspid regurgitation worsens over time and may not cause signs or symptoms until the disease is severe. Symptoms associated with tricuspid valve regurgitation may include: A pulsing feeling in the neck due to blood flow disruptions. […] Fatigue and reduced exercise capacity as the heart works harder to compensate. […] Swelling in the feet and ankles, often worsening over time. […] A heart murmur or distinct sound caused by blood leaking backward (tricuspid valve regurgitation murmur). […] If you are experiencing any of the symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation, talk to your doctor to receive a thorough examination and proper diagnosis. You should also promptly seek treatment if you notice that your symptoms are getting worse – for example, if the swelling in your feet and ankles has increased or if you find it more difficult to perform daily activities such as walking up the stairs.

• #2 Tricuspid regurgitation – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/472

  Tricuspid regurgitation usually presents with fatigue, dyspnea, and lower extremity edema. Additional complaints may include abdominal distension and early satiety. […] The clinically most important form is secondary to left-sided cardiac disease, with tricuspid annular dilation. […] The disease has largely been undertreated and its impact is under appreciated. […] Key diagnostic factors include fatigue and effort intolerance, dyspnea, palpitations, jugular venous abnormality, irregular heart rhythm, parasternal systolic murmur, increased systolic murmur on inspiration (Carvallo sign), and peripheral edema. […] Other diagnostic factors include abdominal distension, early satiety, dyspepsia, or indigestion.

• #2 Signs and Symptoms

  http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/tricuspid-regurgitation/signs-and-symptoms

  How you feel will depend on a few things, including the amount of blood that is leaking backward in the heart. […] If your valve is leaking only a little (mild tricuspid regurgitation), you may feel fine. […] As the valve starts leaking more (moderate to severe regurgitation), your heart has to work harder, and less oxygen-rich blood gets to the body. For this reason, you may feel very tired, have swelling in your ankles or feet, or feel short of breath, even after very little activity. […] Common symptoms, especially at later stages of the disease, include: […] Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired and worn out. […] Trouble breathing: Feeling short of breath, especially with activity or when exerting yourself even after going for just a short walk, shopping, visiting with family. […] Swelling: You may notice swelling or excess fluid in your belly (called ascites), legs or feet (called edema).

• #2 What is Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation may not cause any recognizable symptoms at first. Youre more likely to experience symptoms if you also have pulmonary hypertension or high blood pressure. […] Symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation include: abdominal swelling, decreased urine output, foot and ankle swelling, general weakness, an irregular heart rhythm, swelling in the body, pulsing in your neck vein, unexplained fatigue. […] If left untreated, tricuspid regurgitation can increase your risk of heart failure. It may also lead to weight loss, appetite loss, and cirrhosis of the liver. […] Those with tricuspid regurgitation are at a greater risk for endocarditis, an infection of the heart.

• #2 10 Symptoms of Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation

  https://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/heart-surgery-blog/2007/08/23/symptoms-of-tricuspid-valve-regurgitation/

  One of the most common questions I get via email is about heart valve disease symptoms. I just received an email that reads, What are the tricuspid valve regurgitation symptoms? […] Some of the most common tricuspid valve regurgitation symptoms are: Shortness of breath, especially with exertion or when you lie down; Fatigue, especially during times of increased activity; Cough, especially at night or when lying down; Heart palpitations sensations of a rapid, fluttering heartbeat; Swollen feet or ankles; Heart murmur; Excessive urination; Chest pain (angina) or tightness; Feeling faint or fainting with exertion; Dizziness. […] However, it should be noted that not all patients are symptomatic. For example, out of all the symptoms referenced above, I only experienced one of the valve regurgitation symptoms listed which led to my valve replacement.

• #2 Problem: Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-tricuspid-valve-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation may not have symptoms or the symptoms may be vague, such as weakness and fatigue. The symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation develop due to a backup in volume and pressure from the right side of heart and venous system, resulting in abdominal swelling and engorgement or enlarged liver. […] Other symptoms may include: Active pulsing in the neck veins, Swelling in the legs, ankles, and/or feet, Decreased urine output. […] Those with untreated, severe tricuspid regurgitation may face a poor prognosis, either from the valve disease itself or because of complications from the underlying condition causing the valve problem.

• #2 Tricuspid Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526121/

  Tricuspid regurgitation is a condition characterized by the backward flow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium during systole due to an incompetent tricuspid valve. This regurgitation often results from structural abnormalities of the valve apparatus, including issues with the valve leaflets, annulus, or papillary muscles. Contributing factors may include valve degeneration, annular dilation, or damage from conditions such as pulmonary hypertension or infective endocarditis. The condition can lead to symptoms such as right-sided heart failure, including edema and ascites, and requires careful evaluation to determine its severity and impact on cardiac function. […] Patients present with clinical features of right-sided heart failure. These features may be painful hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, and peripheral edema. In severe cases, pulsations in the neck from the distended and pulsatile jugular veins are noted. Exercise intolerance may be seen. Clinical features of the underlying condition causing tricuspid regurgitation may be observed. For example, pulmonary hypertension may cause symptoms such as weakness, shortness of breath, and exercise intolerance; patients presenting with infective endocarditis, a common cause of tricuspid regurgitation, may present with febrile episodes. […] The prognosis of tricuspid regurgitation is generally good. The presence of elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary hypertension predict an increased incidence of right ventricular dysfunction and the need for inotropic support post tricuspid valve surgery.

• #2 Tricuspid valve regurgitation – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350173

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation can occur silently. It may be found when imaging tests of the heart are done for other reasons. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs. […] Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: […] Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms. […] Treatment for tricuspid valve regurgitation depends on the cause and how severe it is. The goals of treatment are to: […] Reduce symptoms. […] The exact treatment depends on your symptoms and how severe the valve disease is. […] Some people with mild tricuspid valve regurgitation only need regular health checkups. […] You may need tricuspid valve repair or replacement surgery if:

• #2 Clinical outcomes and progression rate of tricuspid regurgitation in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10476137/

  Functional tricuspid regurgitation is a progressive disease with a poor prognosis, which requires a more aggressive management to improve patient clinical outcomes. […] Event-free survival rates decreased with increasing severity of functional TR, with survival rate at 3-year follow-up of 91%, 72% and 62% in patients with no or mild, moderate and severe TR, respectively. […] During the follow-up period, TR progression occurred in 83 patients (12.9%) of the evaluated patients with an overall incidence of progression rate of 3.7 events (95%CI 2.9 to 4.5) per 100 patient-years. […] In the Cox model, age (HR 1.708, 95%CI 1.343 to 2.172), NYHA functional class III/IV (HR 2.572, 95%CI 1.540 to 4.298), RA area (HR 1.521, 95%CI 1.101 to 2.102) and presence of RV dysfunction (HR 2.024, 95%CI 1.068 to 3.836) were independently predictive of TR progression.

• #2 Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/heart-valves/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation often doesnt cause symptoms unless the condition is severe, and even then, the symptoms can be easy to overlook. Some signs of tricuspid regurgitation include: […] Fatigue or weakness […] Swelling in the abdomen […] Irregular heartbeat […] Shortness of breath […] Pulsing in the neck. […] Untreated tricuspid valve regurgitation can lead to additional conditions, including: Heart failure: tricuspid regurgitation can weaken the right ventricle over time, which can result in heart failure when it is no longer able to pump blood efficiently […] Atrial fibrillation (A-fib): a heart rhythm disorder, a-fib is characterized by a rapid and irregular heartbeat caused by poor blood flow.

• #2 Tricuspid regurgitation: what is the real clinical impact and how often should it be treated? | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/tricuspid-regurgitation-what-is-the-real-clinical-impact-and-how-often-should-it-be-treated

  The most cited article demonstrating the negative prognostic impact of FTR showed that, in a retrospective evaluation of 5,223 patients, mortality increased with increasing severity of TR. […] Moderate or greater TR was associated with increased mortality regardless of pulmonary artery pressure, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). […] More recently, moderate-to-severe isolated FTR was shown to be independently associated with excess mortality in FTR patients with preserved LVEF and pulmonary hypertension (either pre-capillary or post-capillary). […] The development of significant TR after left-sided valve surgery is not uncommon and is associated with an unfavourable outcome. […] The one-year estimated survival, free from death or end-stage heart failure, in this group of patients referred for heart transplantation and any degree of FTR (mean age 49 years) was about 30%.

• #2 Tricuspid regurgitation – Part 1: evaluation and risk stratification

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/tricuspid-regurgitation-part-1-evaluation-and-risk-stratification

  Isolated tricuspid valve surgery is still considered high risk with in-hospital mortality rates ~10% and presenting high mortality during follow-up (major adverse events occur in about ~30% of patients with advanced disease). […] Severe, symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation has an important impact on clinical outcomes and needs to be addressed early in order to improve symptoms and quality of life, therefore early referral to a specialised centre is of major importance.

• #2 Tricuspid Regurgitation – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation usually causes no symptoms, but some patients experience neck pulsations due to elevated jugular pressures. Symptoms of severe TR include peripheral edema, fatigue, abdominal bloating, ascites, and anorexia. Patients may also develop symptoms of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. […] Long-standing severe TR may lead to RV dysfunction-induced heart failure and atrial fibrillation. […] Severe tricuspid regurgitation ultimately has a poor prognosis, even if it is initially well-tolerated for years. Less severe TR also affects prognosis, though no study has conclusively shown that early intervention reduces mortality. […] TR is usually well tolerated, but severe cases may require annuloplasty, valve repair, or valve replacement.

• #2 Tricuspid valve regurgitation – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-valve-regurgitation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350168

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation often doesn’t cause symptoms until the condition is severe. It may be found when medical tests are done for another reason. […] Symptoms of tricuspid valve regurgitation may include: Extreme tiredness. Shortness of breath with activity. Feelings of a rapid or pounding heartbeat. Pounding or pulsing feeling in the neck. Swelling in the belly, legs or neck veins. […] Mild tricuspid valve regurgitation may not cause symptoms or require treatment. If the condition is severe and causing symptoms, medicine or surgery may be needed. […] In severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, the heart has to work harder to pump enough blood to the body. The extra effort causes the lower right heart chamber to get bigger. Untreated, the heart muscle becomes weak. This can cause heart failure.

• #2 Tricuspid regurgitation: what is the real clinical impact and how often should it be treated? | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/tricuspid-regurgitation-what-is-the-real-clinical-impact-and-how-often-should-it-be-treated

  Moreover, when symptoms occur they can initially be insidious and difficult to diagnose or ascribe to the TV. The onset of fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, peripheral oedema, hepatic congestion, decreased appetite, ascites/anasarca are non-specific and often erroneously considered non-TR-related. […] The presence of right heart failure symptoms and/or exertional dyspnoea in patients without left-sided heart disease should always raise the suspicion of severe TR. […] The clinical presentation can also include symptoms mimicking left-sided heart disease because TR-induced RV volume overload impairs left ventricular (LV) filling by direct ventricular interaction through the interventricular septum. […] Although there are studies attempting to evaluate the natural history and prognostic impact of FTR, their findings have sometimes been contradictory, with large variations in outcomes and debate as to whether TR severity, RV function, the underlying FTR aetiology or a combination are the predictors of poor outcome.

• #2 Tricuspid Regurgitation Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158484-clinical

  The pansystolic murmur associated with tricuspid regurgitation is high pitched and is loudest in the fourth intercostal space in the parasternal region. The murmur is usually augmented during inspiration and is reduced in intensity and duration in the standing position and during a Valsalva maneuver. A short, early diastolic flow rumble may be present due to increased flow across the tricuspid valve.

• #2 Signs and Symptoms

  http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/tricuspid-regurgitation/signs-and-symptoms

  Heart palpitations: Your heart may feel like its flip-flopping or skipping beats. […] Feeling weak: You may feel weak or dizzy. […] Pulsing in your neck: A pulsing or throbbing feeling in the veins in your neck. […] Because it often occurs at older ages, people with a leaky tricuspid valve may pass their symptoms off as part of getting older and slowing down. […] Its important to talk with your care team about how you feel, the ways in which symptoms affect your life, and what you can and cant do. […] Other conditions, such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation, can also make the leaking and symptoms worse. Staying in a normal heart rhythm may reduce the amount of leaking and improve symptoms. […] Tricuspid regurgitation makes it hard for the heart to do its job and pump blood in the right direction. This can affect how you feel and what you are able to do. Write down your symptoms and when they occur. Share this information with your care team.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=acp4827

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation happens when the valve can’t close all the way. This lets blood leak backward (regurgitate) into the right atrium. […] More severe leaks can weaken the heart over time, so it can’t pump as much blood as your body needs (heart failure). […] You may not have symptoms. Or you might: Feel tired and weak. Have shortness of breath. Have a bloated belly. Have swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You have new or changed symptoms of heart failure, such as: New or increased shortness of breath. New or worse swelling in your legs, ankles, or feet. Sudden weight gain, such as more than 1 to 1.3 kilograms (2 to 3 pounds) in a day or 2.3 kilograms (5 pounds) in a week. […] Feeling so tired or weak that you cannot do your usual activities.

• #2 New Minimally Invasive Procedure Can Fix Your Heart’s Tricuspid Valve > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/new-minimally-invasive-procedure-can-fix-your-hearts-tricuspid-valve

  For the 1.6 million people in the United States who have tricuspid valve regurgitation, a condition in which a faulty tricuspid valve causes blood to leak backwards (or backflow), medication has difficult side effects, including serious kidney problems. […] But without treatment, they experience a poor quality of life, with symptoms such as irregular heart rhythms, fatigue, swelling in the legs, shortness of breath, and, in severe cases, heart failure. […] Not everyone who has tricuspid regurgitation will need treatment, says Dr. Vora, adding that many people with mild tricuspid regurgitation dont have symptoms. The clip is a therapy geared more toward people who are having symptoms and a more severe form of the disease, in which a substantial amount of blood leaks backward, leading to heart enlargement and failure.

• #3 Tricuspid Regurgitation | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/cardiovascular/conditions/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Tricuspid valve regurgitation is leaking from your lower heart chamber (ventricle) to your upper heart chamber (atrium) on the right side of your heart. Typically, your tricuspid valve opens and closes to allow blood to flow from your right atrium to your right ventricle. In regurgitation, your valve doesnt close properly, and blood leaks back into your right atrium. […] Most people have no symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation. You will typically only have symptoms if you have moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation: Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Swelling and fluid buildup in your abdomen, ankles, or feet. […] You have a larger leak that may cause symptoms. […] You have a large leak that may cause significant symptoms.

• #3 Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/heart/conditions/triscuspid-valve-regurgitation

  Moderate to severe tricuspid valve disease requires treatment to prevent serious heart complications. […] The four stages of tricuspid valve regurgitation include: At-risk: You have risk factors for heart valve disease that require monitoring, Progressive: Mild valve disease doesnt cause symptoms, but may require treatment, Asymptomatic severe: Severe valve disease doesnt cause symptoms, but may require treatment, Symptomatic severe: Severe valve disease causes serious symptoms and may require treatment. […] The impact on daily activities depends on the disease stage. Mild or trace tricuspid valve regurgitation shouldnt affect daily life. More severe valve disease can cause shortness of breath and fatigue that makes it harder to be physically active or complete daily tasks.

• #3 Tricuspid regurgitation: what is the real clinical impact and how often should it be treated? | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/tricuspid-regurgitation-what-is-the-real-clinical-impact-and-how-often-should-it-be-treated

  Moreover, when symptoms occur they can initially be insidious and difficult to diagnose or ascribe to the TV. The onset of fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, peripheral oedema, hepatic congestion, decreased appetite, ascites/anasarca are non-specific and often erroneously considered non-TR-related. […] The presence of right heart failure symptoms and/or exertional dyspnoea in patients without left-sided heart disease should always raise the suspicion of severe TR. […] The clinical presentation can also include symptoms mimicking left-sided heart disease because TR-induced RV volume overload impairs left ventricular (LV) filling by direct ventricular interaction through the interventricular septum. […] Although there are studies attempting to evaluate the natural history and prognostic impact of FTR, their findings have sometimes been contradictory, with large variations in outcomes and debate as to whether TR severity, RV function, the underlying FTR aetiology or a combination are the predictors of poor outcome.

• #3 Stages of Tricuspid Regurgitation by Severity and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/stages-of-tricuspid-regurgitation

  Mild tricuspid valve regurgitation often doesnt progress to a more advanced stage. […] People with mild tricuspid regurgitation often never develop issues. […] Severe forms of tricuspid regurgitation may have a poor outlook due to the disease or complications as a result of the underlying cause of the condition.

• #3 Tricuspid Regurgitation – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation usually causes no symptoms, but some patients experience neck pulsations due to elevated jugular pressures. Symptoms of severe TR include peripheral edema, fatigue, abdominal bloating, ascites, and anorexia. Patients may also develop symptoms of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. […] Long-standing severe TR may lead to RV dysfunction-induced heart failure and atrial fibrillation. […] Severe tricuspid regurgitation ultimately has a poor prognosis, even if it is initially well-tolerated for years. Less severe TR also affects prognosis, though no study has conclusively shown that early intervention reduces mortality. […] TR is usually well tolerated, but severe cases may require annuloplasty, valve repair, or valve replacement.

• #3 Tricuspid regurgitation: what is the real clinical impact and how often should it be treated? | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/tricuspid-regurgitation-what-is-the-real-clinical-impact-and-how-often-should-it-be-treated

  The estimated one- and four-year survival in patients (mean age 80 years) with leads and significant TR has been reported to be approaching about 75 and 70%, respectively. […] In a study of 353 patients (mean age 70 years) with isolated TR, Topilsky and colleagues showed that severe isolated TR was present in 21.5% of patients and was associated with excess cardiac morbidity and mortality. […] Overall, the estimated survival in isolated FTR patients is better than in all-comers with FTR; an EROA 40 mm2 approached 95% and 70% at one and four years, respectively.

• #3 Heart valve disease

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-valve-disease/

  Symptoms of heart valve disease can include: shortness of breath, feeling tired or weak, feeling dizzy, heart palpitations, where you suddenly feel your heart beating irregularly or faster than usual, swollen ankles and feet, chest pain or discomfort. […] Some people do not have any symptoms. Sometimes it’s found by chance if a doctor hears an unusual sound (a heart murmur) when they listen to your chest. […] If you have symptoms or have severe heart valve disease, you may need medicines to: lower your blood pressure and help protect your heart (ACE inhibitors), reduce build-up of fluid in your body and lungs (diuretics), slow down your heart rate (such as beta blockers), reduce the risk of blood clots (anticoagulants). […] Heart valve disease affects people differently. It’s common to have mild heart valve disease that does not cause any issues, but for some people it can lead to serious health problems. […] It’s important to get advice from a heart specialist if you’re pregnant or want to get pregnant. Pregnancy can make heart valve disease symptoms worse.

• #3 Tricuspid Regurgitation Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158484-clinical

  Patients with tricuspid regurgitation present with the signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure. The spectrum of presenting symptoms depends on whether the condition is secondary to right ventricular (RV) dilatation or other conditions (eg, left ventricular [LV] dysfunction). […] Common presenting complaints in patients with RV dysfunction include the following: Dyspnea on exertion, Orthopnea, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, Ascites, Peripheral edema. […] Exercise intolerance may also be observed. Rarely, patients report angina, which may result from RV overload and strain, even in the absence of coronary artery disease. […] Findings on cardiovascular examination in patients with tricuspid regurgitation include the following: S3 gallop, Jugular venous distention with a prominent V wave, In some patients, a pansystolic murmur, Diminished peripheral pulse volume secondary to impaired forward blood flow; patients with this sign may have relative hypotension secondary to therapeutic interventions used to decrease volume overload, Pulmonary rales, if the tricuspid regurgitation is associated with left ventricular dysfunction or mitral stenosis, Right ventricular heave and S4 gallop that increases with inspiration, Ascites, Peripheral edema, Cachexia and jaundice, Atrial fibrillation.

• #3 Tricuspid Valve Disease (Types, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/tricuspid-valve-disease

  Tricuspid regurgitation is often also present, causing a pansystolic murmur in a similar location. […] Predominant tricuspid regurgitation symptoms are those of other associated valve diseases. Even severe TR may be well tolerated for a long period of time. Clinical signs of right heart failure are useful in evaluating the severity of TR. […] Development of pulmonary hypertension leads to reduction of cardiac output and features of right heart failure with dyspnoea, fatigue, cyanosis, cold skin, oedema and discomfort in the right hypochondrium. […] Severe tricuspid regurgitation is associated with impaired survival and worsening heart failure. Appropriate timing of intervention is essential to avoid irreversible right ventricular damage and organ failure with subsequent increased surgical risk.

• #3 What is Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation may not cause any recognizable symptoms at first. Youre more likely to experience symptoms if you also have pulmonary hypertension or high blood pressure. […] Symptoms of tricuspid regurgitation include: abdominal swelling, decreased urine output, foot and ankle swelling, general weakness, an irregular heart rhythm, swelling in the body, pulsing in your neck vein, unexplained fatigue. […] If left untreated, tricuspid regurgitation can increase your risk of heart failure. It may also lead to weight loss, appetite loss, and cirrhosis of the liver. […] Those with tricuspid regurgitation are at a greater risk for endocarditis, an infection of the heart.

• #3 Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.tricuspid-valve-regurgitation-care-instructions.acp4827

  The tricuspid valve controls the flow of blood between the upper right chamber of the heart (right atrium) and the lower right chamber (right ventricle). Tricuspid valve regurgitation happens when the valve can’t close all the way. This lets blood leak backward (regurgitate) into the right atrium. […] More severe leaks can weaken the heart over time, so it can’t pump as much blood as your body needs (heart failure). […] You may not have symptoms. Or you might: Feel tired and weak. Have shortness of breath. Have a bloated belly. Have swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet. […] Call your doctor now or seek immediate medical care if: You have new or changed symptoms of heart failure, such as: New or increased shortness of breath. New or worse swelling in your legs, ankles, or feet. Sudden weight gain, such as more than 2 to 3 pounds in a day or 5 pounds in a week. (Your doctor may suggest a different range of weight gain.) Not sleeping well. Shortness of breath wakes you at night. You need extra pillows to prop yourself up to breathe easier. Feeling dizzy or lightheaded or like you may faint. Feeling so tired or weak that you cannot do your usual activities.

• #3 Tricuspid regurgitation – Part 1: evaluation and risk stratification

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/tricuspid-regurgitation-part-1-evaluation-and-risk-stratification

  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common finding in the general population with increasing prevalence in elderly patients, leading to impaired functional capacity, peripheral oedema, ascites, and congestive right heart failure with renal and hepatic impairment. […] TR manifests with impaired functional capacity and dyspnoea on exertion, as well as peripheral oedema, ascites, gastrointestinal symptoms and right heart failure, and in the advanced stages, consecutive renal and liver dysfunction. […] Early referral for the evaluation of a TR intervention (transcatheter or surgery) is essential to improve symptoms and quality of life. […] Despite increasing evidence, TR remains a rarely assessed and treated valve disease and patients are often referred too late, when irreversible right heart failure is present and subsequent treatment is associated with increased operative risk.

• #4 Tricuspid Regurgitation – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/tricuspid-regurgitation

  Tricuspid regurgitation usually causes no symptoms, but some patients experience neck pulsations due to elevated jugular pressures. Symptoms of severe TR include peripheral edema, fatigue, abdominal bloating, ascites, and anorexia. Patients may also develop symptoms of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. […] Long-standing severe TR may lead to RV dysfunction-induced heart failure and atrial fibrillation. […] Severe tricuspid regurgitation ultimately has a poor prognosis, even if it is initially well-tolerated for years. Less severe TR also affects prognosis, though no study has conclusively shown that early intervention reduces mortality. […] TR is usually well tolerated, but severe cases may require annuloplasty, valve repair, or valve replacement.

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